Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
52
T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY
No. 52
-'.-::..vi.v-.-.-:-."-:..; ':-izl^..'',^^J-:
No. 52
T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY
Patriarch Mstyslav 1,1898-1993. groundbreaking of a Greek-Catholic parish in Kyyiv. A planned liturgy at the Church of St. Kirill did not take place because all entrance gates to the church had been chained and blocked by approximately 100 elderly Orthodox women, who were later identified as members of the UOC-Moscow Patriarchate. To date, the Greek-Catholic community in Kyyiv does not have its own church to hold services in, but in the eastern regions, the UGCC has close to 40 parishes, including congregations in Yalta, Sevastopil, vinnytsia, Kamianets-Podilski and Donetske. Meanwhile, the Roman Catholic Church has three parishes (two churcb.es) in Kyyiv and 374 churches throughout Ukraine, as well as 517 congregations in such areas as Zhytomyr, Kamianets-Podilski, vinnytsia, the Lviv region and other areas. The vatican also has a representation in Kyyiv. Also, Cardinal Achille Silveslrini, prefect of the congregation for Eastern Churches, toured Ukraine in October, the first such visit of a prefect to newly independent Ukraine. Other confessions also flourished in Ukraine, includ ing Evangelical Baptists (1,297 congregations), Pentecostals (790 congregations), Jehovah's Witnesses (409 congregations) and Seventh Day Adventists (326 congregations). The Hebrew faith also flourished in Ukraine but as The Weekly was going to press, no statistics on these congregations were available. in the diaspora, too, there was news on the Church front as Patriarch Mstyslav 1 of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church passed away and new bishops were consecrated for the Ukrainian Catholic Church -^ one of them amid much controversy. Mstyslav 1, patriarch of Kyyiv and all Ukraine, died on June 11 in Grimsby, Ontario, at the home of rela tives. Born Stefan ivanovych Skrypnyk on April 10, 1898, in Poltava, he was consecrated a bishop in May 1942. He served Ukrainian Orthodoxy in his native Ukraine, and in exile in western Europe, then Canada and the United States. He was responsible for the estab lishment of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's worldwide center in South Bound Brook, N.J., and worked toward unifying Ukrainian Orthodox faithful around the globe. On November 16, 1990, he was enthroned as the first patriarch of the reborn Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Ukraine. Patriarchal funeral rites were offered in South Bound Brook on June 21-23 with Metropolitan Constantine, pri mate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the U.S.A., as the principal celebrant. Some 3,000 hierarchs, clergy and laity from around the world came to offer their last respects. Among the mourners wererepresentativesfrom Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian Orthodox Churches as well as the Ukrainian Catholic Church. The patriarch's body was entombed in the crypt of St. Andrew's Memorial Church, an edifice he had built in memory of the victims of the 1932-1933 Great Famine in Ukraine. Patriarch Mstyslav's testament, read at the memorial tryzna after the religious rites were concluded, was an exhortation to unity "for the sake of God, the martyrs of the Church and the people" to achieve the goal of a sov ereign Church dependent on no one.
No. 52
Congress, on February 2 announced that an investiga tion by his staff had found that the real "lvan the Terrible," how in his 80s, was alive in Eastern Europe. The Ohio congressman said he hoped to bring lvan Marchenko to justice and released two hew documents: recently obtained statements by two women who had been prisoners at Treblinka who said Marchenko was the brutal guard known as "lvan the Terrible." in early March, John Demjanjuk, Who still was awaiting the israeli Supreme Court's ruling on his appeal of the 1988 conviction and death sentence harid ed down by an israeli District Court, went on a threeday hunger strike to protest further delays in his case and focus attention on his situation. The beginning of his hunger strike, March 1, also marked the seventh anniversary of his extradition to israel.. , 1 On April 7, Mr. Demjanjuk was visited in his ceil at Ayalon Prison by Dr. Yuriy Shcherbak, Ukraine's ambassador to israel. Mr. Demjanjuk said he would appeal for restoration of his Ukrainian citizenship in addition to seeking reversal of the U.S. denaturalization order. --". .:";,," .. At about the same time, the U.S. Justice Department announced its new theory regarding the identity of "lvan the Terrible." in an 80-page documentsummariz ing Demjanjuk case documents, which had been requested by Judge Wiseman as he was preparing his report to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, the depart ment said there were two Ukrainian "lvans!! who took turns running the gas chambers at Treblinka: John Demjanjuk and lvan Marchenko. Apparently, said the Justice Department document, Marchenko filled in when Mr. Demjanjuk had the day off. John Demjanjuk Jr. reacted thusly: "it's really stretching. Nobody has ever said there were two 'ivans' before. My God, three operators of the gas chambers, and two of them were 'lvan.' (The third is alleged to be a guard named Nikolai.J That's preposterous." On April 30, Judge Wiseman concluded his fact-find ing hearings in Nashville, culminating eight months of investigations, in his final arguments before the court, Mr. Demjanjuk's attorney Mr. Tigar said the OSl had purposefully concealed evidence that could be helpful to the defense, sarcastically noting at one point that the OSl "had a distressing habit of filing its documents in the alley dumpster." He said the government's respons es to discovery requests were "disclosures calculated to mislead not to inform." He also questioned the cred ibility of OSl staffers' testimony, particularly that of OSl Director Ryan, commenting that it was "incredible to believe that he just lay back and did nothing," while his senior legal staff decided how to present the most important OSl case by themselves. The U.S. government countered by stating there was no "clear and convincing" evidence of any deliberate misconduct or fraudulent intent. Surprisingly the gov emment's attorney stated that the U.S. did not challenge the authenticity of the Parker memo, admitting that the memo existed. Judge Wiseman seized the moment: "How do you rationalize the differences in testimony between Parker and Moscowitz without concluding that one of them is lying?" Parti Stemler, the govem ment's attorney, could reply only that all OSl attorneys were "conscientious and acting in good faith." Sensing that they were fighting a losing battle, two former OSl attorneys sought a Supreme Court order halting the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals investigation into alleged prosecutorial misconduct. The Washington Times reported on May 25 that Messrs. Parker and Moscowitz argued that the Circuit Court had no juris diction once Mr. Demjanjuk was extradited to israel in 1986. They further noted that even if the Circuit Court had such authority it should have sent the Demjanjuk case back to a federal judge in Cleveland. The Supreme Court, however, refused to halt the inquiry. Soon afterwards, on June 8, it was reported by The New York Times that the judge who had ordered the investigation into the OSl's conduct of the Demjanjuk prosecution. Chief Judge Gilbert S. Merritt of the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, was among the three or so candidates being considered by President Bill Clinton for appointment to the Supreme Court News of that possibility drew fire from at least one Jewish organiza tion, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, which severely criti cized Judge Merritt for reopening the case. Finally, on June 30, Judge Wiseman released his report to the 6th Circuit Court, concluding that there is "substantial doubt" that John Demjanjuk was lvan the Terrible." Judge Wiseman noted: T h e statements of former Treblinka guards and laborers recently obtained from the Soviet Union constitute an harmonious chorus
No. 52 ^
T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY
John Domjanju!; at home in Seven Hills, Ohio, with hie wife, vera. which inculpate a man named ivan Marchenko as the ivan who worked at the gas chambers, and thus excul pate Mr. Demjanjuk from those specific crimes." Judge Wiseman also reported that U.S. government prosecutors had "failed to challenge the evidence they possessed, and this led them to abandon leads which contradicted their interpretation of the evidence." He noted the OSl's neglect in not releasing evidence to the defense: "The government ... did little or nothing to ensure that the materials it received from the Soviet Union on Mr. Demjanjuk's behalf represented what the government itself had received and had withheld." However, Judge Wiseman said federal prosecutors did not break the law or intentionally conceal evidence that would have cleared Mr. Demjanjuk. He recommended that the orders issued in the Demjanjuk case stand and that the appeals court close the case. While the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals was still reviewing Judge Wiseman's report before issuing its own ruling, there was a stunning reversal in lsrael. The Supreme Court on July 29 unanimously acquitted John Demjanjuk of all war crimes charges and ordered the 73year-old former Clevelander set free. The five-judge panel said Mr. Demjanjuk is not "ivan the Terrible," thus supporting his steadfast claim that he was a victim of mistaken identity, and overturned his 1988 death sen tence. The court said there is "reasonable doubt" that Mr. Demjanjuk was "ivan" due to recently unearthed evi dence that implicates Marchenko as the brutal wach mann. Mr. Demjanjuk was acquitted also of all other charges, including allegations that he was a guard at other Nazi camps. The court ruled that these were not the main charges and that Mr. Demjanjuk had not had a chance to defend himself against those accusations. However, the court did find the controversial Trawniki 1D card to be authentic and determined that Mr. Demjanjuk belonged to a Nazi guard unit "whose purpose was murder." Nonetheless, the court rejected the option of ordering a new trial, since that would mean "an additional extension of the hearings beyond an acceptable limit" Reacting to the decision, John Demjanjuk Jr. said he was "glad to see that they fthe judgesj actually had the courage to stop the injustice." He commented angrily, however, on the court's determination that his father had been a Nazi camp guard: "This nonsense should stop right now. Our family has been through hell... it would be unthinkable to say that now, after 16 years of proving his innocence, he should be left with a label that has never been tried in a court of law." The August 2 issue of Der Spiegel, a German weekly newsmagazine, carried an article about the Trawniki 1D card, the central piece of evidence used by the Demjanjuk prosecution. The article traced the origins of theand concluded that it is an outright forgery. Though he was ordered freed, it remained unclear where Mr. Demjanjuk, a stateless person, having been stripped of his U.S. citizenship in 1981, would go. His family insisted he would come home to Seven Hills, Ohio. "The U.S. has a moral obligation to restore his citizenship and to allow him to return," said his son. The Wiesenthal Center and other Jewish groups
reacted quickly, sending messages to U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno to demand that Mr. Demjanjuk be barred from returning to this country. New Jerseybased UNCHA1N (Ukrainian National Center History and information Network) promptly sent telegrams to President Clinton, Attorney General Reno and Sens. Bill Bradley and Prank Lautenberg, to argue that Mr. Demjanjuk be allowed to return home. Five days after the acquittal in lsrael, the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati held a hearing on August 3 on whether Mr. Demjanjuk should be allowed to reenter the U.S. The U.S. Justice Department had argued that Mr. Demjanjuk's acquittal should have no bearing on whether he should be allowed toreturnto the United States inasmuch as there is evidence he had been a Nazi guard at Sobibor and other camps. Mr. Tigar argued that all prior U.S. proceedings against his client are now thrown into question because they were based primarily on accusations that he was "ivan the Terrible." Ten minutes after it heard arguments, the Court of Appeals issued its ruling that Mr. Demjanjuk must be allowed to return to this country. The court also ques tioned how Attorney General Reno could have support ed the legal position that Mr. Demjanjuk should be barred from the U.S. even as federal courts were recon sidering their earlier decision to denaturalize him. The court, which had reopened the Demjanjuk case in 1992 based on what it said was its power to grant relief for "after-discovered fraud," ruled that: "Our previous order in this case (extradition) was expressly subject to the understanding that Demjanjuk was to be tried only for the changes in the warrant against him and under which he was extradited, that is, charges based upon the alle gation that h t was ivan the Terrible of Treblinka." Clearly imtotevTwith^the Justice Department's attempt to end its inquiry and with the Clinton administration's position that it alone should decide Mr. Demjanjuk's fate, Judge Pierce Lively said the Justice Department should "put no obstacle in the way of Mr. Demjanjuk's return to this country." The court's opinion also stated that international law "forbids him from being tried on any other charges" in lsrael. Meanwhile, in lsrael, the far-right Kach' party and Holocaust survivors, as well as the World Jewish Congress, were filing petitions arguing that Mr. Demjanjuk should be prosecuted for allegedly serving at the Sobibor death camp. On August 1, just two hours before Mr. Demjanjuk, his son and son-in-law, Edward Nishnic , were to board an Air Ukraine flight for Kyyiv, the family learned about a 10-day delay in Mr. Demjanjuk's release due to a hearing on the aforementioned petitions set for August 11. On August 11, lsrael's attorney general recommend ed to the Supreme Court that Mr. Demjanjuk should not face new charges as proposed by eight separate petitions filed with the court. Attorney General Yosef Harish said there could not be a new trial unless there was a new extradition order from the U.S. and that in any case there is a "public interest" in avoiding a new trial because it is not certain that Mr. Demjanjuk would be convicted. The Supreme Court, however, delayed its decision on whether to try the former U.S. citizen. On August 18, a three-judge panel of the court rejected 10 appeals for a new war crimes trial and ordered Mr. Demjanjuk deported. Then on Thursday, August 19, Chief Justice Meir Shamgar ordered a 15-day delay in issuing his decision on whether there should be a new trial. Speaking before the chief justice, Mr. Demjanjuk's lawyer, Yoram Sheftel, said, "eight judges of this honorable Supreme Court have decided there is no point in putting the defendant on trial again. There is no precedent in the State of lsrael where five judges on the Supreme Court have acquitted a person and he is still sitting in prison three weeks later, and there is no indictment pending against him." in the United States, Holocaust survivors attempted to file a lawsuit with the federal court in New York City to bar Mr. Demjanjuk's return. However, District Judge Leonard Sand dismissed the suit during an emergency session, saying his court had no jurisdiction over the higher Appeals Court in Cincinnati, which had found Mr. Demjanjuk must be permitted to return. Jewish leaders requested Attorney General Reno to ask the Supreme Court to prevent Mr. Demjanjuk's return. A delegation that included representatives of the American and World Jewish congresses, the AntiDefamation League and the Wiesenthal Center and was led by New York City Comptroller Elizabeth Holtzman, who as a congresswoman authored the law that paved the way for the OSl's creation, met with the solicitor general to ask him to file an emergency request with the highest court in the land to bar Mr. Demjanjuk.
At the same time, a Sobibor survivor was reported to have identified Mr. Demjanjuk as a guard at that death camp, but just one day later, the AP reported that Esther Raab's testimony would not stand up in court as she had previously failed to identify Mr. Demjanjuk. Next came allegations from the Wiesenthal Center that it had evi dence linking Mr. Demjanjuk to the Maidanek death camp. in Ukraine, Demjanjuk supporters picketed the israeli Embassy for several days during August and September to protest continued delays in his release. Finally on September 1, the Justice Department announced it was dropping its fight to keep John Demjanjuk out of the U.S. However, the department pledged to continue its fight to have Mr. Demjanjuk deported on the grounds that he was a war criminal and lied on his immigration application. The New York Times reported that the Justice Department had been sending letters almost daily to all 14 judges on the Cincinnati Court of Appeals in an attempt to have the full court overturn the previous ruling by its three-judge panel. On August 31, the court announced it would not reverse the order permitting Mr. Demjanjuk to return. On September 3, the three-judge panel of the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals convened to hear arguments of the Demjanjuk defense and the U.S. government con cerning the inquiry concluded by Judge Wiseman. Each side repeated its earlier arguments, and the Justice Department's lawyer was subjected to some intense questioning about the "disappearance" of certain docu ments and the failure to provide exonerating materials to the defense. As the defense awaited the 6th Circuit Court's ruling, Mr. Demjanjuk returned to the United States on September 22 amid extremely tight security. His return to the U.S. followed the israeli Supreme Court's ruling on September 19 rejecting all appeals for a new trial. Upon disembarking a regularly scheduled El Al flight to New York, Mr. Demjanjuk was whisked away to an undis closed location aboard a privately chartered airplane. His arrival was met with angry protests in New York and Cleveland. During an exclusive interview with The Weekly at John F. Kennedy international Airport, Mr. Nishnic, spokesman for the Demjanjuk family and presi dent of the John Demjanjuk Defense Fund, said the fami ly was elated to be welcoming Mr. Demjanjuk back home and that a private reunion was planned. He also was asked: How did Mr. Demjanjuk hold up in prison in lsrael for seven years? He replied: "Mr. Demjanjuk is a survivor," who endured the Great Famine, World War 11, forced repatriation. "He's got the typical survivor mental ity. That cell became his world. And the worst thing we could do is go in there and bring family pictures, because then you've intruded on his world as he knows it. And it was so painful that we just stopped it after a while. We talked, but it was always case, case, case, case, case. That was his world. That cell and the case." The Demjanjuk case came full circle less than two months later, on November 17, when the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that U.S. prosecutors had perpe trated fraud on the court and "acted with reckless disre gard for the truth" in their handling of the John Demjanjuk case. "The attitude of the OS1 attorneys toward disclosing information to Demjanjuk's counsel was not consistent with the government's obligation to work for justice rather than for a result that favors its attorneys' preconceived ideas of what the outcome of legal proceedings should be," said the decision. As well, the ruling cited the OSl's "win-at-any-cost attitude" and its interest in maintaining "very close relationships with various interest groups because their continued exis tence depended on it." The court unanimously decided to overturn the 1986 extradition order that permitted Mr. Demjanjuk to be tried, convicted and sentenced to hang in lsrael. The three-judge panel found that its order had been a mistake because the Office of Special investigations had concealed exculpatory evidence from both the defense and the court. (it was truly fitting then, and a foreshadowing of what was to come in 1993, that the National Law Journal of December 28, 1992, had cited the Demjanjuk case among its "Great Moments in the Law Awards for 1992." "The Ollie North Abuse of Power Award" went to outgoing Attorney General William Barr and his pre decessor, Richard Thornburgh, "for serious lack of lead ership in three cases," including "the investigation of John Demjanjuk, wrongly accused by the Justice Department of being the infamous Nazi death camp guard ivan the Terrible."l The Circuit Court's ruling did not vacate the 1981 denaturalization order against Mr. Demjanjuk, but its finding of prosecytorial misconduct paves the way for
io^^^^
TZ;No 52
Remnants of another era: former Defense Minister Kostyantyn Morozov and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell at areceptionnon orlng Gen. Morozov at Ukraine's Embassy in Washington.
No. 52
11
i 2 ^ ,
T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 2
52
A changing of the guard at Ukraine's Embassy in Ottawa: Levko Lul ko is returning to Ukraine, while viktor Batiouli, formerly ambassador to the United Nations, is to take over as envoy to Canada. which was later revealed to be incomplete, instead, Mr. Weiner offered them an "omnibus apology" without financial compensation. The Canadian government would also erect a "National Builders Hall of Record" as a tribute to multiculturalism in the country. Unsatisfied, the UCC, along with fellow National Redress Alliance members, the Chinese Canadian National Council and the National Congress of italian Canadians, planned to petition the United Nations' Human Rights Commission to intervene. By October, Mr. Weiner proposed a formal apology to the Ukrainian Canadian community in the House of Commons, the placement of commemorative plaques in national parks where internment camps were located, and the creation of an interpretive center in Banff National Park, site of the Castle Mountain internment Camp. Mr. Bardyn's committee said no thanks to the proposed ethnocultural Hall of Record. At year's end, the future of the UCC redress claim became the responsibility of newly elected Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chretien. But where the Canadian government refused to cough up cash for historic compensation, it seemed more than willing to help the Ukrainian government get on its feet. in February, Southam News reported that the Conservative government planned to shift its 52.7 bil lion overseas aid program away from some of the 136 recipient countries to newly formed East European countries, including Ukraine. After all, Canada was the first Western country to recognize Ukraine's indepen dence in 1991. it has also been one of the few to be gen erous to Ukraine. Canada's three-year, 530 million technical assistance program continued, with a 5772,000 project to the Ukrainian Canadian Professional and Business Federation (UCPBF) almost complete. The UCPBF program sent Canadian consultants, like Dr. Bohdan Krawchenko, to set up such programs as the institute of Public Administration and Local Government (1PALG) in Ukraine, it also involved short-term training for mid dle and senior-level Ukrainian civil servants.' The first group of deputy ministers from Ukraine 80 in all are expected attended workshops and met with their Canadian counterparts in Ottawa in December. More than 2,500 Ukrainian students attended 1PALG seminars in 1993. The institute, funded by the Canadian government until 1996, will also admit 100 Ukrainians each year into its one-year master in public administration certificate program. The 1PALG announced it would open a satellite campus in Dnipropetrovske in the new year. The 53.7 million "Partners in Progress" initiative kicked into high gear in 1993, offering the Ukrainian government assistance in government administration, health, agriculture and human resource development. Through the program, Edmonton's Lubomyr Markevych opened a Canadian Cooperation. Office in
in Edmonton, yet similar missions in Toronto and Montreal had yet to be opened. Across the Atlantic, the Canadian Embassy in Kyyiv faced as difficult a time in opening its S3.5 million offices, once occupied by the East Germans. Because of renovations delays, Canadian Ambassador Francois Mathys was forced to officially open the Embassy on Canada Day, July 1, while on a tourist cruise boat on the Dnipro River. in September, Ambassador Lukianenko told The Weekly, in an exclusive interview, that he had submit ted his resignation to President Leonid Kravchuk after only 18 months in office. The former presidential candi date was angered over the Ukrainian government's agreement to transfer 1,800 nuclear warheads to Russia and exchange its half of the Black Sea fleet as partial payment for its 52.5 billion debt (later annulled follow ing President Boris Yeltsin's dissolution of the Russian Parliament and Ukrainian Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma's own resignation). Ambassador Lukianenko planned to help ready the Ukrainian Republican Party, of which he is a former leader, for next March's parlia mentary elections. Second-in-command Andrij vesselovsky became act ing head of the Ukrainian Embassy in Ottawa until a new ambassador was named on December 17. He is viktor Batiouk, Ukraine's ambassador to the United Nations. But delays weren't exclusive to Ukrainian-Canadian diplomatic relations. The UCC's redress committee, already challenged by the breakaway Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association's (UCCLA) own redress council, made no further inroads in having a five-year-old claim for compensation resolved. in Canada, 1993 was the best of times and the worst Prime Minister Brian Mulroney had promised to of times. resolve the request for the World War 1 internment of Ukraine's first ambassador to Canada, Levko between 3,300 and 5,000 Ukrainian Canadians before he Lukianenko, carried his real estate woes into the new left office, in May, UCC redress committee chairperson year. Toronto businessman Erast Huculak, who donated ihor Bardyn released a confidential report to The Weekly. the embassy building to the Ukrainian government last The study, prepared by Price Waterhouse in January 1992 for an undisclosed sum,reportedthat Ukrainian-Canadian fall, was linked to a deal with the former deputy head of the Ukrainian mission, Oleksiy Rodionov. The rumor internees suffered economic losses anywhere from 521.6 involved the pair having owned the 5615,000 building, million to 532.5 million (1991 dollars). That included the then selling and re-purchasing it for the embassy. Real confiscation of property and the loss of between 51.9 and estate agent Tony Rhodes provided details to dispel the 52.8 million in 1917 dollars of employment Among the charges and, in turn, accused the Ukrainian Canadian UCC's demands: 510 million in compensation for monies Congress of bungling a leasing arrangement for confiscated and another 535 million for lost wages. Ambassador Lukianenko's residence. But that trump card failed to move Mr. Mulroney or The UCC, which had raised money in support of the his successor, Kim Campbell, to action. Nor did a visit Ukrainian embassy, eventually bought a 5668,000 to Parliament Hill by Mary Haskett, 84, honorary chairhouse to serve as the ambassador's residence, but person of the UCCLA's redress council and the only known survivor of the 1914-1920 internment camps. 5450,000 of that came from a private estate. in May, former Multiculturalism Minister Gerry in March, Ambassador Lukianenko visited Edmonton for three days, where he met with Premier Weiner met with representatives.from five ethnic Ralph Klein. The Alberta government agreed to help groups, all seeking compensation for historic discrimi Ukraine develop its food-processing industry, oil explo nation. They hoped the federal government would ration and extraction, and telecommunications. match its 1988 5300 million package to the Japanese Promises were also made to open a Ukrainian Consulate Canadian community for World War H internment.
No. 52
T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY
13
1993 marked the 60th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine. The somber occasion was commem orated at the World Congress of Free Ukrainians in Toronto with a dramatic "famine ballet" staged by Danovia Stech!shln's Ukrainian Academy of Dance.
1 4 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
52
15
16
No. 52
NO. 52
17
"^
--
. ;:
November 30. " Eighteen-year-old pianist Much ado in sphereNew York on1994 Young Concert Alex Slobodyanik opened the Artists Series on November 16 Tisch Center for of cultural activity the Arts, with at the 92nd Street Y's Mr. Slobodyanik his New York recital. inreviewingthe over-all cultural scene, while not ing marks of distinction in various areas, it is perhaps in the field of music that one continues to observe the highest level of performance and a marked sense of vitality. ' One of the finest choirs in the world, the Shchedryk children's choir from Kyyiv, under the direc tion of irena Sablina, was on its third North American tour, returning to Des Moines, lowa, for a series of concerts with performances in 15 other midwestern cities, in existence since 1971, the world-class choir has become noted for its sublime music, professionalism and diverse repertoire. Having won the grand prix in vancouver in 1992 in competition against 38 adult, chamber and youth choruses, Shchedryk also took the grand prize at the international children's choir competi tion held in Des Moines this year and previously, in 1991. The piano world took "instant notice" of the Kyyiv-born piano duo of valentyna Lysytsia and Oleksiy Kuznetsov as occasioned by the pianists' concert at the,Ukrainian institute of Modern Art on February 14. The concert received very favorable reviews by music critic John von Rhein of the Chicago Tribune. The duo-pianists, 1991 graduates of the Kyyiv Conservatory, have a string of competition victories in Ukraine and Western Europe and first prize and com mendations at the 1991 Dranoff international TwoPiano Competition in Florida. ' The Leontovych String Quartet's performance at The Frick Collection on February 7, in a program of works by Shostakovich, Tchaikovsky and Haydn, was reviewed favorably by The New York Times music crit ic Allan Kozinn. The quartet's musicians, who have been playing since 1971, are Yuri Mazurkevich and Yuri Kharenko, violinists; Boris Deviatov, violist; and volodymyr Panteleyev, cellist. ' Teodor Kuchar, a native of the U.S. of Ukrainian origin, was appointed principal guest conductor of the Ukrainian State Symphony Orchestra in Kyyiv. This marked a milestone in that country's musical history in that for the first time an individual from the West had been given a high-ranking post in the field. Mr. Kuchar's debut was at the Kyyiv Music Fest '92 as con ductor of the Kyyiv Opera Orchestra. Mr. Kuchar, artis tic director of the Australian Festival of Chamber Music, is a violist with positions with the Philharmonic Orchestra of Queensland in Brisbane, and the West Australian Ballet in Perth. ' The Ohio Boychoir, whose director, Alexander Musichuk, and five of the chorus's members are of Ukrainian background, performed along with world acclaimed singers and a select group of musicians and performing art groups in Paul McCartney's "Liverpool Oratorio" on May 28 at the Palace Theater in Cleveland. ' Two Ukrainian soloists, tenor volodymyr Hryshko of the Shevchenko State Theater of Opera and Ballet in Kyyiv and soprano Oksana Krovytska of the Lviv Philharmonic, appeared with the New York City Opera as debut artists this season. Mr. Hryshko (listed as viadimir Grishko) appeared as Ruggiero in "La Rondine" and as Rodolfo in "La Boheme." This fall, Mr. Hryshko appeared as Lykov in the Washington Opera's production of Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tsar's Bride." in February, Ms. Krovytska sang Rossini's "Stabat Mater'vwith the Choral Arts Society of Washington at the Kennedy Center. ' The concert "Lviv: 100 Years of Music," featur ing a quintet of musicians from Ukraine Yuriy Laniuk, cello, Bohdan Kaskiv, violin, Anna Klymashivska, piano, and valeriy Buimister, a baritone - under the direction of composer Myrosiav Skoryk , was presented as part of the group's concert tour of the U.S. and Canada from August 22 to October 5. The concert program, dedicated to works by Lviv cornposers of the last 100 years, featured works by Nyzhankivsky, Barvinsky, Liudkevych, Kos Anatolsky, Kotessa, Sonevytsky, Skoryk and Laniuk. t The Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra, under the direction of Hobart Earle, was on its first tour of the U.S in November. Mr. Earle was the first U.S. citizen to be named music director and principal conductor of an orchestra in the former Soviet Union. The Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra's U.S. tour included two perfor mances on the East Coast: at Richardson Hall at Princeton on November 22, and at Carnegie Hall in will be presented as part of the series at the Kennedy Center in Washington on February 28. 1994. in 1990, at age 1S, Mr. Slobodyanik became the youngest pianist ever to win the Young Concert Artists international auditions. Of Ukrainian-Russian parentage, Mr. Slobodyanik started piano lessons with his mother, Natalia, at the age of 6. He is the son of renowned concert pianist Alexander Slobodyanik. ' The Kyyiv Chamber Orchestra, under the direc tion of Roman Kaufman, had its New York appearance at the Ukrainian institute of America on December 11. The 20 or so musicians, with pianist Daria Telizyn, appeared in concert in a program of works by Bach, Schnittke, Mahler, Bibyk and Rossini. ' "Famine-33," director Oles Yanchuk's full-length feature film, which recreates the horrors of the manmade famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine, was shown dur ing the last two weeks of December in New York at the internationally famous Film Forum. - The Yara Arts Group's production of "Blind Sight" opened on April 15 at La Mama Experimental Theater Company in New York. Co-authored by Wanda Phipps, Yara director virlana Tkacz and Watoku Ueno, the play is based on the early life and travels of vasyl Yeroshenko, a blind world-traveling writer, virtually unknown in his own country, but celebrated in the Far East. ' The Kashtan School of Ukrainian Dance of Ukraine's antiquity: a Trypillian artifact Parma, Ohio, celebrated its 15th season this year under that 1993 was an unprecedented year in terms of the direction of its new artistic director, 21-year-old Ukraine's participation in international cultural life. James Basso. Mr. Basso replaced David Woznak, the Apart from acclaim accorded to talented young musi troupe's former artistic director under whose co-direc cians at international competitions, Mr. Dzyuba referred tion Kashtan has risen to distinction as one of to several very successful art exhibits, among them, the American's top Ukrainian dance ensembles. "Gold of Ukraine" exhibition held in vienna and ' The "Spiritual Legacy of Ukraine" exhibit, featur Edinburgh, and the "Ukrainian Avant Garde" exhibit ing the work of Leonid Mohuchov of Chemihiv, was on held in Munich, vienna and Toulouse. He also noted the tour March 25-May 11 with showings in Montreal. participation of the Pompidou Center in Paris in an Ottawa, Hamilton and Toronto. Mr. Mohuchov's water- upcoming centennial celebration of the birth of film color drawings of ancient churches and monasteries, as director Oleksander Dovzhenko. well as cultural and historical monuments, many of in Ukraine, President Leonid Kravchuk in which were destroyed in the period 1948-1986, consti November released a "Statement on the Return of tute a documentary history of Ukraine's rich cultural National Cultural Treasures." Addressing the issue of and spiritual heritage. The exhibit was sponsored by the thereclamationof cultural property, the statement notes Embassy of Ukraine in Canada and the Ukrainian that in light of Ukraine's independence spiritual revival, Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural and historical and national self-awareness, there is a Monuments. need to assess actual losses in the historical and cultural ' An exhibition of contemporary art from Ukraine, field, register architectural monuments and works of art, titled "The Steppes of Europe," was held at the Warsaw and historical, religious and cultural treasures found in Center for Contemporary Art, October 1-November 5. other countries, and most importantly, study the possi The exhibition, organized and curated by Jurij Onuch, bility of the return of cultural property illegally removed the Toronto-based performance artist who in the 1980s from Ukraine. The statement ends with the proposal that was an active member of the artistic avant garde in an international conference, under the aegis of Warsaw, included some 50 works, mostly paintings but UNESCO, be held in Kyyiv to address "the problem of also sculpture-installation, mixed media and video by 12 the return of national, cultural and artistic artifacts lost artists living and working in Ukraine. The exhibit was or replaced during World War 11." sponsored by the Polish Ministry of Culture and the Stepan Batory (Soros) Foundation in Warsaw. ' Contemporary art from Ukraine by 20 artists, all former members of the Artists' Union of Ukraine, was held October 6-28 at the Z Gallery in SoHo in New York. ' A unique archaeological exhibit "Ukraine images from 5000 to 4000 B.C.: Treasures of the Trypillian Culture," which premiered in Kyyiv at the Business in Ukraine increased, but at a slower rale Pavlo Tychyna Memorial Museum of Literature in May than in 1992 for several reasons. The value of the kar on the occasion of the centennial of the discovery of bovanets continued to sink, hitting a value of 40,000 Trypillian culture, subsequently traveled from Ukraine kbv to the U.S. dollar in mid-December before it to Washington, where it was on view at the international rebounded. Unlike 1992, the new Western enterprises Monetary Fund visitor's Center in September, it was on venturing into a young Ukraine slowed to a trickle. view also at The Ukrainian Museum in New York, Most companies just did not see a promising business where it opened on October 24. The exhibition fea environment in a country that could not organize its tured over 160 archaeological artifacts from the economy and dedicate itself to free-market principles. Trypillian culture. But the bolder investors did post their shingles and " The Ukrainian Museum in New York entered the claim their stakes, which in at least one case led to dis second phase of an intensified fund-raising campaign aster. Other stories, and there were several, were much with the goal of raising half of the estimated S3-3.5 mil- happier. lion needed for the building of a new spacious structure The first formal meeting of Junior Achievementto house the museum in its recently acquired East Sixth Street property. As a result of the community's positive Ukraine's newly elected board of directors in January signaled the successful beginning of the popujar organi response, the UM's building fund topped the Si million mark. The UM's "Year of Development" campaign cul zation's work in Ukraine exposing young people to minated with a gala luncheon at The Waldorf-Astoria on Western business practices. Two Ukrainian Americans, December 5, at which the guest of honor and keynote Oksana Kurowyckyj of New Y!ork and Orest speaker was ivan Dzyuba, minister of culture of Komarnyckyj of Phoenix, Arizona, were responsible for spearheading the effort to organize toe group in Ukraine. ' in a general assessment of the contemporary cul Ukraine, overcoming initial desires by JA international tural scene in Ukraine, Minister of Culture ivan Dzyuba to locate the center in Moscow as a central office for all noted (at The UM luncheon at The Waldorf-Astoria) of the former Soviet Union. Besides a good amount of
18
T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY
No. 52
- --- -'--
Bemedalled champion shotputter Oleksander Klymenko at the World University Games in Buffalo.
also won at the Ukrainian national championships on December 18, where European champion Dmytro Dmytrenko placed second. At the world gymnastics championships in April, Hryhoriy Misiutyn took the gold in the floor exercise, ihor Korobchynsky took silver in parallel bars. Tetiana Lysenko took gold in the vault, winning bronze in the over-all competition. 1993 was the first year that Ukraine's track and field athletes competed under their own flag as an indepen dent team in an international event. The first such event was the international Amateur Athletic Federation's World indoor Championships, held in Toronto on March 12-14. inessa Kravets of Dnipropetrovske brought the point home with a world record triple jump, leading a 13-member contingent that won five medals (her gold and four bronze). A fuller slate of athletes was fielded at the World University Games in Buffalo, held from July 8 to 18. P o w e r e d by U k r a i n e ' s great depth in m e n ' s and women's gymnastics and good showings in swimming, diving, fencing and athletics, the team's 26 medals (11 gold, six silver, nine bronze) earned it sixth place. Ms. Lysenko took gold in the over-all gymnastics competi tion and expressed satisfaction that she was able to do it for her newly independent country. Other standouts included Oleksander Klymenko in shotput and Serhiy Holubytsky in fencing. valeriy Borzov, Ukraine's minister of sport and for mer Olympic track star, accompanied the contingent and traveled to Atlanta to inspect the facilities being prepared for the 1996 Summer Olympiad. Mr. Borzov met with Larissa Barabash Temple, head of the Atlanta Ukrainian Olympic Committee, established in April and given formal status as a foreign representation of the Ukrainian Olympic Committee. Donetske's world-beating pole vaulter Serhiy Bubka had a relatively quiet year, but did set a U.S. outdoor record in May. He also won at the World Track and Field Championships in Stuttgart (August 12-22), his fourth world title, in itself a record. Zhanna Tarnopolska dominated the Grand Prix cir cuit in the 200 and 400 meters, consistently placing in the top five in every race, but at the Worlds did not make it past the semi-finals. However, v i t a l i y Kyrylenko took third in the long jump and Larysa Berezhnaya placed second in the event. The Ukrainian Olympic effort got another boost when Adidas, the German-based sporting equipment company, agreed in October to supply the team with gear at both the Winter and Summer Olympics. However, the effort suffered a potentially disastrous setback when Tetiana Dorovskykh, one of the world's greatest middle distance runners, and Liudmyla Dzhigalova, a 400-meter relay gold medalist at the Barcelona Olympics, were hit with bans for steroid use. Pennilessness is usually a considerable drawback in
19
20
No. 52
Worth noting.
' The February 22 issue of Time magazine featured a story written by Lance Morrow about rape as an instru ment of war. !t caused quite a stir in the Ukrainian com munity and put much pressure on Time, which finally printed an explanation and a partial retraction. A Time photo editor had seen fit to include a photograph with the story that shows a crying adolescent girl sitting nude on a city street being embraced by an older woman. The caption, which read 'Traditions of atrocity: A Jewish girl raped by Ukrainians in Lvov, Poland, in 1945," angered Ukrainians and sent a deluge of protest mail flowing into Time headquarters. Diplomats, such as Counselor Andrij veselovsky of Ukraine's Embassy in Canada, scholars, such as Prof. Danylo Husar Struk, journalists and citizens vented their protests to the con jecture within and the inaccuracy of the caption. Finally on April 19, Time wrote that more than 750 pieces of mail had flooded the editorial offices of the magazine. The retraction went on to say, "there is enough confu sion about (the origin of the photo) for us to regret that our caption, in addition to misdating the picture, may well have conveyed a false impression." ' A guide to assist the curious who increasingly jetted to this newly independent and still mysterious country called Ukraine was published the first week of February. The section on Ukraine in "Birnbaum's Eastern Europe 1993" was written by New York-based free-lance jour nalist Roman Czajkowsky. Kyyiv, which receives 20 pages of coverage, and Odessa, with 12, are highlighted. The guide also provides a brief section on the Crimea. The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times all gave it favorable reviews. ' The Ukrainian American Nautical Association was founded in 1993 after 13 Ukrainian American profes sionals spent a week sailing in the blistering heat of the British virgin islands. They came back with the idea that sailing could bring Ukrainian Americans closer together. The group hopes the bonds and closer ties developed through sailing might ultimately be put to service for the benefit of the Ukrainian American com munity at large. The group plans to organize a Caribbean regatta in 1994 and to publish a newsletter. - The World Federation of Ukrainian Women's Organization (WFUWO) received consultative status at the United Nations on March 23, the first-ever such Ukrainian organization to do so. The U.N. Economic and Social Council, which accepted the WFUWO, expressed its support for the work the group has done in Eastern Europe and Ukraine. The new status will allow the WFUWO a more active role at the U.N. and in the work of the ECOSOC, which comprises organizations such as the World Health Organization, the international Monetary Fund and UNESCO. ' Seven Ukrainian business7professional organiza tions held talks on April 3 regarding establishment of a nationwide federation. Representatives from groups in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, New York7New Jersey, Philadelphia. Rochester and Washington met in East Hanover, N.J., and listened to Eugene Zalucky, an exec utive of the National Council of Ethnic Canadian Business and Professional Associations. By the time of The Washington Group's Leadership Conference in October, Buffalo and Pittsburgh had decided to become involved. The target date for the launch of a national federation is February 1994. ' About 700 veterans of the World War 1 army divi 1 sion "Halychyna" along with family members and friends, gathered in Lviv beginning on August 14 for a - commemoration marking the 50th anniversary of its formation within the Waffen SS. Celebrants from the diaspora and Ukraine expressed vindication and satisfaction that the fight against Soviet communism finally had succeeded. The military unit had' been organized under the German General Government, which was the occupier in Ukraine at the time. Ukrainians who had agreed to form the Galicia Division had exacted several demands from the Germans, one being that they would fight only their Soviet oppressors and the other that they would not take an oath of allegiance to Germany. Earlier in the year, Wolf-Dietrich Heike's, "The Ukrainian Division 'Galicia,' 1943-1945" entered a sec ond printing in commemoration of the division's jubilee. r ' Historic Preservation, a publication of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in Washington, in its MarchSApril issue carried a feature article titled "lj^rainian Dawn" by architect Arnold Burke, executive of Historic Preservation News. The article described Ukraine's architectural heritage and offered
an overview on Ukraine's history and culture. ' Nashe Zhyttia (Our Life) celebrated its 50th anniver sary on April 4 at the Ukrainian National Home in New York. The magazine, published by the Ukrainian National Women's League of America, was first pub lished in Philadelphia and moved to New York in 1974. ' iryna Kurowyckyj was unanimously elected presi dent of the National Council of WomenAJ.S.A. She had been the representative of the Ukrainian National Women's League of America until her election and had served as first vice-president of the NCW. The National Council of Women is the oldest women's organization in the United States; one of its founders was suffragette Susan B. Anthony. ' Mir Lada, 25, of Toronto won the National Magazine Awards gold medal and Si,000 first prize for conceptual photography in April. His winning photograph, featuring a spike-haired, punk-affected boy scout, had first appeared with an article in Today's Parent magazine. ' The first leadership training course for Plast Ukraine was held in Donetske on June 12-13. it was cosponsored by Plast-Canada and Plast-Ukraine. Six members of the national executive of Plast-Canada were on hand for the "vyshkil," which attracted two groups of people: young people, mostly in their 20s, who were curious about the activities of the scouting group, and pedagogues interested in new activities for students who no longer had the Pioneer program toward which to channel their energies. ' The first Joint World Congress of Ukrainian Students, with more than 300 students in attendance, was held in Kyyiv on June 25-27. Three student groups, the Central Union of Ukrainian Students, the Ukrainian Student's Association and the Ukrainian Students Group, were present. The group announced the transfer of the Central Union of Ukrainian Students to Kyyiv from the U.S. and plans to open a worldwide information bureau. ' A new generation of community leaders was elected to take the helm of the Ukrainian National Women's League of America on May 28-30, among them Anna Krawczuk, elected president to succeed Maria Savchak, who had held the office for the last six years. Since 1984, Ms. Krawczuk had chaired the UNWLA's highly successful ScholarshirvStudent Sponsorship Program. ' A Ukrainian electronic mail news group was formed in early June after informal voting by e-mail users showed a need for such a service existed. The news group, which is found on internet, is called "SOC, culture. Ukrainian" and may be accessed in that manner. ' On June 28, Adrian Karatnycky became the new executive director of Freedom House, the non-profit, worldwide human-rights watchdog founded in 1941 by Eleanor Roosevelt and Wendell Wilkie. Before his appointment, he was the AFL-ClO's specialist on international affairs in President Lane Kirkland's office. ' Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski spoke on the first night of The Washington Group's seventh annual conference, held October 8-. He said the task ahead for Ukrainian leaders is to fashion an image for Ukraine as an active member of the European community. Billionaire philan thropist George Soros was given the group's "Friend of Ukraine" award.
and weaving, in the 1960s, she was taken on at Pablo Picasso's ceramics workshop. Settling in Paris in 1948, she met volodymyr vynnychenko and his wife and was invited to live with them on their estate in Mougins in southern France. Ms. vynnykiv-Nyzhnyk bequeathed her assets, including the vynnychenko estate in Mougins, which she inherited upon Mrs. vynnychenko's passing, and her artwork to the Novakivsky Museum in Lviv . Mougins, France, January 10. ' Alex Holub, 44, cabaret singer, known professionally as Alex. During his brief but illustrious career since his coming to this country in 1981, he performed at numerous Ukrainian community events and venues, as well as in well-known New York City night clubs. His repertoire included Ukrainian songs, especially songs by the late volodymyr ivasiuk. A native of Rivne, Ukraine, he was a singer with the Ternopil Philharmonic. New York, March 9. ' Joseph Smindak, 77, past president of the Ukrainian Youth League of North America . Mr. Smindak headed UYLNA, the foremost youth organi zation of its day that focused its activity on cultural, education and sports activity, 953-1954. Manhasset, N.Y., March 29. ' Michael William Chepesiuk, 85, athlete. A native of Fort William, Ontario, Mr. Chepesiuk was winner of a gold medal in wrestling competition (174-lb. division) at the 1930 British Empire Games (forerunner of the Commonwealth Games), in 1930-1934, he played football at the guard position with the Toronto Argonauts. A member of the 1933 Grey Cup championship team, he was named to the league's all-star team in 1934. Kelowna, British Columbia, March 20. ' Pierre Beregovoy, former prime minister of France. A native of Normandy, the son of a Ukrainian immi grant, Mr. Beregovoy rose from humble working class origins to serve as France's minister of finance in 19841986 and again in 1988-1992, and as prime minister from April 1992 until his resignation in March 1993, following the defeat of his Socialist Party in parliamen tary elections. Burdened with the defeat of the Socialist party and with allegations about an interestfree loan to buy a modest Paris apartment, Mr. Beregovoy was led to commit suicide. Nevers, France, May 1. ' Dr. Stephen Mamchur, 84, sociologist. A secondgeneration Ukrainian, Dr. Mamchur received a doctorate from Yale in 1942 and was professor of sociology at Wayne State University for many years. He was one of the founders of the Detroit Graduates Club, the oldest Ukrainian professional and business society in the United States. A contributor to the Ukrainian Weekly, under the nom de plume Burma Capelin, he penned "Potpourri," an insightful column on acculturation, assimilation, group behavior and organizational devei opment. Detroit, February 16. ' Sviatoslav Hordynsky, 86, artist, iconographer, translator, art and literary critic. A student of the Oleksa Novakivsky Art School in Lviv, he continued his stud ies in Berlin and in Paris. A co-founder of the Association of independent Ukrainian Artists, Mr. Hordynsky edited its journal, Mystetstvo, and organized its art exhibitions. Upon emigrating to the U.S. in 1947, Mr. Hordynsky assisted in the founding of the Ukrainian Artists' Association, serving as its president from 1956 to 1963. Mr. Hordynsky is credited with the iconography of some 50 churches throughout North America and Europe. His most important contributions to the history of Ukrainian art are "Ukrainian Churches in Poland" (1969) and "The Ukrainian icon of the 12th to 18th Centuries" (1973). Mr. Hordynsky also served as the art subject editor and contributor to the Entsyklopediya Ukrainoznavstva and the Encyclopedia of Ukraine. verona, N.J., May 8. ' Stephen Juba, 78, former mayor of Winnipeg. Mr. Juba served as mayor of Winnipeg for 21 years, the longest tenure in the city's history. Mr. Juba became one of Canada's most flamboyant and well-known may ors. Elected to the Manitoba Legislative Assembly for Winnipeg Centre in 1953, he won the mayoral elections in 1956. Mr. Juba received the Order of Canada in 1970, thus breaking an Anglo-Saxon-only tradition that began in 1874. Winnipeg, May 5. ' ivan Honchar, 82, sculptor and ethnographer. A sculptor since the 1930s, Mr. Honchar's collection of over 3,000 historical and ethnographic artifacts gathered in the private museum which he set up in his home in 1960 attracted on the one hand, persecution by Soviet authorities and the attention of vandals, (his house being set ablaze on numerous occasions in the 1970s, and again
in memoriam
During 1993, the Ukrainian community mourned the passing of notable leaders and activists, artists, scholars, editors and athletes, both in the diaspora and in Ukraine. Among them were the following: ' Liudmyla Kovalenko Maniak, 57, a radio-journal ist, magazine editor and president of the All-Ukrainian Association of Researchers of the Genocidal Famine of 1932-1933 (AUARGF). During the perestroika period, Ms. Kovalenko Maniak joined her husband, volodymyr, in interviewing survivors of Nazi depreda tions and the Stalinist terror in Ukraine. The gathered testimonies and documentary material about the famine of 1932-1933 and other atrocities perpetrated by the Soviet regime were compiled and co-edited to form the first volume of the commemorative monograph, "Famine 33," published in 1990. Ms. Kovalenko Maniak was elected to replace her husband, following his death in a bus accident on June 23, 1992, as head of AUARGF. - Kyyiv, January 23. T ivanna vynnykiv-Nyzhnyk, 81, artist. A student of the noted Oleksa Novakivsky in Lviv in the 1930s, upon emigrating at the end of the second world war, Ms. vynnykiv-Nyzhnyk gained wide acclaim in the French artistic community for her work in painting, ceramics
- -
i.
.. ..--
..
. .
'
No. 52
21