Masses of Atoms and Moles

Atoms are too small to weigh, so therefore 'relative atomic masses Relative Atomic Mass (RAM - to remember it), is an average value that depends on the isotopes the element contains - when rounded to a whole number. Relative Formula Mass (RFM) is found by adding up the relative atomic masses of the atomics in its formula Mr of CaCl(2), solution: Ar of Ca = 40, Ar of Cl= 35.5, so 40+35.5 = 111 Relative Formula Mass is called ONE MOLE. Allows us to calculate and weigh out in grams masses of substances with the same number of particles. Mass of NaOH?. solution: Ar of Na=30, Ar of O=16, Ar of H=1, so 23g+16g+g+1g = 40g

Mass Numbers

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are Atoms of the same element have the same ATOMIC NUMBER Number of protons and electrons must ALWAYS BE THE SAME Electrons have VERY SMALL MASSES Mass number = TOTAL of protons+neutrons Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number Protons/Neutals EQUAL MASSES
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called ISOTOPES

Empirical Formula
EMPIRICAL FORUMULA is the simplest ratio of the atoms or ions in a compound. We work this out by dividing the MASS of each element in 100g of the compound by its MASS NUMBER to give the ratio of atoms, then convert this to a WHOLE NUMBER RATIO Example- 100g of hydrocarbon contains 80g of C and 20g of H Number of moles of carbon- 80/12 = 6.67 Number of moles in hydrogen = 20/1 = 20 Ratio of atoms = 6.67C:20H Simplest ratio is 1C:3H

So EMPIRICAL FORMULA is CH(3)

Percentages

Percentage of any of the elements ina COMPOUND RELATIVE ATOM MASS / RELATIVE FORMULA MASS x 100 =
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PERCENTAGE

Example- Mr of CO(2) = 12+(16x2)=44 Therefore percentage of carbon = (12/44) x 100 = 27.3%

Equations and Calculations

Chemical equations show the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS of a

reaction.

form TWO magnesium ions and TWO oxide ions In RELATIVE MASS this becomes
(2xAr

E.g. 2Mg + O(2) > 2MgO Shows TWO magnesium react with ONE molecule of oxygen to

of Mg)+(2xAr of O) gives (2xMr of MgO) or (2x24+2x16=2x40) In MOLES this tells us TWO moles of Mg react with ONE mole of O(2), to produce TWO moles of MgO This means 48g of Mg react with 32g of O(2) to give 80g of MgO If the known mass of Mg is 5g, we can work out the MASS
(5/25) x 40 = 8.33g of MgO

Making As Much As We Want

Making As Much As We Want

PERCENTAGE YIELD = (amount of product collected / maximum amount of product possible) x 100 PERCENTAGE ATOM ECONOMY = (relative formula mass of useful product / relative formula mass of all products) x 100 To avoid waste both percentage yield and atom economy should be as HIGH as possible
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Making Ammonia - The Haber Process

Used to make FERTILISERS and other CHEMICALS

The Haber process also uses an IRON CATALYST

So we then reach an equilibrium

Reversible Reactions
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