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1
ATOMIC ELECTRON
CONFISURATIONS AND
PERIODICITY
ATOMIC ELECTRON ATOMIC ELECTRON
CONFISURATIONS AND CONFISURATIONS AND
PERIODICITY PERIODICITY
2
Arrungement of
EIectrons in Atoms
Arrungement of Arrungement of
EIectrons in Atoms EIectrons in Atoms
EIectrons in atoms are arranged as EIectrons in atoms are arranged as
SHELLS SHELLS (n, major) (n, major)
SUBSHELLS SUBSHELLS (I, anguIar) (I, anguIar)
ORBITALS ORBITALS (m (m
I I
, magnetic) , magnetic)
3
Each orbitaI can be assigned no Each orbitaI can be assigned no
more than 2 eIectrons! more than 2 eIectrons!
This is tied to the existence of a 4th This is tied to the existence of a 4th
quantum number, the quantum number, the eIectron eIectron
spin quantum number, m spin quantum number, m
s s
. .
Arrungement of
EIectrons in Atoms
Arrungement of Arrungement of
EIectrons in Atoms EIectrons in Atoms
Page 2
4
EIectron EIectron
Spin Spin
Quuntum Quuntum
Number Number
m m
s s
Can be proved experimentaIIy that eIectron
has a spin. Two spin directions are given by
m
s
where m
s
= +1/2 and -1/2.
Can be proved experimentaIIy that eIectron Can be proved experimentaIIy that eIectron
has a spin. Two spin directions are given by has a spin. Two spin directions are given by
m m
s s
where m where m
s s
= +1/2 and = +1/2 and - -1/2. 1/2.
5
EIectron Spin Quuntum Number EIectron Spin Quuntum Number
Diamagnetic: NOT attracted to a magnetic
fieId
Paramagnetic: substance is attracted to a
magnetic fieId. Substance has unpaired
eIectrons.
Diamagnetic Diamagnetic: NOT attracted to a magnetic : NOT attracted to a magnetic
fieId fieId
Paramagnetic Paramagnetic: substance is attracted to a : substance is attracted to a
magnetic fieId. Substance has magnetic fieId. Substance has unpaired unpaired
eIectrons eIectrons. .
6
n ---> sheII 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
I ---> subsheII 0, 1, 2, ... n - 1
m
I
---> orbitaI -I ... 0 ... +I
m
s
---> eIectron spin +1/2 and -1/2
n n --- ---> sheII > sheII 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
I I --- ---> > subsheII subsheII 0, 1, 2, ... n 0, 1, 2, ... n - - 1 1
m m
I I
--- ---> orbitaI > orbitaI - -I ... 0 ... +I I ... 0 ... +I
m m
s s
--- ---> eIectron spin > eIectron spin +1/2 and +1/2 and - -1/2 1/2
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
QUANTUM QUANTUM
NUMBERS NUMBERS
Page 3
7
PuuIi PuuIi EcIusion PrincipIe EcIusion PrincipIe
No two eIectrons in the No two eIectrons in the
same atom can have same atom can have
the same set of 4 the same set of 4
quantum numbers. quantum numbers.
That is, each eIectron has a That is, each eIectron has a
unique address. unique address.
8
EIectrons in Atoms
EIectrons in Atoms EIectrons in Atoms
When n = 1, then I = 0 When n = 1, then I = 0
this sheII has a singIe orbitaI (1s) to this sheII has a singIe orbitaI (1s) to
which 2e which 2e- - can be assigned. can be assigned.
When n = 2, then I = 0, 1 When n = 2, then I = 0, 1
2s orbitaI 2s orbitaI 2e 2e- -
three 2p three 2p orbitaIs orbitaIs 6e 6e- -
TOTAL = TOTAL = 8e 8e- -
9
EIectrons in Atoms
EIectrons in Atoms EIectrons in Atoms
When n = 3, then I = 0, 1, 2
3s orbitaI 2e-
three 3p orbitaIs 6e-
five 3d orbitaIs 10e-
TOTAL = 18e-
When n = 3, then I = 0, 1, 2 When n = 3, then I = 0, 1, 2
3s orbitaI 3s orbitaI 2e 2e- -
three 3p three 3p orbitaIs orbitaIs 6e 6e- -
five 3d five 3d orbitaIs orbitaIs 10e 10e- -
TOTAL = TOTAL = 18e 18e- -
Page 4
10
EIectrons in Atoms
EIectrons in Atoms EIectrons in Atoms
When n = 4, then I = 0, 1, 2, 3 When n = 4, then I = 0, 1, 2, 3
4s orbitaI 4s orbitaI 2e 2e- -
three 4p three 4p orbitaIs orbitaIs 6e 6e- -
five 4d five 4d orbitaIs orbitaIs 10e 10e- -
seven 4f seven 4f orbitaIs orbitaIs 14e 14e- -
TOTAL = TOTAL = 32e 32e- -
And many more!
And many more! And many more!
11
12
Assigning EIectrons to Atoms
Assigning EIectrons to Atoms Assigning EIectrons to Atoms
EIectrons generaIIy assigned to orbitaIs of
successiveIy higher energy.
For H atoms, E = - C(1/n
2
). E depends onIy
on n.
For many-eIectron atoms, energy depends
on both n and I.
See Figure 8.5, page 295 and Screen 8. 7.
EIectrons generaIIy assigned to EIectrons generaIIy assigned to orbitaIs orbitaIs of of
successiveIy higher energy. successiveIy higher energy.
For H atoms, E = For H atoms, E = - - C(1/n C(1/n
2 2
). E depends onIy ). E depends onIy
on n. on n.
For many For many- -eIectron atoms, energy depends eIectron atoms, energy depends
on both n and I. on both n and I.
See Figure 8.5, page 295 and Screen 8. 7. See Figure 8.5, page 295 and Screen 8. 7.
Page 5
13
Assigning EIectrons to Assigning EIectrons to SubsheIIs SubsheIIs
In H atom aII In H atom aII subsheIIs subsheIIs
of same n have same of same n have same
energy. energy.
In many In many- -eIectron atom: eIectron atom:
a) a) subsheIIs subsheIIs increase in increase in
energy as vaIue of n + I energy as vaIue of n + I
increases. increases.
b) for b) for subsheIIs subsheIIs of same of same
n + I, n + I, subsheII subsheII with with
Iower n is Iower in Iower n is Iower in
energy. energy.
14
EIectron EIectron
FiIIing FiIIing
Order Order
Figure 8.5 Figure 8.5
15
Effective NucIeur Churge Z*
Effective NucIeur Churge Z* Effective NucIeur Churge Z*
Z* is the nucIear charge experienced by Z* is the nucIear charge experienced by
the outermost eIectrons. the outermost eIectrons. See p. 295 and Screen 8.6. See p. 295 and Screen 8.6.
ExpIains why E(2s) < E(2p) ExpIains why E(2s) < E(2p)
Z* increases across a period owing to Z* increases across a period owing to
incompIete shieIding by inner eIectrons. incompIete shieIding by inner eIectrons.
Estimate Z* by Estimate Z* by -- --> [ > [ Z Z - - (no. inner eIectrons) (no. inner eIectrons) ] ]
Charge feIt by 2s e Charge feIt by 2s e- - in Li in Li Z* = 3 Z* = 3 - - 2 = 1 2 = 1
Be Be Z* = 4 Z* = 4 - - 2 = 2 2 = 2
B B Z* = 5 Z* = 5 - - 2 = 3 2 = 3 and so on! and so on!
Page 6
16
Effective Effective
NucIeur NucIeur
Churge Churge
EIectron cIoud
for 1s eIectrons
Figure 8.6
We see that the 2s-
probabiIity region (red
curve) penetrates 1s
(shaded area)
shieIding of 1s eIectrons
on 2s not as strong.
AIso different for
different types of orbitaIs
(spdf)
17
Writing Atomic EIectron
Configurutions
Writing Atomic EIectron Writing Atomic EIectron
Configurutions Configurutions
1
1 s
value of n
value of l
no. of
electrons
spdf notation
for H, atomic number = 1
Two ways of
writing configs.
One is caIIed
the spdf
notation.
Two ways of Two ways of
writing writing configs configs. .
One is caIIed One is caIIed
the the spdf spdf
notation. notation.
18
Writing Atomic EIectron
Configurutions
Writing Atomic EIectron Writing Atomic EIectron
Configurutions Configurutions
Two ways of
writing
configs. Other
is caIIed the
orbitaI box
notation.
Two ways of Two ways of
writing writing
configs configs. Other . Other
is caIIed the is caIIed the
orbitaI box orbitaI box
notation. notation.
Arrows
depict
eIectron
spin
ORBITAL BOX NOTATION
for He, atomic number = 2
1s
2
1 s
One eIectron has n = 1, I = 0, m One eIectron has n = 1, I = 0, m
I I
= 0, m = 0, m
s s
= + 1/2 = + 1/2
Other eIectron has n = 1, I = 0, m Other eIectron has n = 1, I = 0, m
I I
= 0, m = 0, m
s s
= = - - 1/2 1/2
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19
See "TooIbox" for EIectron Configuration tooI. See "TooIbox" for EIectron Configuration tooI.
20
EIectron Configurutions EIectron Configurutions
und the Periodic TubIe und the Periodic TubIe
Figure 8.7
21
Lithium
Lithium Lithium
Group 1A Group 1A
Atomic number = 3 Atomic number = 3
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
1 1
--- ---> 3 totaI eIectrons > 3 totaI eIectrons
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
Page 8
22
eryIIium
eryIIium eryIIium
Group 2A Group 2A
Atomic number = 4 Atomic number = 4
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
--- ---> 4 totaI > 4 totaI
eIectrons eIectrons
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
23
oron
oron oron
Group 3A Group 3A
Atomic number = 5 Atomic number = 5
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
1 1
--- ---> >
5 totaI eIectrons 5 totaI eIectrons
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
24
Curbon
Curbon Curbon
Group 4A Group 4A
Atomic number = 6 Atomic number = 6
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
2 2
--- ---> >
6 totaI eIectrons 6 totaI eIectrons
Here we see for the first time Here we see for the first time
HUND'S RULE HUND'S RULE. When . When
pIacing eIectrons in a set of pIacing eIectrons in a set of
orbitaIs orbitaIs having the same having the same
energy, we pIace them singIy energy, we pIace them singIy
as Iong as possibIe. as Iong as possibIe.
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
Page 9
25
Nitrogen
Nitrogen Nitrogen
Group 5A Group 5A
Atomic number = 7 Atomic number = 7
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
3 3
--- ---> >
7 totaI eIectrons 7 totaI eIectrons
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
26
Oygen
Oygen Oygen
Group 6A Group 6A
Atomic number = 8 Atomic number = 8
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
4 4
--- ---> >
8 totaI eIectrons 8 totaI eIectrons
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
27
FIuorine
FIuorine FIuorine
Group 7A Group 7A
Atomic number = 9 Atomic number = 9
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
5 5
--- ---> >
9 totaI eIectrons 9 totaI eIectrons
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
Page 10
28
Neon
Neon Neon
Group 8A Group 8A
Atomic number = 10 Atomic number = 10
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
6 6
--- ---> >
10 totaI eIectrons 10 totaI eIectrons
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
Note thut we huve Note thut we huve
reuched the end of reuched the end of
the Znd period und the Znd period und
the Znd sheII is fuII| the Znd sheII is fuII|
29
EIectron Configurutions of EIectron Configurutions of
p p- -Iock EIements Iock EIements
30
Sodium Sodium Sodium
Group 1A Group 1A
Atomic number = 11 Atomic number = 11
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
6 6
3s 3s
1 1
or or
"neon core" + 3s "neon core" + 3s
1 1
[Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s
1 1
(uses rare gas notation) (uses rare gas notation)
Note that we have begun a new period. Note that we have begun a new period.
AII Group 1A eIements have AII Group 1A eIements have
[core]ns [core]ns
1 1
configurations. configurations.
Page 11
31
AIuminum AIuminum AIuminum
Group 3A Group 3A
Atomic number = 13 Atomic number = 13
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
6 6
3s 3s
2 2
3p 3p
1 1
[Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s
2 2
3p 3p
1 1
AII Sroup 3A eIements AII Sroup 3A eIements
huve [corej ns huve [corej ns
Z Z
np np
1 1
configurutions where n configurutions where n
is the period number, is the period number,
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
32
Phosphorus
Phosphorus Phosphorus
AII Sroup A eIements AII Sroup A eIements
huve [core j ns huve [core j ns
Z Z
np np
3 3
configurutions where n configurutions where n
is the period number, is the period number,
Group 5A Group 5A
Atomic number = 15 Atomic number = 15
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
6 6
3s 3s
2 2
3p 3p
3 3
[Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s
2 2
3p 3p
3 3
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
33
CuIcium
CuIcium CuIcium
Group 2A Group 2A
Atomic number = 20 Atomic number = 20
1s 1s
2 2
2s 2s
2 2
2p 2p
6 6
3s 3s
2 2
3p 3p
6 6
4s 4s
2 2
[Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s
2 2
AII Group 2A eIements have AII Group 2A eIements have
[core]ns [core]ns
2 2
configurations where n configurations where n
is the period number. is the period number.
Page 12
34
ReIutionship of EIectron ReIutionship of EIectron
Configurution und Region of Configurution und Region of
the Periodic TubIe the Periodic TubIe
Gray = s bIock Gray = s bIock
Orange = p bIock Orange = p bIock
Green = d bIock Green = d bIock
VioIet = f bIock VioIet = f bIock
35
EIectron Configurutions EIectron Configurutions
und the Periodic TubIe und the Periodic TubIe
36
Trunsition MetuIs
TubIe ,4
Trunsition MetuIs Trunsition MetuIs
TubIe ,4 TubIe ,4
AII 4th period eIements have the AII 4th period eIements have the
configuration [argon] configuration [argon] ns ns
x x
(n (n - - 1) 1)d d
y y
and so are "d and so are "d- -bIock" eIements. bIock" eIements.
Copper Copper
Iron Iron
Chromium Chromium
Page 13
37
Trunsition EIement Trunsition EIement
Configurutions Configurutions
3d orbituIs used
for Sc-Zn {TubIe
,4}
3d orbituIs used
for Sc-Zn {TubIe
,4}
38
Lunthunides und Actinides
Lunthunides und Actinides Lunthunides und Actinides
AII these eIements have the AII these eIements have the
configuration [core] configuration [core] ns ns
x x
(n (n - - 1) 1)d d
y y
(n (n - - 2) 2)f f
z z
and so are "f and so are "f- -bIock" eIements. bIock" eIements.
Cerium Cerium
[Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s
2 2
5d 5d
1 1
4f 4f
1 1
Uranium Uranium
[Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s
2 2
6d 6d
1 1
5f 5f
3 3
39
Lunthunide EIement Lunthunide EIement
Configurutions Configurutions
4f orbituIs used for
Ce - Lu und f for
Th - Lr {TubIe ,Z}
4f orbituIs used for
Ce - Lu und f for
Th - Lr {TubIe ,Z}
Page 14
40
41
Ion Configurutions
Ion Configurutions Ion Configurutions
To form To form cations cations from eIements remove 1 or from eIements remove 1 or
more e more e- - from from subsheII subsheII of highest n [or of highest n [or
highest (n + I)]. highest (n + I)].
P [Ne] 3s P [Ne] 3s
2 2
3p 3p
3 3
- - 3e 3e- - --- ---> P > P
3+ 3+
[Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s
2 2
3p 3p
0 0
42
Ion Configurutions
Ion Configurutions Ion Configurutions
To form To form cations cations from eIements remove 1 or from eIements remove 1 or
more e more e- - from from subsheII subsheII of highest n [or of highest n [or
highest (n + I)]. highest (n + I)].
P [Ne] 3s P [Ne] 3s
2 2
3p 3p
3 3
- - 3e 3e- - --- ---> P > P
3+ 3+
[Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s
2 2
3p 3p
0 0
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
1s
2s
3s
3p
2p
Page 15
43
Ion Configurutions
Ion Configurutions Ion Configurutions
For transition metaIs, remove ns eIectrons and For transition metaIs, remove ns eIectrons and
then (n then (n - - 1) eIectrons. 1) eIectrons.
Fe [Ar] 4s Fe [Ar] 4s
2 2
3d 3d
6 6
Ioses 2 eIectrons Ioses 2 eIectrons --- ---> Fe > Fe
2+ 2+
[Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s
0 0
3d 3d
6 6
44
Ion Configurutions
Ion Configurutions Ion Configurutions
For transition metaIs, remove ns eIectrons and For transition metaIs, remove ns eIectrons and
then (n then (n - - 1) eIectrons. 1) eIectrons.
Fe [Ar] 4s Fe [Ar] 4s
2 2
3d 3d
6 6
Ioses 2 eIectrons Ioses 2 eIectrons --- ---> Fe > Fe
2+ 2+
[Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s
0 0
3d 3d
6 6
4s
3d 3d
4s
Fe
Fe
2+
45
Ion Configurutions
Ion Configurutions Ion Configurutions
For transition metaIs, remove ns eIectrons and For transition metaIs, remove ns eIectrons and
then (n then (n - - 1) eIectrons. 1) eIectrons.
Fe [Ar] 4s Fe [Ar] 4s
2 2
3d 3d
6 6
Ioses 2 eIectrons Ioses 2 eIectrons --- ---> Fe > Fe
2+ 2+
[Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s
0 0
3d 3d
6 6
4s
3d 3d
4s
Fe
Fe
2+
3d
4s
Fe
3+
Page 16
46
Ion Configurutions
Ion Configurutions Ion Configurutions
How do we know the configurations of ions? How do we know the configurations of ions?
Determine the Determine the magnetic properties magnetic properties of ions. of ions.
Ions with Ions with UNPAIRED ELECTRONS UNPAIRED ELECTRONS are are
PARAMASNETIC PARAMASNETIC. .
Without unpaired eIectrons Without unpaired eIectrons DIAMASNETIC DIAMASNETIC. .
47
PERIODIC
TRENDS
PERIODIC PERIODIC
TRENDS TRENDS
48
SeneruI Periodic Trends SeneruI Periodic Trends
Atomic and ionic size Atomic and ionic size
Ionization energy Ionization energy
EIectron affinity EIectron affinity
Higher effective nucIear charge
EIectrons heId more tightIy
Larger orbitaIs.
EIectrons heId Iess
tightIy.
Page 17
49
Effective Effective
NucIeur NucIeur
Churge Churge
EIectron cIoud
for 1s eIectrons
Figure 8.6
50
Effective NucIeur Churge Effective NucIeur Churge
Z* Z*
The 2s eIectron PENETRATES the region The 2s eIectron PENETRATES the region
occupied by the 1s eIectron. occupied by the 1s eIectron.
2s eIectron experiences a higher positive 2s eIectron experiences a higher positive
charge than expected. charge than expected.
51
Effective Effective NucIeur Churge Z* NucIeur Churge Z*
Atom Z* Experienced by EIectrons in
VaIence OrbitaIs
Li +1.28
Be -------
B +2.58
C +3.22
N +3.85
O +4.49
F +5.13
Increase in Increase in
Z* across a Z* across a
period period
Page 18
52
Atomic Size
Atomic Size Atomic Size
Size goes UP on going down
a group. See Figure 8.9.
Because eIectrons are
added further from the
nucIeus, there is Iess
attraction.
Size goes DOWN on going
across a period.
Size goes UP Size goes UP on going down on going down
a group. a group. See Figure 8.9. See Figure 8.9.
Because eIectrons are Because eIectrons are
added further from the added further from the
nucIeus, there is Iess nucIeus, there is Iess
attraction. attraction.
Size goes DOWN Size goes DOWN on going on going
across a period. across a period.
53
Atomic Rudii Atomic Rudii Atomic Rudii
Figure 8.9 Figure 8.9
54
Atomic Size
Atomic Size Atomic Size
Size Size decreuses decreuses across a period owing across a period owing
to increase in Z*. Each added eIectron to increase in Z*. Each added eIectron
feeIs a greater and greater + charge. feeIs a greater and greater + charge.
Large Large SmaII SmaII
Page 19
55
Trends in Atomic Size Trends in Atomic Size
See Figures 8.9 & 8.10 See Figures 8.9 & 8.10

Li
Na
K
Kr
He
Ne
Ar
2nd period
3rd period 1st transition
series
Radius (pm)
Atomic Number
56
Sizes of Trunsition EIements
See Figure 8.10
Sizes of Trunsition EIements Sizes of Trunsition EIements
See Figure 8.10 See Figure 8.10
3d 3d subsheII subsheII is inside the 4s is inside the 4s
subsheII subsheII. .
4s eIectrons feeI a more or 4s eIectrons feeI a more or
Iess constant Z*. Iess constant Z*.
Sizes stay about the same Sizes stay about the same
and and chemistries are simiIar! chemistries are simiIar!
57
Ion Sizes
Ion Sizes Ion Sizes
Li,152 pm
3e and 3p
Li
+
, 60 pm
2e and 3 p
+
Does the size go
up or down
when Iosing an
eIectron to form
a cation?
Does the size go Does the size go
up or down up or down
when Iosing an when Iosing an
eIectron to form eIectron to form
a a cation cation? ?
Page 20
58
Ion Sizes
Ion Sizes Ion Sizes
CATIONS CATIONS are are SMALLER SMALLER than the than the
atoms from which they come. atoms from which they come.
The eIectron/proton attraction has The eIectron/proton attraction has
gone UP and so size gone UP and so size DECREASES DECREASES. .
Li,152 pm
3e and 3p
Li
+
, 78 pm
2e and 3 p
+
Forming
a cation.
Forming Forming
a a cation cation. .
59
Ion Sizes
Ion Sizes Ion Sizes
F,64 pm
9e and 9p
F
-
, 136 pm
10 e and 9 p
-
Does the size go up or
down when gaining an
eIectron to form an
anion?
Does the size go up or Does the size go up or
down when gaining an down when gaining an
eIectron to form an eIectron to form an
anion? anion?
60
Ion Sizes
Ion Sizes Ion Sizes
ANIONS ANIONS are are LARGER LARGER than the atoms from than the atoms from
which they come. which they come.
The eIectron/proton attraction has gone The eIectron/proton attraction has gone
DOWN and so size DOWN and so size INCREASES INCREASES. .
Trends in ion sizes are the same as atom Trends in ion sizes are the same as atom
sizes. sizes.
Forming
an anion.
Forming Forming
an anion. an anion.
F, 71 pm
9e and 9p
F
-
, 133 pm
10 e and 9 p
-
Page 21
61
Trends in Ion Sizes Trends in Ion Sizes Trends in Ion Sizes
Figure 8.13 Figure 8.13
62
Redo Reuctions
Redo Reuctions
Why do metaIs Iose
eIectrons in their
reactions?
Why does Mg form Mg
2+
ions and not Mg
3+
?
Why do nonmetaIs take
on eIectrons?
Why do metaIs Iose Why do metaIs Iose
eIectrons in their eIectrons in their
reactions? reactions?
Why does Mg form Mg Why does Mg form Mg
2+ 2+
ions and not Mg ions and not Mg
3+ 3+
? ?
Why do nonmetaIs take Why do nonmetaIs take
on eIectrons? on eIectrons?
63
Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12
Ionizution Energy Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12 See Screen 8.12
IE = energy required to remove an eIectron IE = energy required to remove an eIectron
from an atom in the gas phase. from an atom in the gas phase.
Mg (g) + 738 kJ Mg (g) + 738 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
+ +
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Page 22
64
Mg (g) + 738 kJ Mg (g) + 738 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
+ +
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Mg Mg
+ +
(g) + 1451 kJ (g) + 1451 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
2+ 2+
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Mg Mg
+ +
has 12 protons and onIy 11 has 12 protons and onIy 11
eIectrons. Therefore, IE for Mg eIectrons. Therefore, IE for Mg
+ +
> Mg. > Mg.
IE = energy required to remove an eIectron IE = energy required to remove an eIectron
from an atom in the gas phase. from an atom in the gas phase.
Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12
Ionizution Energy Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12 See Screen 8.12
65
Mg (g) + 735 kJ Mg (g) + 735 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
+ +
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Mg Mg
+ +
(g) + 1451 kJ (g) + 1451 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
2+ 2+
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Mg Mg
2+ 2+
(g) + 7733 kJ (g) + 7733 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
3+ 3+
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Energy cost is very high to dip into a Energy cost is very high to dip into a
sheII of Iower n. sheII of Iower n.
This is why ox. no. = Group no. This is why ox. no. = Group no.
Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12
Ionizution Energy Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12 See Screen 8.12
66
SeneruI Periodic Trends SeneruI Periodic Trends
Atomic and ionic size Atomic and ionic size
Ionization energy Ionization energy
EIectron affinity EIectron affinity
Higher Z*.
EIectrons heId
more tightIy.
Larger orbitaIs.
EIectrons heId Iess
tightIy.
Page 23
67
Atomic Rudii Atomic Rudii Atomic Rudii
Figure 8.9 Figure 8.9
68
Trends in Ionizution Energy Trends in Ionizution Energy Trends in Ionizution Energy

1st Ionization energy (k1/mol)

Atomic Number
H Li Na K
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
69
Trends in Ionizution Energy
Trends in Ionizution Energy Trends in Ionizution Energy
IE increases across a period IE increases across a period
because Z* increases. because Z* increases.
MetaIs Iose eIectrons more MetaIs Iose eIectrons more
easiIy than nonmetaIs. easiIy than nonmetaIs.
MetaIs are good reducing MetaIs are good reducing
agents. agents.
NonmetaIs Iose eIectrons with NonmetaIs Iose eIectrons with
difficuIty. difficuIty.
Page 24
70
Trends in Ionizution Energy
Trends in Ionizution Energy Trends in Ionizution Energy
IE decreases down a group IE decreases down a group
Because size increases. Because size increases.
Reducing abiIity generaIIy Reducing abiIity generaIIy
increases down the periodic increases down the periodic
tabIe. tabIe.
See reactions of Li, Na, K See reactions of Li, Na, K
71
Periodic Trend in
the Reuctivity of
AIkuIi MetuIs
with Wuter
Periodic Trend in Periodic Trend in
the Reuctivity of the Reuctivity of
AIkuIi MetuIs AIkuIi MetuIs
with Wuter with Wuter
Lithium Lithium
Sodium Sodium Potassium Potassium
72
Mg (g) + 735 kJ Mg (g) + 735 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
+ +
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Mg Mg
+ +
(g) + 1451 kJ (g) + 1451 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
2+ 2+
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Mg Mg
2+ 2+
(g) + 7733 kJ (g) + 7733 kJ --- ---> Mg > Mg
3+ 3+
(g) + e (g) + e- -
Energy cost is very high to dip into a Energy cost is very high to dip into a
sheII of Iower n. sheII of Iower n.
This is why ox. no. = Group no. This is why ox. no. = Group no.
Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12
Ionizution Energy Ionizution Energy
See Screen 8.12 See Screen 8.12
Page 25
73
EIectron Affinity EIectron Affinity
A few eIements A few eIements GAIN GAIN eIectrons eIectrons
to form to form anions anions. .
EIectron affinity is the energy EIectron affinity is the energy
invoIved when an atom gains invoIved when an atom gains
an eIectron to form an anion. an eIectron to form an anion.
A(g) + e A(g) + e- - --- ---> A > A
- -
(g) E.A. = AE (g) E.A. = AE
74
EIectron Affinity of Oygen EIectron Affinity of Oygen
AE is AE is EXO EXOthermic thermic
because O has because O has
an affinity for an an affinity for an
e e- -. .
He] O atom
EA - 141 k1
+ electron
O
He] -
ion
75
EIectron Affinity of Nitrogen EIectron Affinity of Nitrogen
AE is AE is zero zero for N for N
- -
due to eIectron due to eIectron- -
eIectron eIectron
repuIsions. repuIsions.
EA 0 k1
He]
N atom

He] N
-
ion
+ electron
Page 26
76
See Figure 8.12 and See Figure 8.12 and
Appendix F Appendix F
Affinity for eIectron Affinity for eIectron
increases across a increases across a
period (EA becomes period (EA becomes
more positive). more positive).
Affinity decreases down Affinity decreases down
a group (EA becomes a group (EA becomes
Iess positive). Iess positive).
Atom EA
F +328 kJ
CI +349 kJ
Br +325 kJ
I +295 kJ
Atom EA Atom EA
F F +328 kJ +328 kJ
CI CI +349 kJ +349 kJ
Br Br +325 kJ +325 kJ
I I +295 kJ +295 kJ
Trends in EIectron Affinity Trends in EIectron Affinity
77
Trends in EIectron Affinity Trends in EIectron Affinity