STRUCTURILE REGIONALE ALE OCUPRII FOREI DE MUNC I ALE OMAJULUI N ROMNIA Student: Ana Delia Bbeanu Universitatea din

Amsterdam Olanda Facultatea de Economie i Afaceri Abstract: Lucrarea analizeaz fenomenele de ocupare a forei de munc i de omaj n profil regional. A fost particularizat relaia funcional dintre nivelul de dezvoltare i profilul regiunilor Romniei, pe de o parte, i procesele de ocupare i omaj, pe de alt parte. n esen, au fost urmrite trei probleme: participarea populaiei regiunilor la activitile economice i sociale, evoluiile i structurile populaiei ocupate, evoluiile i structurile fenomenului omajului. De asemenea, au fost reliefate deosebirile i decalajele dintre regiunile de dezvoltare ale Romniei n privina utilizrii forei de munc i a omajului, ca argumente faptice pentru mbuntirea politicii de dezvoltare regional i de intensificare a unor aciuni eficiente pentru ocuparea resurselor de munc disponibile Cuvinte cheie: regiuni de dezvoltare, dezvoltare regional, populaie activ, rata de activitate, populaie ocupat, rata de ocupare, omaj, rata omajului. Regiunile de dezvoltare prezint o importan deosebit n procesul de integrare european. Din punctul de vedere al sprijinului financiar, Uniunea European asigur un tratament egal rilor i regiunilor de dezvoltare din care este alctuit. Tratatul de la Maastricht a transformat regiunile n unul din pilonii integrrii, Europa de azi fiind alctuit dintr-un mozaic de regiuni, ca rezultat al diversitii vieii economice, sociale i culturale. 1. Dezvoltarea regional a Romniei i utilizarea resurselor de munc Regionalismul are o tradiie destul de puternic n ara noastr. nc de la formarea statului romn modern, subdiviziunile statale s-au manifestat ca uniti administrativ-teritoriale solide, avnd fiecare particularitile ei. Dup formarea statului unitar romn prin unirea Transilvaniei cu Regatul Romniei, pn la trecerea rii noastre la socialism, teritoriul Romniei a fost mprit n mai multe inuturi sau provincii, fiecare cuprin-znd mai multe judee. Apoi, la nceputul anilor '50, a fost adoptat modelul de organizare administrativ-teritorial n regiuni i raioane. Acest model era specific centralismului birocratic promovat de sistemul. La 1 ianuarie 1968 s-a trecut de la acest model greoi la actuala form de organizare, cu 39 de judee plus municipiul Bucureti, la nceput, i 41 de judee plus municipiul Bucureti, n prezent. Organizarea administrativ-terito-rial a Romniei

REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES IN ROMANIA Student: Ana Delia Bbeanu University of Amsterdam The Netherlands The Faculty of Economics and Business Abstract: This paper analyses the employment phenomena of the workforce and unemployment on a regional level. It has been outlined the functional relation between the development level and the profile of the regions from Romania on one hand, and the employment and unemployment processes on the other hand. The main focus was on three main problems: the participation of the population from the regions in the economic and social activities, the evolutions and structures of the employed population, the evolutions and structures of the unemployment phenomenon. There have also been pointed out the disparities between the development regions in Romania regarding the use of the labour force and unemployment as factual arguments for the improvement of the regional development policy and the intensification of some efficient actions for the employment of the available labour resources. Keywords: development regions, regional development, active population, rate of activity, employed population, employment rate, unemployment rate. The development regions are very important in the European integration process. From the point of view of the financial support, the European Union provides an equal treatment for its countries and development regions. The Maastricht Treaty transformed the regions in one of the pillars of integration, the Europe from today consisting of a mosaic of regions, as a result of the diversity of economic, social and cultural life. 1. The Romanian Regional Development and the Use of the Labour Resources Regionalism has a powerful tradition in our country. Even since the Romanian modern state formation, the state subdivisions were represented as solid administrative-territorial bodies, each of them having individual particularities. After the Romanian unitary state formation as a consequence of the unification of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania and until our country passed to socialism, Romanias territory was divided into several lands or provinces, each of them being further divided into counties. At the beginning of the 50s, our country adopted the administrative-territorial in regions and districts. This was a characteristic model for bureaucratic centralism promoted by the system. On 1 January 1968, this model was changed in the current organisation form, with 39 counties plus the municipality of Bucharest, at the beginning, and presently 41 counties plus the municipality of Bucharest. The administrative-territorial organisation of Romania will have to get closer, as principles and

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va trebui s se apropie ct mai mult, ca principii i orientri, de organizarea rilor membre ale Uniunii Europene. Pentru a surprinde fenomenele economicosociale pe zone mai ample dect regiunile, Institutul Naional de Statistic folosete conceptul de macroregiuni de dezvoltare prin nsumarea indicatorilor economico-sociali i gruparea n dou cte dou a regiunilor de dezvoltare pe baza proximitii acestora. Ca urmare, Romnia dispune de 8 regiuni i 4 macroregiuni de dezvoltare. Tabel nr.1

orientations to the organisation of the European Union member states. In order to detect the economic-social phenomena on vaster regions, the National Institute of Statistics uses the concept of development macroregions by summing up the economic-social indicators and grouping the regions two by two according to their proximity. In consequence, Romania has 8 regions and 4 development macro-regions. Table no 1

Regiunile de dezvoltare sunt zone ce corespund unor grupri de judee constituite prin asocierea voluntar a acestora, pe baz de convenie semnat de reprezentanii consiliilor judeene. Trebuie menionat c regiunile de dezvoltare i macro-regiunile nu dispun de personalitate juridic i nu sunt uniti administrativ-teritoriale. n ceea ce privete dezvoltarea regional, se poate spune c, pn n anul 1990, n Romnia s-au evideniat cteva caracteristici ale acesteia, cum ar fi: reedinele judeelor din Romnia se afl n cel mai mare ora din judeul respectiv; oraele mici au avut de regul un profil monoindustrial, stabilit fr o legtur direct cu specificul zonei, ceea ce a contribuit la falimentul rapid al profilului i la apariia unor probleme sociale acute; dezvoltarea economico-social spaial s-a fcut pe criterii egalitariste, astfel c n procesul industrializrii nu s-a reuit s se creeze structuri industriale proprii i stabile pentru fiecrui jude ; la nivelul fiecrui jude existau decalaje economice impresio-nante att ntre marile zone urbane i micile orae, ct i ntre mediul urban i mediul rural; decalajele interjudeene erau considerate ca fiind nesemnificative de ctre oficialiti, dei acestea erau vizibile la nivel de indicatori specifici i la nivelul indicatorilor privind calitatea vieii. n aceste condiii, a fost necesar s se adopte o serie de msuri care s conduc la ameliorarea problemelor existente. A fost adoptat Legea 315/2004 privind dezvoltarea regional n Romnia [1] dar i alte acte normative care stau la baza dezvoltrii economice durabile i a reducerii decalajelor economice i sociale existente ntre Romnia i celelalte state ale Uniunii

The development regions are the areas which correspond to some groups of counties constituted by their voluntarily association, on the basis of a convention signed by the representatives of the county councils. One has to mention that the development regions and the macro-regions do not represent a legal entity and are not administrative-territorial bodies. In what the regional development is concerned, one can say that up to 1990, in Romania there have been pointed out a few characteristics, as it follows: the residences of the counties from Romania are in the largest town of that county; the small towns used to be mono-industrial, without any direct connection with the specificity of the area, which contributed to the rapid bankruptcy of the profile and the emergence of some severe social problems; the spatial economic-social development was carried out according to egalitarian criteria, so that in the process of industrialization there were no individual industrial and stable structures for each county; there were significant economic disparities on the level of each county both between the large urban areas and the rural environment; the disparities between the counties were considered as insignificant by the official bodies, although they were visible on the level of specific indices and on the level of the indices regarding the quality of life. Under these circumstance, a series of measures had to be adopted which should lead to the improvement of the existing problems. The Law 315/2004 regarding the regional development in Romania was adopted [1] , but also some other normative acts which support the economic sustainable development and the reduction of

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Europene. Politica de dezvoltare regional reprezint un ansamblu de msuri planificate i promovate de autoritile administraiei publice locale i centrale, n scopul asigurrii unei creteri economice, dinamice i durabile, prin valorificarea eficient a potenialului regional i local, n vederea mbuntirii condiiilor de via. Principalele domenii care pot fi vizate de politicile regionale sunt: dezvoltarea ntreprinderilor, piaa forei de munc, atragerea investiiilor, transferul de tehnologie, dezvoltarea sectorului ntreprinderilor mici i mijlocii, mbuntirea infrastructurii, calitatea mediului nconjurtor, dezvoltarea rural, sntatea, educaia, nvmntul i cultura. Obiectivele de baz ale politicii de dezvoltare regional n Romnia constau n: diminuarea dezechilibrelor regionale existente, cu accent pe stimularea dezvoltrii echilibrate i pe revitalizarea zonelor defavorizate (cu dezvoltare ntrziat); stimularea cooperrii inter-regionale, interne i internaionale, care promoveaz dezvoltarea economico-social i instituional a acestora, n scopul realizrii unor proiecte de interes comun,; corelarea politicilor sectoriale guvernamentale la nivelul regiunilor prin stimularea iniiativelor i prin valorificarea resurselor locale i regionale, n scopul dezvoltrii economico-sociale durabile i culturale a acestora. Principiile care stau la baza elaborrii i aplicrii politicilor de dezvoltare regional sunt: a) descentralizarea procesului de luare a deciziilor; b) parteneriaiul n demararea programelor i proiectelor de dezvol-tare regional;; c) planificarea aciunilor pentru a spori eficiena resurselor limitate disponibile; d) cofinanarea sau contribuia financiar a diverilor actori implicai n realizarea programelor i proiectelor de dezvoltare regional; e) concentrarea sau focalizarea asupra unor aspecte i probleme limitate i clar identificabile, astfel nct activitatea asistat s fie legat de strategiile explicite i obiectivele specifice i, totodat, de resursele relativ limitate care s fie utilizate la maximum. Creterea economic n Romnia a urmat direcia Vest-Est, apropierea de pieele din Vestul Europei acionnd ca un factor de difuzare a creterii. Zonele subdez-voltate din Romnia sunt concentrate n Nord-Est i n Sud, de-a lungul Dunrii. Subdezvoltarea acestor zone este corelat cu un omaj mai ridicat, cu preponderena activitilor rurale i cu o capacitate redus de a atrage investiii strine directe. Subdezvoltarea Regiunii Nord-Est este determinat mai ales de dependena sa de agricultur. O situaie similar nregistreaz Regiunea Sud-Muntenia, unde agricultura reprezint activitatea de baz (n special n judeele din sudul regiunii) i unde Dunrea

the economic and social disparities between Romania and the other states of the European Union. The regional development policy de represents a framework of planned and promoted measures b the authorities of the local public and central administration, in order to provide a economic, dynamic and sustainable growth through the efficient capitalization of the regional and local potential in order to improve the living conditions. The main fields of the regional policy are: the development of the enterprises, the labour market, attracting investors, technology transfer, the development of the small and middle enterprises, the improvement of the infrastructure, the quality of the environment, rural development, health, education and culture. The basic objectives of the regional development policy in Romania are: the reduction of the regional existing disparities, with an accent put on stimulating the balanced development and the revitalisation of the less favoured regions (with a late development); stimulating the inter-regional, internal and international cooperation which is promoting the economic-social and institutional development in order to accomplish some common interest projects; the correlation of the governmental sector policies on the level of the regions by stimulating the initiatives and capitalizing the local and regional resources for the sustainable economic-social and cultural development. The principles which lie at the basis of the elaboration and application of the regional development policies are: a) decentralization of the decision making process; b) partnership in starting the programs and regional development projects; c) planning the actions in order to increase the efficiency of the limited available resources; d) co-financing or financial contribution of the different actors involved in carrying out the programs and regional development projects; e) concentration or focus on some limited and clearly identifiable problems, so that the assisted activity could be related to the explicit strategies and specific goals, to relatively limited resources which should be used to a maximum. The economic growth from Romania was focused on the West-East direction, the closeness to the markets from Western Europe acting as a factor of diffusing the growth. The underdeveloped regions from Romania are concentrated in North East and South along the Danube. The underdevelopment of these regions is correlated with a higher unemployment, with the preponderance of the rural activities and with a low capacity of drawing foreign direct investments. The underdevelopment of the North-Eastern Region is determined especially by its dependence to agriculture. A similar situation is registered by the

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acioneaz ca o barier n calea comerului transfrontalier. Prile vestice i centrale ale rii au fost avantajate de poziia lor mai apropiat de pieele vestice i de dependena redus de sectorul primar. Beneficiind de aceste avantaje (poziie geografic favorabil comerului exterior, un sector industrial dezvoltat i for de munc bine calificat n acest domeniu, infrastructur de transport i comuni-caii), regiunile vestice i centrale au atras cel mai mult din investiii strine directe.

Region South Muntenia, where agriculture is the basic activity (especially in the counties from the Southern part of the region) and where Danube acts as a barrier in front of the cross-border trade. The Western and Central parts of the country were in advantage due to their closer position to the Western markets and to the low degree of dependence to the primary sector. Taking into account these advantages (favourable geographic position of the foreign trade, a developed industrial sector and good qualified labour force, transport infrastructure and communications), the Western and Central regions attracted most of the foreign direct investments. 2. Participarea populaiei regiunilor la activitatea economic 2. The participation of the population from Dup anul 1990, scderea numrului de these regions in the economic activity locuitori ai Romniei, ca urmare a sporului natural After 1990, the decrease of the number of negativ i a emigrrilor masive n scop de munc, a avut inhabitants from Romania, was a consequence of the drept rezultat reducerea populaiei active i a populaiei negative natural growth rate and the massive labour ocupate n toate cele opt regiuni de dezvoltare din emigrations, all these factors leading to the decrease of ar[2]. n anul 2008, comparativ cu anul 2003, se the active population and of the employed population in constat c a sczut numrul persoanelor active din all the eight development regions from the country[2]. In regiunile Nord-Vest, Centru, Nord-Est, Sud-Est i Sud- 2008 as compared to 2003 the number of active Vest Oltenia, n timp ce n regiunile Sud-Muntenia, population from the regions North-West, Centre, NorthBucureti-Ilfov i Vest a crescut numrul persoanelor East, South-East and South West Oltenia has decreased, active. while the number of active people from the regions n ceea ce privete repartizarea populaiei South-Muntenia, Bucharest-Ilfov and West Vest has active pe regiuni, n anul 2008 se constat c n increased. Regiunea Nord-Est se afl cea mai mare pondere a In what the distribution of the active population populaiei active, respectiv 17,6% din totalul populaiei on regions is concerned, one can see that in 2008 the active, urmat de Regiunea Sud-Muntenia, unde este region North East registered the highest average of active localizat 16,0% din populaia activ a rii i de population, that is 17,6% of the total of active population Regiunea Sud-Est, cu 12,5% din populaia activ a rii. followed by the regions South Muntenia with 16,0% of Rata de activitate a crescut n perioada 2003- the active population of the country and the region South 2008 n regiunile Centru, Sud-Muntenia, Bucureti- East with 12,5% of the active population of the country. Ilfov i Vest, n timp ce n celelalte regiuni a nregistrat The employment rate went up in the period scderi. 2003-2008 in the regions Center, South Muntenia, Ratele de activitate n regiunile Nord-Vest, Bucharest Ilfov and West while in the other regions it Centru i Sud-Est s-au situat sub media pe ar; n went down. regiunile Nord-Est,, Sud-Muntenia, Bucureti-Ilfov i The employment rates from the regions North Sud-Vest Oltenia ratele de activitate au fost peste rata West, Centre and South East were situated below the medie de activitate nregistrat la nivel naional, n timp country average; in the regions North-East, South ce n Regiunea Vest, rata de activitate a fost egal cu cea Muntenia, Bucharest Ilfov and South West Oltenia the de la nivel naional. Ratele mai mari de activitate employment rates were above the average employment nregistrate n Regiunile Sud-Muntenia, Nord-Est i rate registered on the national level, while in the Western Sud-Vest Oltenia sunt determinate de profilul region the employment rate was equal to the one on the preponderent agricol al acestor regiuni, surplusul de level of the country. The higher employment rates for de munc fiind astfel absorbit de agricultur. registered in the regions South Muntenia, North East and South West Oltenia are determined by the agricultural specific of these regions, the workforce surplus being absorbed by agriculture. Tabelul nr.2. Participarea populaiei la activitatea economica, pe regiuni de dezvoltare, n perioada 2003-2008 The participation of the population in the economic activity on development regions in the period 2003-2008 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Populaia activ mii persoaneActive population thousand of peopleNord-Vest North West 1.228 1.193 1.187 1.217 1.198 1.172 Centru Centre 1.095 1.084 1.076 1.120 1.100 1.123 Nord-Est North East 1.763 1.814 1.790 1.757 1.785 1.753 Sud-Est South East 1.280 1.276 1.246 1.298 1.262 1.246 Sud Muntenia South Muntenia 1.563 1.566 1.556 1.586 1.600 1.593

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Bucureti-Ilfov Sud-Vest Oltenia

Bucharest-Ilfov 991 1.040 1.034 1.074 1.061 1.068 South West Oltenia 1.145 1.123 1.117 1.118 1.103 1.112 OlteOltenia Vest West 850 861 845 871 885 877 Romnia Romania 9.915 9.957 9.851 10.041 9.994 9.944 Rata de activitate - procente Employment rate - percentages Nord-Vest North West 61,0 60,2 59,7 60,9 59,6 58,7 Centru Centre 59,6 59,7 59,2 61,6 60,4 61,9 Nord-Est North East 64,3 66,9 65,5 64,2 64,8 63,6 Sud-Est South East 61,1 61,0 59,6 62,2 60,1 59,8 Sud Muntenia South Muntenia 63,4 64,6 64,3 66,2 66,3 65,9 Bucureti-Ilfov Bucharest-Ilfov 61,8 64,5 63,8 66,0 65,1 65,5 Sud-Vest Oltenia South West Oltenia 66,3 65,2 64,8 65,1 64,1 64,6 OlteOltenia Vest West 60,8 61,9 60,7 62,8 63,2 62,9 Romnia Romania 62,4 63,2 62,4 63,7 63 62,9 Surs: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009/ Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009 n toate regiunile, pe categorii de vrst, cea mai The highest unemployment rate according to the mare rat de inactivitate se nregistreaz la categoria 15- category of age is registered for the category 15-24 years 24 ani. old. Procentul persoanelor active cu vrsta peste 65 The percentage of active people over 65 years de ani este mai redus n Regiunile Bucureti-Ilfov old is lower in the regions Bucharest-Ilfov (0,8%), (0,8%), Centru (5,3%) i Vest (6,2%), n timp ce n Centre (5,3%) and West (6,2%), while in the regions Regiunile Sud-Vest Oltenia i Nord-Est procentul South West Oltenia and North East the percentage of persoanelor vrstnice active pe piaa muncii depete active elderly people on the labour market exceeds a un sfert din totalul persoanelor cu aceast vrst din quarter of the total number of people with this age. regiunile respective. In what the rates of employment on genders are n ceea ce privesc ratele de activitate pe sexe, se concerned, one can notice that in all the regions of the constat c n toate regiunile rii, persoanele de sex country, the persons with masculine gender a more masculin sunt mai active dect persoanele de sex active that the feminine ones. The highest employment rate for men was registered in feminin. Cea mai ridicat rat de activitate pentru the Region South Muntenia, and the lowest one in the persoanele de sex masculin se nregistra n Regiunea Region North West. If we analyse the employment rate Sud Muntenia, iar cea mai sczut n Regiunea Nord- for women, we can see that the highest employment rate Vest. Dac analizm rata de activitate pentru persoanele for women was registered in the Region North East and de sex feminin, se constat c cea mai ridicat rat de the lowest in the region South East. activitate pentru femei se nregistreaz n Regiunea Nord-Est, iar cea mai sczut n Regiunea Sud-Est. Tabelul nr.3. Table no.3. Rata de activitate pe sexe, medii i regiuni de dezvoltare, Employment rate on genders, environments and n anul 2008 development regions in 2008

Surs: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009 Rata de activitate pe medii este influenat de distribuia populaiei ntre sate i orae; regiunile cu populaiei predominant localizat n mediul rural nregistreaz rate mai mari de activitate pentru populaia

Source: Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009 The employment rate according to environments is influenced by the distribution of the population among villages and towns; the regions with the predominant population in the rural environment registered higher employment rates for the rural population, the

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rural, n timp ce n regiunile cu populaie predominant urban, rata de activitate n mediul urban este superioar ratei de activitate din mediul rural. n anul 2008, doar regiunile Nord-Vest i Centru nregistrau rate de activitate mai mari n mediul urban. 3. Populaia ocupat pe regiuni de dezvoltare n perioada 2003-2008 populaia ocupat a nregistrat o tendin de cretere, n ase din cele opt regiuni de dezvoltare ale rii, singurele excepii fiind Regiunea Nord-Vest unde populaia ocupat scade cu 2,3%, i Regiunea Sud-Vest, unde populaia ocupat a sczut cu 3,4 puncte procen-tuale. Ratele de ocupare au nregistrat scderi uoare n anii 2004 i 2005, dup care tendina de cretere a devenit evident, ratele de ocupare din anul 2008 depind ratele de ocupare din anul 2004 n apte din cele opt regiuni de dezvoltare, singura regiune n care sau nregistrat scderi ale acestei rate fiind Nord-Est. Rate de ocupare peste media naional s-au nregistrat n anul 2008 n Regiunile Nord-Est, Sud-Muntenia, Bucureti-Ilfov, Sud-Vest Oltenia i Vest, n timp ce n Regiunile Nord-Vest, Centru i Sud-Est ratele de ocupare sunt mai mici dect rata medie de ocupare din Romnia. Tabelul nr.4. Evoluia populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare, n perioada 2003-2008

employment rate in the urban environment being higher than the employment rate in the rural environment. In 2008, only the regions North-West and Centre registered higher employment rates than the one from the urban environment. 3. Employed population according to development regions In the period 2003-2008 the employed population has registered a growth tendency in six of the eight development regions of the country the only exception being the North West regions where the employed populations goes down by 2,3%, and the South Western Region where the employed population went down by 3,4%. The employment rates registered slight reductions in the years 2004 and 2005, and then the tendency of growth became much more obvious, the employment rates from 2008 exceeding the employment rates from 2004 from seven of the eight development regions, the only region which registered reductions of this rate being the North-Eastern region. The employment rates with an average over the national average were registered in 2008 in the regions North East, South Muntenia, Bucharest Ilfov, South West Oltenia and West while in the regions North West, Centre and South East the employment rates are lower than the average employment rate from Romania Table no.4. The evolution of the employed population on development regions in the period 2003-2008

Surs: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009 Numrul populaiei ocupate a cunoscut tendina de reducere n perioada 2003-2005 i de cretere n perioada 2005-2008, cu diferenieri pe regiunile de dezvoltare. Pentru perioada 2003-2008, n toate regiunile de dezvoltare, se observ c ocuparea populaiei de sex masculin este superi-oar numeric i procentual populaiei ocupate de sex feminin. Amplitudinea cea mai mare a gradului de ocupare ntre cele dou sexe, din punct de vedere procentual n populaia total ocupat a fiecrei regiuni, se nregistreaz n Regiunile Centru, Sud-Est, Sud-Muntenia. Procentul mare al populaiei masculine ocupate n totalul populaiei ocupate din aceste regiuni este determinat de structura economiilor regionale, n care predomin activitile ce necesit for de munc masculin (industria extractiv, industria construc-toare de maini, industria chimic i petrochimic, industria metalurgic).

Source: Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009 The number of employed population went down in the period 2003-2005 and increased in the period 20052008, with differences according to development regions. For the period 2003-2008, one can notice in all development regions the employment rate of the men is higher in number and percentage than the employment rate of the women. The highest amplitude of the employment rate between the two sexes from a percentage point of view in the total population of each region is registered in the regions Centre, South East, South Muntenia. The highest percentage of the masculine employed population from these regions is determined by the structure of the regional economies, where the most predominant activities are the one requiring masculine workforce (extractive industry, automotive industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, metallurgical industry).

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Tabelul nr.5. Structura populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare i sexe, n perioada 2003-2008 -%-

Table no.5. The structure of the population on development regions and sexes in the period 2003-2008 -%-

Surs: prelucrat de autor pe baza datelor din Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009. n ceea ce privete repartizarea populaiei ocupate pe medii, n perioada 2003-2008, se observ diferene ntre cele opt regiuni de dezvoltare ale rii, diferenele fiind determinate de structura populaiei totale pe cele dou medii (urban-rural). Astfel, n regiunile n care populaia total este rezident preponderent n mediul urban, populaia ocupat nregistreaz aceeai tendin, fiind preponderent situat n mediul urban. Ca urmare a faptului c n Regiunile Nord-Vest, Centru, Sud-Est i Vest, populaia urban deine o pondere de peste 55% n populaia total a acestor regiuni, i populaia ocupat urban deine ponderi mai mari comparativ cu populaia ocupat rural. Deoarece n regiunile Nord-Est, Sud-Muntenia i Sud-Vest Oltenia, populaia este rezident preponderent n mediul rural unde activitatea de baz este agricultura, se observ c n structura pe medii a populaiei ocupate predomin populaia ocupat din mediul rural. n aceste regiuni, sub 40% din populaia ocupat provine din mediul urban i aproximativ 60% din mediul rural. Regiunea BucuretiIlfov deine o situaie aparte, peste 90% din populaia ocupat a regiunii fiind rezident n mediul urban.

Source: processed by the author according to the data from the Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009. In what the distribution of the employed population according to environments, is concerned, in the period 2003-2008 one can notice the differences among the eight development regions of the country, these differences being determined according to the structure of the total population on two environments (urban-rural). So, in the regions where the total population is resident in the urban environment, the employed population registered the same tendency being situated in the urban environment. In consequence, the fact that in the regions North West, Centre, South East and West, the urban population has an average of more than 55% of the total population of these regions, and the employed urban population has higher averages as compared to the employed rural employment. Due to the fact that in the regions NorthEast, South Muntenia and South West Oltenia, the resident population from the rural environment where the basic activity is agriculture, one can notice that in the structure according to environments of the employed population the employed population from the rural environment prevails. In these regions, less than 40% of the employed population comes from the urban environment and almost 60% of the rural environment. The region Bucharest Ilfov has a special situation more than 90% of the employed population of this region being resident in the urban environment. Tabelul nr.6. Structura populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare i medii, n perioada 2005-2008 The structure of the employed population on development regions and environments in the period 2005-2008 -%2004 Urban Rural 53,8 46,2 65,4 34,6 38,0 62,0 54,4 45,6 40,2 59,8 91,8 8,2 42,5 57,5 62,7 37.3 2005 Urban Rural 53,0 47,0 63,9 36,1 38,3 61,7 55,2 44,8 39,7 60,3 92,0 8,0 42,5 57,5 62,8 37,2 2006 Urban Rural 53,4 46,6 64,6 35,4 39,7 60,3 55,8 44,2 40,6 59,4 93,7 6,3 44,1 55,9 64,9 35,1 2007 Urban Rural 54,3 45,7 63,1 36,9 38,5 61,5 55,2 44,8 39,7 60,3 93,7 6,3 43,8 56,2 64.2 35,8 2008 Urban Rural 55,9 44,1 63,7 36,3 38,8 61,2 55,4 44,6 39,8 60,2 93,1 6,9 43,3 56,7 63,6 36,4

2003 Urban Rural Nord-Vest North West 49,1 50,9 Centru Centre 60,8 39,2 Nord-Est North East 35,0 65,0 Sud-Est South East 52,7 47,3 Sud Muntenia South Muntenia 39,2 60,8 Bucureti-Ilfov Bucharest-Ilfov 90,4 9,6 Sud-Vest Oltenia South West Oltenia 38,8 61,2 Vest West 59,9 40,1

Surs: prelucrat de autor pe baza datelor din Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009

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Referitor la structura populaiei ocupate pe grupe de vrst, n toate regiunile de dezvoltare ale rii se constat o scdere a ponderii populaiei tinere ocupate, cu vrsta sub 24 de ani, concomitent cu creterea ponderii populaiei ocupate din grupele de vrst 35-44 ani i 45-54 ani. Totodat, ca urmare a posibilitilor de pensionare anticipat, nainte de limita de vrst legal de pensionare, a sczut i ponderea persoanelor ocupate din categoria de vrst 55-64 ani. Tabelul nr.7. Structura populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare i grupe de vrst, anul 2008 -%-

In what the structure of the employed population on age group, is concerned, all the development regions of the country one can see a decrease of the average employed young population, below 24 years old, at the same time with the growth of the share of the employed population in the age groups 35-44 and 45-54. At the same time, as a consequence of the possibilities of anticipated retirement, before the legal age limit, the average of the employed population from the age category 55-54 has also decreased. Table no.7. Structura populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare i grupe de vrst, anul 2008 -%-

Surs: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009 Ponderea persoanelor ocupate cu vrsta cuprins ntre 15-24 ani este n general redus, dar uor mai ridicat n regiunile mai puin dezvoltate, n care se desfoar preponderent activiti agricole (Regiunea Sud-Muntenia i Regiunea Nord-Est). De asemenea, n regiunile cu un nivel mai nalt de dezvoltare (Centru, Bucureti-Ilfov i Vest), n care populaia ocupat este rezident preponderent n mediul urban i n care activitile economice de baz sunt industria i serviciile, ponderi mai importante n populaia ocupat dein persoanele mature din categoriile de vrst 25-34 ani, 35-44 ani i 45-54 ani. n schimb, n Regiunile Sud-Vest Oltenia, Nord-Est i Sud-Muntenia, persoanele ocupate cu vrsta cuprins ntre 55-64 ani i 65 ani i peste, dein ponderi mai mari comparativ cu celelalte regiuni ale rii. Din cele prezentate anterior, se observ tendina de mbtrnire a populaiei ocupate, fenomen care genereaz ieirea de pe piaa forei de munc a unor competene importante, n domenii de interes,cum ar fi cercetarea-dezvoltarea, n care se observ o scdere vertiginoas a numrului de salariai, nvmntul preuniversitar, industria etc. Datele din Tabelul nr.8 arat faptul c populaia ocupat n funcie de nivelul de studii nu este repartizat uniform n cele opt regiuni de dezvoltare. Astfel, n Regiunea Sud Muntenia doar 9,6% din populaia total ocupat a regiunii are studii superioare (fiind cea mai sczut pondere comparativ cu celelalte regiuni), n timp ce n Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov, din totalul populaiei ocupate la nivel de regiune, 33,2% are studii superioare. Regiunea Centru deine cea mai mare pondere a persoanelor ocupate cu nivel mediu de educaie (70,7% din totalul populaiei ocupate n regiune), n timp ce Regiunea Nord-Est nregistreaz cea mai sczut pondere a populaiei cu studii medii, (respectiv 53,9% din totalul populaiei ocupate n regiune). Populaia ocupat, cu nivel

Source: Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009 The share of the employed population with an age between 15-24 is generally reduced, but slightly higher than in the less developed regions where agricultural activities are developed (South Muntenia Region and North Eastern Region). At the same time, the regions with a higher development level (Centre, Bucharest-Ilfov and West), where the employed population is resident in the urban environment and where the basic economic activities are industry and services, the more important shares in the employed population go to adult people from the age categories 25-34 years old, 35-44 years old and 45-54 years old. In exchange, in the regions South West Oltenia, North East and South Muntenia, the employed population with an age between 55-64 years old and 65 years old and over have higher shares as compared to the other regions of the country. From what we mentioned before one can notice the ageing tendency of the employed population, this phenomenon generating the exit from the labour market of some important competences in core interest fields as research-development where one can see an important decrease of the number of employees, pre-university education, industry, etc. The data from table 8 show us the fact that the employed population accordind to the level of studies is not equally distributed in the eight development regions. So in the region South Muntenia only 9,6% of the total employed population has higher studies (being the lowest average as compared to the other regions), while in the region Bucharest Ilfov only 33,2% of the total employed population has higher studies. The Central Region has the highest share of the employed population with an average educational level (70,7% of the total of employed population from the region), while the North Eastern region registers the lowest share of population with average studies (namely

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sczut de studii deine cea mai mare pondere n Regiunea Nord-Est (34,8% din totalul populaiei ocupate n regiune), iar Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov nregistreaz cea mai sczut pondere a populaiei ocupate cu nivel sczut de studii, doar (8,1% din populaia ocupat a regiunii avnd un nivel sczut de educaie). Tabelul nr.8. Structura populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare i nivel de educaie, n anul 2008

53,9% of the total employed population from the region). The employed population with a low educational background has the highest share in the North Eastern Region (34,8% of the total employed population from the region), the the Region Bucharest Ilfov registered the lowest average of employed population with a low educational background (8,1% of the employed population of the region having a low educational level) Table no. 8. The structure of the employed population of development regions and education level in 2008

Surs: prelucrat de autor pe baza datelor din Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009 Populaia ocupat dup statutul profesional, ca pondere n populaia total a fiecrei regiuni, este prezentat n Tabelul nr.9. n regiunile n care activitatea din agricultur reprezint o pondere nsemnat n totalul activitilor economice, ponderea salariailor este redus, n schimb ponderile lucrtorilor pe cont propriu i ale lucrtorilor familiali neremunerai sunt mari n totalul populaiei ocupate din fiecare regiune n parte. Astfel, n Regiunea Nord-Est salariaii reprezint 48,6% din totalul populaiei ocupate, n timp ce lucrtorii pe cont propriu reprezint 28,6% iar lucrtorii familiali neremunerai reprezint 21,6%, iar n Regiunea Sud-Vest Oltenia ponderea salariailor n totalul populaiei ocupate din regiune este de 52,4%, ponderea lucrtorilor pe cont propriu este de 23,2% iar ponderea lucrtorilor familiali neremu-nerai este de 23,7%. Alte regiuni cu ponderi ridicate ale lucrtorilor familiali neremunerai i ale lucrtorilor pe cont propriu sunt: Sud-Muntenia i SudEst. Tabelul nr.9. Structura populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare i statut profesional, n anul 2008

Source: processed by the author according to the data from the Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009 Employed population according to the professional statute, as a share in the total population of each region is presented in table no. 9. In the regions where the agricultural activity has a significant share in the total number of economic activities, the share of the employees is reduced, and the shares of the self-employed and unpaid family workers are higher in the total of employed population from each region. So, in the North Eastern region the employees represent 48,6% of the total employed population, while the selfemployed workers 28,6% and the unpaid family workers 21,6%, and in the Region South West Oltenia the share of the employees in the total of employed population from the region is of 52,4%, the share of the self employed workers 23,2% and the share of the familial unpaid workers 23,7%. Other regions with high shares of unpaid family workers and self-employed workers are: South-Muntenia and South East. Table no.9. The structure of the employed population on development regions and professional statute in 2008

Surs: prelucrat de autor pe baza datelor din Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009 n cele patru regiuni se afl importante suprafee

Source: processed by the author according to the data from the Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009. These four regions have important surfaces of agricultural land and the basic activity is agriculture, developed in the individual small dimensions households, so that the largest part of the employed

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de teren agricol iar activitatea de baz este agricultura, desfurat n gospodriile individuale de mici dimensiuni, astfel nct, cea mai mare parte a populaiei ocupate din aceste regiuni este ncadrat drept lucrtori pe cont propriu sau lucrtori familiali neremunerai. De asemenea, nu trebuie pierdut din vedere nici faptul c peste 55% din populaia regiunilor respective locuiete n mediul rural, cea mai mare parte a populaiei din acest mediu fiind ocupat n agricultur. n regiunile din vestul i centrul rii, dar i n Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov, n care s-au dezvoltat cu precdere activiti industriale i de servicii, ponderea salariailor n totalul populaiei ocupate a regiunilor respective este ridicat. De asemenea, n regiunile mai dezvoltate din punct de vedere econo-mic, se constat o pondere mai ridicat a numrului patronilor n totalul populaiei ocupate din aceste regiuni. Astfel, n Regiunea BucuretiIlfov ponderea patronilor este de 1,8%, iar n Regiunile Nord-Vest i Vest acetia reprezint 1,6% din totalul populaiei ocupate din aceste dou regiuni de dezvoltare. Cea mai mic pondere a patronilor se nregistreaz n Regiunea Sud-Vest Oltenia, unde doar 0,8% din populaia ocupat din regiune este ncadrat n aceast categorie. n anul 2008, din totalul salariailor din Romnia, 15,6% erau localizai n Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov, 14,7% n Regiunea Sud-Muntenia i 8,6% n Regiunea Sud-Vest Oltenia. n celelalte regiuni de dezvoltare se constat o repartizare aproximativ uniform a numrului de salariai, fiecare regiune deinnd 12-13 procente din numrul total de salariai ce i desfoar activitatea n economia romneasc. Ponderea mai mare sau mai mic a numrului de salariai din fiecare regiune a rii este determinat de numrul populaiei totale din fiecare regiune, precum i de gradul de dezvoltare economic a regiunii i de specificul activitilor desfurate n aceste regiuni. n structura populaiei ocupate pe activiti i sectoare ale economiei naionale, datorit mutaiilor care s-au produs dup 1989 au intervenit urmtoarele schimbri: - restructurarea sectorului industriei grele, care a antrenat o scdere semnificativ a populaiei ocupate n acest sector; - omajul industrial, care a determinat fenomenul de ntoarcere la sat, i deci creterea forei de munc ocupate n agricultur; - dinamica sectorului servicii, i n special a comerului, care a permis absorbia unei pri nsemnate a populaiei active. n ceea ce privete ponderea populaiei ocupate pe sectoare econo-mice, se poate observa c tendina este de scdere pentru agricultur i industrie, dar din motive diferite. Agricultura reprezint un sector neatractiv i cu o productivitate a muncii sczut, dei n acest sector exist un numr mare de persoane ocupate. n industrie, analiza trebuie defalcat pe ramuri industriale i pe regiuni de dezvoltare, existnd unele ramuri n dezvoltare, care atrag for de munc, dar i ramuri n declin, care genereaz omaj. Sectorul construcii nregistreaz o tendin de cretere, ceea ce determin o cretere a ocuprii n acest sector. Sectorul serviciilor manifest o tendin de cretere

population from these regions consists of self-employed workers or unpaid family workers. At the same time one should not overcome the fact that more than 55% of the population from those regions lives in the rural environment, most of the population from this environment being employed in agriculture. In the regions from the Western and Central part of the country, but also in the region Bucharest Ilfov, where industrial and services activities were developed, the share of the employees in the total of employed population is high. At the same time the more developed regions from an economic point of view register a higher average of the number of owners in the total of employed population from these regions. So, in the region Bucharest-Ilfov, the share of the owners is 1,6% of the total of employed population from these two development regions. The lowest share of the owners in registered in the region South-West Oltenia, where only 0,8% of the employed population goes to this category. In 2008, from the total number of employees from Romania 15,6% were in the region Bucharest-Ilfov, 14,7% in the region South-Muntenia and 8,6% in the region South West Oltenia. In the other development regions one can see a almost homogenous distribution of the number of employees, each region having 12-13 percentages from the total number of employees which carry out their activity in the Romanian economy. The highest or lowest share of the number of employees from each region of the country is determined by the number of total population from each region as well as by the degree of economic development of the region and the specificity of the activities carried out in these regions. The following changes have come up in the structure of employed population on activities and sectors of the national economy, due to the mutations which have been produced after 1989: - restructuring the hard industry sector, which registered a significant decrease of the employed population in this sector; - Industrial unemployment l, which determined the phenomenon of coming back to the village, so the growth of the workforce in agriculture; - Dynamics of the services sector, and especially of trade which allowed the absorption of a significant part of the active population. In what the share of the employed population is concerned one can notice that there is a tendency of reduction for agriculture for different reasons. Agriculture is not an attractive sector with a low labour productivity, although in this sector there are a high number of employed people. In industry, the analysis should divided on industrial branches and development regions, because there are some developing branches, which attract workforce, but also declining branches which generate unemployment. The construction sector registered a tendency of growth which determines a growth of the employment in this sector. The sector of the services manifests a fast development tendency, doubled by the emergence and development of some

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rapid, dublat de apariia i dezvoltarea unor subramuri ale acestui sector. Evoluiile pozitive din servicii antreneaz o cretere a populaiei ocupate n acest sector. Analiza populaiei ocupate pe activiti ale economiei naionale n anul 2008, scoate n eviden diferene ntre regiunile de dezvoltare ale rii. n Regiunea Nord-Vest fora de munc este mprit astfel pe cele trei mari sectoare de activitate din economia naional: populaia ocupat n agricul-tur reprezint 25,9% din totalul populaiei ocupate, populaia ocupat n industrie reprezint 26,4%, populaia ocupat n construcii 7,2% din populaia ocupat a regiunii, iar populaia ocupat n servicii 40,6%.

sub-branches of this sector. The positive evolutions from the services sector are triggering a growth of the employed population in this sector. The analysis of the employed population according to activities of the national economy in 2008 points out the differences between the development regions of the country. In the North-West Region the labour force is divided on the three large activity sectors from the national economy: the employed population from agriculture represents 25,9% of the total employed population, the employed population from industry represents 26,4%, the employed population in constructions 7,2% of the employed population of the region and the employed population in services 40,6%. Tabelul nr.10. Structura populaiei ocupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare i activiti ale economiei naionale, n anul 2008 The structure of employed population on development regions and activities of the national economy on 2008
Activitate/ Activity (seciuni CAEN Rev.l) N-V Regiuni de dezvoltare/ Development regions C N-E S-E S B-I S-V V Romnia

Total populaie ocupat -mii persoaneTotal employed population -thousands of peopleTotal Total 1128 1027 1674 1156 Agricultur Agriculture 292 156 799 319 Industrie Industry 298 364 254 259 Industria extractiv Extractive industry * 8 12 8 Industria prelucrtoare Manufacturing industry 282 339 218 228 Energie electric i Electric, thermal and gases 11 17 24 23 termic, gaze i industry Construcii Constructions 81 87 105 108 Comer Trade 149 148 164 141 Hoteluri i restaurante Hotels and restaurants 19 22 17 26 Transport, depozitare i Transport, warehousing and 61 52 51 79 comunicaii communications Intermedieri financiare Financial intermediations 13 15 14 10 Tranzacii imobiliare Reals estate transactions 24 23 31 28 Administraie public i aprare Public administration and defence 48 49 70 73 nvmnt Education 65 50 72 43 Sntate i asisten social Health and social assistance 51 42 66 43 Celelalte activiti ale Other activities of national 27 19 31 27 economiei naionale economy

1485 493 352 21 309 22

1032 16 163 * 144 19

1040 466 209 34 144 31

827 149 300 19 266 15

9369 2690 2199 107 1930 162 747 1178 154 509 110 298 476 397 396 211

143 114 49 60 154 220 100 102 21 29 8 12 60 118 36 52 11 48 64 49 51 38 29 98 90 45 74 36 8 23 51 40 35 12 10 23 31 33 34 21

Surs: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009 Comparaia dintre Regiunea Nord-Vest i The comparison between the North-Western celelalte regiuni ale rii, arat faptul c: Regiunea region and the other regions of the country shows that: the Nord-Vest se afl pe locul cinci n ceea ce privete North Western region is on the fifth place in what the fora de munc ocupat n agricultur; n ceea ce workforce in agriculture is concerned; regarding the privete industria prelucr-toare, regiunea se afl pe manufacturing industry the region is on the third place locul trei ca numr de angajai, deinnd, 14,6% din regarding the number of employees, having 14,6% of the populaia ocupat n aceast subramur a industriei n employed population in this sub-branch of industry from Romnia; activitatea de construcii, regiunea se Romania; the constructions activity, the regions is on the situeaz pe locul ase la nivel de ar ca numr de sixth place on the level of the country as a number of angajai; n regiune se afl 12,6% din populaia employees; this region registered 12,6% of the employed ocupat n comer din Romnia, ceea ce plaseaz population from Romani, which places the region on the regiunea pe locul patru (dup Regiunile Bucureti- fourth place (after the regions Bucharest Ilfov, South Ilfov, Sud-Muntenia i Nord-Es). Muntenia and North East). Populaia ocupat n agricultur n Regiunea The population employed in agriculture in the Centru reprezint 15,2% din populaia ocupat a Region Center represents 15,2% of the employed

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regiunii. Populaia ocupat n industrie reprezint 35,5% din totalul populaiei ocupate din regiune, din care o pondere important o dein persoanele ocupate n industria prelucrtoare. Persoanele ocupate n activitile de servicii repre-zint 39,9% din populaia ocupat a regiunii. Judeul Braov deine pondere cea mai mare a persoanelor ocupate n servicii (42,7%), precum i ponderea cea mai mare a populaiei ocupate n construcii, comparativ cu celelalte judee, urmat de judeul Sibiu, cu o structur asemntoare a populaiei ocupate. Dac analizm situaia ocuprii n Regiunea Centru comparativ cu celelalte regiuni ale rii, se desprind urmtoarele observaii: regiunea se afl pe locul ase ntre cele opt regiuni de dezvoltare ale rii ca numr de persoane ocupate n agricul-tur, respectiv 5,8% din populaia ocupat n agricultura Romniei. Populaia ocupat n industrie repre-zint 16,6% din populaia ocupat n industria din Romnia i se afl pe primul loc comparativ cu celelalte regiuni ale rii. Populaia ocupat n comer reprezint 12,6% din populaia ocupat n aceast subramur a economiei romneti. Ponderea populaiei ocupate n celelalte servicii este mai redus comparativ cu alte regiuni, i reprezint 11,3% din populaia ocupat n servicii n Romnia. Din populaia total ocupat n Regiunea Nord-Est, 47,7% i desfoar activitatea n agricultur, 15,2% n industrie i 37,1% n servicii. Comparativ cu celelalte regiuni, Regiunea Nord-Est se afl pe primul loc n ceea ce privete numrul persoanelor ocupate n agricultur; ponderea persoanelor ocupate n domeniul agricol din aceast regiune este de cel puin l0 ori mai mare dect n regiunile din rile Uniunii Europene. Ponderea sczut a populaiei ocupate n industrie este determinat de faptul c industria din aceast regiune nu a beneficiat de avantajul unor investiii importante (naionale sau strine), precum i de faptul c regiunea nu se afl ntr-o poziie geografic strategic favorabil n raport cu pieele externe de desfacere (n special din Uniunea European). Ponderea populaiei ocupate n servicii este redus comparativ cu situaia la nivel naional, Regiunea Nord-Est situndu-se pe ultimele locuri n ceea ce privete populaia ocupat n activitile de hoteluri i restaurante (locul 6), dei regiunea dispune de un potenial turistic deosebit, dar prea puin valorificat i pe locul 7 n ceea ce privete populaia ocupat n activitile de transport, depozitare i comunicaii. n Regiunea Sud-Est, agricultura deine prima poziie din punct de vedere structural, cu 27,6%, n timp ce activitatea industrial reunete 22,4% din populaia ocupat n teritoriul economic analizat. n sectorul servicii i desfoar activitatea 40,1% din populaia ocupat a regiunii, n cadrul acestuia un loc aparte ocupndu-1 comerul. Dei dispune de un potenial agricol ridicat,

population of the region. The employed population in industry represents 35,5% of the total of employed population in the region, of which an important share goes to the people employed in the manufacturing industry. The people employed in services activities represent 39,9% of the employed population of the region. The county Bra ov has the highest average of the people employed in services (42,7%), as well as the highest average of the population in constructions as compared to the other counties followed by Sibiu with a structure similar to the one of the employed population. If we analyse the situation of employment from the Central region as compared to the other regions of the country, one can notice the following remarks: the region is on the sixth place among the eight development regions of the country according to the number of employed people in agriculture, respectively 5,8% of the employed population in the Romanian agriculture. The employed population in industry represents 16,6% of the population employed in the Romanian industry and it is on the first place as compared to the other regions of the country. The employed population from trade represents 12,6% of the population employed in this sub-branch of the Romanian economy. The share of the employed population in other services is more reduced as compared to other regions and represents 11,3% of the population employed in services from Romania. From the total employed population in the NorthEastern region, 47,7% carry out their activity in agriculture, 15,2% in industry and 37,1% in services. As compared to the other regions, the NorthEastern region is on the first place in what the number of employed people in agriculture is concerned; the share of the employed people in agriculture from this region is at least 10 times higher than the one from the regions of the European Union countries. The low share of the employed population in industry is determined by the fact that the industry from this region did not benefit from important investments (national or foreign), as well as by the fact that the region is not in a favourable strategic region in comparison to the external trade markets (especially from the European Union). The share of the employed population in services is relatively low as compared to the situation on a national level, the North-Eastern region situating on the last places regarding the employed population in hotels and restaurants (6th place), although the region has a special tourism potential but which is not capitalized and on the 7th place regarding the employed population from transport, warehousing and communications. In the South-Eastern Region, agriculture is on the first position from a structural point of view, with 27,6% while the industrial activity reunites 22,4% of the employed population in the analysed economic territory. In the services sector 40,1% of the employed population of the region are carrying out their activity a special place belonging to trade. Although it has a high agricultural potential the region is on the fourth place as a number of people

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regiunea se afl pe locul patru ca numr de persoane ocupate n agricultur, ceea ce reprezint 11,9% din populaia ocupat n agricultura Romniei. Populaia ocupat n industrie reprezint 12,8% din populaia total ocupat n industrie la nivel naional. Datorit prezenei n regiune a zonei litoralului, dar i a Deltei Dunrii (importante puncte de atracie turistic, n care exist un numr nsemnat de capaciti de cazare i de restaurante), n activitatea de hoteluri i restaurante lucreaz un numr mai mare de persoane, comparativ cu celelalte regiuni ale rii. De asemenea, n Regiunea Sud-Est, peste 79 mii persoane (aproximativ 16% din totalul persoanelor ocupate n aceast subramur de activitate) sunt ocupate n activitile de transport, depozitare i comunicaii. Acest lucru este determinat de prezena n regiune a portului maritim Constana, a bogatei infrastructuri de transport, care permite practicarea n bune condiii a tuturor formelor de transport. n Regiunea Sud-Muntenia, n anul 2008, persoanele ocupate n agricultur reprezentau 33,2% din totalul populaiei ocupate n regiune, persoanele ocupate n industrie 23,7%, circa 9,6% n construcii i 33,4% n servicii. Regiunea Sud-Muntenia se afl pe locul doi n ceea ce privete numrul de persoane ocupate n agricultur (dup Regiunea Nord-Est), cu o pondere de 18% n totalul populaiei ocupate n agricultura Romniei. Populaia ocupat n industrie repre-zint 16% din populaia ocupat n industria Romniei. Regiunea Sud-Muntenia se afl pe primul loc ca numr de persoane ocupate n activi-tatea de construcii, respectiv 143 mii persoane, ceea ce reprezint 19,2% din populaia ocupat n Romnia n domeniul construciilor. n cadrul serviciilor, se detaeaz activitatea de comer, n care sunt ocupate 154 mii persoane, respectiv 13,0% din populaia ocupat n comer n Romnia. n Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov ocuparea forei de munc pe sectoare are o structur diferit fa de celelalte regiuni ale rii. Agricultura este o activitate subsidiar, doar 1,5% din populaia ocupat a regiunii fiind ncadrat n acest sector de activitate; industria i construciile dein 26,8% din populaia ocupat a regiunii, iar serviciile 71,6%. Deci, regiunea are o economie preponderent orientat spre servicii, n cadrul crora, ponderi importante din populaia ocupat dein: comerul (29,8% din totalul populaiei ocupate n servicii n regiune), activitile de transport, depozitare i comunicaii (care dein 16,0% din populaia ocupat n servicii) i activitile de tranzacii imobiliare, (cu 13,3% din totalul populaiei ocupate n servicii n regiune). n comparaie cu celelalte regiuni ale rii, Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov se afl pe ultimul loc n ceea ce privete ponderea populaiei ocupate n agricultur i n industrie n totalul populaiei ocupate n Romnia n cele dou sectoare. Astfel, n agricultur lucreaz 0,6% din populaia ocupat n agricultura Romniei, iar n industrie 7,4% din populaia ocupat n industrie la nivelul economiei naionale. n schimb, n ceea ce

employed in agriculture, which represents 11,9% of the employed population in the Romanian agriculture. The employed population from industry represents 12,8% of the total employed population in industry on a national level. Due to the presence in the region of the seaside but also of the Danube Delta (which are important sights, where there is a large number of accommodation places and restaurants), the hotel and restaurant activity includes a larger number of people as compared to the other regions of the country. In the South-Eastern Region more than 79 thousand people (almost 16% of the total number of employed people in this sub-branch of activity) are employed in the transport, warehousing and communications activities. This aspect is determined by the presence in the region of the maritime harbour Constana, of the rich transport infrastructure which allows the practicing of any type of sports under good circumstances. In the region South-Muntenia, in 2008, the people employed in agriculture represented 33,2% of the total employed population from the region, people employed in industry 23,7%, almost 9,6% in constructions and 33,4% in services. The region South Muntenia is on the second place in what the number of employed people in agriculture is concerned (after the North Eastern Region) with a share of 18% in the total of employed population in agriculture from Romania. The people employed in industry represent 16% of the people employed in the Romanian industry. The region South-Muntenia is on the first place as a number of people employed in the constructions activity respectively 143 thousand of people, which represent 19,2% of the population employed in Romania in the field of constructions. In the services field, the trade activity stands apart and 154 thousand people are employed in it, namely 13% of the population employed in trade from Romania. In the region Bucharest Ilfov the employment of the workforce on sectors has a different structure from that of the other regions of the country. Agriculture is a subsidiary activity, only 1,5% of the employed population of the region being framed in this activity sector; industry and constructions have 26,8% of the employed population of the region and services 71,6%. So, the regions has a services-oriented economy where important shares of the employees are in the following fields: trade (29,8% of the total of employed population in services from the region), transport activities, warehousing and communications (which have 16,0% of the population employed in services) and the real estate transactions (with 13,3% of the total of employed population from the region). In comparison to the other regions of the country, the region Bucharest Ilfov is on the last place in what the share of the employed population in agriculture and industry is concerned. So, in agriculture 0,6% of the employed population work in the Romanian agriculture, and in industry 7,4% of the employed population on the level of the national economy. In exchange in what the employed population in services activities is concerned, the region is on the last place as compared to the other

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privete populaia ocupat n activitile de servicii, regiunea se situeaz pe primul loc, comparativ cu celelalte regiuni de dezvoltare. Regiunea Sud- Vest Oltenia deine un numr important de persoane ocupate n agricultur, respectiv 44,8% din populaia ocupat a regiunii. n industrie lucreaz 209 mii persoane, din care 16,3% n industria extractiv, 14,6% n activitile de energie electric i termic, gaze i ap i 68,9% n industria prelucrtoare. Activitatea de construcii este slab reprezentat n regiune, doar 4,7% din populaia ocupat din regiune lucrnd n acest domeniu. n activitile de servicii sunt ncadrate 313 mii persoane, dintre acestea aproximativ 32% lucreaz n comer, 16,3% n administraie public i aprare i 12,8% n nvmnt. Regiunea Sud-Vest Oltenia se afl pe locul trei ca numr de persoane ocupate n agricultur (466 mii persoane) cu o pondere de 17,3% n total populaie ocupat n agricultura Romniei. Dei ca numr al persoanelor ocupate n total industrie, regiunea se afl pe ultimul loc, (cu 209 mii persoane ocupate), pe subramuri ale industriei se constat c regiunea deine primul loc n ceea ce privete populaia ocupat n industria extractiv (cu 36,5% din populaia ocupat n industria extractiv la nivel naional) i n activitile de energie electric, termic, gaze i ap (cu o pondere de 19,2% din populaia ocupat n aceast subramur a economiei naionale). n privina activitilor de construcii i servicii, regiunea se situeaz pe ultimul loc, ca numr de persoane ocupate comparativ cu celelalte regiuni ale rii. Astfel, regiunea contribuie cu 8,5% (100 mii persoane) la totalul populaiei ocupate n comer, cu 5,2% (8 mii persoane) la totalul populaiei ocupate n activitile de hoteluri i restaurante i cu 7,3% la totalul populaiei ocupate n activitile de intermedieri financiare. Regiunea se situeaz pe ultimul loc i n ceea ce privete populaia ocupat n activitile de transport, depozitare i comunicaii. Urmare a faptului c Regiunea Vest are cel mai mic numr de locuitori dintre toate regiunile rii, populaia ocupat este corelat cu numrul populaiei din regiune. n anul 2008, n sectorul teriar i desfura activitatea 38,9% din populaia ocupat, n industrie 36,3%, n agricultur 18,0%, iar n construcii 7,3% din populaia ocupat a regiunii. Regiunea Vest deine cel mai mic numr de persoane ocupate (827 mii persoane, ceea ce reprezenta 8,8% din populaia ocupat a rii), Agricultura regiunii contribuie cu 149 mii persoane la totalul populaiei ocupate n agricultura naional, populaia ocupat n industrie reprezenta 13,7% din populaia ocupat n industria Romniei, iar persoanele ocupate n construcii reprezenta 8,0% din populaia ocupata n acest domeniu n economia naional. n ceea ce privete serviciile, contribuia regiunii este important n populaia total ocupat n activitile de transport, depozitare i comunicaii (10,2% din populaia ocupat n acest domeniu n Romnia).

development regions. The region South West Oltenia has an important number of people employed in agriculture namely 44,8% of the employed population from the region. In industry there are 209 thousand workers of which 16,3% in the extractive industry, 14,6% in electrical and thermal energy industry, gases and water and 68,9% in the manufacturing industry. The constructions activity is poorly represented in the region only 4,7% of the employed population working in this field. In the services field almost 313 thousand people are working of which 32% in trade, 16,3% in public administration and defence and 12,8% in education. The South-Western region Oltenia is on the third place as a number of people employed in agriculture (466 thousand people) with a share of 17,3% in the total employed population from the Romanian agriculture. Although from the point of view of the people employed in industry this region is on the last place, (with 209 thousand employed people), on sub-branches of industry one can see that the region has the first place regarding the employed population in the extractive industry (with 36,5% of the employed population in the extractive industry on a national level) and in the activities electrical, thermal energy, gases and water (with a share of 19,2% of the employed population in this sub-branch of the national economy). In what the constructions, services activities are concerned the region is on the last place with a low number of employed people as compared to the other regions of the country. So the region contributes with 8,5% (100 thousand people) to the total of employed population in trade, with 5,2% (8 thousand people) to the total of employed population in hotels and restaurants and 7,3% to the total of employed people in financial operations. The region is on the last place regarding the people employed in transport, warehousing and communications activities. As a consequence of the fact that the Western Region has the lowest number of inhabitants of all the regions of the country, the employed population is correlated with the number of people from the region. In 2008 in the tertiary sector 38.9% of the employed population in industry were carrying out their activity 36,3%, in agriculture 18,0%, and in constructions 7,3% of the employed population of the region. The Western region has the lowest number of employed people (827 thousand people which represented 8,8% of the employed population of the country), the agriculture of the region contributes to 149 thousand people in the total of employed population in national agriculture, the population employed in industry represented 13,7% of the population employed in the Romanian industry, and the people employed in constructions 8,0% of the people employed in this field from the national economy. In what the services are concerned, the contribution of the region is important in the total employed population in transport, warehousing and communications activities (10,2% of the population employed in this field in Romania).

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4. Structura regional a omajului Conceptul de omaj desemneaz situaia opus ocuprii depline a forei de munc sau existena unei pri a populaiei active care solicit locuri de munc pltite la nivelul salariului real predominant pe piaa muncii, dar nu gsete asemenea locuri [3]. omajul constituie o realitate a economiei capitaliste, indiferent de modul n care a fost i este caracterizat de ctre diferii economiti: efect al rigiditii preurilor i plag a economiei moderne care i mpiedic s lucreze pe oamenii dornici s munceasc [4]; fenomen util i justificativ generat de mecanismul pieei muncii [5]; boal cronic a pieei muncii pentru c echilibrul acesteia se realizeaz la un nivel inferior ratei ocuprii depline [6]; fenomen normal i mecanism de realocare permanent a resurselor de munc prin care se stimuleaz flexibilizarea pieei muncii; pierdere de potenial economic i pericol social, deoarece rata garantat, deseori, devine inferioar ratei naturale de cretere economic [7]; efect al existenei unor capaciti de producie neutilizate din motive de rentabilitate insuficient [8]; efect al transferului de locuri de munc dintr-o ar n alta de ctre companiile transnaionale [9] .a.

4. Regional unemployment structure The concept of unemployment represents the opposed situation of the full workforce employment or the existence of a part of the active population which is requesting well paid working placed on the level of the real predominant salary from the labour market, but cannot find such working places [3]. Unemployment represents a reality of the capitalist economy, irrespective of the way in which it was and it is characterised by different economists: as an effect of the rigidity of the prices and as a plague of the modern economy which stop the people willing to work to work [4]; a useful and justified phenomenon generated by the mechanism of the labour market [5]; a chronic disease of the labour market because its balance is carried out on an inferior level of the full employment [6]; normal phenomenon and mechanism of permanent reallocation of the labour resources through which the flexibility of the labour market is stimulated; a loss of economic potential and social danger because the guaranteed rate becomes inferior to the natural growth rate[7]; effect of the existence of some unused manufacturing capacities for insufficient profitability reasons [8]; effect of the transfer of working places from one country to another by transnational companies [9] and so on.

Tabelul nr.11. Evoluia numrului de omeri, pe regiuni de dezvoltare, sexe i medii, n perioada 2003-2008 The evolution of the number of unemployed according to development regions, genders and environments in the period 2003-2008 -mii persoane-/-thousand of people1 Nord-Vest/ North West 2 Total Masculin Feminin Urban Rural Total Masculin Feminin Urban Rural Total Masculin Feminin Urban Rural 2003 3 74 42 32 51 23 78 42 36 62 16 111 65 46 69 42 105 64 41 75 30 120 73 47 69 51 85 49 36 76 2004 4 78 45 33 44 34 104 64 40 60 44 113 70 43 72 41 125 79 46 84 41 149 92 57 81 68 78 44 34 72 2005 5 69 39 30 44 25 89 53 36 55 34 102 63 39 70 32 99 62 37 68 31 142 82 60 81 61 82 42 30 64 2006 6 72 39 33 46 26 101 62 39 61 40 104 70 34 76 28 116 71 45 81 35 149 93 56 82 67 51 28 23 45 2007 7 51 31 20 33 18 94 61 33 57 37 89 56 33 67 22 107 64 43 72 35 132 81 51 73 59 43 27 16 37 2008 8 44 29 15 28 16 96 62 34 61 35 79 51 28 58 21 90 59 31 60 30 108 63 45 54 54 36 23 13 31

Centru/ Center

Nord-Est/ North East

Sud-Est /South East

Total Masculin Feminin Urban Rural Sud Muntenia/ South Muntenia Total Masculin Feminin Urban Rural Bucureti-Ilfov Total Masculin Feminin Urban

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Sud-Vest Oltenia/ South West Oltenia

Vest/ West

Rural Total Masculin Feminin Urban Rural Total Masculin Feminin Urban Rural

9 50 32 18 35 15 50 32 18 35 15

6 68 46 22 47 21 68 46 22 47 21

8 57 37 20 37 20 57 37 20 37 20

6 56 37 19 34 22 56 37 19 34 22

6 50 31 19 30 20 50 31 19 30 20

5 50 33 17 29 21 50 33 17 29 21

Source: Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Edition 2009 n perioada de tranziie, numrul omerilor din In the transition period, the number of economia romneasc a avut tendina de cretere n unemployed from the Romanian economy had the deceniul 1991-2000 nregistrnd dou niveluri maxime: tendency to grow and in the decade 1991-2000 it 1.223.925 omeri n anul 1994 i 1.130.296 omeri n registered two maximum levels: 1.223.925 unemployed anul 1999. Dup anul 2001, dimensiunile absolute i from 1994 and 1.130.296 unemployed from 1999. After relative ale omajului au cunoscut descreteri continui 2001, the absolute and relative dimensions of pn n anul 2008, dup care tendina s-a inversat, unemployment have experienced continuous decreases creterile nefiind ns substaniale. up to 2008 after which the trend reversed the growths n perioada 2003-2008 evoluia numrului de not being substantial. omeri a fost diferit, n funcie de specificul fiecrei In the period 2003-2008 the evolution of the regiuni de dezvoltare n parte. n Regiunile Bucureti- number of unemployed was different according to the Ilfov, Vest i Nord-Vest numrul omerilor a fost redus specificity of each development region. In the regions comparativ cu celelalte regiuni ale rii. Numrul Bucharest -Ilfov, West and North West the number of omerilor din aceste regiuni a sczut, de la 74 mii omeri unemployed has been reduced in comparison to the other n anul 2003 la 44 mii omeri n anul 2008 n Regiunea regions of the country. The number of unemployed from Nord-Vest, i de la 85 mii la 36 mii omeri n anul 2008 these regions went down from 74 thousand unemployed n Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov, n timp ce n Regiunea Vest in 2003 to 44 thousand unemployed in 2008 in the numrul omerilor rmne constant de circa la 50 mii region North West and from 85 thousand to 36 thousand persoane, cu uoare creteri nregistrate n anii 2004, unemployed in 2008 in the region Bucharest-Ilfov, while 2005 i 2006. in the region West the number of unemployed remains n anul 2008, cel mai mare numr de omeri se the same 50 thousand people with slight growth afla n Regiunea Sud-Muntenia (108 mii persoane), registered in 2004, 2005 and 2006. urmat de Regiunea Centru cu 96 mii omeri i In 2008, the largest number of unemployed was Regiunea Sud-Est cu 90 mii omeri. Astfel, n Regiunea in the region South Muntenia (108 thousand people), Sud Muntenia erau localizai 18,8% din totalul omerilor followed by the region Center with 96 thousand din Romnia, n Regiunea Centru 16,7% (acestea fiind unemployed and the region South East with 90 thousand cele mai ridicate procente), n timp ce la polul opus se unemployed. So in the region South Muntenia there afla Regiunea Nord-Vest cu 7,7% din totalul omerilor were 18,8% of the total number of unemployed from i Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov doar cu 6,3% din totalul Romania, in the Central Region 16,7% (these being the omerilor din Romnia. highest percentages), while on the opposite pole there n ceea ce privete structura pe sexe a was the region North West with 7,7% of the total of omerilor, n perioada 2003-2008, datele statistice unemployed people from Romania and the region evideniaz faptul c persoanele de sex masculin au fost Bucharest-Ilfov with only 6,3% of the total number of mai puternic afectate de omaj dect persoanele de sex unemployed from Romania.. feminin, n toate regiunile de dezvoltare ale rii. In what the gender structure of the unemployed Creterea numrului de omeri de sex masculin a fost is concerned in the period 2003-2008, the statistical data determinat de restructurrile care au avut loc, n special point out the fact that the men were less affected by n activitile industriale din regiunile respective unemployment than women, in all the development (industria extrac-tiv, industria chimic i petrochimic, regions of the country. The growth of the number of industria construciilor de maini) n care sunt ncadrai male unemployed people was determined by the cut-offs preponderent brbai. which took place in the industrial activities (extractive Comparativ cu anul 2003,n anul 2008 numrul industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, femeilor aflate n omaj a sczut n toate regiunile de automotive industry) where mostly men are employed. dezvoltare ale rii. Scderi importante ale numrului de In comparison to 2003 the number of unemployed omeri de sex feminin au avut loc n Regiunea Nord-Vest women went down in all the development regions of the i n Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov . country. Important decreases of the number of female Ponderea mai redus a femeilor n totalul unemployed were also in the region North West and in the omerilor, este determinat pe de-o parte, de faptul c region Bucharest Ilfov.

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femeile sunt mai puin prezente pe piaa muncii (populaia activ de sex feminin deine ponderi sczute, sub 45% din totalul populaiei de sex feminin din fiecare regiune de dezvoltare n parte), dar i de faptul c n Romnia, n ultimii ani au nregistrat creteri importante numrul unitilor active din domenii ce necesit for de munc feminin (industria textil i a confeciilor puternic prezent pe piaa din vestul rii sub forma ntreprinderilor n lohn, industria alimentar, activitile de nvmnt i sntate desfurate n uniti private). Structura omerilor pe medii arat diferene importante, astfel nct, numrul omerilor din mediul urban este mai mare fa de numrul omerilor din mediul rural. n Regiunile Nord-Vest, Centru, Nord-Est, Sud-Est i Sud-Vest Oltenia numrul omerilor din mediul urban este dublu fa de numrul omerilor din mediul rural. Aceast situaie apare, pe de-o parte, ca urmare a faptului c, n mediul urban activitile economice desfurate sunt n special cele din industrie i servicii, ce necesit for de munc cu o calificare corespunztoare, astfel nct cererea i oferta pe piaa muncii nu se echilibreaz ntotdeauna, iar pe de alt parte, n industrie i servicii s-au efectuat numeroase restructurri i disponibili-zri, n ntreaga perioad analizat. De asemenea, n agricultur fora de munc nu necesit o specializare deosebit, iar persoanele sunt active pe piaa muncii pn la vrste naintate (65 de ani i peste). Datorit relansrii economice din perioada 2000-2008, n majoritatea regiunilor de dezvoltare ale rii, rata omajului a sczut. Tabelul nr.12. Rata omajului pe regiuni de dezvoltare, n perioada 2003-2008-%-

The lower share of the women in the unemployed population was determined on one hand by the fact that women are less present on the labour market (the female employed population has low shares, below 45% of the total number of female population from each region), but also by the fact that Romania registered an increase in the number of active units which need female labour force (textile industry which is present on the Western market from our country under the form of lohn companies, food industry, education and health activities carried out in private units). The structure of the unemployed according to environment points out important differences so that the number of unemployed from the urban environment is higher than the number of unemployed from the rural environment. In the regions North West, Center, NorthEast, South-East and South West Oltenia the number of unemployed from the urban environment is double from the number of unemployed from the rural environment. This situation appears on one hand as a consequence of the fact that in the urban environment the economic activities are the ones from industry and services, and these need qualified workforce, so that the supply and demand from the labour market is not always balanced, and on the other hand in industry and services there have been a lot of cut-offs during this analysed period. At the same time in agriculture the workforce does not require a certain specialization, and there are elderly people on the labour market (65 years old and over). Due to the economic re-launching from the period 2000-2008, the unemployment rate went down in most of the development regions of the country. Table no.12. The unemployment rate on development regions in the period 2003-2008-%-

Surs: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, Ediia 2009 Datorit msurilor active care au avut n vedere stimularea angajrii persoanelor aflate n omaj, aplicate ncepnd cu anul 2002, rata omajului de lung durat a nregistrat o tendin de scdere n toate regiunile de dezvoltare ale rii. In anul 2008, cea mai mic rat a omajului de lung durat (12 luni i peste) a fost nregistrat n Regiunea Bucureti-Ilfov (1,0%), urmat de Regiunea Nord-Vest (1,1%) i de Regiunea Nord-Est (1,8%), toate aceste valori situndu-se sub rata medie a omajului de lung durat nregistrat n Romnia (2,4%). Valori peste rata omajului de lung durat nregistrat fa nivel naional s-au nregistrat n Regiunea Sud-Vest Oltenia (2,6%), Vest (2,7%), Sud-Muntenia (3,2%), Sud-Est (3,3%) i Centru (3,4%). Chiar dac rata omajului de lung durat este

Due to the active measures which took into account the stimulation of the employment of the unemployed starting with 2002 the long term unemployment rate registered a tendency of decrease in all the development regions of the country. In 2008 the lowest long term unemployment rate (12 month and more) was registered in the region Bucharest-Ilfov (1,0%), followed by the region North West(1,1%) and the region North East (1,8%), all these values being under the average long term unemployment rate from Romania (2,4%). Values over the long term unemployment rate were registered in the region South West Oltenia (2,6%), West (2,7%), South-Muntenia (3,2%), South East (3,3%) and Center (3,4%). Even if the long term unemployment rate is

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redus, una dintre problemele cu care se confrunt Romnia n general, i fiecare regiune de dezvoltare n parte, o constituie omajul n rndul tinerilor. omajul de lung- durat n rndul tinerilor absolveni este o important problem social, datorit faptului c acetia trebuie, n primul rnd s acumuleze experien n munc. n cazul tinerilor aflai n omaj de lung durat exist pericolul de a nu mai fi niciodat capabili s-i gseasc un loc de munc adecvat pregtirii pe care o dein, deoarece i pierd ncrederea n forele proprii i ajung uor n situaii problematice (precum consumul de alcool i droguri). Cea mai mare rat a omajului de lung durat pentru tineri s-a nregistrat n anul 2008 n Regiunea SudEst (14,2%), urmat de Regiunea Sud-Muntenia (12,5%), regiunile Sud-Vest Oltenia i Vest (ambele cu o rat de 12,0%) precum i de Regiunea Centru (11.8%). Cele mai reduse rate ale omajului BIM de lung durat pentru tineri s-au nregistrat n Regiunile Nord-Est (7,1%) i Nord-Vest (5,9%), aceste valori fiind sub rata medie a omajului de lung durat pentru tineri nregistrat n Romnia n anul 2008. NOTE BIBLIOGRAFICE 1. Legea 315/2004 privind dezvoltarea regional n Romnia, Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, partea I, nr.577 din 29 iunie 2004. 2. Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, 2000-2009. 3. Dicionar Macmillan de economie modern, Editura CODECS, Bucureti, 1999, p.389. 4. Samuelson P., Nordhaus W., Economie politic, Editura Teora, Bucureti, 2000, p.24 i 664-668. 5. Friedman Milton, The Role of Monetary Policy, America Economic Review, 1968. 6. Keynes J.M., Teoria general a folosirii minii de lucru, a dobnzii i a banilor, Editura tiinific, Bucureti, 1970, p.49-52 i 278. 7. Preda Doina, Ocuparea forei de munc i dezvoltarea durabil, Editura Economic, Bucureti, 2002, p.88, prezentnd concepia economitilor Harrod R.F. i Domar E. 8. Abraham-Frois G., Economia politic, Editura Humanitas, Bucureti, 2002, p.245. 9. Reich Robert, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21 st Century Capitalism, First Vintage Book Edition, 1992, p.192.

reduced, one of the problems with which Romania and each development region is confronting is the unemployment around young people. The long term unemployment around young people is an important social problem due to the fact that they have to gather experience in labour. In the case of the young long term unemployed people there is the danger of not being able to find an adequate working place and they lose their trust in their own forces and are in problematic situation (as for example alcohol and drug consumption). The highest long term unemployment rate for young people was registered in 208 in the region South East (14,2%) followed by the region South Muntenia (12m5%), the regions South West Oltenia and West (both with a rate of 12,0%) as well as the central region (11.8%). The lowest unemployment rates BIM for young people were registered in the regions North East (7,1%) and North West (5,9%), these values being below the average unemployment rate for young people registered in Romania in 2008. REFERENCES 1. Law 315/2004 regarding the regional development in Romania, the Official Gazette of Romania, part I, no.577 from 29 June 2004. 2. Romanian Statistical Yearbook, 2000-2009. 3. Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economy CODECS Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999, p.389. 4. Samuelson P., Nordhaus W., Political Economy, Teora Publishing House, Bucureti, 2000, p.24 and 664668. 5. Friedman Milton, The Role of Monetary Policy, America Economic Review, 1968. 6. Keynes J.M., General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Scientific Publishing House, Bucharest, 1970, p.49-52 and 278. 7. Preda Doina, Employment and Sustainable Development, Economic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2002, p.88, prezentnd concepia economitilor Harrod R.F. i Domar E. 8. Abraham-Frois G Political Economy, Humanitas Publishing House, Bucharest, 2002, p.245. 9. Reich Robert, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21 st Century Capitalism, First Vintage Book Edition, 1992, p.192.

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