SI UNITS The system of units used in Technology and Science is the Systeme Internationale dunites (International system of units).

Usually abbreviated to SI units and is based on the metric system. This was introduced in 1960 and is now adopted by the majority of countries as the official system of measurement. The basic units in the SI system are listed in the table to the right with their symbols.
PREFIX T G M k m SI () n p NAME tera giga mega kilo milli micro nano pico MEANING Multiply by 1 000 000 000 000 (i.e. x 10^12) Multiply by 1 000 000 000 (i.e. x 10^9) Multiply by 1 000 000 (i.e. x 10^6) Multiply by 1 000 (i.e. x 10^3) Divide by 1 000 (i.e. x 10^-3) Dived by 1 000 000 (i.e. x 10^-6) Dived by 1 000 000 000 (i.e. x 10^-9) Dived by 1 000 000 000 000 (i.e. x 10^-12)

MKS: meterkilogramsecond. CGS: centimetergramsecond. The MKS system of units is a physical system of units that expresses any given measurement using fundamental units of the metre, kilogram, and/or second (MKS). Historically the MKS system of units succeeded the cgs system of units and laid the blueprint for the International System of Units, which now serves as the international standard. Therefore the exact composition of the MKS system is a historical issue. As a matter of historical record the MKS system incorporated fundamental units other than the metre, kilogram, and second in addition to derived units. An incomplete list of the fundamental and derived units appears below. Since the MKS system of units never had a governing body to rule on a standard definition, the list of units depended on different conventions at different times.

Cycle. (This dimensionless quantity became synonymous with the term "cycle per second" as an abbreviation. This circumstance confused the exact definition of the term cycle. Therefore the phrase "cycle per metre" became ill-defined. The cycle did not become an SI unit.)

Cycle per second.[1] Cycle per metre. (This measure of wavenumber became ill-defined due to the abbreviation of "cycle per second" as "cycle".)

English units
This article is about the historical development of measurement in England. For the non-metric measurement system used in the UK, see Imperial units. For the system currently used in the USA with similar unit names, see United States customary units. English units are the historical units of measurement used in England up to 1824, which evolved as a combination of the AngloSaxon and Roman systems of units. They were redefined in the United Kingdom in 1824 by a Weights and Measures Act, which retained many but not all of the unit names with slightly different values, and again in the 1970s by the International System of Units as a subset of the metric system. In modern UK usage, the term is considered ambiguous, as it could refer either to the imperial system used in the UK, or to the US customary system of unit. The common term used in the UK for the non-metric system is imperial units or imperial measurements, since they were used as a standard throughout the British Empire and the Commonwealth. Within the United States, the same term is commonly used to refer to the United States Customary System,[1] which retains some unit names but with different values, as well as to the imperial units. Various standards have applied to English units at different times, in different places, and for different applications. Very little is known of the measurement units of the British Isles prior to Roman colonization in the 1st century CE. During the Roman period, Roman Britain relied on Ancient Roman units of measurement. During the Anglo-Saxon period, the North German foot of 335 millimeters (13.2 inches) was the nominal basis for other units of linear measurement. The foot was divided into 4 palms or 12 thumbs. A cubit was 2 feet, an elne 4 feet. The rod was 15 Anglo-Saxon feet, the furlong 10 rods. An acre was 4 40 rods, i.e., 160 square rods or 36,000 square Anglo-Saxon feet. However, Roman units continued to be used in the construction crafts. From the time of Offa King of Mercia (8th c.) until 1526 the Saxon pound, also known as the moneyers' pound (and later known as the Tower pound) was the fundamental unit of mass measurement. Prior to the enactment of a law known as the Composition of Yards and Perches (Compositio ulnarum et perticarum)[2] some time between 1266 and 1303, the English system of measurement had been based on that of the Anglo-Saxons, inherited from tribes from northern Germany. The Compositio retained the Anglo-Saxon rod of 5.03 metres and the acre of 4 40 rods. However, it redefined the yard, foot, inch, and barleycorn to 10/11 of their previous value. Thus, the rod went from 5 old yards to 5 1/2 new yards, or 15 old feet to 16 1/2 new feet. The furlong went from 600 old feet (200 old yards) to 660 new feet (220 new yards). The acre went from 36,000 old square feet to 43,560 new square feet. Scholars have speculated that the Compositio may have represented a compromise between two earlier systems of the units, the Anglo-Saxon and the Roman. Contrary to popular belief, the Norman conquest of England had little effect on British weights and measures other than to introduce one new unit: the bushel. William the Conqueror, in one of his first legislative acts, confirmed existing Anglo-Saxon measurement, a position which was consistent with Norman policy in dealing with occupied peoples. Another popular myth is that the Magna Carta of 1215 (specifically chapter 35) had any significant effect on English weights and measures, as this document only mentions one unit (the London Quarter) but does not define it. Later development of the English system continued by defining the units by law and issuing measurement standards. Standards were renewed in 1496, 1588 and 1758. The last Imperial Standard Yard in bronze was made in 1845; it served as the standard in the United Kingdom until the yard was redefined by the international yard and pound agreement as 0.9144 metre in 1959 (statutory implementation: Weights and Measures Act of 1963). The English system then spread to other parts of the British Empire.

Length
Poppyseed about 14 of a barleycorn[3] Line
1

4 of a barleycorn[4]

Barleycorn Smallest Anglo-Saxon unit of length. Notionally the length of a corn of barley, its actual length was determined in relation to a particular rod of metal, typically a yard-bar, and thus 1/108th of a yard, 1/36 of foot, or 1/3 of an inch. [5] The unit was

nominally the base unit from which the inch was defined. 3 barleycorns comprising 1 inch was the legal definition of the inch in many medieval laws, both of England and Wales, from the 10th century Laws of Hywel Dda to the 1324 definition of the inch enacted by Edward II. Note the relation to the grain unit of weight. This archaic measure is still the basis for current UK and U.S. shoe sizes, with the largest shoe size taken as thirteen inches (a size 13) and then counting backwards in barleycorn units,[6] although the original derivation was: less than 13 barleycorns = infants with no shoes; 13 to 26 barleycorns = children's sizes 1 to 12; 26 to 39 barleycorns = men's sizes 1 to 13. Digit
3

4 inch 8 inch

Finger
7

Hand 4 inches Ynch, inch Anglo Saxon inch, 3 barleycorns. Nail 3 digits = 2 14 inches = 116 yard Palm 3 inches Shaftment Width of the hand and outstretched thumb, 6 12 ynches before 1066, 6 inches thereafter Link 7.92 inches or one 100th of a chain.[7] Span Width of the outstretched hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger, 3 palms = 9 inches Foot Prior to the Anglo-Saxon invasions, the Roman foot of 11.65 inches (296 mm) was used. The Anglo-Saxons introduced a North-German foot of 13.2 inches (335 mm), divided into 4 palms or 12 thumbs, while the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts. In the late 13th century, the modern foot of 304.8 mm was introduced, equal to exactly 10/11 Anglo-Saxon foot. Cubit From fingertips to elbow, 18 inches. Yard 3 feet = 36 inches. Ell From fingertip of outstretched arm to opposite shoulder, 20 nails = 1 14 yard or 45 inches. Mostly for measuring cloth Fathom Distance fingertip to fingertip arms outstretched, 6 feet Rod (= perch) (= pole) Used for surveying land and in architecture. The rod is the same length today as in Anglo-Saxon times. The pole is commonly used as a measurement for Allotment Gardens. Chain four linear rods. Named after the length of surveyor's chain used to measure distances until quite recently. Any of several actual chains used for land surveying and divided in links. Gunter's chain, introduced in the 17th century, is 66 feet. Furlong

"One plough's furrow long" (Saxon furrow is furh), nominally the distance a plough team could be driven without rest, it was actually a very precise measure of 40 rods or 600 Anglo-Saxon feet (ten percent longer than the modern foot). Thus, 660 modern feet, 40 rods or ten chains. Mile Introduced after 1066, originally the Roman mile at 5000 feet, in 1592 it was extended to 5280 feet to make it an even number (8) of furlongs. League Usually three miles. Intended to be an hour's walk.

Area
Acre area of land one chain (four rods) in width by one furlong in length. As the traditional furlong could vary in length from country to country, so did the acre. In England an acre was 4,840 square yards, in Scotland 6,150 square yards and in Ireland 7,840 square yards. It is a Saxon unit, meaning field. Traditionally said to be "as much area as could be ploughed in one day". Rood one quarter of an acre, confusingly sometimes called an acre itself in many ancient contexts. One furlong in length by one rod in width, or 40 square rods. Carucate an area equal to that which can be ploughed by one eight-oxen team in a single year (also called a plough or carve). Approximately 120 acres. Bovate the amount of land one ox can plough in a single year (also called an oxgate). Approximately 15 acres or one eighth of a carucate. Perch an area equal to one square rod. (See also perch as a length and volume unit.) Virgate the amount of land a pair of oxen can plough in a single year. Approximately 30 acres (also called yard land).

Administrative units
Hide four to eight bovates. A unit of yield, rather than area, it measured the amount of land able to support a single household for agricultural and taxation purposes. Knight's fee five hides. A knight's fee was expected to produce one fully equipped soldier for a knight's retinue in times of war. Hundred or wapentake 100 hides grouped for administrative purposes.

Volume
General
Mouthful about 12 fluid ounce (oz.) Pony Mouthful 2 = 1 oz. Jigger 1.5 oz. Jack or Jackpot 2.5 fl. oz. (or double this for milk and beer in Northern England) Gill Jack 2 = 5 fl. oz. (or double this for milk and beer in Northern England) Cup

Gill 2 = 10 fl. oz. Pint Cup 2 = 20 fl. oz ("A pint of pure water weighs a pound and a quarter") Quart Pint 2 = 40 fl. oz Pottle or Half Gallon Quart 2 = 80 fl. oz or 12 gallon. Gallon Pottle 2 = 4 Quarts = 160 fl. oz. Peck Gallon 2 = 320 fl. oz. Kenning or Pail Peck 2 = 4 gal. Bushel Kenning 2 = 8 gal. Strike Bushel 2 = 16 gal. Coomb Strike 2 = 32 gal. Cask Coomb 2 = 64 gal. Barrel Cask 2. In the U.K. a beer barrel is 36 imperial gallons (43 US gal; 164 L). In the U.S. most fluid barrels (apart from oil) are 31.5 US gallons (26 imp gal; 119 L) (half a hogshead), but a beer barrel is 31 US gallons (26 imp gal; 117 L). An oil barrel (bbl) is 42 US gallons (34.9723 imp gal; 158.9873 L). Hogshead Coomb 2. A hogshead of wine is 63 wine/63 US gallons (52.5 imp gal; 238.5 L), while a hogshead of beer or ale is 54 gallons (250 L if old beer/ale gallons, 245 L if imperial). Butt or Pipe Hogshead 2 = 128 gal. Tun Butt 2 = 256 gal. (A Tun would be 2,560 lb. slightly heavier than the English ton of 2240 lb.) perch A volume measurement of stone; one perch is equal to 16.5 ft 1.5 ft 1 ft = 24.75 cu. ft. of dry stone. This is derived from the more commonly known perch, a unit of length equal to 16.5 feet. [8] cord 128 cubic feet of firewood; a stack of firewood 4 ft 4 ft 8 ft.[9] butt/pi 2n ga pe l.

mouthf pony jack ul

gill

cup pint

qua pottl gallo pec kennin bush strik coom hogshe rt e n k g el e b ad

1 mouthf 1 ul =

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

4096

8192

16384

32768

1 pony

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

4096

8192

16384

1 jack = 4

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

4096

8192

1 gill = 8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

4096

1 cup = 16

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

1 pint = 32

16

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

1 quart 64 =

32

16

16

32

64

128

256

512

1 pottle 128 =

64

32

16

16

32

64

128

256

1 gallon 256 =

128

64

32

16

16

32

64

128

1 peck =

512

256

128

64

32

16

16

32

64

1 kenning 1,024 =

512

256

128

64

32

16

16

32

1 bushel 2,048 =

1,024 512

256

128

64

32

16

16

1 strike 4,096 =

2,048

1,02 512 4

256

128

64

32

16

1 8,192 coomb

4,096

2,04 1,02 512 8 4

256

128

64

32

16

1 hogshe 16,384 ad =

8,192

4,09 2,04 1,02 512 6 8 4

256

128

64

32

16

1 butt/pip 32,768 e=

16,38 8,19 4,09 2,04 1,02 512 4 2 6 8 4

256

128

64

32

16

Wine
English wine cask units[10]

gallon

rundlet

barrel

tierce

hogshead

discuss]

firkin,[dubious puncheon, tertian

pipe, butt

tun

tun

pipes, butts

1 2

firkins,[dubious discuss] puncheons, tertians

1 13

hogsheads

1 12

tierces

1 13

2 23

barrels

1 34

2 13

3 12

4 23

14

rundlets

18

31 12

42

63

84

126

252

gallons (US/wine)

3.785

68.14

119.24

158.99

238.48

317.97

476.96

953.92

litres

15

26 14

35

52 12

70

105

210

gallons (imperial)

4.546

68.19

119.3

159.1

238.7

318.2

477.3

954.7

litres

Brewery
English brewery cask units[11]

gallon

firkin

kilderkin

barrel

hogshead

Year designated

hogsheads

1 12

barrels

kilderkins

firkins

16

32

48 ale gallons

= 4.621 l

= 36.97 l

= 73.94 l

= 147.9 l

= 221.8 l (1454)

18

36

54 beer gallons

= 4.621 l

= 41.59 l

= 83.18 l

= 166.4 l

= 249.5 l

8 12

17

34

51 ale gallons 1688

= 4.621 l

= 39.28 l

= 78.56 l

= 157.1 l

= 235.7 l

18

36

54 ale gallons 1803

= 4.621 l

= 41.59 l

= 83.18 l

= 166.4 l

= 249.5 l

18

36

54 imperial gallons 1824

= 4.546 l

= 40.91 l

= 81.83 l

= 163.7 l

= 245.5 l

Weight
The Avoirdupois, Troy and Apothecary systems of weights all shared the same finest unit, the grain, however they differ as to the number of grains there are in a dram, ounce and pound. This grain was legally defined as the weight of a grain seed from the middle of an ear of barley. There also was a smaller wheat grain, said to be 34 (barley) grains or about 48.6 milligrams.

Avoirdupois
Grain (gr) 64.79891 mg, 17000 of a pound Dram/drachm (dr) 27.34375 gr (sixteenth of an ounce) (possibly originated as the weight of silver in Ancient Greek coin drachma) Ounce (oz) 16 dr = 437.5 grains 28 g Pound (lb) 16 oz = 7000 grains 454 g (NB: 'lb' stands for libra) Quarter
1

4 cwt

Hundredweight (cwt) 112 lb (long) or 100 lb (short) Ton 20 cwt Additions: Nail
1

16 cwt = 7 lb

clove 7 lb (wool) or 8 lb (cheese) Stone (st) 2 cloves = 14 lb (an Anglo-Saxon unit changed to fit in) Tod 2 st = 14 cwt (long)

Troy and Tower

The Troy and Tower pounds and their subdivisions were used for coins and precious metals. The Tower pound, which is based upon an earlier Anglo-Saxon pound, was abolished in 1527. In terms of nominal currency units, a pound was 20 shillings of 12 pennies each (i.e. 240) from the late 8th century (Charlemagne/Offa of Mercia) to 1971 in the United Kingdom.

Troy
Grain (gr) = 64.79891 mg Pennyweight (dwt) 24 gr 1.56 g Ounce (oz t) 20 dwt = 480 gr 31.1 g Pound (lb t) 12 oz t = 5760 gr 373 g Mark 8 oz t [edit]Tower Grain (gr) = 4564 gr t 45.5 mg Pennyweight (dwt) 32 gr T = 22 12 gr t 1.46 g Tower ounce 24 dwt T = 640 gr T = 18 34 dwt t = 450 gr t 29 g Tower pound 12 oz T = 240 dwt T = 7680 gr T = 225 dwt t = 5400 gr t 350 g Mark 8 oz T = [edit]Apothecary Main article: Apothecaries' system Grain (gr)

= 64.79891 mg Scruple (s ap) 20 gr Dram (dr ap) 3 s ap = 60 gr Ounce (oz ap) 8 dr ap = 480 gr Pound (lb ap) 5760 gr = 1 lb t [edit]Others Merchants/Mercantile pound 15 oz tower = 6750 gr 437.4 g London/Mercantile pound 15 oz troy = 16 oz tower = 7200 gr 466.6 g Mercantile stone 12 lb L 5.6 kg Butcher's stone 8 lb 3.63 kg Sack 26 st = 364 lb 165 kg The carat was once specified as four grains in the English-speaking world. Some local units in the English dominion were (re)defined in simple terms of English units, such as the Indian tola of 180 grains.

MASS
In physics, mass (from Greek "barley cake, lump (of dough)"), more specifically inertial mass, is a quantitative measure of an object's resistance to acceleration. In addition to this, gravitational mass is a measure of magnitude of the gravitational force which is 1. 2. exerted by an object (active gravitational mass), or experienced by an object (passive gravitational force)

when interacting with a second object. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). In everyday usage, mass is referred to as "weight", the units of which may be pounds or kilograms (for instance, a person's weight may be stated as 75 kg). In scientific use, however, the term "weight" refers to a different, yet related, property of matter. Weight is the gravitational force acting on a given bodywhich differs depending on the gravitational pull of the opposing body (e.g., a person's weight on Earth vs on the Moon) while mass is an intrinsic property of that body that never changes. In other words, an object's weight depends on its environment, while its mass does not. On the surface of the Earth, an object with a mass of 50 kilograms weighs 491 newtons; on the surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs only 81.5 newtons. Restated in mathematical terms, on the surface of the Earth, the weight W of an object is related to its mass m by W = mg, where g = 9.80665 m/s2 is the Earth's gravitational field. The inertial mass of an object determines its acceleration in the presence of an applied force. According to Newton's second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a single force F, its acceleration a is given by F/m. A body's mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field. If a first body of mass mA is placed at a distance r (center of

mass to center of mass) from a second body of massmB, each body experiences an attractive force Fg = GmAmB/r2, where G = 6.671011 N kg2m2 is the "universal gravitational constant". This is sometimes referred to as gravitational mass.[note 1] Repeated experiments since the 17th century have demonstrated that inertial and gravitational mass are equivalent; since 1915, this observation has been entailed a priori in the equivalence principle of general relativity. Special relativity shows that rest mass (or invariant mass) and rest energy are essentially equivalent, via the well-known relationship E = mc2. This same equation also connects relativistic massand "relativistic energy" (total system energy). The latter two "relativistic" mass and energy are concepts that are related to their "rest" counterparts, but they do not have the same value as their rest counterparts in systems where there is a net momentum. In order to deduce any of these four quantities from any of the others, in any system which has a net momentum, an equation that takes momentum into account is needed. Mass (so long as the type and definition of mass is agreed upon) is a conserved quantity over time. From the viewpoint of any single unaccelerated observer, mass can neither be created or destroyed, and special relativity does not change this understanding. All unaccelerated observers agree on the amount of invariant mass in closed systems at all times, and although different observers may not agree with each other on how much relativistic mass is present in any such system, all agree that the amount does not change over time. Macroscopically, mass is associated with matteralthough matter, unlike mass, is poorly defined in science. On the sub-atomic scale, not only fermions, the particles often associated with matter, but also some bosons, the particles that act as force carriers, have rest mass. Another problem for easy definition is that much of the rest mass of ordinary matter derives from the invariant mass contributed to matter by particles and kinetic energies which have no rest mass themselves (only 1% of the rest mass of matter is accounted for by the rest mass of its fermionic quarks and electrons). From a fundamental physics perspective, mass is the number describing under which the representation of the little group of the Poincar group a particle transforms. In theStandard Model of particle physics, this symmetry is described as arising as a consequence of a coupling of particles with rest mass to a postulated additional field, known as the Higgs field. The total mass of the observable universe is estimated at between 1052 kg and 1053 kg, corresponding to the rest mass of between 1079 and 1080 protons.

1 centigram = 1 decigram = 1 gram = 1 dekagram = 1 hectogram = 1 kilogram = 1 megagram = 1 megagram =

Metric: Mass Conversion Factors 10 milligram 10 centigram 10 dg = 1000 mg 10 gram 10 dekagram 1000 gram 1000 kilogram 1 metric ton Troy Mass Conversion Factors 64.79891 milligram 24 grains 20 pennyweight 12 ounces Avoirdupois Mass Conversion Factors 64.79891 milligram 27.34375 grains

1 grain = 1 pennyweight = 1 ounce (oz t) = 1 pound (lb t) =

1 grain = 1 dram (dr) =

1 ounce (oz avdp) = 1 pound (lb avdp) = 1 hundredweight = 1 ton = 1 long hundredweight = 1 long ton =

16 drams 16 ounces 100 pound 20 hundredweight 112 pound 20 long hundredweight Apothecaries Mass Conversion Factors 64.79891 milligram 20 grains 3 scruple 8 drams 12 ounces Other Weight Conversion Factors 200 milligrams 1 microgram

1 grain = 1 scruple(s) = 1 dram (dr ap) = 1 ounce (oz ap) = 1 pound (lb ap) =

1 carat (c) = 1 gamma (y) =

VOLUME
Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, orplasma) or shape occupies or contains.[1] Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container, i. e. the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces. Three dimensional mathematical shapes are also assigned volumes. Volumes of some simple shapes, such as regular, straightedged, and circular shapes can be easily calculated using arithmetic formulas. The volumes of more complicated shapes can be calculated by integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape's boundary. One-dimensional figures (such as lines) and twodimensional shapes (such as squares) are assigned zero volume in the three-dimensional space. The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be determined by fluid displacement. Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas. The combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of one of the substances. However, sometimes one substance dissolves in the other and the combined volume is not additive.[2] In differential geometry, volume is expressed by means of the volume form, and is an important global Riemannian invariant. In thermodynamics, volume is a fundamental parameter, and is a conjugate variable to pressure.

1 cubic centimeter = 1 cubic decimeter = 1 cubic meter = 1 liter / litre =

Common Volume Conversion Factors 1000 cubic millimeter 1000 cubic centimeter 1000 cubic decimeter .001 cubic meter

1 liter / litre = 1 deciliter = 1 centiliter = 1 cubic foot = 1 cubic yard =

10 deciliter 10 centiliter 10 milliliter 1728 cubic inches 27 cubic feet UK Capacity Conversion Factors 59.19379 cu mm 60 minims 8 fluid drams 20 fluid ounces 0.25 pint 2 pint 4 quart 36 gallons 8 quart 32 quart US Liquid Volume Conversion Factors 61.61152 cu mm 60 minims 8 fluid drams 16 fluid ounces 0.25 pint 2 pint 4 quart 42 gallons US Dry Volume Conversion Factors 33.6 cubic inches 2 pint 4 quart 8 dry quart 32 dry quart

1 fluid minims = 1 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounces = 1 pint (pt) = 1 gills (gi) = 1 quart (qt) = 1 gallon (gal) = 1 oil barrel = 1 peck (pk) = 1 bushel (bu) =

1 fluid minims = 1 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounces = 1 pint (pt) = 1 gills (gi) = 1 quart (qt) = 1 gallon (gal) = 1 oil barrel =

1 pint (pt) = 1 quart (qt) = 1 gallon (gal) = 1 peck (pk) = 1 bushel (bu) =

1 cord (cd) = 1 Teaspoon = 1 Tablespoon = 1 Cup =

WEIGHT

Other Volume Conversion Factors 128 cubic feet 5 Millilitre 3 Teaspoon 16 Tablespoon

In science and engineering, the weight of an object is the force on the object due to gravity.[1][2] Its magnitude (a scalar quantity), often denoted by an italic letter W, is the product of the mass m of the object and the magnitude of the local gravitational acceleration g;[3] thus: W = mg. When considered a vector, weight is often denoted by a bold letter W. The unit of measurement for weight is that of force, which in theInternational System of Units (SI) is the newton. For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, about one-sixth as much on the Moon, and zero when in deep space far away from all bodies imparting gravitational influence. In the 20th century, the Newtonian concepts of gravitation were challenged by relativity. Einstein's principle of equivalence put all observers, accelerating in space far from gravitating bodies, or held in place against gravitation near such a body, on the same footing. This led to an ambiguity as to what exactly is meant by the "force of gravity" and (in consequence) by weight. The ambiguities introduced by relativity led, starting in the 1960s, to considerable debate in the teaching community as how to define weight for their students. The choice was a Newtonian definition of weight as the contact reaction-force against the force of gravity, for an object at rest on the ground, or an operational definition defined by the act of weighing.[2] In the operational definition, weight becomes zero in conditions of weightlessness such as Earth orbit or free fall in vacuum. In such situations, the Newtonian view is that there remains a force due to gravity which is not measured (thus causing an apparent weight of zero), while the Einsteinian view is that there never does exist a measurable force due to gravity, even in everyday experience. Instead, weight and all sensation of weight are always produced by contact forces (push or pull) from the ground, or a scale. In free-fall, no force is measured simply because the force due to gravity is (still) never felt, and the floor (or the scale) now fails to exert the mechanical force that is what is always observed as "weight." In everyday usage the term "weight" is commonly used to mean mass, which scientifically is an entirely different concept.[4] On the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity (the "strength of gravity") is approximately constant; this means that the ratio of the weight force of a motionless object on the surface of the Earth to its mass is almost independent of its location, so that an object's weight force can stand as a proxy for its mass, and vice versa.

Unit of Weights and Measures Units of Length Metric System Kilometre Metre Decimetre Centimetre Millimetre Micrometre; micron Nanometre Units of Weight Metric System Symbol Traditional Chinese British-American System Abrr. km m dm cm mm um nm Traditional Chinese System Li Chi Cun Fen Li British System mile Foot (ft) ; yard (yd) Inch;in

Metric ton; tonne kilogramme gram decigram centigram milligram

t kg g dg cg mg

System Jin Jin

Long ton,UK; Short ton, US pound grain Ounce;oz

Units of Area Measure Metric System Square kilometre Square metre Square decimetre Square centimetre Square milimetre Hectare; are Symbol km2 m2 dm2 cm2 mm2 ha Traditional Chinese System British-American System Sq mi;mi2 2 li hectare;ha acre sq ft;ft2 mu 2 sq yd;yd sq ft;ft2 chi2 2 sq yd;yd 2 chi mu acre

Units of Cubic Measure Metric System Cubic metre Cubic decimetre Cubic centimetre Cubic millimetre Symbol m3 dm3 cm3 mm3 Traditional Chinese System chi3 chi3 British-American System cubic foot; cubic yard; yd3 ft3; yd3

ft3

Units of Capacity Measure Metric System Liter Deciliter Centiliter Milliliter Symbol L(l) DL(dl) cL(cl) mL(ml) Traditional Chinese System sheng ge British-American System pint gallon, UK pint gallon, UK

Units of Temprature Metric System Degree Fahrenheit ( F) Traditional System Chinese Conversion 1 F = 33.8 C Conversion 1 F = -17.2 C

Degree Celsius( C)

Conversion Tables of Weights and Measures Conversion of Length Metric System Metre Centimetre 1 100 Chinese System Chi 3 British-American System Yard Feet Inch 1.094 3.2808 39.37

0.01 0.3333 0.9144 0.3048 0.0254

1 33.33 91.44 30.48 2.54

0.03 1 2.743 0.9144 0.0762

0.01094 0.3646 1 0.3334 0.0278

0.03281 1.094 3 1 0.833

0.3937 13.123 36 12 1

Note: 1 meter = 100 centimetre = 1,000 millimetre Conversion of Weight Metric System Tonne 1 1.016 0.9072 0.05 0.0508 0.0605 Metric System Kilogram 1,000 1,016 907 50 50.8 60.48 1 0.5 0.4536 Metric System British System Long ton 0.9842 1 0.8929 0.04921 0.05 0.0594 Traditional Chinese System Jin 2,000 2,032 1,814 100 101.6 120.96 2 1 0.9072 American System Short ton 1.1023 1.12 1 0.0551 0.056 0.0667 British-American System Pound 2,204.6 2,242 2,000 110.23 112 133.33 2.2046 1.1023 1 (for Traditional Chinese System Liang 20 0.02 9.072 0.567 7.465 0.622 1

British-American System Kilogram Gram Pound 1 1,000 2.2046 35.2736 0.001 1 0.0022 0.03527 0.4536 453.59 1 16 0.02835 28.35 0.0625 1 0.3732 373.24 0.82286 13.1657 0.0311 31.10 0.06857 1.0971 0.05 50 0.1102 1.76368 Conversion of Area Measure Metric System Square metre 1 0.0001 0.8361 0.0929 0.00065 0.111

British-American System gold or medicine) Pound 2.679 31.1507 0.00268 0.0321 1.2135 14.5833 0.07595 0.9114 1 12 0.08333 2 0.13396 1.6075

British-American System Square centimetre Square yard Square feet 10,000 1.1960 10.7639 1 0.00012 0.00108 8,361 1 9 929 0.1111 1 6.45 0.00077 0.00694 1,111 0.133 1.196

Chinese System Square inch Square chi 1,550 9 0.155 0.0009 1,296 7.525 144 0.836 1 0.0058 172.2 1

Conversion of Cubage Metric System Liter 1 4.546 3.785 Traditional Chinese System Sheng 1 4.546 3.785 British System Gallon,UK 0.22 1 0.833 American System Gallon,US 0.264 1.201 1 Chinese System Cubic inch 61,024 0.06102 46,656 1,728 1 2,260 Cubic chi 27 0.000027 20.643 0.7646 0.00044 1

Metric System Cubic Cubic meter centimetre 1 1,000,000 0.000001 1 0.7636 764,555 0.02832 28,317 0.000016 16.317 0.037 37,037

British-American System Cubic yard 1.303 0.0000013 1 0.037 0.00002 0.0484 Cubic feet 35.3147 0.00004 27 1 0.00058 1.308