PHYSICS 30 REVIEW QUESTIONS: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM

Energetics 1. Describe Newtons 3 laws. When do you use them? 2. Why is the concept of work needed? Why is it valuable? 3. What is the equation used for work (dynamics definition)? When are you allowed to use it? What is its unit? When is work positive? negative? zero? How are each interpreted? 4. What are two ways that we can find net work? 5. How do we calculate work when the force is changing? When is it positive? negative? 6. What is the definition of energy? List the 3 types of mechanical energy. 7. What is the energetic definition of work? What are the two ways that energy can change? 8. What equation is used for kinetic energy? Can KE ever be negative? 9. What equation do we use for gravitational potential energy? When is PEg negative? positive? zero? Why is PEg not measurable? What related quantity is measurable, then? 10. What is the equation for elastic potential energy? Interpret the variables. 11. Define power. What equations can we use for power? What is its unit? 12. What are the two equations for the law of conservation of mechanical energy? What conditions must be satisfied to use this law? (i.e. What is a conservative system?) 13. Answer the following questions for a conservative system: a) If MET is +500 J at the start of the motion, what is MET at the end of the motion? b) If the kinetic energy of the object increases by 70 J, then what also must happen? 14. What are the two energetic equations if there is friction (or another non-conservative force)? When would MET increase? decrease? 15. Define efficiency. What equations can be used? What would be necessary for a machine to be 100% efficient? 20% efficient? Momentum

Mr. Goldthorpe

16. When is momentum a better perspective than energetics? Why? 17. What is momentum? What equation is used for momentum? Units? How is momentum the same as inertia? different? 18. What is impulse? What are the two equations used to calculate impulse? 2 possible units? When are you allowed to use the equation that deals with force? 19. What is the impulse - momentum equation? Using this, explain: how an object can gain the most momentum. cushioning (reducing force) during a landing. 20. How do you calculate impulse when the force is changing? 21. What 2 equations can be used for conservation of momentum? What condition must be satisfied to use these equations? This is based on which of Newtons laws? 22. For the following situations, momentum is conserved: a) The total momentum before a collision is 50 kgm/s Right. What is the total momentum after the collision? b) The change in momentum of piece 1 is 100 kgm/s North. What is the change in momentum of the other piece? c) The impulse on piece 1 during an explosion is 400 Ns Up. What is the impulse on the other piece? 23. What is an elastic collision? If two objects hit and stick together, which are conserved: momentum and/or mechanical energy? 24. What are the key equations / methods for a 2-D conservation of momentum question if you use: tail-to-tip decomposition (vector components)

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PHYSICS 30 SOLUTIONS
1.

Mr. Goldthorpe

1st Law: When an object moves at a constant velocity (no acceleration), the forces on it must be balanced (Fnet = 0) 2nd Law: When the forces are unbalanced, the object accelerates in the same direction as Fnet (Fnet = ma) 3rd Law: If Object A exerts a force on Object B, then B exerts an equal but opposite reaction force on A (reaction forces) 2. Work is the bridge between force and energy. It is needed to derive all forms of energy. 3. WF = Fd cos . Use this when force is constant. Units: Joules (1 J = 1 N m) Positive when force is helping the motion (same direction as the displacement); Negative when it is a resistive force); Zero when the force is perpendicular to the displacement (or when there is no displacement) 4. Wnet = Fnet d cos (work done by Fnet); Wnet = W1 + W2 + ... (sum of all the works) 5. Work = area under the force - position (F - d) graph. Positive when line is above the d axis; Negative when it is below the d axis. 6. Energy is the ability to do work. 3 types of ME: KE, PEg, and Ee. 7. W = E (when work is done on an object, its energy changes) 2 ways: (1) transformation - energy changes form; (2) transfer - energy moves from one object to another 8. KE = 0.5mv2. KE can never be negative, since m is always positive, and v2 is always positive. 9. PEg = mgh (or PEg = Weight h). Positive when above reference height; negative when below ref height; zero at ref height. PEg is relative to ref height, and thus not measurable. But, PEg is measurable (independent of ref height). 10. Ee = 0.5kx2 (where k is the spring constant or stiffness, and x is the distance stretched / compressed) 11. Power is the rate at which work is done (or the rate at which energy changes). P = W / t ; P = E / t Units: Watts (1 W = 1 J / s) 12. Conservation of ME: (1) METi = METf (2) PE = -KE (or PEg = -Ee) Conservative system: closed system no friction non-mechanical forms of energy cannot change (only Fg and Fe can do work) 13. a) METf = +500 J (MET remains constant) b) PEg decreases by 70 J (if one energy goes up, the other has to go down by the same amount; no overall change) 14. METi + W = METf ; WF = F d cos MET would increase if W > 0 (i.e. energy is introduced into the system) MET would decrease if W < 0 (i.e. if energy is lost from the system, usually as heat) 15. Efficiency is a measure of how well a machine conserves mechanical energy. Effic = (Eout / Ein) 100% ; Effic = (Pout / Pin) 100% To be 100% efficient, total mechanical energy in a system = total mechanical energy out (no loss due to heat) 20% efficient means that 80% of the energy (power) is lost as heat / sound 16. Momentum is better for collisions and explosions. There is a lot of energy lost as heat (difficult to measure), and so energetics is tough. But momentum is conserved, so it is the best perspective. 17. Momentum is a measure of the difficulty to change an objects motion (speed / direction) p = mv ; Units: kg m/s Same as inertia: a measure of resistance to acceleration; both depend on mass Different than inertia: depends on velocity as well; a vector quantity (inertia is a scalar) 18. Impulse is a net force applied to an object over a period of time (causing a change in momentum) Impulse = F t (Units: N s) Impulse = mv (Units: kg m/s) Use only if the net force remains constant. 19. Ft = mv Gain max momentum by applying max force over the longest period of time. F = mv / t Cushion by applying the force for the longest period of time; if mv is fixed, as t increases, F decreases. 20. When force is changing, impulse = area under the force - time graph. 21. Conservation of p: (1) pTi = pTf (2) p1 = -p2 Condition: Fnet on the system must be equal to 0. Based on Newtons 3rd Law (equal but opposite forces) 22. a) pT = 50 kgm/s Right (pT remains constant) b) p2 = 100 kgm/s South (equal but opposite changes) c) Impulse on piece 2 is 400 Ns down (equal but opposite impulses) 23. Elastic collision: Obeys conservation of momentum and conservation of mechanical energy. If they stick together, this is an inelastic collision: p is conserved, but not ME (since energy is lost as sound / heat) 24. Tail-to-tip: Use pT = pT and this should you how to add the vectors tail-to-tip (resultant is start-to-finish) Decomposition: Step 1: Find components Step 2: xT = xT yT = yT

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