B. & B. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, V.V.

NAGAR Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Term Work Submission for Subject

2361101 MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Name: Enrolment No:

B. & B. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify Mr. /Miss class Diploma in E. & C. Engineering Enrolment No. has satisfactorily completed his term work in subject 2361101- Mobile Communication for the term ending in May 2013. Date: Of

Submitted to: Mr. M. P. Shah Mr. J. M. Patel

Signature

INDEX
No 1 Date Title Marks Signature

To study GSM system Architecture. To study Mobile Station To study User Interface Section of Mobile Handset. To study the working of a SIM card in a GSM handset. To Study and analyze the vibrator in a GSM Handset. To study and analyze the Buzzer in a GSM Handset. To study and Analyze the LCD Module. To Study Of Direct Spread Spectrum Modulation And Demodulation Process To Study Of Code Division Multiple Access (DSSS) Technique. To Study Of DSSS Modul ati on /Demodulation Using Signal As an Input.

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Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 1 Aim: To study GSM system Architecture. Theory: GSM frequencies:

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

The GSM system is a FDMA/TDMA system; each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency & a time slot number. GSM system frequencies include two bands at 900 MHz commonly referred as GSM-900. For the primary band in GSM-900 system, 124 radio carriers have been defined & assigned in two sub-bands of 25 MHz each in 890-915 MHz and 935-960 MHz ranges, with channel width of 200 KHz. The GSM system comprises of MS, BTS, BSC, MSC and a set of registers to assist in mobility management & security functions. All signaling between MSC & various registers as well as between MSCs takes place using Signaling System 7(SS7) network. Mobile Station (MS): GSM mobile station is nothing but your handset or subscriber unit. At the time of manufacturing a handset, an international mobile equipment identity (IMEI) is programmed into the terminal. A subscriber identity Module (SIM) is required to activate & operate GSM terminal. The SIM may be a removal unit that can be inserted by the user. Any GSM terminal capable of receiving a detachable SIM card can become the users MS upon plugging into the SIM card. Base Station system (BSS): The base station system comprises a base station controller (BSC) and one or more subtending base transceiver stations (BTS). The BSS is responsible for all functions related to the radio resource management. Mobile switching center (MSC): Its a local ISDN switch with additional capabilities to support mobility management functions like location update, terminal registration and handoff. MSC performs the following major functions: Call set up, release Call routine Billing information Paging & altering Echo cancellation Registration etc.

GSM system Architecture: 605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Home location registers (HLR): It is a centralized database that has the permanent data fills about the mobile subscribers in a large service area. Visiting location register (VLR): It represents a temporary data source and generally there is one VLR per MSC. This register contains information about mobile subscribers who are currently in the service area & which features are activated locally. Authentication center (AC): Generally associated with HLRM contains authentication parameters which are used in initial location registration, location updates etc. it uses authentication & cipher key generation algorithm A3 & A8 respectively. Equipment identity registers (EIR): It maintains information to authenticate terminal equipment so that fraud can be identified & denied service. Conclusion:

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 2 Aim: To study Mobile Station Theory:

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

For understanding the basic circuit of any mobile phone it can be divided in following three sections: A. Receiving section B. Transmitting section C. Base band control / UI section RECEIVING SECTION The receiver is direct conversion dual band linear receive. When any call is received in mobile phone, the receiving signal comes at antenna first, which is of loop type then to pin no.4 of antenna switch (Diplexer) through capacitorC593. This antenna switch makes function of switching of receiving, transmitting, GSM and DCS frequency band. Switching signals is given at its control pins from CPU for it, GSM-RX signal is made out from pin no. 14 of antenna switch, which is given to p[in no. 7 of Z501 through capacitor C547 receiving signal passes through band pass SAW filter (925-960 MHz) and is made out from pin 1. Unwanted frequencies coming with GSM frequency bands are filtered by it and only required band frequencies are passed further. Signal obtained from filter is given to LNA V501. Control voltage is given to amplifier from HAGAR IC N500; amplification gain of LNA is controlled by it. Because this control voltage controls gain of amplifier in automatic way hence considered AGC. Output level of receiver remains stable by it. Signal obtained from amplifier gain is given to band pass SAW filter Z500, signal obtained from pin no.4 of V501 is given to pin no. 1 of Z500. Many unwanted frequencies are amplified with the amplification receiving signals. It is very essential to separate these frequencies, otherwise further these frequencies can become reason of noise. Band pas filter Z500 makes this function; signal is made out from its one output pin no.7 and given to balancing transformer T501. the balancing transformers make balancing from single ended receiving signal. Signal is made balance by transformer T501 and comes at pin no. C9 and B9 of IC N500, which are input pins of GSN-RX of N500 RF IC (HAGAR IC). Mixing and demodulation (conversion to LF) operation of receiving signal is made in HAGAR IC N500. Oscillation signal produced by VCL G500 is mixed in these signals for this operation. This VCO G500 produces separate local oscillation signals in GSM and DCS frequency band. VCO produces 3700-3840 MHz for GSM and 3610-3760 MHz for DCS 1800. This signal is given to pin no. J2 and J5 of IC N500 through signal transformer T502, this signal is amplified in IC. It is divided by four, for GSM (local oscillation signal of 935 to 960 MHz) is obtained and by 2 for DCS 1800 PLL and dividers are in HAGAR IC. GSM receiving signal is mixed in this signal, after that it is filtered and given to demodulator and made I/Q signal. This receiving is made out from pin no. G5 and G6 of IF IC N500 which can be viewed at TP. (3) and TP. (4), which is given to audio signal COBBA IC N100.

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Demodulation is completed digital to analog conversion and audio frequency amplification etc functions are made in it. It also makes functions as interface for completing control functions of AFC, PAC and AGC etc. CPU D300 has full control of al functions of this IC. Audio frequency signal is obtained in this IC through a PCM signal. This is amplified by audio frequency amplifier. This audio frequency signal is obtained from pin no. D1 and D2 of COBBA IC N100, it is given to speaker and sound is obtained. TRANSMITTER SECTION At the time of transmitting microphone converts voice signal in to electric signal. This signal is given to pin no. A3 & B3 of audio frequency processing IC N100. Transistor V101 connected from pin no. D6 of this IC is a mic power supply controller transistor. This transistor provides control voltage to microphone signal given by microphone is at first amplified in COBBA IC N100. After that it is made PCM code and digital signal is obtained, this signal is sent to central processing unit D300 for voice coding and channel coding at that place data stream is made which is sent back to audio processing IC N10 for GMSK modulation. In this way A/D conversion, coding, encryption, channel coding and modulation etc functions are made in COBBA IC and CPU. I/Q signals are serially transmitted from COBBA IC and given to transmitting modulation process in HAGAR IC N500 which can measure at TP (5) and (6). VCO signals are mixed with TX-IQ signal in HAGAR IC N500. These local oscillation signals are produced by local oscillation modules G-500, VCO module G500 generates local oscillation signals of two different values. Oscillation signals 3520 to 3660 MHz in condition of GSM 900 frequency band, which is divided by four; 890 to 915 MHz is obtained and mixed with transmitting I, Q signal. Signal output level at this stage is 5dBm working system of VCO module G500 is controlled by PLL circuit made in HAGAR IC N500. After the modulation, Tx signal is converted to single ended by balance circuit (mutual coupler) and after filtering in 2500 (880915 MHz) the signal is amplified by pre-amplifier circuit and buffered out the final amplification is realized with dual band power amplifier. It has a gain control, which is controlled with a power control loop in HAGAR IC. Power amplifier produces a signal over 2W in GSM band. Gain control range is over 35 dBm. Now this signal is given to Dual band directional coupler connected between PA and Antenna Switch, Directional Coupler take a sample from the forward going power with certain ratio. This detected voltage is compared in error amplifier in HAGAR IC to a Tx voltage generated by COBBA IC. Then the signal is given to Antenna switch and the signal is transmitted through antenna, the signal is of +33dBm approx. BASE BAND CONTROL / UI SECTION This section contain base band, CPU, CCONT IC, charging IC, UI circuit such as Buzzer, Vibrator, LED and memories flash / SRAM. It makes functions for completing all functions of this mobile, checking them and controlling system. All system control, communication control, field strength testing, battery voltage and standby charge, key board scanning and display control, power supply control, power ON / OFF control, sleeping state control etc.

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Conclusion:

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 3

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Aim: To study User Interface Section of Mobile Handset. Apparatus: Mobile Phone Trainer (ST2132), DMM, connecting wires. Theory: LED: Light emitting diode, helps the user while performing function. The LED in mobile phone is of SMD type instead of traditional LEDs due to much compactness required and many mobile specifications. The LED circuit consists of CPU, UI IC and LED. The DC signal is made out from pin C12 of CPU whenever handset is switched ON / OFF. Tx/Rx even a key is pressed depending on the menu features. The signal obtained from the CPU is given to pin 7 & 15 of UI IC. The UI IC gives output for keypad / Display LED separately but simultaneously. The LEDs are connected in parallel. The anode of the LEDs is connected to VBAT. Varistors are connected for protection. In addition resistors are connected for both (LED & keypad) LEDs for intensity control. The time duration for the LED is software controlled often menu driven. Circuit diagram:

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Observation:

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Here, we will verify and analyze that intensity is Hardware Control. Procedure for observation: 1. Power ON the mobile Trainer. 2. Vary the potentiometer to clock/anticlockwise. 3. Observe the intensity changes in the Display Section LED. Experiments To study and analyze the DC level of LED. Procedure (A): 1. Power ON the Trainer 2. Measure the Voltage at TP 41 & 42 with LED ON. Note: we already know that for making LED glow at least we have to press any key. Fault Insertion: Make the pin 3 of switched fault 5 to OFF POSITION. DISPLAY LED NOT GLOWING Fault finding: constant voltage of 2V at TP 41. Working principle: This is due to disconnection of path or faulty IC. Procedure (B): 1. Measure the Voltage at TP 42 with LED ON 1V (approx.). Fault Insertion: Make the pin 4 of switched fault 5 to OFF POSITION. PARTIAL LED Fault finding: constant voltage of 2V at TP 42. Working principle: This is due to breakage between the LEDs or LED faulty. Conclusion:

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 4

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

AIM: To study the working of a SIM card in a GSM handset. Theory: SIM is a short for Subscriber Identity Module. There are two different sizes used for GSM phones, one is the same size as a credit card and the other is about the size of a stamp. The two SIM card sizes are standardized and are the same all over the GSM world. The advantage of the small card is that it makes it possible for the manufacturer to build even smaller phones. The SIM card is the part of the phone that contains the real phone. Its on the SIM card that all personal facts are kept. The phone itself has no phone number. Its kept on the SIM card. In other words you can borrow almost any other GSM phone and insert your own SIM card and make calls as usual. There are many functions on the SIM cards like, for example; memory space for names and phone numbers and SMSs (Short text messages). You can activate many different services on the SIM cards. The development of SIM cards is as fast as every thing else in the mobile phone business. The SIM cards are becoming more and more sophisticated and more and more functions are being added and improved. It contains some parameter of the user such as IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). The SIM is also a database, its stores network state information such as there current location, area identify (LAI). If the handset is turned off and back on again it will take data of the SIM and search for the LAI it was in. This saves time by avoiding having to search the whole list of frequencies that it normally would. The BSI line is connected to SIM card and DETX line of CPU. When the power is switched on with SIM inserted the BSI terminal is grounded by a resistor, all interface line raises to VSIM, DATA A, SIM RST, SIMCLK. The battery identification line is used also for battery removal detection. The SIM card is power down before the power is lost. Description of SIM card circuit: SIM card circuit is made mainly by CPU D300, Power IC N201, SIM card socket and V203. As shown in fig. Among these, power IC N201 makes function as interface between CPU D300 and SIM card socket. Power IC N201 gets all necessary SIM information from CPU D300. SIM Clock is obtained from pin no. A12 of CPU, which is given to pin no D8 of power IC N201. SIM reset signal (SIM RST) is obtained from pin no. B11 of CPU which is given to pin E7 of power IC N201. SIM I/O is made out from pin A11 of CPU and given to pin F6 of power IC N201.SIM card detector signal is made out from pin K13 of CPU and given to pin B3 of power IC N 201. SIM PWR signal obtained from pin D12 of CPU is made out and given to pin G6 of IC N201. After processing in IC N201 SIM CLK TP (25), SIM RST, TP (23), V-SIM, TP (24), SIM DATA is obtained at SIM socket from this IC. For detecting that SIM card is of 3V or 5V this complete function is completed within one second of turning ON Power.

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Circuit diagram:--

605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

In this way, SIM card socket read the information of SIM card. After that this information is given again to CPU through IC N201 for next processing and then after this is sent to base station for registering. V203 is protector. Four diode are connected to it. SIM CONNECTOR ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION PIN NAME 1 SIMCLK 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. SIMRST VSIM GND VCSim DATA PARAMETER Frequency T rise/T Fall 5V Simcard 3V SIMcard 5V SIMcard 3V SIMcard GND 5V SIMcard 3V SIMcard 5V Vin/Vout 3V Vin/Vout MIN TYP 3.25 1 1 5 3 5 3 1 0 1 0 MAX 25 VSIM VSIM 5.2 3.2 0 5.2 3.2 VSIM 0.5 VSIM 0.5 UNIT MHz ns V V V V V NOTES SIM clock Tp.25 SIM reset Tp. 24 Supply voltage Tp.23 GROUND Tp.26 Supply voltage Tp.27 Sim Data Trise/Tfall max 1 s Tp.28

4 2.8 4.8 2.8 0 4.8 2.8 4 0 2.8 0

Note: Before performing the observation, fully charged the battery and keep the charging ON. Observations: 1. Object: To study the SIM card detection. Procedure: Step 1: Switch ON the trainer without SIM card. Step 2: Keep a watch on the LEDs CLK, VSIM, and Connected at the SIM card terminal and connect the probe of the CRO to TP (25). Step 3: The two LEDs will glow voltage will rise measured at TP (23) , TP (24), TP (25). Sudden SIM card CLK rise and fall is observed. Since SIM card is not present, it falls it happens in less than one second. 2. Object: SIM detected: Procedure: Step 1: Insert the SIM card. Step 2: Switch on the trainer. Step 3: Observe the LEDs all two LEDs will glow RST, VSIM stays ON. Since SIM card need power continuously and CLK goes within 6-8 sec. , after switching on the trainer thats after registering to the network. A Rise can be observed when there is a Tx/Rx of call or some function is accessed the clock of 3.2 MHz Approx.

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Observation Table: Pin Name Measured Parameter

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

TP No.

Experiments: Insert the SIM card and switch on the Trainer. 1. Object: To study and measure the CLK of the SIM card. Procedure: 1. Switch on the trainer with SIM. 2. Connect the probe of the CRO to TP ( ). 3. Observe the 3 MHz CLK. Fault Insertion: Make the Pin 4 of switched fault (1) to OFF. INSERT SIM CARD appears on the screen. Note: After fault insertion wait for 4 to 5 sec. Again observe the CLK, it will not be there. Working Principle: Since CLK is must for the card and the disconnection will break the path. So the result is failure to detect the SIM. Note: All the six terminals of the SIM card holds importance if any of the contact is absent then card will not be accepted and shows INSERT SIM CARD. Usually this occur when the SIM socket is bent / soiled or in loose contact with PCB or breakage of path from the CCONT IC and also CPU else dry soldering of the IC. 2. Object: To study the SIM card detection: Procedure: Switch on the trainer with SIM. Fault Insertion: Make the pin to of switched fault 1 to off. INSERT SIM CARD appears on the screen. Working Principle: We already know that the SIM card is detected through loop formatted by the Status pin of the battery, the disconnection of which fails the detection of SIM card. Note: After fault insertion wait for 4-5 sec or press clear button C on the keypad. Conclusion:

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 5

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Aim: To Study and analyze the vibrator in a GSM Handset. Theory: The vibrator driving circuit is similar to that of ringer circuit. It is used for giving silent information to user for incoming calls. This is also called Vibra Alert Device. When an incoming call comes then this device gives its information to user by vibrating.

Circuit Description: This Vibrator Driving circuit is mainly made by CPU IC N400 and Vibrator M400. Vibrator Control Signal (VIBRA) is obtained from Pin G12 of CPU while there is an incoming call/software activated and is given to pin no. 19 of N400 IC. This signal is amplified in IC N400 and after amplification signal is made out from its pin no. 16 and given to vibrator M400 through R401. V BATT supply is given at other tapping of this vibrator. Operation of tuning ON Vibrator is controlled by software. A vibra alerting device is similar to DC motor. In the mobile phone it is used to generate a vibration signal for an incoming call. In the mobile phone, the vibrator is lifted up from the PCB similar to the Buzzer. Vibrator pads are located on the PCB.

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication Interface CPU UI Switch

Signal VIBRA_PWM Vibra Control Signal From CPU

Parameter PWM low level, Logic Low PWM high level, Logic high Current CPU Output Vibra PWM Frequency PWM Duty Cycle (256 linear steps) PWM low level, Logic Low PWM high level, Logic high Internal Pulldown Resistor

Min. Typ Max 0 0.2 0.5 2 2.5 2 22k 16 0 2 60 2.8 100 35 0.5 2.85 180 2.9

Unit V V mA Hz % V V kohms

VIBRA_CNT Vibra Control Signal in UI - Switch

Experiment Note: a. Active the vibrator from the menu. b. Vibrator doesnt circuit operate in charging ON mode. Object: To study and measure the PWM signal of the Vibrator. Procedure: 1. Give a Call to mobile phone trainer and keep on ringing or press Menu and scroll with the help of up/down buttons until you find Tone select, then Ring Tone select and scroll a step up or down. 2. And wait until you observe the vibrator rotating. 3. Connect probe of the CRO to TP(38). PWM signal is observed. Since make/break phenomena rise/fall of the signal is obtained and vibrator will rotate. Fault Insertion: Make the pin (2) of switched faults 5 to OFF position. NO VIBRATION (Even after menu activation)

Fault Finding: Observe the signal TP (38) it will not be there and hence no vibration.

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Working principle:

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Since PWM signal is must for the Vibrator. T is due to problem in the CPU, UI IC or disconnection of path else faulty Vibrator. Conclusion:

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 6

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

Aim: To study and analyze the Buzzer in a GSM Handset. Theory: Alerting tone or melodies are generated by a buzzer, (Marketing Target 105dB.) Ringing driving circuit is mainly made by CPU, Driving C N400 and Buzzer. Whenever there is an incoming call or message else ringing is software activated. Ringing Driving Control signal thats a PWM signal is obtained from pin no. D9 of Central Processing Unit (CPU) and given to pin no.3 of IC N400. After amplification in this IC this signal is made out from pin no.6 and reaches at one tapping of buzzer. Second tapping of buzzer is connected with VBATT ring sound is obtained from buzzer. In tables shows the relevant specifications

Interface CPU and UI Switch Signal BUZZ_PWM Buzzer Control Signal From The CPU Parameter PWM low level, logic low PWM high level, logic high Current CPU Output Buzzer PWM Frequency PWM Duty Cycle (256 Linear Steps) PWM low level, logic low PWM high level, logic high Internal Pulldown Resistor Min Typ Max 0 0.2 0.5 2 100 0 0 2 60 2.8 100 2.5 2.9 2 1000 100 0.5 2.85 180 Unit V V mA Hz % V V Kohms

BUZZ_CNT Buzzer Control Signal in the UISwitch

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication Interface Ui IC and Buzer

Signal Parameter Min. Typ Max Unit VBAT Supply Voltage 3 3.6 5.2 N GND Ground 0 V BUZZER Buzzer Average 90 mA Current Experiment: Objective: To study and measure the PWM signal of the Buzzer. Procedure: 1. Give a Call to trainer by making an incoming call and keep on ringing same as vibrator. 2. Connect probe of the CRO to TP (39). PWM signal is observed. Since make/break phenomena rise/fall of the signal is obtained and ring is heard.

Fault Insertion: Make the pin (1) of switched faults 5 to OFF position NO RING SOUND

Fault Finding: Observe the signal, it will not be there. Working principle: Since PWM signal is must for the Buzzer. It is due to problem in the CPU, UI IC or disconnection of path else faulty buzzer. Conclusion:

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 7 Aim: To study and Analyze the LCD Module. LCD module:

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

One liquid crystal display (LCD) module is used in display section of mobile phone. This LCD module is made on basis of Chip-ON Glass (COG) technology. The display circuit includes LCD modules GD 47 (84 x 48 pixels) and 2 capacitors. The connection method for the chip on glass is ACF, Adhesive Conductive Film. The LCD module is connected to the PCB with spring contacts. Capacitors are placed on PCB. The display driver includes HW-reset, voltage triple or quadruple which depends on temperature, temperature compensating circuit and low power control. Driver includes 84x48 bit RAM memory that is used when some elements are created on display. Elements are created by software. Driver doesnt include CG-ROM. When any button s pressed in Mobile Phone then at first its information comes in CPU. CPU contains data from memory according to that pressed button and gives to LCD module and that data displays at screen.

Pin Description of LCD module: Pin no. 1 (RES): from Pin no. 2 (V Out): connected This is input pin. LCD reset signal (LCD RSTX) is given at this pin pin no. A3 of CPU (D300). This is filter pin of LCD module. At this pin two capacitors are

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

in parallel. And voltage tripler output is available at this Pin. This voltage can be check at TP (33) Pin no. 3 (GND): Pin no. 4 (SCE): given Pin no. 5 (D/C): Pin no. 6 [SD IN]: Pin no. 7 [SCLK]: Pin no. 8 [VDD]: This pin is made ground. This is pin of LCD enable input. LCD enable signal (LCD ENX) is at this pin from this pin D1 of CPU (D300) This pin s display control pin and is connected with the pin D3 (ROW 5 LCD CD) of CPU This is Screen Data input of LCD module that data is given at this pin from pin B10 of CPU which has to display at screen. Clock Pulse (SCLK) from pin A10 of CPU (D300) is given at this pin. This is positive supply pin of LCD module. VBB (2.8V) supply obtained from pin no. C6 of power supply module N201 is given at this pin. LCD Module Interface Pin 1-RES 2-VOUT 3-GND 4-SCE 5-D/C 6-SDIN 7-SCLK 8-VDD Line Signal LCDRSTX VOUT GND LCDCSX LCDCDX (ROW5) SDA SCLK VBB Parameter Reset DC/DC Voltage Converter output Ground Chip Select Input Typical/ Maximum Nominal 0 0.3xVBB 0.7xVBB VBB 6 9 0 0.3xVBB VBB 0.3xVBB VBB 0.3xVBB VBB 4Mhz VBB 3.3V 240A Min

0 0.7xVBB Control/display data 0 Flag input 0.7xVBB Serial data input 0 0.7xVBB Serial Clock input 0 0 Supply Voltage 2.7

2.8

Note: Switch OFF the charging for better performance. LCD Module Experiment: Note: Before performing the observation, fully charged the battery and keep the charging ON. 1) Objective: To study and measure the reset pin in LCD Module

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

We already know that Pin 1 is the reset Pin Voltage available at this pin is 2.8V can be check at TP (32). Procedure: Power ON the trainer with or without SIM. FAULT INSERTION Make the pin 1 & 2 of switched fault (3) OFF. Note: It make take within 1 min 3 min for fault NO DISPLAY

Measure the voltage at TP (32) and TP (33) it will be 0V. Working principle: This fault occurs usually due to lose contact between the PCB and the Display or spring connector of the display. Else faulty display. Note: LCD display is that section in mobile phone which becomes defective more then all. When any fault is observed in display then at first loose contact should be check and spring contact of the LCD for bent or soiled and then supply of display module should be checked. After that it should be observed that its all indicated data are correct and all paths should be checked or not so that it can be identified that fault is of man board or screen display. 2) Object: To verify and study the importance of the voltage Tripler in the LCD Module. We already know that Pin 2 is the Tripler output hence voltage at TP (33) is 6V 8V (approx). FAULT INSERTION Make the pin (2) of Switched fault (3) OFF.

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

DARK BACKGROUND AND BLURRING IMAGE

By making the switched fault we have disconnected the pin from grounding. Measure the voltage at TP (33) it will 6V 8V only since it is generated in the display module internally and hence voltage Tripler. Working principle: This usually happens when the Tripler output is not grounded due to break. The picture is visible by pixels when voltage is given. The Tripler output which was disconnected from the ground distributes the power in the LCD module and the result is dark screen. 3) Object: To verify and measure the control pin of the LCD Module. FAULT INSERTION We already know that pin 5 is a Display control Pin voltage available at this pin is 2.8V can be test at TP (34). Make the pin (3) of switched fault (3) OFF. MISPLACED DISPLAY

Measure the voltage at TP (34) it will be 0V. Working principle: Since Pin 5 is control pin disconnection of path from CPU, make it to loose control. 4) Object: To study the clock pin of a LCD Module. We already know that clock signal s measured at TP (36).

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

FAULT INSERTION Make the pin (4) of switched fault (3) OFF. We already know that pin 7 is a clock pin DISPLAY HANGED

Working principle: Since clock is the heart beat without which the LCD fail to work. It s due to disconnection of path or etc. Conclusion:

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 8

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

AIM: To Study of Direct Spread Spectrum Modulation and Demodulation Process. REQUIRMENT: ST2115, CDMA Trainer Board. CRO Patch Cords. THEORY: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. The CDMA system works directly on 64 kbit/sec digital signals. These signals can be digitized voice, ISDN channels, modem data, etc. Figure 1 shows a simplified Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For clarity, the figure shows one channel operating in one direction only. Signal transmission consists of the following steps: 1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and each successive connection. 2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the Information data is spread). 3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier. 4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast. Signal reception consists of the following steps: 1. The carrier is received and amplified. 2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal. 3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal. 4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it. 5. the received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the Information data. PROCEDURE: 1) Switch data switches to 1 or 0 as per your choice of binary data pattern. 2) Connect any two of the four taps viz. A, B, C or D to the input of EX-OR gate of PN sequence generator. Connect 240 KHZ clock signal on board to the clock input of the PN sequence generator.

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

3) Now switch ON the power supply and observe the output of binary data generator and PN sequence generator. since the data generator frequency used here is 30 KHZ and that of PN sequence generator is 240 KHZ, and hence there are 8 PN sequence bits per data bits for spreading the binary signal. 4) Change the positions of taps for feedback in the PN sequence generator block to obtain deferent pattern of the PN sequence. Switch OFF and then ON the power supply to reload the changes, if changes do not appear in the output on changing the tap positions. 5) Connect output of binary data generator to one of the input of direct sequence spread spectrum generator input. 6) Connect output of PN sequence generator to the other input of DSSS EX-OR gate. 7) Now turn ON power supply and observe the output of DSSS generator block. This is our DSSS signal. 8) Now Connect output of this DSSS block to the one of the input of EX-OR gate of data recovery block. Connect the same output of PN sequence generator, which we have taken for spreading to the other input of this recovery gate for same output pin where from the PN sequence is taken for spreading the signal. This is because of the fact that there is complete synchronization between the spreaded signal and PN sequence. In other words there is not any significant delay involved in spreading process. 9) Observe the output of this data recovery block. This is recovered output without almost any error. 10) Now change the taps positions of shift registers (A, B, C or D) to get a new PN sequence and repeat the above process again. Thus you will observe that with each different sequence we are quit able to recover the original data. Also with different PN sequences, the modulated data looks different i.e. we can recover the data if and only if we are using the same PN sequence for both modulation and demodulation. This multiple access technique is known as code division multiple access(CDMA) technique. CONCUSION:

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 9

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

AIM: To Study Of Code Division Multiple Access (DSSS) Technique. REQUIRMENT: ST2115, CDMA Trainer Board. CRO Patch Cords. THEORY: In a cellular wireless communication network, the coverage is divided into cells, each having a base station (BS) to transmit and receive signals with mobile stations (MS's) within the cell. The signals are then relayed via a mobile switching center to the backhaul switching network, which handles call processing and billing etc. When a mobile station traverses a cell boundary, it is required that the user be connected to another base station for better link quality. The process of switching base stations is called handoff [1][2] . For terrestrial wireless transmission in cellular andPCS communication services, the mobile radio channel may suffer from impairments such as multiple-access interference, multipath fading, shadowing, and distance path loss [1]. Multiple access interference and multipath fading can be effectively mitigated by advanced signal processing techniques such as multi-user detection [3], diversity combining [4], and error control techniques [5]. The handoff process, on the other hand, mainly targets the shadowing effect and distance attenuation by intelligent utilization of base station diversity. CDMA is a widely adopted multiple access technique in the current and next-generation mobile cellular networks. Its universal frequency reuse plan makes it possible for a Mobile user to receive and send the same call simultaneously from and to more than one different base station. Since its market introduction in early 90s, multiple accesses by CDMA have been considered to offer the best combination of system quality and capacity. CDMA implementation of handoff is called soft handoff, where the handoff transfer is achieved gradually and allows the handoff mobile stations to connect to multiple base stations during handoff. The cell receiving strongest signal strength handles signal detection. This feature, accompanied with proper power control, provides more reliable handoff and more than doubles capacity of a heavily loaded system [1]. The fact that CDMA has become the de facto technology for the third generation wireless systems motivates the development of better handoff schemes. Different from the signal detection procedure in soft handoff, we propose a fusion handoff approach in which the information from all the base stations in the active handoff cell set is combined to minimize the detection error using data fusion rules. Instead of communicating detection decisions, each base station only calculates and transmits the sufficient statistic to a switching center, which performs the signal detection using appropriate fusion rules. Performance gain is achieved by optimal combining of the information diversity distributed among different base stations, at the expense of increased Complexity and computational load at the switching center. The complexity increase can be justified if there is a significant improvement in the overall performance.

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 PROCEDURE:

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

1) Switch data switches to 1 or 0 as per your choice of binary data pattern. 2) Connect any two of the four taps viz. A,B,C or D to the input of EX-OR gate of PN sequence generator. Connect 240 KHZ clock signal on board to the clock input of the PN sequence generator. 3) Now switch ON the power supply and observe the output of binary data generator and PN sequence generator. since the data generator frequency used here is 30 KHZ and that of PN sequence generator is 240 KHZ, and hence there are 8 PN sequence bits per data bits for spreading the binary signal. 4) There are two outputs of PN sequence generator shown on the board. one of the output is for spreading the binary data signal and the other one is for dispreading the coded signal to recover back the original data. 5) Connect binary data and PN sequence output to the EX-OR gate of DSSS block. Connect the output of DSSS block to the input of unipolar to bipolar converter. Take the output of this converter to the input of BPSK modulator. Connect sinusoidal carrier from carrier generator to the input of BPSK modulator. This completes the modulator connections. 6) Now connect output of BPSK modulator to the input of BPSK demodulator block. Connect output of this block to the comparator input. Here we would receive original chipped data. 7) Connect the recovered chipped data (output of comparator) to one the inputs of data recovery block. Connect PN sequence for dispreading output of PN sequence generator block to the other input of data recovery gate. 8) Now turn power supply ON. Observe data and PN sequence at their respective output pins. Press load button if data is not appearing. 9) Observe the output of DSSS block. This is called chipped data. 10) Observe the output of BPSK modulator. This is RF modulated chipped data. 11) Observe the output of comparator and data recovery block. Adjust phase of recovered carrier in BPSK modulator section and bias of comparator until you see a complete replica of original binary data. 12) Change data pattern and repeat the whole procedure with this new data. Again adjust phase and bias of comparator so as to recover the data completely. 13) Change chip (PN sequence) pattern and the results. CONCUSION:

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 Practical: 10

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

AIM: To Study Of DSSS Modulation/Demodulation Using Signal As An Input. REQUIRMENT: ST2115, CDMA Trainer Board. CRO and cords Patch Cords. THEORY: MODULATION The resultant coded signal next modulates an RF carrier for transmission using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). QPSK uses four different states to encode each symbol. The four states are phase shifts of the carrier spaced 90_ apart. By convention, the phase shifts are 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees. Since there are four possible states used to encode binary information, each state represents two bits. This two bit word is called a symbol. Figure 3 shows in general how QPSK works. First, well discuss Complex Modulation in general, applying it to a single channel with no PN-coding (that is, well show how Complex Modulation would work directly on the symbols). Then well discuss how we apply it to a multi-channel, PN-coded, system. Working with Complex Data In order to make full use of the efficiency of Digital Signal Processing, the conversion of the Information data into complex symbols occurs before the modulation. The system generates complex PN codes made up of 2 independent components, PNi +jPNq. To spread the Information data the system performs complex multiplication between the complex PN codes and the complex data. Summing Many Channels Together Many channels are added together and transmitted simultaneously. This addition happens digitally at the chip rate. Remember, there are millions of chips in each symbol. For clarity, lets say each chip is represented by an 8 bit word (its slightly more complicated than that, but those details are beyond the scope of this discussion). At the Symbol Rate Since the PN-code has the statistical properties of random noise, it averages to zero over long periods of time (such as the symbol period). Therefore, fluctuations in I and Q, and hence the phase modulation of the carrier, that occur at the chip frequency, average to zero. Over the symbol period the modulation averages to one of the four states of QPSK, which determine what the symbol is. The symbol only sees the QPSK, and obeys all the statistical properties of QPSK transmission, including Bit Error Rate.

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.

Subject Code: 2361101 DEMODULATION

Subject Name: Mobile Communication

The receiver performs the following steps to extract the Information:

Demodulation Code acquisition and lock Correlation of code with signal Decoding of Information data

Demodulation The receiver generates two reference waves, a Cosine wave and a Sine wave. Separately mixing each with the received carrier, the receiver extracts I(t) and Q(t). Analog to Digital converters restore the 8-bit words representing the I and Q chips. Code Acquisition and Lock The receiver, as described earlier, generates its own complex PN code that matches the code generated by the transmitter. However, the local code must be phase-locked to the encoded data. The RCS and FSU each have different ways of acquiring and locking onto the others transmitted code. Each method will be covered in more detail in later sections. Correlation and Data Dispreading Once the PN code is phase-locked to the pilot, the received signal is sent to a correlator that multiplies it with the complex PN code, extracting the I and Q data meant for that receiver. The receiver reconstructs the Information data from the I and Q data. PROCEDURE: 1) Make the connection as shown in above figure. 2) Observe the output of audio signal block. 3) Observe the output of DSSS block 4) Observe the output of BPSK modulator. 5) Observe the output of data recovery block. Adjust phase of recovered carrier and bias of comparator until you see an extra replica of pulse width modulated data at the output of this recovery block. 6) Observe the output of low pass filter section and compare it with the input audio signal. Change gain of the amplifier to remove any nonlinearity errors. if still output is not proper then change amplitude of input audio signal and adjust the gain of the output amplifier to remove distortions. CONCLUSION:

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605 B. & B Institute Of Technology, V. V. Nagar 388120.