The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator: Estimates of Reliability and Validity

Rehcca A. Ne<vgent. Patr>c>a I:. Parr. Isa Jore >4;e<vn>an. and V.r>stn> K. I I iggins
TI((i rni'es(rgcroon w ai I'undue'ter/ tu es(rm<rtc' tli r'c I(ah(lit< ancl I'crliclrt>' of cc r>rc'i' rr tlrc Risc>-lluclcun Ennag>u<r 'I'I pi Inrlccntr>r. k, Rrsu 4: li' // d i o n. I <(<)<)<rt. RiIts of 'R (/) pcr>'(tc'<per>rfi il'c'rc' crlicrl>'"ed 't l p h (t .iuggi's(5 <(<i<<<I<.'ctrrtc' <legree < jr<>(i' 'ric(I c'o>is(st<'ll('1 > i Ei'tdi'tice pr'c>i'Idc's i(re(Is(rppc>r'tfor' co>is(r'rrc( i'nlidit>'uctng corrc'latto>ral and canonical

a>cali ce< hirt i(rang supp<>rt /r>r henri<(re ialue.

tandardized measures arc expected to hill c p<ib)>she<i norms and an cstabl>shed record ol'reliability, validity, and predicti< e utility. As of yet, many personality assessments tai e not established tl>is record. I or egainple. some professionals and lay people use Enncag >ram p measures such as the ('ohcn-Palmer Inventory (Palmr. 19SS), the 4>c'agner Inventor) (9'agncr. 19S I), and the Zinkle In< entory (/Inklc. 1974) as a nteasure for g intormat ion about clients or for self-undcrstandmg. According to Riso and I I udson aining (2000). the Lnncagram ol' I'crsol>allty Types is a inodcrn st>thcs>s ot'a number ol ancl<.'nt <visdon> traditions. 'I'he traditional l<nncagram. ho<vc<er. only dates back to thc 19( iOs. Enneagrain advocates postulate that there are nine tundamental personality tapes. and the I:nneagram System nt'Personality as designed to assess the degree to <vhich an individual N resembles each of these types (Riso b'; Hudson, I')99b). There >s no one underlying theory that is tl>solbasis for the Enncagram. It <vas dvcloped to accommodate a number of psycholAglcal constructs and dil'lcrcnt interpretations (Riso c( I ludson. I')96). !via>>y vi hn have become acquainted vilth the system ha< c tound lt to bc accurate in describing their pcrsoality charactr>st>cs and dynaln>cs. 4Vh>le some research on these Enneagram systn>s has been conducted (e.g., 13rugha. 199S; ( usack, ] 9')6; Ed<vards. 1991: Gamard, 19S6; Perry. 1996; I'indcr. 0 00: Sharp. )994; Thrasher. 1994: T<vomcy, 199S; 4K'v man. I')9S), limited emp>rical validat>on has occurred. A Illol c I cci>t Er>ncagram system is the R iso-I I udson Enneagram I'ypc Indicator ( Rl I I'. Tl; Riso 8; Hudson, 199')a). Version 2.5. 1he Ennagran> is thc I'oundation Irom vihich th<.' Rl IL'I l is drived. According to Riso (199'>). "'I hc nine prsonallty types of the Enneagrain can. . be rgarded as psychological 'Iunctions' and 'potentials for' a <vide spectrum of healthy to unhealthy traits" (p. SO). 'I'hese nin types are theorctically related to each other. I he nine personal>t) types ot thRI Il. Tl are >dentitied as Rel'ormer (Type I ), Helper (T) pe 2), Ach>ever (Type 3). Individualist ('I) pe 0). In< estigator (Type 5), Loyalist ('I'4pe 6), I'nthusiast ('I'ypc 7). ('hallcngr (Type S), and Peacemaker (14p 9). I'hc Rlormr is the

ersonality

Rbecca . I .4< w gen( rind Kmstrn I l l i g g i n i , I ) petr(nrc nt of F<hrcatronct/ I eaderiliip, Coun ielrng ancl I <>unclationi, ( >>i r irt> of:I < I anini, Pcinc(a E I' a r r, ltc>pa> tr>rc nt uf ('c>unii lrng. und Isadore >4'c'w'r>ran, c I)i pcrrtmnt oj Fduccr(iona/ Foundaturs ancl I earl<. rihrp, ('nrii rsr(I f o.I/ ron. I'vr(rnns of thii c(>'tic le arc' haiecl un a clnctc>r<tl disiertatu<n hi' Rbecca;I >4'ew'~'ent complete<I<>/al' OOI at (/re' I r'vr's(t>'o/' m .Ih<'on, prir(t<>ni o/'th rtr (cele were presented at the OOI .I <su<rut(un for tire >Id<'ance(en( o/ Fclr<caoonril keiearcli .4a(ron<>/ ( o>tierace, I'<>n( >indra IIuch, Florrcla; and purtiuns o f th article w ere pr<'sented a( (h .'ilare'h 'OO'.Amen<>rr ('Van(ling>>>sacra(ion ('onference, l4'ew Or/ai, I ouiiiana Corrc'iponclenr c <>nceturrng (lire arocle ihorrlcl h acldresied to kebc ca.t 4'ew'ge>c(. I)portment o/ Educao<inal I c ndi rslrrp, Counseling ael Fciu>ula(iurri, I 'nri i rsu> c>Irhansas. '.W (ifcrclrrcite E<I<<ca((o>r lh<rldurg, f I'rti i'Oec>I/<' >IR 7 'O I t e - m at/ r i w'gent<a,<Carl eclril

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principled, idealist>c type; the Helper is the caring, interpersonal type; th Ach iever is the adaptable, success-oriented type; the Individualist >s the romai>tic, introspective type: thc Investigator is the intense, cerebral type; the Loyalist is the committed, security-orientcd type; the Er>thusiast is the busy, productive t) pe; the Challenger is thc powerful, dominating type: and th Peacemaker is the easygoing, self'-eff'acing type (Riso k I ludson. I ')99a). Limited empirical c< idcnce, ho'ever. exists to suppo>s thc reliability and validity of the scores on the RI I ET I. i%un>erous investigations have been conducted using the I ive I actor Model (FFM) of personality as a way of interpreting and estimating validity of the scores of'other personality measures (e,g., Costa, 13usch, Zondcrn>an, A McCrae. 1986: Costa <<' ."vIcCrae, 1995.. u Furnham, I')96; Gottfredson. Jones, R Holland, 1993; McC ra<< Costa, 199"; MCrae, Costa, <f; Piedmont, 19')3; 'I'rull, Useda, Costa. k XlcCrae, I')')5). Research indicates that tltc V>EO Pcrsoi>alitv ll>vcl>tolv-Revised (NEO Pl-R: ( osta 2 fvfc(. rac, 1992) silbsuies thc majority of reliable variance of the constructs and variables assessed by other tradit>onal personality assessment measures. Therefore, the VL'0 I I-R is a useful and appropriate tool for validation studies of'other ineasures of norn>al personality. Costa anil fvfcCrae (1992) the NI'.0 Pl-R to opcrationalize the FFWI (!vfcCrae 4, Costa, 19')7). The VEO I'I-R has been shon to be a psychometrically sound ineasure that asscsses the -13ig I ive" dimensions. The lx;EO PI-R consists of 5 major domains of personality scales and 30 facet scales. l he NEO I'I-R is based on thc FFivf of' personality that includes (a) Neuroticism. (b) I=.xtravcrsion, (c) Opel>l>ess to Experience, (d) Agreeableness. and (e) Conscientiousness. 4eurot>c>sn> indicates thc tendency for an individual to experience psychological distress and includes the facets of' anxiety. angry hostility, depl'csslol>, self-consciousness, impulsis cness, and vulnerability. F:xtraversion ii>dicates a teliilency for an indi< idual to experience p osit is e emotions, ac>tv>ty. and flexibility and incl<l<Jes the Iacets of 'al'Irlth, i"lcgariousncss,assertiveness. activity, exc>tcmcnt-seeking, ansi positive emotions. Openness to Fxperiencc is dcotcd hy traits such as being, imaginative and sensitive to art and beauty and intellectual curiosity and includes the I'acets of' fantasy. aesthetics, leeling>s, actions, ideas, and values. Agreeableness is denoted by traits such as having trust ot'others, being sympathetic, and being cooperative and includes tl>e facets of trust, straightforardncss, altruism, compliance. modesty, and tcndcrmindedness. Conscientiousness, according to Costa and McCrac (1992). "is a dimension that contrasts scrupulous. ell-organized, and dilig>ent people with lax, disorganize<I. al>il lackadaisical individuals (p . 6) and incluifes the facets of competence, order. dutifulness, achievement striving self-discipline. and deliberation. >, As an example of using the NEO PI-R to begin building the body of enipirical support I'or personal>iy measures, specifically th RI IETI, Newgcnt, (Iuculette, Yeman. and Parr (2000) idei>tiIied relationships bet<veen the scores of'the RIIETI types anil tl>e scores of NEO Pl-R factors. It was expected that certain relationships 'ould exist: (a) that Neuroticism >ould be related to Peacemaker and Achiever; (b) that Extra< ers>on would be related to Iinthusiast and Challenger; (c) that Openness to I..xper iencc would be related to Investigator and Lnthusiast; (d) that Agreeableness ould brelated to I'eacemaker. Ind>< >dualist, and I oyalist; and (e) that Conscientiousness ould be related to Reformer and Helper. Results indicatcil the Rcf'ormer had a signif>cant positive relationship ith Conscientiousness (r =.A3). and the I lclpcr had a significant positi< e relationship ith Lxtravcrsii>n(r = A9). The Achiever l>ad a signif>cant positive relationship >th Conscientiousness (r = .67), and the Indi< idualist had a signit>cant pos>tive relationship '>th Neuroticism(r =,35) and Openness to Fxperience (r = .30) and significant negative relationships ith Extras crsion (r = . 31) and Conscicnt>ousncss (r = .5 ). The Investigator resulted in a sigiiilicant negatis c relationship 'ith L'xtraversion (r = .0 ) and a significant positive relationship with Openness to I=xperienc<. (r = . 36). the Loyalist resulted in a significant negative relatioiiship ith 011cnncss to I'.xpcrience (r = - .51). the I.nthusiast resulted >n a signif>cant positive relationship ith Extravcrsion

developed

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(> =. 31) and Opcnncss to Expertettce (t =.49), the Challenger resulted in signiftcant positive

relationships ii ith Extraversion (r .AS) and Conscicntiinisi>ess(r = .31) an J a significant ncgatii c relationship ivitli Agreeableness ( = - .r>1), anil the Peacemaker resulted in sigt>if>cant negative relationships ivith Extraversion (r = ./>) anil ()pcnness ti> Experience (i. = - .30) and a significant pos>tii c relationship >iith Agreeableness (> =.(> I ). >'tr'htlc these results appear to be = in support o( construct validity ot tltc RH ETI scores. the sainplc size (.>> 00) vi as too sn>al) to drai> any broad conclusions. 1hcse pilot study' results >vere then used alongvith the theoretical expectations in the developn>cnt of the hypotheses for this study. This iniestigation exantincd thc RHEI I types to cstiniatc the internal consistency reliability and ci>nstruct validity nf the scores from the RHE'l I scales. I bus. the tnforn>ation applied from this investigation ivill aid the helping professions to determine if the RHI-:Tl is a sound tool for assessing personality.

METHOD Participants
A convenience sample of 393 indi> i Juals participated in this investigation. Participants ivere recruited on a voluntary basis from the general comniunity and university acadeinic and social progl an>s ill Ohio. Nevi >'ork, cnorth( 'arolina, and Colorado over a >-month period. Only data of' those participants ivho completed all items on both tlic RI IE'I I and the t>iI'.0 I'I-R ivere used in this investigation ( t/ = 287). Thc participants als<> cinnplcled otlier instruments not reported llci'e. Participants included in this investigation raiigi.d in ag>e I'rom IS to 74 years (t(f = 32. SD = 13). Tii entysix percent ( = 79) of the participants crc male, and 73",t> = 20S)>iere (>male; ( SS'lze(= 3) Nerc (. aucasian and I 're (= 34) >vere lli>ii-Cailcaslall; < I 4 (n = I ) had less than a high school education, 31 "e ( 90 ) had a high school education, 9're (ti = 2(>) had an assoiate Jeg >ree. 31',">( = S9) had a bachelor's degree, 3'r'> (=(>7) Ilail a lnaster's deg>rcc, rnid ":(t> ( = 14) had a doctoral degree. >>li> ci>nsistcnt findings ere identifiable regarding, the dif'ferii ences betiieen participants Nho completed all items on the measures and those xi ho did not. A pov> er aiialysis (Cohen, 1977; 4t'e>vman E Benz, 19S3) determined the povtcr of this study to detect a medium effect as.99.

Instruments
Th< R//L 7/(R>34>//t/3o, /~A'9a/. The RH I..'I'I is a 144-item forced-choice inventory ol'normal pcrsonalth that ineasures nine personality r>1>cs (Reforn>er, I lelper, Achiei er, Individualist, Investigator, I oyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger. and I'caccniaker). 1..achof'the 144 >tents has tivo possible responses related to tvvo di(Tcrcnt RI II 11 types, Thus, of thc 2SS possible responses that test takers niust choose betivcen, 32 responses piirportedly measure each of the nine personality ti1>cs. I' or cxan>p(e, Item I contains the I'ollov ing t>vo responses: "I' ve been romantic and in>aginative" and "I've been pragn>atic and Joiia> tn earth." 1hc first response is associated ivith thc Individualist and the second response is assi>ciatcd ii ith the I.oyalist. Accordin to R. I luilson (pcrsoiial commumcation. March 14. 2000), the items on th R) IE1'I v, cre developed i>sing self-assessment, expcrt~udg. and observer agreemcnt. In addition, criti.'rion-keying strategies ivere used to refine the iten>s so that the itents selected >vould be based on the ability to Jiscrinunate cntcrion groups. Because thc RI I I" I'I is ipsiitii e in nature, it inakcs it >ntposs>blc f' or an individual tn score loiv on all types or high on all tg>cs: rather, a high score on onc scale >v ill by necessity create a loiv score on some other scale. The Rl Il.".fl produces a relatii e rather than an absolute profile. Ipsativc scales assess an individual relatii e to his or hcr o>vz> mean score rather than companng the persi>n ii ith some normatii e standard. r '>r/'0 /'/-K ( ( s r t> ctl .)fi C'rc, /W 'j Th e v 'E() I'I-R is a 4 0 - i tctn, self-rcport inventory that operatioiializcs tlie FFX( of personality (tvlc( rac X. Costa, 1997) and consists of five

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factors (Neuroticism. Extraversion. Opnncss to Fxperienc, Agrcablnss, and Consintiousnss) and 30 facets of which 6 facets relate to a resptie e I'actor. Respondents are given five i'esponse choices for each item, ranging from xriont',I> <Itsg<f to xnont'I) t >fce. T)1 iioinililg salllpl<.' illluded 1.0(K) participanb (s0() mii and >00 ontn: Clista h'; >lCrae, 19)2). i The reliability and validity estima'tcs of the scores from the NEO PI-R factors and I'acets have been highly investigated (( osta R. MCCrae. I')') ; see also l3otin, 1995: .Iuni, I')9s; fvfCrak Costa. 1992). Internal consistency reliability coefficieiits I'or the scores from the I'actor scales range t'roin .8(i to .')s. Internal consistency reliability cocf'ftcicnts for the scores from the facet scales range from .56 to .90. Contnt validity is addressed by idntitying six distinct facets to sample each factor and by slecting nonrcdundant items to masure each facet. In addition. consensual. construct, and con <> ergent anil discrirniiiant v a lid itis have bcn cstimat<.'d (Costa k. XtCrac, 1992; XlCrac EC ('osta, I')91; 51utn. 19') I ).

Procedure
Instruments were aclministered in both individual and group settiiigs. Each participant compltcd the Riso-I ludson I'.nna ram I >Tsc Indicator and thRevised VEO Personality Inventory, Standardized iitten instructions ere provided. Each participant agreed to his or her results bein < used for researcli purposes. Consent forms ercollected and I.epl separate to ensure anonymity of the inf'orination. Nonidentif'ying demographic data cr also collected from the participants (age. sex, race. and ducation level).

RESULTS Reliability Estimates

Cronbach's (19s I) coefficient alpha as calculated as a nieasure of the internal consistncy reliability estiniates of' the scores I'rom the RI IL"I'I seals. 'I'he coef'ficicnts rangd in tnagnitltd ffotn .50 (Acllicvci and Iilv estii'alof) to .8 ( I lelper). As shon in I able I, thc scores from the Loyalist, Achiever, and Investigator scales had th locst reliability coefticints. All other scores from thc RH I=.TI t>q>cs (I'acenial'cr, Reformer, Individualist. Helper. ( ltallenger. and Enthusiast) resulted in coelficints greater titan of ci]ual to .70, liich is generally considered accptahl (Nuiirially, 1978).

Validity Estimates
To methods of analysis ere used to estiinate constfttct validity: (a) Pearson product-moincnt coefTicient atid (b) canonical variate analysis ((. VA). 'I'he Parson product-moment coefficient as used to test the relationship bct <ccn the scores for the nine individual RI Il.l I t >l3es and the scores for the live indii idual NFO Pl-R I'actors. Bcausof thc number of intercorrelations, a Bonf'irroni adlustnrcnt ivas used (Neman. Fraas, k Laux. 2000). All of the iiine RI I ET I types
cfe slgili flcantly cofi'claiC il ltll Bt least 011 of thc factors on the V I'() I'I-R. I urthcrinorc, 1'our

of thc RI ILTI t>pcs rc sigtiificantly correlated ith three of the tive factors on thc NFO Pl-R (Individualist ith Ncuroticisni. Extrasrsion, and Conscientiousness; Loyalist ath Neuroticism. Fxtraiersion, and Openness to L'xperience; Entliusiast ith Extraversion, Opnness to Experience, and Conscientiousness; andC lig ith Neuroticism. Extraversion, and Agreehal lc ' c f ableness). The results of the correlational analyses arc reported in 'I'able I. C alloilical correlation ' as performed bteen the underlying> constructs of'the nine Rl IETI tvlaes and the underlyiilg coilsil ilcts of th fivN LO Pl-R I'actors using> SAS canonical corrlation (SAS Institute Inc., I')89). Onc svay of estimating th construct v aliility of'the scores on flic Rl ILTI is a concurrent estimatith an already established nteasurc nf personality. 1 ltre fur. a CVA as usd to assess the relationship bet'een the RI I I 'I I anil the NLO I'I-R. 'I he

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RHE1'I s included Peace<naker, Loyalist. Achiever, Refonlter. In(liviilualist, I llpr, C)tallenger. i't Investigator, anil I.nthusiast and tlie NEO Pl-R set included Neuroticism. Fitraverston, Openness to Experience. Agrceablnss, and ( onscientiousness. Findings (F-tst results lor extracting, canonical var<at pairs. correlations btiicen thc variables and the canonical variates. Sta<tdardizc<1 canonical val'Iat col llclctlts, Q'lthtn-set variance accounted Iilr by the canonical variates, rcdunilancies, and canonical cnnelations) on the tive pairs ofcanonical var<ates appear in I'able 2. Rcsillts of each canonical correlation arc presented in turn. I'hr vs ere li ve canonical variates. OI the expected live dimensions to emer <ge, each ot tlicm ivas si <rnilicant. Thc lirst canonical correlation ivas .73 (.71 adjusteil). representiiig 54 u~o of' (llc ovcllapplllg i arian I'or the tirst canonical i ariat. Kith a cutotTcnrrelation ol .30 ('I'ahachnick P I idell, 2001). the iariables in the RIIFTI st that iver correlated ivith the first canoiiical variate ivere Ref<>nncr and I.nthusiast. Among the Nl:.0 Vl-R variables. Conscientiousness, Evtraversion, and Openness to Espcricncc correlat<.'d ivith the first canonical variat. As shoii n in Tabl 2. th first canontcal variat indicates that those vvtth inoderate characteristics of Rctormr (.3>) and I'i' characteristics of Iinthusiast ( .>2) are assoc<atd sv ith high lex ls of Conscientiousness (.80). Ioiv levls of Extrai ersion ( .40). and low levels ot Opcnnss to Esprincc (-.35). I he values for the first canonical variatc ar .20 I'or th first set of i ariablcs and . I I'or th second set ol'iariables. In other ords, 20'."4 is th variance accounted Ior by thc NEO Pl-R variables on (h Iirst caliolllc<ll val late. gild 21% is the variance accounted I'or by tltc Rl ILTI variables nn the first anonical x ariat. Kith regard to redudancy, thc first RHI-:TI < ariatc acc<iunts for 11% of the varianc in th NI'.0 I'I-R variables. and the lirst NEO Pl-R variate acouiits I'or )O'Nr ol'th variance in th RI IE fl i ariabls. 1 Iie second canonical correlation ii as .70 (.(i9 adjusted), rcprescnting 49'N ol'tile overlapping variance tor the second canonical variatc. 'I'he second canonical i ariatc in th Rl ll. I'I sct vvas c<i<11poscd ol lni estigator, Enthusiast. and Individualist. and thc corresponding canonical variate I'rom th Nl 0 PI-R st svas coniposcd ol Openness to Experience. I'aken as a pair, thcsvariates suggest that a combination <it moderate characteristics of Ini estiator (.48). I'iiv charactristics of Enthusiast ( .36), anil moderate clialactristics ol Iildividualist (.32) is associated vvith moderate Icvls ot'Openness to I xpcrtencc (.As). 'I he i alues I'or the second canonical variate are .19 for the first set ot iariables and .20. Ior th s<.cotid set. In other v< ords. 19"i is the variance accountd I'or by th NLO I'I-R variables on the second canonical i ariatc. and 20% is the variance accounted for by th Rl-I FTI variables on the second canonical variatc. Kith regard (o redundancy, the secon<l Rill'.Tl iariate accounts for 9% of th i ariance in tlic NLO PI-R variables, and the second NFO Pl-R variate acoil<its Ior 10% ol the variance in the RH El I variables. 'I'he thir il canonical corrlatioil <~as .(i (. 6 1 adJusted). representing 39% overlapping > variance I'or the third canoiiical variate. The iariabls in the R) II.TI set that ivere correlated iv<tll tile tllird canonical variate vr Peacemaker. Loy'illsl, and Illdividilalist. Anlotl< the NFO Pl-R variables Neuroticism, Agrccablnss, and Coilsciititioilstless coi'rlatd ivith tlie tlltrd canonical variable. Th thirdanonical variate inilicates tliosc ivith leiv charac-

tristics ot' Veacmaker (-.71), characteristics ol'I.oyalist (.63). and characteristics ol'Individualist (.4g) are associated ith high levels ol Neuroticism (.71), loiv levels ol' Agreeableiiess ( .60), and inoderate levels ol Conscintiousness (.37). 'I'hc values I'or the third canonical x ariate are .24 lor the lirst sct of variables and .10 for the second set of variables. In other ivords, 24% is the variance accounted I'or by th iVI.O Vl-R variables or> the ttiird canonical variatc, and 10"/<> is the variance accounted for by the RIII..TI variables on the third canonical variate. Kith regard to redundancy, th third RHETI variate accounts I'or 9" o ol tlic variance in th<. NLO Vl-R variables, and the third VL'0 Vf-R variate accoillit<< Ior 0 ~o of t)te val !alice lii the Rl I El I < ariabls. Thc fourth canonical correlation vvas .53 (.'3 adjusted). representing 28% overlapping variance I' or t)te fourth canonical variate. I he lourth canonical variale in th RHI- I'I set divas composed ot Loyalist, Investigator. Reformer. and Achiever, and tlie corresponiling

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cailolllcal val'tate lfolll the X'EO Pl-R st ivas colllptlsLI of Agfei ablettess. Openness to Experience, and Ivcuritticisnt. 'Ial'ii as a pair. these variates su gest that a ciimhinatiiin ot nioilerate characteristics ot' Loyalist (.A7). I'c i v characteristics ot I n i e stigaior ( .- I ) , I 'i ' cllai actrlstics i)t RL'l(il'lilt:i' ( .40). illid fe'iv cllalactl'ls'ties iat Aclllvcl ( .3 ) is ilssociilted

ivith high levels 01 Agl'ahlcncss (.b9). Ion lei els ot Openiiess to Esprinc ( .S()), and inoilerate levels of teuroticisrn (.s0). 4'cst, th 1'ourth canonical variatc is .12 lor the lirst sct of variables and .22 tor the second set of variabls. In other ivords, I "i> is ttic x ariance accounteil f(tr by th VFO Pl-R variables ()n thc t'(turth canonical variate, anil 22% is th i ariancc accontcd tor by th RI ILTI i ariables on the I'ourtli canonical variate. 4'itti regard to redundancy. thc I'ourth R HI- I'I variate accounts lor ('Y<> ot'the variance in the NFO PI-R variables. and the lourth 4'I.'.0 I'I-R variatc accounts 1'or 6"~e ot the variance in thc RI I I-: I'I i ariablcs. The fif'th canonical correlation ivas .2(i (. 0 adjusted). representing 7"<o overlapping variance for th tilth canonical variate. Th variables in the RHI.TI set that ivcrc corrclatd ii ith the fifth canonical variatc ~ierc Rct'orrncr, I lclpr. ngati' ol'C'ha) lcngcr, and Liithusiast. Among thc 4t'EO Pl-R variables. (. onscientiousness, Neiiroticism. and Openness to Experience correlated iv ith thc ( ifth canonical variable. I'he li1'th canonical variate indicates those a ith strong characteristics of Rct()l'Iilcf (1.21), strong characteristics ol I lelper (.S5), fetv characteristics o( Challenger (-.84). and niodrati. characteristics o( I'nthusiast (.01) are associated ivith high level of C'onscintiousnss (.67). high levels ol Neuroticism (. >S). and high level ot Op> nncss to Esprit nce (.' I ). I'h (if'th canonical variatc is . 4, lor th (irst sct of variables, and .()6, t'or the second sct ot variables. In othr ivord, 24' l> is tlic varlallcc accounted tor by th 5t'I'.0 Pl-R variables on th litth canonical variate. and 6"~e is the variance accounted tor by thc RHETI variabls on the (i('th canonical variate. log thr, th(ive
canonical variates account I' or )00'l'' of tile viirlailcc ill the +I'.0 I I- R st alld 79"'i> ol' tile variance in tlie Rl IL'I'I set. >t'tth regard to redundaiicy, the litth RI IETI variate accounts I'or

2% ol thc iariance in the V'I:0 I'I-R variabls. and th tilth lvl 0 I'I-R iariate accounts I'or < I ">e of the variance in the Rl I ETI variables.

DISCUSSION
knoa ledge about the psychometric soundiiess of' personalityinstrurnnts is I'undainntal to accurate assessment. 5'ithout such inlormatioii, there catt b no ineaningful assessntent ol personality. 'I'his study supported the experimental use ol the Rill'. I I. It is genrally considered to be undesirable to have ipsative scales because the scale affects the psychometrics estimatd: hoi~ evcr. thrc are ipsativc scales that are fairly popular in th litliltulc (i.e., Edivards Personal Preternce Schdule. Mycrs-Brig >s Type. Indicator). Althou h the Rl IETI scales are not as etTective due to their ipsatii e nature. it vvas desirable to have estimates ot score reliability and validity because ot' potential clinical and heuristic value. Reliability coet'ficients, as measured by internal consistency aiialysis, ltave alpha coelTicicllts lligll llougli (Vunnally, )978; i.., above .70) to alloiv lilti'.Illccs ol scol c i'liability on sis of thnine scales. Ideally. scores trom all nine t > pcs should have resulted in internal consistency estimates of,70 or greater. One possible reason for the scores on the Achiever. Investigator, and Loyalist types to hai c limited reliability estimats is thc ipsaiive nature ol the items. Thus, when participants score high on one scale, it I'orces scors on another scale to louver. This may have a dilferent meaning between participants, making it dilTicult > to knovi il scores on a seal acre love merely due to hai ing high scores on another scale. The correlational analysis indicated (hat the scores on all the RIIETI types are related to seieral ol thc scores on factor ot the NE0 Pl-R. Th tnajority of the results ol'thc correlational analysis appear to make sense. I urthermore, an analysis ot the tindings and their associated relationships indicate that the RI I L"I'I type descriptions havieaning i tcrins of tlie VEO I'I-R. I:or exantplc. Rl IL'Tl I ype I (Reformr) is sigiticatlye atii ly related to V'curoticism and signilicantly positivly related to C'onscicntiousncss. 'I hc Rtormr is

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principled and idealistic, which are similar characteristics to Conscientiousness (scrupulous and ivcfl organized) but unlike Neuroticism (impulsive and hostile). As vvtth reliability, the ipsative nature of the RHI'Tl may distort some of' the findings from the correlational analysis. I'or example, it vvould make sense that RHETI Type 2 (Helper) would significantly correlate a ith Agreeableness, not just Exiraversion. 1'he ipsative nature of the Rl IETI may have affected this result. The findingrs generally confirm the expectation that the scores trom the RH ETI t >13es and the scores f rom thc NEO PI-R factors ivould be related. supporting construct validity. Tlte canonical correlational analysis between the sets of variables (RHE11 and NEO Pl-R) shoiv all five canonical variates account for significant relationships between the trio sets of iariables. Therefore, all five canonical vanates ivcre interpreted. Each of the five canonical correlatioiis represents a substantial relationship between pairs of'canonical variates. Ikowever, interpretation of the fit'th canonical correlation and its corresponding pair of'canonical variates is limited because it represents only 6"In ot the overlapping variance (Tabacluiick rt' Fidclf. 2001; Thompson, 1991) and may have little practical utilitarian relationship. Each of the five pairs of canonical vanates is discussed in tur n. An interpretation of the first pair of canonical variates indicates a relationship betvveen the RHE11 and the NEO PI-R. That is, the principled, idealistic type coupled with a lack of productivity go with characteristics of'being scrupulous coupled ivith a lack of activity and a lack ol actions. This result is partially consistent ivith the expected h >T tothesized relationships because it was expected that there vvould be a relationship between the Reformer and Conscientiousness as vvell as betvveen Enthusiast and Extraversion. I lovvever. the relationship to the low level o1 Openness to Experience may be a result of the ipsativc nature of thc RHETI. The second pair of canonical variates indicates the intense, cerebral type. coupled vvith introspection and a lack of'productivity goes with characteristics of being imaginative and intellectually curious. This result is also partially consistent with the expected hypothesized relationships because it vvas expected that there u ould be a relationship betvteen Investigator and Openness to L'xperience. I lowcver. thc Iom level of Enthusiast in relation to Openness to I..xpericncc ntay bc a result of ipsatization. Next, the third pair of canonical variates indicates that those ivho are not easygoing, but have characteristics of being, conunit(ed, security oriented, and introspective go tvitlt characteristics of being sell-conscious, impulsive, distrustful, and noncompliant coupled with being scrupulous and diligent. This result is consistent vvith the expected hypothesized relationships. It Nas expected that those low in Peacemaker vvould also be lovv in Agreeableness and high in Neuroticism. I he I'ourth pair of canonical variates indicates that those who are committed and security oriented coupled v, ith those who arc less cerebral. more pragntatic, and less adaptable go v ith characteristics o1 trust and reserve coupled ith a lack of imagination and modest amounts of anxiety and vulnerability. I'lte relationship between the Loyalist and Agreeableness was expected; however, the results ma be related to the ipsative nature of! Iie RH ETI because scores > are relative and not absolute on the Rl ILTI scales. I'inally, thc fi1th pair of canonical variates indicates a relationship betvveen the RI I ETI and the NEO Pl-R. 1'hat is. the principled. idealistic, carin, interpersonal type coupled vvith a cof'arming but busy, productive type goes vvith cliaracteristics of being scrupulous. vvelf organized, vulnerable, and i letal curinte culy l ous. 1 his result supports the hypothesized relationships in that it was expected that there woul(1 be a relationship between Helper and C onscientiousness as ell as Enthusiast and Openness tn Experience. 1'hese relationships appear to bc logically related and reasonable in terms of describing, the relationship between the underlying constructs of the RHETI and the VEO PI-R, thereby providing further support tor the constrttct validity of the scores on the RHETI. Vext, tlie variance of each ot the canonical variates extractt:d I'rom its own set of variables differed. I h five canonical variates accounted for 100'z<> of the total variance in the VEO Pl-R set. ivhtch was expected because tliere are five NLO PI-R f'actttrs, 6'hile still substan-

remaining,

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tial, th five canonical variates accounted tor 79".I of the vat'iance in the RHETI sei. 1'he iilst foU1 calloiiical variates of th Rl IF1 I substantially contributed to th total variance, indicatingi t hat th fifth canonical s ariate may not b intcrprtable. This is consistent ss ith the tindings that the iifth canonical corrlation only accounted I'tir 6'!o oi' the s ariance in predictingi the NEO Vl-R variables. Furthermore. thc total redundancy indicated comparabl results. The five RHETI variates accounted ior 34% ot' th variance in th . JEO VI-R variables, and the iiv IsiL'0 PI-R variats accounted for 32'/o ol the variance in the RI IFTI variables. Ol the five anonical RIILTI variatcs, only th iirst thre (. I I, .09, and .09. respectively) ontrihuted substantially to the total redundancy. making it lear that a three-component theory may be quite adequate ior ths data. Furthermore, ot the tive canonical ".iEO Vl-R sariates. only thc iirst two (. I2 and .)0. respectively) contributed substantially to the total redundancy, indicating a possible two-coniponent theory may be adequate. 'I'hcsc results indicate that the canonical variates I'rom th ls'I..O I'I-R strongly correlate with their osvn variables but hava limited relationship to the RIIFTI variables, therby providing inixecl support ior thc construct validity of th scores oii the Rl IETI. While caution is w'arranted in interpreting nlost i'c()undanies (Tabachnick R, Fidcll, 200 I ), and the statistial package used provides a low'er bound estimate of overlap, the reason it is being, intrpretd is to aid in understanding the overlap oi thc underlying constructs ot' the Rl IL"I I and the ! EO I'I-R. I inally, while the live 4l.'.0 Vl-R variates account I'or 32'!' of thc variane in thc Rl II' l l variables, which is generally considcrcd reliable, 68"At ol the variance is unaccounted ior. Althougll tllsc lllstrunltits do share a substantial ainount ot thir rcliablc variance in common. one does not know ii'this unaccounted I'or variance is meaningful. ii it is unique or an error. According, to the theory oi th RHLTI, one should xllcct tlils Urlac()tliited ior variance. Although one does not know what ihis is, it can be argued that thc liliilcounted for variance may be valuable to look at in the luture. 'I hese rsuits provid some of the supportive vidence ior the reliability and construct validity of'th sores on th Rl IEl'I. Sonic relationship docs exist between the Rl ILTI and the is I.O Pl-R. While it is prcitlatUrc to t conclude that the RIII".fl is a sound tool for assssing prsonality, these data support the etfort lor doing further investigation of this ineasur to warrant its use in lieu ol measures su)i as the YEO PI-R. I-or cxampl, an analysis studving the incremental validity of' the scores on the RHETI, svhere the predict is e validity ol'(he scales can bc evaluated ovr and above the NEO PI-R, would b useiul in adding, to the Understanding ol the RHE rl. igest more investig >ation is needed to assess th psychometrics oi th Results of' this study sug scores on the Rl II'l I. While layprsons and counseling professionals will most likely continue to Iliakc Usc oi the RHE1 I ior sell-understanding and gainiiig information about clients. implications from the results nf this study should bconsidered. We caution that until furthr evaluation ol the Rl-IETI is complete, counsling prolessionals should not rely solely on the Rl I I-; I'I but rather use it in conjunction i~ ith another. nutre established measure.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Althougli attempts were niade to obtain a diverse sample oi'the population, the hoinogeneity ol' i the sample may be a limitatii>n regarding external validity. A ntajority of the participants vvere women (73'/tt). 'I'his may iniply that th results obtained from this investigation may be more applicable to women than to men. Furthermore, only l2'Vtt oi the participants werc nonCaucasian. With the ntaiority ol the patritpants Caucasian, the interpretation in relation to racial diiTerences nay be more liinited. Although the saniple size oi 287 was adquate Ior th purposes oi this investigation, a larger sampl size would b bniicial in dtting small effects. I inally. because the RHETI is ipsative in nature, it creates a number oi'statistical issus. For exaniple. Ipsatizatioli illlposcs a very strict statist ica I lorniat t>n hosv a scale correlates to both itst. Il and other instntments. This inay be a source oi'lowerd r aiiyandi alidity stin3ats. eli lt b 235

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