2012 Summer Olympics

2012 Summer Olympics

Games of the XXX Olympiad
This is the clear version of the official logo. There are four official base colours, and another version for the 2012 Summer Paralympics. For more details, see section "Logo" below. Host city Motto Nations participating Athletes participating Events Opening ceremony Closing ceremony Officially opened by Athlete's Oath Judge's Oath Coach's Oath Olympic Torch London, United Kingdom Inspire a Generation 204 10,820 302 in 26 sports 27 July 12 August Queen Elizabeth II Sarah Stevenson Mik Basi Eric Farrell [1] Stadium Olympic Stadium Callum Airlie Jordan Duckitt Desiree Henry Katie Kirk Cameron MacRitchie Aidan Reynolds Adelle Tracey Austin Playfoot (relight)
The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad[2] and commonly known as London 2012, was a major international multi-sport event celebrated in the tradition of the Olympic Games, as governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It took place in London, United Kingdom, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the group stage in women's football, began two days earlier, on 25 July.[3][4] More than 10,000 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated.[5] It started on Friday 27 July 2012 at 0:00. Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, defeating bids from Moscow, New York City, Madrid and Paris.[6] London was the first city to host the modern Olympic Games three times,[7][8] having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948.[9][10] Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability.[11] The main focus was a new 200-hectare (490-acre) Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford, East London.[12] The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid.[13]
2012 Summer Olympics The Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly.[14][15][16] The opening ceremony, directed by Danny Boyle, was particularly praised by the British public, even though international publics were less unanimous.[17][18] During the Games, Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, winning his 22nd medal.[19] Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games.[20] Women's boxing was included for the first time; thus, the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors.[21]
Bidding process
By 15 July 2003, the deadline for interested cities to submit bids to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Summer Olympics: Havana, Istanbul, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York City, Paris and Rio de Janeiro.[22] On 18 May 2004, as a result of a scored technical evaluation, the IOC reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York and Paris.[23] All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March 2005. The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit: a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits, and a report that a key member of the bid team, Guy Drut, would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances.[24] Throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was seen at first as lagging Paris by a considerable margin. Its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004.[25] In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris.[26] On 6 June 2005 the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive. London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluations.[27] On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, Jacques Rogge said, "I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote. But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, or maybe less."[28]
Lord Coe the head of the London 2012 bid
On 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York and Madrid. The final two contenders were London and Paris. At the end of the fourth round of voting, London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to Paris's 50.[29] The celebrations in London were short-lived, being overshadowed by bombings on London's transport system less than 24 hours after the announcement.[30]
2012 Summer Olympics bidding results City London Paris Madrid New York City Moscow NOC Great Britain France Spain United States Russia Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 22 21 20 19 15 27 25 32 16 39 33 31 54 50
Development and preparation

The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) was created to oversee the staging of the Games after the success of the bid, and held its first board meeting on 3 October 2005.[31] The committee, chaired by Lord Coe, was in charge of implementing and staging the Games, while the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) was in charge of the construction of the venues and infrastructure.[31] The latter was established in April 2006.[32] The Government Olympic Executive (GOE), a unit within the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), was the lead government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross-programme programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy before and after the Games that would benefit London and the United Kingdom. The organisation was also responsible for the supervision of the 9.3billion of public sector funding.[33] In August 2011, security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London[34] due to the 2011 England riots, with a few countries expressing fear over the safety of the Games,[35] in spite of the International Olympic Committee's assurance that the riots would not affect the Games.[36] The IOC's Coordination Commission for the 2012 Games completed its tenth and final visit to London in March 2012. Its members concluded that "London is ready to host the world this summer".[37]
Venues
The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and historic facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. After the Games, some of the new facilities will be reused in their Olympic form, while others will be resized or relocated.[38] The majority of venues have been divided into three zones within Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. In addition there are a few venues that, by necessity, are outside The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing the boundaries of Greater London, such as the Weymouth and Portland Academy on the Isle of Portland in Dorset hosted National Sailing Academy some 125 miles (200km) southwest of the sailing events London, which hosted the sailing events. The football tournament was staged at several grounds around the UK.[39] Work began on the Park in December 2006, when a sports hall in Eton Manor was pulled down.[40] The athletes' village in Portland was completed in September 2011.[41] In November 2004, the 200-hectare (500-acre) Olympic Park plans were revealed.[42] The plans for the site were approved in September 2004 by Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest.[43] The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Park required compulsory purchase orders of property. The London Development
2012 Summer Olympics Agency was in dispute with London and Continental Railways about the orders in November 2005. By May 2006, 86% of the land had been bought as businesses fought eviction.[44] Residents who opposed the eviction tried to find ways to stop it by setting up campaigns, but they had to leave as 94% of land was bought and the other 6% bought as a 9billion regeneration project started.[45]
Aerial view of the Olympic Park in April 2012 There were some issues with the original venues not being challenging enough or being financially unviable. Both the Olympic road races and the mountain bike event were initially considered to be too easy, so they were eventually scheduled on new locations.[46][47] The Olympic marathon course, which was set to finish in the Olympic stadium, was moved to The Mall, since closing Tower Bridge was deemed to cause traffic problems in central London.[48] North Greenwich Arena 2 was scrapped in a cost-cutting exercise, Wembley Arena being used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events instead.[49][50][51][52] Test events were held throughout 2011 and 2012, either through an existing championship such as 2012 Wimbledon Championships or as a specially created event held under the banner of London Prepares.[53]
Public transport
London's public transport scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation; however, it felt that, if the improvements were delivered in time for the Games, London would cope.[54] Transport for London (TfL) carried out numerous improvements in preparation for 2012, including the expansion of the London Overground's East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line,[55] and the introduction of a new "Javelin" high-speed rail service.[56] According to Network Rail, an additional 4,000 train services operated during the The Olympic Javelin service ran between St Games, and train operators ran longer trains during the day.[57] During Pancras and Ebbsfleet, via Stratford the Games, Stratford International station was not served by any international services (just as it had not been before the Games),[58] westbound trains did not stop at Hackney Wick railway station,[59] and Pudding Mill Lane DLR station closed entirely during the Games.[59]
TfL also built a 25million cable car across the River Thames, called the Emirates Air Line, to link 2012 Olympics venues.[60] It was inaugurated in June 2012, and crosses the Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks, carrying up to 2,500 passengers an hour, cutting journey times between the O2 arena and the ExCeL exhibition centre and providing a crossing every 30 seconds.[61] The plan was to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 minutes to their event,[62] and 93% of them within 30 minutes of their event.[63] The Emirates Air Line crosses the River Thames The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.[64] In addition, Docks LOCOG planned for 90% of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport.[63] Two park-and-ride sites off the M25 with a combined capacity of 12,000 cars were 25 minutes away from the Olympic Park. Another park-and-ride site was planned in Ebbsfleet with a capacity for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10-minute shuttle bus.[63] To get spectators to Eton Dorney, four park-and-ride schemes were set up.[65] TfL defined a network of roads leading between venues as the Olympic Route Network; roads connecting between all of the Olympic venues located within London. Many of these roads also contained special "Olympic lanes" marked with the Olympic ringsreserved for the use of Olympic athletes, officials, and other VIPs during the Games. Members of the public driving in an Olympic lane were subject to a fine of 130. Additionally, London buses would not include roads with Olympic lanes on their routes.[66][67][68] The painting of Olympic lane indicators in mid-July led to confusion from commuters, who wrongly Olympic rings marked on a street, indicating that believed that the Olympic lane restrictions had already taken effect the lane was reserved for the use of Olympic (they were to take effect on 27 July). The A4 experienced traffic jams athletes and staff. due to drivers avoiding the Olympic lane, and likewise on a section of Southampton Row, where the only lanes available in one direction were the Olympic lane and the bus lane.[69] Concerns were expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London. In particular, the sailing events at Portland had no direct motorway connections, and local roads are heavily congested by tourist traffic in the summer.[70] However, a 77million relief road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened in 2011.[71][72] Some 16million was put aside for the rest of the improvements.[73] TfL created a promotional campaign and website, Get Ahead of the Games, to help provide information related to transport during the Olympics and Paralympics. Through the campaign, TfL also encouraged the use of cycling as a mode of transport during the Games.[74] However, despite this encouragement to use bicycles, members of the public protested that riding bikes on London roads would be more dangerous due to the blocked Olympic lanes, and also protested against a decision to close the Lea Valley towpath during the Olympics and Paralympics due to security concerns.[68]
Financing
The costs of mounting the Games are separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure, and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park. While the Games are privately funded, the venues and Park costs are met largely by public money. The original budget for the Games was 2.4 billion, but this was increased almost fourfold to about 9.3 billion ($14.46 billion) in 2007.[75] The revised figures were announced to the House of Commons on 15 March 2007 by Tessa Jowell. Along with East End regeneration costs, the breakdown was: Building the venues and infrastructure 5.3billion Elite sport and Paralympic funding 400million. Security and policing 600million Regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley 1.7billion Contingency fund 2.7billion VAT 800million.
Volunteers
Unpaid volunteers known as Games Makers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games.[76] A target of 70,000 volunteers was set as early as 2004.[77] When recruitment took place in 2010, over 240,000 applications were received.[78] Sebastian Coe said in February 2012, "Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply wouldn't happen without them".[79] The volunteers wore clothing which included purple and red polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, grey socks and grey-and-white trainers which they collected from the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges which were also worn by officials, athletes, family members and media which gain them access to specific venues and buildings around the site.
Ticketing
Organisers estimated that some 8million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games,[80] and 1.5million tickets for the Paralympic Games.[80][81] LOCOG aimed to raise 375400million in ticket sales. There were also free events such as marathon, triathlon and road cycling,[82] although, for the first time in Olympic history, the sailing events were ticketed.[83] Eventually, more than 7,000,000 tickets were sold.[84] Following IOC rules, people applied for tickets from the NOC of their country of residence. European Union residents were able to apply for tickets in any EU country.[85] In Great Britain, ticket prices ranged from 20 for many events to 2,012 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. Free tickets were given to military personnel,[86] as well as to survivors and families of those who died during 7 July 2005 London bombings.[87] Initially, people were able to apply for tickets via a website from 15 March until 26 April 2011. There was a huge demand for tickets, with a demand of over three times the number of tickets available. The process was widely criticised as more than 50% of the sessions went to a random ballot,[88] and over half the people who applied got no tickets.[89] On 11 May 2012 a round of nearly one million "second chance" tickets went on sale over a 10-day period between 23 June and 3 July 2011.[90] About 1.7million tickets available for football and 600,000 for other sports (including archery, hockey, football, judo, boxing and volleyball). Although technical difficulties were encountered, ten sports had sold out by 8am of the first day.[91]
Countdown
During the closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympics, the Olympic Flag was formally handed over from the Mayor of Beijing to the Mayor of London. This was followed by a section highlighting London,[92] One month later, the Olympic and Paralympic flags were raised outside the London City Hall.[93] A countdown clock in Trafalgar Square was unveiled, 500 days before the Games.[94] The clock broke down the following day,[95] but was later fixed. The countdown to the start of the Olympics began with a ceremony for the lighting of the Olympic flame in Olympia, Greece.[96]
Security
The security operation was led by the police, with 10,000 officers available, The Countdown Clock in Trafalgar supported by 13,500 members of the armed forces. Naval and air assets, Square including ships situated in the Thames, Eurofighter jets and surface-to-air missiles, were deployed as part of the security operation; the biggest security operation Britain had faced for decades. The cost of security increased from 282million to 553million, and the figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel was more than Britain currently had deployed in Afghanistan.[97] The Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines carried out security exercises in preparation for the Olympics on 19 January 2012, with 50 marine police officers in rigid inflatables and fast response boats, joined by up to 100 military personnel and a Lynx Navy helicopter.[98] The Ministry of Defence distributed leaflets to residents of the Lexington building in Bow, announcing that a missile system was to be stationed on top of the water tower.[68][99] This caused concern to some residents.[68][99] The Ministry said it probably would use Starstreak missiles and that site evaluations had taken place, but that no final decision had taken place.[68][99] It emerged in July 2012 that G4S, the firm responsible for supplying security staff for the Olympics, had been unable to recruit enough, so the shortfall would have to be made up by 3,500 UK military servicepeople. There were also media reports that G4S had failed to respond to people applying for jobs as security staff, that recruits were inadequately trained, that some were teenagers, and some were not fully conversant in English.
Medals
Approximately 4,700[100] Olympic and Paralympic medals were produced by the Royal Mint at Llantrisant.[101] They were designed by David Watkins (Olympics) and Lin Cheung (Paralympics).[102] 99% of the gold, silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto from a mine in Salt Lake County, Utah in the U.S.[103] The remaining 1% came from a Mongolian mine.[104] Each medal weighs 375400g (13.214oz), has a diameter of 85mm (3.3in) and is 7mm (0.28in) thick, with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim.[105] The obverse, as is traditional, features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, stepping from the The London 2012 Olympics Gold Medal Panathinaiko Stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with Parthenon in the background; the reverse features the Games logo, the River Thames and a series of lines representing "the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together".[106] The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage.[105]
2012 Summer Olympics Each gold medal is made up of 92.5 percent silver and 1.34 percent gold, with the remainder copper. The silver medal (which represents second place) is made up of 92.5 percent silver, with the remainder copper. The bronze medal is made up of 97 percent copper, 2.5 percent zinc and 0.5 percent tin.[107] The value of the materials in the gold medal is about 410 (US $644), the silver about 210 (US $330), and the bronze about 3 (US $4.71) as of 30 July 2012.[108][109]
Torch relay
The Olympics torch relay ran from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before the Games. Plans for the relay were developed in 201011, with the torch-bearer selection process announced on 18 May 2011.[110] The Olympic flame arrived on flight BA2012 on 18 May 2012 from Greece.[111] The relay lasted 70 days, with 66 evening celebrations and six island visits, and involved some 8,000 people carrying the torch about 8,000 miles (12,800km), starting from Land's End in Cornwall.[112] The torch had one day outside the United Kingdom when it visited Dublin, Ireland on 6 June.[113] The relay was focusing The torch relay in Newport, Isle of Wight on National Heritage Sites, locations with sporting significance, key sporting events, schools registered with the Get Set School Network, green spaces and biodiversity, Live Sites (city locations with large screens), and festivals and other events.[114] Dumfries and Galloway was the only Region in the whole of the United Kingdom that had the Olympic Torch pass through it twice. A group of young athletes, nominated by retired Olympic athletes, ran the torch around the stadium. These torchbearers were Callum Airlie, Jordan Duckitt, Desiree Henry, Katie Kirk, Cameron MacRitchie, Aidan Reynolds, and Adelle Tracey. Together the torchbearers each lit a petal which spread the fire to the 204 petals of the cauldron, representing the countries that participated in the games.[115]
Environmental policy
The Olympic Park was planned to incorporate 45 hectares of wildlife habitat, with a total of 525 bird boxes, and 150 bat boxes. Local waterways and riverbanks were enhanced as part of the process.[116] Renewable energy also features at the Olympics. It was originally planned to provide 20% of the energy for the Olympic Park and Village from renewable technologies; however, this may now be as little as 9%.[117] Proposals to meet the original target included large-scale on-site wind turbines and hydroelectric generators in the River Thames. These plans were scrapped for safety reasons.[118] The focus has since moved to installing solar panels on some buildings, and providing the opportunity to recover energy from waste. Food packaging at the Olympics is made from compostable materials like starch and cellulose-based bioplastics where it cannot be re-used or recycled. This includes fast food wrappers, sandwich boxes and drink cartons. After they have been used, many of these materials would be suitable for anaerobic digestion (AD), allowing them to be made into renewable energy.[119] Buildings like the Water Polo Arena will be relocated elsewhere. Building Parts like Roofing Covers and membranes of different temporary venues will be recycled via Vinyloop. This allows to meet the standards of the Olympic Delivery Authority, concerning environmental protection. Through this recycling process, the Olympic Games PVC Policy is fulfilled. It says that Where London 2012 procures PVC for temporary usage or where permanent usage is not assured, London 2012 is required to ensure that there is a take-back scheme that offers a closed loop reuse system or mechanical recycling system for post-consumer waste. "The majority of temporary facilities created for the Olympic Games including the Aquatic centre temporary stands, basketball arena, Water Polo Arena, and the shooting facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks, are essentially big tents. Basically PVC stretched over lightweight steel frame. This design solution makes them efficient to install,
2012 Summer Olympics reduces the need for any significant foundations and are, of course, reusable. We were challenged by the public around the use of PVC; but we considered it to be the right material for certain functions. We therefore challenged the PVC supply chain to have certain environmental performance criteria in place, including a take back and recycle scheme" says Kirsten Henson, Materials Manager for the London 2012 Olympic Park.[120] London 2012 are the first Olympic Games whose guidelines include the recycling of PVC.[121]
Cultural Olympiad
The Olympic Charter, the set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games and for governing the Olympic Movement, states that "LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the Olympic Village is open."[122] The Cultural Olympiad comprises many programmes, with over 500 events spread over four years across the whole of the United Kingdom, and culminating in the London 2012 Festival.[123][124]
Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics was held on 27 July and called "Isles of Wonder".[125] Oscar-winning director Danny Boyle was its artistic director, with the music directors being the electronic music duo Rick Smith and Karl Hyde of Underworld.[126] The Games were officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[127] It was the second Games the Queen had opened personally, the first being the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. All successive Olympics held in Canada or Australia have been opened by their respective governors-general. A short comic film starring Daniel Craig as secret agent James Bond and the Queen as herself was screened during the ceremony.[128] Live musical performers included Frank Turner, Mike Oldfield, London Symphony Orchestra (accompanied by Rowan Atkinson), Dizzee Rascal, Arctic Monkeys and Sir Paul McCartney, who performed the song "Hey Jude" at the end of the ceremony.[129][130] The Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Games attracted a peak viewing audience of over 27 million viewers (around half of the population of the United Kingdom watched BBC1 live simultaneously).[131]
10
Closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the London 2012 Summer Olympics was held on 12 August 2012. In addition to protocol, the ceremony featured a flashback fiesta to British music with The Who finishing out the performance. The ceremony also included a handover of the Olympic flag by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, to Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[132]
The Games
Participating National Olympic Committees
Around 10,800 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) took part,[5] surpassing the 1948 Summer Olympics in London and the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester as the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in the United Kingdom.[133] Three athletes from the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee, which the IOC Executive Committee had ceased to Team sizes recognise at the IOC session of July 2011, and one athlete from South Sudan, which has no recognized NOC, participated independently under the Olympic flag.[134] Participating National Olympic Committees
[135] Afghanistan(6) [139] [136] Denmark(113) [140] Djibouti(6) [144] Dominica(2) Lebanon(10) [137] Saint Kitts and [138] Nevis(7) Saint Lucia(4) [142]
Albania(12) Algeria(42)
Lesotho(4) Liberia(4)
[141]
[143]
[145]
Saint Vincent and the [146] Grenadines(3) Samoa(8) [150]
American [147] Samoa(5) Andorra(6) [151] [155]
Dominican [148] Republic(35) Ecuador(36) [152]
Libya(5)
[149]
[153] Liechtenstein(3) Lithuania(62) [157]
[154] San Marino(4) So Tom and [158] Prncipe(2) Saudi Arabia(19) [162]
Angola(34)
[156] Egypt(113) [160] El Salvador(10) [164]
Antigua and [159] Barbuda(5) [163] Argentina(137) Armenia(25) Aruba(4) [167]
Luxembourg(9)
[161]
Equatorial Guinea(2) [168] Eritrea(12) Estonia(33) [172] [176]
Macedonia(4)
[165]
Senegal(31) Serbia(115) Seychelles(6)
[166]
[169] Madagascar(7) Malawi(3) [173] [177]
[170]
[171] [175]
[174] [178]
Australia(410) Austria(70)
Ethiopia(35) Fiji(9) [180]
Malaysia(30) Maldives(5) Mali(6)
Sierra Leone(2) Singapore(23) Slovakia(47) Slovenia(65)
[179]
[181]
[182]
[183] Azerbaijan(53) Bahamas(24) Bahrain(12) [187]
[184] Finland(55) [188] France(330) [192] Gabon(24)
[185] [189]
[186] [190] [194]
Malta(5)
[191]
[193] Marshall Islands(4)
Solomon Islands(4)

[195] [196] [197] [201] [198]
11
Bangladesh(5)
Gambia(2)
Mauritania(2)
Somalia(2)
[199] Barbados(6) [203] Belarus(165) [207] Belgium(115) [211]
[200] Georgia(35) [204] Germany(392) Ghana(9) [208]
Mauritius(11) Mexico(102)
[202] South Africa(125) Spain(282) [206] [210]
[205]
Federated States of [209] Micronesia(6) [213] Moldova(22) [217] [221] [225]
Sri Lanka(7)
Belize(3)
[212] Great Britain(541) (host) [216] Greece(104) Grenada(10) [220]
Sudan(6)
[214]
Benin(5)
[215] [219]
Monaco(6)
Suriname(5)
[218] [222] [226] [230]
Bermuda(8) Bhutan(2)
Mongolia(29)
Swaziland(3)
[223] [227]
[224] Guam(8) [228] Guatemala(19) Guinea(4) [232]
Montenegro(33) Morocco(67)
Sweden(134)
Bolivia(6)
[229] [233]
Bosnia and [231] Herzegovina(6) Botswana(4) Brazil(258) [235]
Mozambique(6)
Switzerland(102) [234] Syria(10)
Guinea-Bissau(4) Guyana(6) Haiti(5) [240]
[236]
[237] Myanmar(6) Namibia(9) Nauru(2) [241]
Chinese Taipei(44) Tajikistan(16) Tanzania(7)
[238]
[239]
[242]
British Virgin [243] Islands(2) Brunei(3) [247] [251] [255]
[244]
[245]
[246]
[248] Honduras(27) [252] Hong Kong(42) [256] Hungary(157) [260] Iceland(27) Independent Olympic [264][265] Athletes(4) India(83) [269]
[249] Nepal(5) Netherlands(188) [253] [257]
Thailand(37)
[250] [254]
Bulgaria(63)
Timor-Leste(2) [258] Togo(6) Tonga(3) [262]
Burkina Faso(5) Burundi(6)
New Zealand(184) Nicaragua(6) Niger(6) [261]
[259] [263]
Cambodia(6)
[266] [270]
Trinidad and [267] Tobago(30) Tunisia(83) [271]
Cameroon(33) Canada(277)
[268]
Nigeria(55)
[272] [276]
[273] Indonesia(22) Iran(53) Iraq(8) [277]
Cape Verde(3) Cayman [280] Islands(5) Central African [284] Republic(6) Chad(3) [288]
[274] Norway(64) [278] Oman(4) Pakistan(21) [282]
[275] Turkey(114) Turkmenistan(10) Tuvalu(3) [283] [279]
[281]
Ireland(66)
[285]
Palau(5)
[286]
Uganda(16)
[287]
[289][290] Israel(37) Italy(285) [294]
[291] Palestine(5) Panama(7) [295]
[292] Ukraine(237) United Arab [296] Emirates(26) [300] United States(530) [304] [308]
[293] Chile(35) [297]
China(396)
[298] Jamaica(50) [302]
Papua New [299] Guinea(8) [303] Paraguay(8) Peru(16) [307]
[301] Colombia(104) [305] Comoros(3) [309] Congo(7) [313] DR Congo(4) [317] Cook Islands(8) Costa Rica(11) [321]
Japan(293)
[310]
Uruguay(29)
[306] Jordan(9) Kazakhstan(114) Kenya(47) [314]
Uzbekistan(54) Vanuatu(5)
[311] Philippines(11) [315] Poland(218) Portugal(77) [319] [323]
[312] [316]
Venezuela(70)
[318] Kiribati(3) [322] North Korea(51) South Korea(248) [326]
[320] Vietnam(18) [324] Virgin Islands(7) Yemen(4) [328]
Puerto Rico(25) [327] Qatar(12)
[325] Cte d'Ivoire(10)

[329] Croatia(108) Cuba(110) [333] [337] [330] Kuwait(11) Kyrgyzstan(14) [338] Laos(3) Latvia(46) [341] [334] [331] Romania(103) Russia(436) Rwanda(7) [335] [332] [336]
12
Zambia(7)
Zimbabwe(7)
Cyprus(13)
[339]
Czech [340] Republic(133)
Number of Athletes by National Olympic Committees

Country GBR USA RUS AUS CHN GER FRA JPN ITA ESP CAN BRA KOR UKR POL NZL NED BLR HUN ARG SWE CZE RSA BEL SRB KAZ TUR DEN EGY CUB CRO Great Britain United States Russia Australia China Germany France Japan Italy Spain Canada Brazil South Korea Ukraine Poland New Zealand Netherlands Belarus Hungary Argentina Sweden Czech Republic South Africa Belgium Serbia Kazakhstan Turkey Denmark Egypt Cuba Croatia Athletes 541 530 436 410 396 392 330 293 284 282 277 258 245 237 218 184 178 165 157 137 134 133 125 115 115 114 114 113 113 110 108
13
COL GRE ROU MEX SUI IND TUN POR AUT VEN MAR IRL SLO NOR BUL LTU FIN NGR UZB AZE IRI PRK JAM KEN SVK LAT TPE ALG HKG ISR THA ECU CHI DOM ETH GEO ANG CMR EST 104 104 103 102 102 83 83 77 70 70 67 66 65 64 63 62 55 55 54 53 53 51 50 47 47 46 44 42 42 37 37 36 35 35 35 35 34 33 33
Colombia Greece Romania Mexico Switzerland India Tunisia Portugal Austria Venezuela Morocco Ireland Slovenia Norway Bulgaria Lithuania Finland Nigeria Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Iran North Korea Jamaica Kenya Slovakia Latvia Chinese Taipei Algeria Hong Kong Israel Thailand Ecuador Chile Dominican Republic Ethiopia Georgia Angola Cameroon Estonia
14
MNE SEN MAS TRI MGL URU HON ISL UAE ARM PUR BAH GAB SIN INA MDA PAK GUA KSA VIE PER TJK UGA KGZ CYP ALB BRN ERI QAT CRC KUW MRI PHI CIV ESA GRN LIB SYR TKM Montenegro Senegal Malaysia Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Uruguay Honduras Iceland United Arab Emirates Armenia Puerto Rico Bahamas Gabon Singapore Indonesia Moldova Pakistan Guatemala Saudi Arabia Vietnam Peru Tajikistan Uganda Kyrgyzstan Cyprus Albania Bahrain Eritrea Qatar Costa Rica Kuwait Mauritius Philippines Cte d'Ivoire El Salvador Grenada Lebanon Syria Turkmenistan 33 31 30 30 29 29 27 27 26 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 21 19 19 18 16 16 16 14 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10
15
FIJ GHA JOR LUX NAM BER COK GUM IRQ PAR PNG SAM CGO ISV MAD PAN RWA SKN SRI TAN ZAM ZIM AFG AND BAR BDI BIH BOL CAF CAM DJI FSM GUY MLI MON MOZ MYA NCA NIG Fiji Ghana Jordan Luxembourg Namibia Bermuda Cook Islands Guam Iraq Paraguay Papua New Guinea Samoa Congo Virgin Islands Madagascar Panama Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Sri Lanka Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Andorra Barbados Burundi Bosnia and Herzegovina Bolivia Central African Republic Cambodia Djibouti Federated States of Micronesia Guyana Mali Monaco Mozambique Myanmar Nicaragua Niger 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
16
SEY SUD TOG ANT ASA BAN BEN BUR CAY HAI LBA MDV MLT NEP PLE PLW SUR VAN ARU BOT COD GBS GUI IOA LBR LCA LES MHL MKD OMA SMR SOL YEM BIZ BRU CHA COM CPV KIR Seychelles Sudan Togo Antigua and Barbuda American Samoa Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Cayman Islands Haiti Libya Maldives Malta Nepal Palestine Palau Suriname Vanuatu Aruba Botswana DR Congo Guinea-Bissau Guinea Independent Olympic Athletes Liberia Saint Lucia Lesotho Marshall Islands Macedonia Oman San Marino Solomon Islands Yemen Belize Brunei Chad Comoros Cape Verde Kiribati 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
17
LAO LIE MAW SWZ TGA TUV VIN BHU DMA GAM GEQ IVB MTN NRU SLE SOM STP TLS 3 3 3 3 3 3
Laos Liechtenstein Malawi Swaziland Tonga Tuvalu
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 Bhutan Dominica Gambia Equatorial Guinea British Virgin Islands Mauritania Nauru Sierra Leone Somalia So Tom and Prncipe Timor-Leste 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sports
The 2012 Summer Olympic programme featured 26 sports encompassing 39 disciplines. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.
Aquatics Diving(8) Swimming(34) Synchronized swimming(2) Water polo(2) Canoeing Sprint (12) Slalom (4) Fencing(10) Shooting(15)
Archery(4)
Cycling BMX (2) Mountain biking (2) Road (4) Track (10)
Field hockey(2)
Table tennis(4)
Athletics(47)
Equestrian Dressage (2) Eventing (2) Jumping (2)
Football(2)
Taekwondo(8)
Badminton(5)
Gymnastics Artistic (14) Rhythmic (2) Trampoline (2)
Tennis(5)
Basketball(2) Boxing(13)
Handball(2) Judo(14)
Triathlon(2) Volleyball Volleyball (2) Beach volleyball (2)
Modern pentathlon(2)
Weightlifting(15)

Rowing(14) Wrestling Sailing(10) Freestyle (11) Greco-Roman (7)
18
Women's boxing was included in the programme for the first time, and 36 women competed in three weight classes. There was a special dispensation for the shooting events, which would otherwise have been illegal under UK gun law.[342][343] In tennis, mixed doubles returned to the Olympic programme for the first time since 1924.[344] London's bid featured the same 28 sports that had been included in other recent Summer Olympics, but the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the 2012 Games two days after it had selected London as the host city. There was an appeal, but the IOC voted during the 2006 Winter Olympics to uphold the decision, and the two sports were last scheduled for the 2008 Olympics.[345] The IOC then voted on whether or not to replace them. They considered karate, squash, golf, roller sports and rugby sevens. Karate and squash were the two final nominees, but neither received enough votes to reach the required two-thirds majority.[345] Although formal demonstration sports were eliminated after the 1992 Summer Olympics,[346] special tournaments for non-Olympic sports can be run during the Games, such as the Wushu tournament at the 2008 Summer Olympics.[347] There were attempts to run Twenty20 cricket[347] and netball[348] tournaments alongside the 2012 Games, but neither campaign was successful.
Calendar
The final official schedule was released on 15 February 2011.[349]
OC Opening ceremony Event competitions 1 Event finals CC Closing ceremony
July / August Ceremonies Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Handball Judo
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Events Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun OC 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 6 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 5 4 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 4 5 6 8 1 CC 4 47 5 2 13 16 18 8 6 10 2 2 18 2 14
19
1 2 4 2 4 1 4 1 4 3 1 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 12 12 14 26 12 38 15 53 20 73 18 91 22 25 23 1 3 18 3 1 1 2 21 2 16 216 2 22 2 17 3 32 2 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 14 10 15 34 2 4 8 5 2 4 2 15 18 302
Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Total event finals Cumulative total July / August
113 138 161
179 200
238 255 287 302
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Events Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
World records
The Olympic Games featured 32 world records in eight sports, listed below. The largest number of records was set in swimming, with eight. China, Great Britain and the United States set the most records, with five each.
Date Event Athlete Im Dong-Hyun Nation Record description Ref
27 July 2012 Archery Men's individual
South Korea Scored a world record of 699 in the ranking [350] round South Korea Scored a world record of 2087 in the ranking round [350]
27 July 2012 Archery Men's team
Im Dong-Hyun Kim Bub-Min Oh Jin-Hyek Eric Murray Hamish Bond Ye Shiwen
28 July 2012 Rowing Men's coxless pair
New Zealand China
Set a world record time of 6:08.50 in the heats Set a world record time of 4:28.43 in the final Set a world record at clean and jerk of 131kg Set a world record time of 55.98
[351]
28 July 2012 Swimming Women's 400 metre individual medley 29 July 2012 Weightlifting Women's 53 kg
[352]
Zulfiya Chinshanlo
Kazakhstan
[353]
29 July 2012 Swimming Women's 100 metre butterfly 29 July 2012 Swimming Men's 100 metre breaststroke
Dana Vollmer
United States South Africa
[354]
Cameron van der Burgh
Set a world record time of 58.46
[355]
20
Kim Un-Guk Dniel Gyurta North Korea Set a world record at total of 327kg Hungary Set a world record time of 2:07.28
30 July 2012 Weightlifting Men's 62 kg 1 August 2012 1 August 2012 1 August 2012 2 August 2012 2 August 2012 2 August 2012 Swimming Men's 200 metre breaststroke Weightlifting Men's 77 kg
[356] [357]
L Xiaojun
China
Set world record at snatch of 175kg Set world record at total of 379kg Set a world record time of 2:20.00 in the semi-final. Set a world record time of 2:19.59 in the final. Set a world record time of 32.526 in the qualification. Set a world record time of 32.447 in the qualification. Set a world record time of 32.422 in the first round. Set a world record time of 3:52.499 in the qualification. Set a world record time of 3:51.659 in the final. Set a world record time of 42.747 in the first round. Set a world record time of 42.600 in the final. Set a world record of 592 in the qualification Set a world record time of 3:15.669 in the qualification.
[358] [357] [359]
Swimming Women's 200 metre breaststroke
Rebecca Soni
United States
Cycling Women's team sprint
Victoria Pendleton Jessica Varnish Gong Jinjie Guo Shuang
Great Britain China
Cycling Women's team sprint
[360]
2 August 2012
Cycling Men's team pursuit
Ed Clancy Geraint Thomas Steven Burke Peter Kennaugh Philip Hindes Chris Hoy Jason Kenny
Great Britain
[361]
2 August 2012
Cycling Men's team sprint
Great Britain
[362]
2 August 2012 3 August 2012
Shooting Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol Cycling Women's team pursuit
Alexei Klimov
Russia
[363]
Danielle King Laura Trott Joanna Rowsell Sergei Martynov
Great Britain
3 August 2012 3 August 2012 4 August 2012
Shooting Men's 50 metre rifle prone
Belarus
Set a world record result of 705.5 in the final. Set a world record time of 2:04.06 in the final. Scored a world record of 75 in the qualification. Scored a world record of 99 in the final. Set a world record time of 3:14.682 in the first round. Set a world record time of 3:14.051 in the final. Set a world record time of 14:31.02 in the final. Set a world record time of 3:52.05 in the final. [364]
Swimming Women's 200 metre backstroke Shooting Women's trap
Missy Franklin
United States Italy
Jessica Rossi
4 August 2012
Cycling Women's team pursuit
Danielle King Laura Trott Joanna Rowsell
Great Britain
Swimming Men's 1500 metre freestyle Swimming Women's 4 100 metre medley relay
Sun Yang
China
Missy Franklin Rebecca Soni Dana Vollmer Allison Schmitt Ilya Ilin
United States
4 August 2012
Weightlifting Men's 94 kg
Kazakhstan
Set a world record at clean and jerk of 233kg. Set a world record total of 418kg. Set a world record at snatch of 151kg.
[365]
5 August 2012
Weightlifting Women's +75 kg
Tatiana Kashirina
Russia
21
Zhou Lulu Set a world record total of 333kg.
5 August 2012 9 August 2012 10 August 2012
Weightlifting Women's +75 kg
China
Athletics Men's 800 metres
David Rudisha
Kenya
Set a world record time of 1:40.91 in the final. Set a world record time of 40.82 in the final.
Athletics Women's 4 100 metres relay
Tianna Madison Allyson Felix Bianca Knight Carmelita Jeter Elena Lashmanova
United States
Athletics Women's 20 kilometres walk
Russia
Set a world record time of 1:25.02.
Athletics Men's 4 100 metres relay Nesta Carter Michael Frater Yohan Blake Usain Bolt Modern Pentathlon Men's Nicola Benedetti
Jamaica
Set a world record time of 36.84 in the final.
Italy
Set a world record time of 9:23.63 in the running element. Set a world record time of 10:20.90 in the running element.
[366]
Modern Pentathlon Women's
Anastasiya Prokopenko
Belarus
[367]
Medal count
A total of 85 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) won medals, 54 of those countries winning at least one gold medal. Bahrain,[368] Botswana,[369] Cyprus,[370] Gabon,[371] Grenada (a gold medal),[372] Guatemala,[373] and Montenegro[374] won their first ever Olympic medals. The United States once again finished at the top of the table winning 46 gold medals and winning 104 medals overall. China finished second with 38 gold medals and 88 medals overall after failing to top the medal table as they did as hosts in Beijing four years previously. Hosts Great Britain came in a remarkable third place winning 29 gold medals and 65 medals overall in their best performance since London hosted its first Summer Olympic Games back in 1908 pushing Russia into fourth place who won 24 gold medals although they won 82 medals (17 more than Great Britain) overall.
Top Ten of the 2012 Summer Olympics medal table[375]

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NOC United States(USA) China(CHN) Great Britain(GBR)* Russia(RUS) South Korea(KOR) Germany(GER) France(FRA) Italy(ITA) Hungary(HUN) Australia(AUS) Total (85 NOCs) Gold Silver Bronze Total 46 38 29 24 13 11 11 8 8 7 302 29 27 17 26 8 19 11 9 4 16 304 29 23 19 32 7 14 12 11 6 12 356 104 88 65 82 28 44 34 28 18 35 962
Key * Host nation (Great Britain)
22
Broadcasting
The host broadcaster was Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS), an agency of the IOC. It used its own cameras, and crews subcontracted from other Olympic broadcasters, to cover the events. The base video and audio were sold to other broadcasters, who added their own commentary and presentation. The official recording format of the 2012 Olympic Games used Panasonic's digital technologies. The official video was produced and distributed from the International Broadcast Centre in 1080/50i High-Definition (HD) format. Panasonic announced that DVCPRO HD would be the official recording format. OBS London used P2 HD shoulder-mount camcorders.[376]
The International Broadcast Centre in June 2011
The IOC's wanted television coverage to reach as broad a worldwide audience as possible, and London 2012 was covered by several national and regional broadcasters. In the UK, the BBC carried the Olympics and Channel 4 the Paralympics. The BBC aimed to broadcast all 5,000 hours of the Games.[377] BBC Parliament's Freeview channel was suspended, BBC Three's on-air time was extended so that it could show Olympic events in the daytime, and 24 additional BBC Olympics channels were available via cable, satellite and the internet in the UK. The US television rights, owned by NBC, accounted for over half the rights revenue for the IOC.[378] Thousands of Americans, however, accessed the BBC's omnibus coverage using proxy servers or VPNs.[379] The operations of broadcasters granted rights to the Games were hosted in the dedicated International Broadcast Centre inside the security cordon of the Olympic Park. YouTube planned to stream the Games in 64 territories in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where there were no official broadcasters.[380]
Marketing
"Survival" by Muse was announced as the official song of the Olympics,[381] to be played by international broadcasters reporting on the Games.[382] In August 2009, the Royal Mail commissioned artists and illustrators to design 30 stamps, which were released in batches of 10 between 2009 and 2011.[383] The last ones were released on 22 July 2011.[384] Two 5 coins designed by Saiman Miah have been made to commemorate the 2012 Olympics.[385] As with other Olympics since 1952, the Royal Mint will strike a set of commemorative one-kilogram gold and silver coins.[386]
Logo and graphics

There have been two London 2012 logos: one created by Kino Design for the bidding process and a second as the brand for the Games themselves. The former was a ribbon with blue, yellow, black, green and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON 2012", making the shape of the River Thames in East London. The latter, designed by Wolff Olins, was published on 4 June 2007. It is a representation of the number 2012, with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero.[387]
The Paralympics logo (far left) and the different official colour combinations for the Wolff Olins main logo design Public reaction to the main logo in a June 2007 BBC poll was largely negative; more than 80% of votes gave it the lowest possible rating.[388] Several newspapers ran their own logo competitions, displaying alternative submissions from their readers,[389] and several writers from news agencies criticised the logo.[389][390] A segment of animated footage released at the same time as the logo was reported to trigger seizures in a small number of people with photosensitive epilepsy, and a short segment was removed from the London 2012 website in response.[391] It was
2012 Summer Olympics suggested that the logo resembles the cartoon character Lisa Simpson performing [392][393][394][395][396][397][398] fellatio. In February 2011, Iran threatened to boycott the Olympics, complaining that the logo appeared to spell out the word "Zion". However, this boycott did not occur.[399] The official London 2012 Olympic typeface was called Headline 2012 and also suffered some criticism. Journalist Simon Garfield made it number 1 in the list of the "8 Worst Fonts in the World" in his 2010 book Just My Type, commenting that "the uncool font is based on jaggedness and crudeness", although he conceded that it was "a brilliant piece of corporate branding".[400][401] The magazine Wired pointed out that the typeface was intended for "awareness, impact and memorability as a headline typeface" rather than elegance or readability in long sections of text.[402]
23
Mascots
The official mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were unveiled on 19 May 2010.[403] Wenlock and Mandeville are animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton.[403] They are named after Much Wenlock, a town in Shropshire that holds a forerunner of the current Olympic Games, and Stoke Mandeville, a village in Buckinghamshire where a forerunner of the Paralympic Games was first held.[403] The writer Michael Morpurgo wrote the story concept for the mascots, and an animation was produced.[404] Two stories have been created about the mascots: Out Of A Rainbow and Adventures On A Rainbow.[405]
The Olympic Mascots, Mandeville (left) and Wenlock (right)
Creative Review magazine liked the mascots,[406] but elsewhere their design was greeted with some disdain. One columnist jested that they were the product of a "drunken one-night stand between a Teletubby and a Dalek".[407] Others have compared them to Izzy, the much disparaged mascot of the 1996 Summer Olympics.[408] Still others have likened them to Kang and Kodos from The Simpsons.[409] However, the mascots' creators claim that young people find the duo appealing.[410]
Chariots of Fire
The 1981 Best Picture Oscarwinning film Chariots of Fire, which tells the story of two British athletes in the 1924 Olympics, was a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Olympics.[411] A digitally re-mastered version of Chariots of Fire was released on 13 July 2012 and screened in over 100 UK cinemas as part of the celebrations,[412] and a 2012 stage adaptation ran in London theatres from 9 May 2012 to 5 January 2013.[413] The film's theme tune was performed during the Opening Ceremony by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Simon Rattle. The performance was accompanied by a comedic skit by Rowan Atkinson, which included the opening beach-running footage from the film.[414] A new orchestration of the film's theme tune was played during each medal presentation of the Games.[415]
24
Sponsors
LOCOG and the IOC agreed sponsorship deals with several companies, each assigned to one of four categories; worldwide, tier one, tier two and tier three.[416] The worldwide partners are: Acer, Atos, Coca-Cola, Dow, General Electric, McDonald's, Omega SA, Panasonic, Procter & Gamble, Samsung, Visa.[416] The companies provided 1.4bn of funding altogether, allocated evenly between the IOC and LOCOG.[417]
Controversies
During the lead-up to the Games, there were controversies over sponsorship,[418] the athletes' use of social media, and several political issues. After a complicated lottery process, thousands of people failed to secure seats for the events they wanted, but a large number of empty seats were observed during the first days, even at some of the most popular events. There was speculation that this was to a failure of corporate sponsors to make use of tickets they had received.[84] During the Games eight competitors in the badminton women's doubles were disqualified for "not using best efforts", when they tried to lose matches in the group stage to obtain more favourable fixtures in the knockout rounds.[419][420] A number of results in boxing, gymnastics and judo were overturned by officials after initial decisions were appealed.[421][422][423]
Drug testing
It was announced before the Summer Games that half of all the competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the Games and the end of the Paralympic Games.[424] Every competitor who won a medal was also tested. The Olympic laboratory tested up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.[424] Albanian weightlifter Hysen Pulaku was the first athlete to be tested positive.[425] Gymnast Luiza Galiulina[426] and runner Tameka Williams were also suspended.[427] Nadzeya Ostapchuk was the first athlete to be stripped of a medal, when she tested positive for metenolone. Valerie Adams was therefore awarded the gold medal in shot put.[428]
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[152] "Ecuador 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=ecuador/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [153] "Liechtenstein 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=liechtenstein/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [154] "San Marino 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=san-marino/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [155] "Angola 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=angola/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [156] "Egypt 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=egypt/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [157] "Lithuania 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=lithuania/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [158] "Sao Tome and Principe 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=sao-tome-and-principe/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [159] "Antigua and Barbuda 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=antigua-and-barbuda/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [160] "El Salvador 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=el-salvador/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [161] "Luxembourg 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=luxembourg/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [162] "Saudi Arabia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=saudi-arabia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [163] "Argentina 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=argentina/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [164] "Equatorial Guinea 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=equatorial-guinea/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [165] "Former Rep. of Macedonia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=fmr-rep-of-macedonia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [166] "Senegal 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=senegal/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [167] "Armenia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=armenia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [168] "Eritrea 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=eritrea/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [169] "Madagascar 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=madagascar/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [170] "Serbia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=serbia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [171] "Aruba 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=aruba/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [172] "Estonia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=estonia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [173] "Malawi 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=malawi/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [174] "Seychelles 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=seychelles/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [175] "Australia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=australia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [176] "Ethiopia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=ethiopia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [177] "Malaysia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=malaysia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [178] "Sierra Leone 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=sierra-leone/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [179] "Austria 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=austria/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [180] "Fiji 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=fiji/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012.
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[181] "Maldives 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=maldives/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [182] "Singapore 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=singapore/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [183] "Azerbaijan 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=azerbaijan/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [184] "Finland 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=finland/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [185] "Mali 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=mali/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [186] "Slovakia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=slovakia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [187] "Bahamas 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bahamas/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [188] "France 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=france/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [189] "Malta 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=malta/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [190] "Slovenia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=slovenia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [191] "Bahrain 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bahrain/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [192] "Gabon 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=gabon/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [193] "Marshall Islands 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=marshall-islands/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [194] "Solomon Islands 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=solomon-islands/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [195] "Bangladesh 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bangladesh/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [196] "Gambia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=gambia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [197] "Mauritania 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=mauritania/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [198] "Somalia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=somalia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [199] "Barbados 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=barbados/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [200] "Georgia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=georgia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [201] "Mauritius 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=mauritius/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [202] "South Africa 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=south-africa/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [203] "Belarus 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=belarus/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [204] "Germany 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=germany/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [205] "Mexico 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=mexico/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [206] "Spain 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=spain/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [207] "Belgium 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=belgium/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [208] "Ghana 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=ghana/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [209] "Federated States of Micronesia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=micronesia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012.
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[210] "Sri Lanka 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=sri-lanka/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [211] "Belize 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=belize/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [212] "Great Britain 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=great-britain/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [213] "Republic of Moldova 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=moldova/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [214] "Sudan 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=sudan/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [215] "Benin 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=benin/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [216] "Greece 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=greece/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [217] "Monaco 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=monaco/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [218] "Suriname 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=suriname/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [219] "Bermuda 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bermuda/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [220] "Grenada 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=grenada/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [221] "Mongolia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=mongolia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [222] "Swaziland 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=swaziland/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [223] "Buthan 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bhutan/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [224] "Guam 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=guam/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [225] "Montenegro 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=montenegro/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [226] "Sweden 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=sweden/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [227] "Bolivia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bolivia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [228] "Guatemala 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=guatemala/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [229] "Morocco 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=morocco/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [230] "Switzerland 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=switzerland/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [231] "Bosnia and Herzegovina 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bosnia-and-herzegovina/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [232] "Guinea 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=guinea/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [233] "Mozambique 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=mozambique/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [234] "Syrian Arab Republic 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=syria/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [235] "Botswana 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=botswana/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [236] "Guinea-Bissau 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=guinea-bissau/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [237] "Myanmar 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=myanmar/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [238] "Chinese Taipei 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=chinese-taipei/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012.
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[239] "Brazil 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=brazil/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [240] "Guyana 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=guyana/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [241] "Namibia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=namibia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [242] "Tajikistan 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=tajikistan/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [243] "Virgin Islands, British 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=british-virgin-islands/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [244] "Haiti 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=haiti/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [245] "Nauru 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=nauru/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [246] "United Republic of Tanzania 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=tanzania/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [247] "Brunei Darussalam 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=brunei/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [248] "Honduras 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=honduras/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [249] "Nepal 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=nepal/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [250] "Thailand 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=thailand/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [251] "Bulgaria 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=bulgaria/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [252] "Hong Kong, China 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=hong-kong/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [253] "Netherlands 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=netherlands/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [254] "Democratic Republic of Timor Leste 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=timor-leste/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [255] "Burkina Faso 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=burkina-faso/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [256] "Hungary 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=hungary/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [257] "New Zealand 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=new-zealand/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [258] "Togo 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=togo/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [259] "Burundi 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=burundi/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [260] "Iceland 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=iceland/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [261] "Nicaragua 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=nicaragua/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [262] "Tonga 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=tonga/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [263] "Cambodia 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=cambodia/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [264] "Independent Olympic Athletes 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=independent-olympic-athletes/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [265] "IOC Executive Board meets ahead of London Games" (http:/ / www. olympic. org/ news/ ioc-executive-board-meets-ahead-of-london-games/ 168640). Olympic.org. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [266] "Niger 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=niger/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [267] "Trinidad and Tobago 2012 Olympic Athletes" (http:/ / www. london2012. com/ athletes/ country=trinidad-and-tobago/ index. htmx). London 2012. . Retrieved 21 July 2012.
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Book references
External links
Official Official website (http://www.london2012.com/) London 2012 from the International Olympic Committee (http://www.olympic.org/ london-2012-summer-olympics) News media London 2012 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/2012) at BBC Online 2012 Summer Olympics (http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/olympics-2012) collected news and commentary at The Guardian 2012 London Olympics (http://www.2012.nbcolympics.com/) at NBC London Olympics Business (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/london-olympics-business/) at The Telegraph
Article Sources and Contributors
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