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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Faculty of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering EMEC 3302, Theory of Machines Instructor: Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa Office: IT Building, Room: I413 Tel: 2821 eMail: aabuzarifa@iugaza.edu.ps Website: http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/abuzarifa Office Hrs: see my website
SAT MON 09:30 11:00 09:30 11:00 Q412 Q412
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Text Book: R. L. Norton, Design of Machinery An Introduction to the Synthesis and Analysis of Mechanisms and Machines, McGraw Hill Higher Education; 3rd edition
Reference Books: John J. Uicker, Gordon R. Pennock, Joseph E. Shigley, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta,Theory of Machines Thomas Bevan, The Theory of Machines The Theory of Machines by Robert Ferrier McKay Engineering Drawing And Design, Jensen ect., McGraw-Hill Science, 7th Edition, 2007 Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines, Collins ect., Wiley, 2 Edition, 2009
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012 3
Course Description: The course provides students with instruction in the fundamentals of theory of machines. The Theory of Machines and Mechanisms provides the foundation for the study of displacements, velocities, accelerations, and static and dynamic forces required for the proper design of mechanical linkages, cams, and geared systems.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Course Objectives: Students combine theory, graphical and analytical skills to understand the Engineering Design. Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able: To develop the ability to analyze and understand the dynamic (position, velocity, acceleration, force and torque) characteristics of mechanisms such as linkages and cams. To develop the ability to systematically design and optimize mechanisms to perform a specified task. To increase the ability of students to effectively present written, oral, and graphical solutions to design problems. To increase the ability of students to work cooperatively on teams in the development of mechanism designs.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Chapter1
Introduction
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Definitions
The subject Theory of Machines may be defined as that branch of Engineering-science, which deals with the study of relative motion between the various parts of a machine, and forces which act on them. The knowledge of this subject is very essential for an engineer in designing the various parts of a machine. Kinematics: The study of motion without regard to forces More particularly, kinematics is the study of position, displacement, rotation, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Kinetics: The study of forces on systems in motion A mechanism: is a device that transforms motion to some desirable pattern and typically develops very low forces and transmits little power. A machine: typically contains mechanisms that are designed to provide significant forces and transmit significant power.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Application of Kinematics
Any machine or device that moves contains one or more kinematic elements such As linkages, gears. belts and chains. Bicycle is a simple example of a kinematic system that contains a chain drive to provide Torque.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
An Automobile contains many more examples of kin-systems the transmission is full of gears.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Chapter2
DEGREESOFFREEDOM(MOBILITY)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Rigid body in a plane has 3 DOF: x,y,z Rigid body in 3D-space has 6 DOF, 3 translations & 3 rotations three lengths (x, y, z), plus three angles (, , ). The pencil in these examples represents a rigid body, or link.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Types of Motion
Pure rotation: the body possesses one point (center of rotation) that has no motion with respect to the stationary frame of reference. All other points move in circular arcs. Pure translation: all points on the body describe parallel (curvilinear or rectilinear) paths. Complex motion: a simultaneous combination of rotation and translation.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Excavator
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Slider-Crank Mechanism
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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1. Binary link: 2 nodes 2. Ternary link: 3 nodes 3. Quaternary link: 4 nodes Joint: connection between two or more links (at their nodes) which allows motion; (Joints also called kinematic pairs)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Joint Classification
Joints can be classified in several ways: 1.By the type of contact between the elements, line, point, or surface. 2.By the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the joint. 3.By the type of physical closure of the joint: either force or form closed. 4.By the number of links joined (order of the joint).
A more useful means to classify joints (pairs) is by the number of degrees of freedom that they allow between the two elements joined.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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A joint with more than one freedom may also be a higher pair
Type of contact: line, point, surface Number of DOF: full joint=1DOF, half joint=2DOF Form closed (closed by geometry) or Force closed (needs an external force to keep it closed) Joint order
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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The half joint is also called a roll-slide joint because it allows both rolling and sliding
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Terminology of Joints
A joint (also called kinematic pair) is a connection between two or more links at their nodes, which may allow motion between the links. A lower pair is a joint with surface contact; a higher pair is a joint with point or line contact. A full joint has one degree of freedom; a half joint has two degrees of freedom. Full joints are lower pairs; half-joints are higher pairs and allow both rotation and translation (roll-slide). A form-closed joint is one in which the links are kept together form by its geometry; a force-closed joint requires some external force to keep the links together. Joint order is the number of links joined minus one (e.g. 1st order means two links).
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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When studying mechanisms it is very helpful to establish a fixed reference frame by assigning one of the links as ground. The motion of all other links are described with respect to the ground link. For example, a fourbar mechanism often looks like a 3-bar mechanism, where the first bar is simply the ground link.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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When connected by a full joint: 4 DOF (each full joint eliminates 2 DOF)
Grueblers equation for planar mechanisms: DOF = 3L-2J-3G Where: L: number of links J: number of full joints G: number of grounded links
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Determining DOFs
Grueblers equation for planar mechanisms
M= 3L-2J-3G
Where
M = degree of freedom or mobility L = number of links J = number of full joints (half joints count as 0.5) G = number of grounded links =1
M 3 L 1 2 J
Kutzbachs modification of Grueblers equation
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Example
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Example
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Grueblers Equation
Grueblers equation can be used to determine the mobility of planar mechanisms. Grueblers Equation DOF L J G = mobility = number of links = number of revolute joints or prismatic joints = number of grounded links Link 2 3 DOF
L=2 J=1 G=1 DOF=1
Link 1 3 DOF
1 DOF
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
4 4 3 3
1 1 2 2
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
Punch Press
Slider-Crank Mechanism
As designated in the figure, there are four links link 1, link 2, link 3 and link 4. Link 1 acts as a crank. Link 2 acts as connecting link, link 3 is the slider and link 4 is ground.
Joint Number
Joint type
1 2 3 4
Link 4 and Link 1 Link 1 and Link 2 Link 2 and Link 3 Link 3 and Link 4
Revolute (or Pin) Revolute (or Pin) Revolute (or Pin) Translatio nal or (Slider)
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Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
If DOF > 0, the assembly of links is a mechanism and will exhibit relative motion If DOF = 0, the assembly of links is a structure and no motion is possible. If DOF < 0,then the assembly is a preloaded structure, no motion is possible, and in general stresses are present.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Paradoxes
Greubler criterion does not include geometry, so it can give wrong prediction We must use inspection
E-quintet
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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Rolling cylinders even without slip (The joint between the two wheels can be postulated to allow no slip, provided that sufficient friction is available) is an example in which the ground link is exactly the same length as the sum of two other links. If no slip occurs, then this is a one-freedom, or full, joint that allows only relative angular motion () between the wheels. With that assumption, there are 3 links and 3 full joints, The equation predicts DOF = 0 (L=3, J1=3), but the mechanism has DOF = 1. Others paradoxes exist, so the designer must not apply the equation blindly.
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University of Gaza . Department of Mechanical Engineering . 2012
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