Class : VIII

PRELIMINARIES PHYSICS

What is anything really?

In very general terms, that's what the
science of physics allows us to ask. There is
still so much we don't know about the
universe, and new research is constantly
surprising. The more we know, the more
questions we find to ask. Understanding the
answers to that question is the primary
motivation of physics.
Most of operational physics (how
things relate to each other) can be
understood in terms of fundamental
quantities. A fundamental quantity is an
irreducible
"thing".
It
cannot
be
described in terms of other "things".
This is in contrast to derived quantities,
which can be described in terms of other
"things".
Fundamental quantities are also
called base quantities. Fundamental
quantities can be considered to be
dimensions, but in a loose context. In
physics, when we refer to dimensions,
we usually refer to space and time

Introduction: - Measurement of any physical

quantity involves comparison with a certain
basic, arbitrarily chosen, internationally
accepted reference standard called unit.
Magnitude: - The number of times, a
standard quantity is present in the physical
quantity, is known as the magnitude of the
physical quantity.
Fundamental
Quantity:
-A
physical
quantity which is independent of any other
quantity is a fundamental quantity.
Fundamental Unit: - The unit of a physical
quantity which is independent of any other
quantity is called a fundamental unit.

STUDY MATERIAL

Complementary
Fundamental
Units:
- Units of angle (degrees) and solid angle.
Derived
Quantities:
- The
physical
quantities which can be derived from other
physical
quantities
are
called derived
quantities.
All other quantities except the fundamental
quantities are derivable. The units of these
quantities are also derivable from the
fundamental units and are called derived
units.
Derived Units: - The units of physical
quantities which can be expressed in terms of
fundamental units are called derived units.
For example, area, pressure, density and
speed are derived quantities and their units
square meter, Pascal kilogram metre-3 and
meter
second-1 are
derived
from
the
fundamental units.
The fundamental quantities:
Time
:
seconds
(s)
Space
:
meters
(m)
Mass
:
kilograms
(kg)
Temperature
:
degrees kelvin (K)
Electrical current :
ampere
(A)
Luminosity
:
candela
(l)
Amount of matter :
mole
Time is perhaps the most abstract of the
fundamental quantities, possibly because we
experience it in a linear way; we can't get out
of it.
Space can be experience from a nonlinear
perspective, and is more easily grasped as a
distinct concept.
The same goes for
mass, which is very tangible.
Temperature is experiential but its quantum
definition veers into abstract territory (in
simplistic terms, it is the amount of atomic
vibration in a system).

Like temperature, electrical current is an

everyday experience, but gets stranger the
more closely it is analyzed (the "flow" of
electrons through a medium).
Luminosity is straightforward (we can see
how it changes).
The mole is a stumbling block for students of
chemistry, but ultimately makes sense as a
measurement of items (particularly of
matter).
fundamental quantity - one of the four
quantities that are the basis of systems of
measurement
quantity - how much there is or how many
there are of something that you can quantify
amount - how much there is or how many
there are of something that you can quantify
measure - the extent, quantity, amount, or
degree of something, as determined by
measurement or calculation
mass - the property of a body that causes it
to have weight in a gravitational field
length - the linear extent in space from one
end to the other; the longest dimension of
something that is fixed in place
time period - an amount of time
temperature - the degree of hotness or
coldness of a body or environment

ASSIGNMENT
1.
2.

1
1

3.

4.

cm = ____________________ mm
dm = ____________________ cm
= ____________________ mm
m= ____________________ dm
= ____________________ cm
= ____________________ mm
Dm= ____________________ m
= _____________________dm
= _____________________cm

5.
Dm

Hm

= ____________________ mm
= _____________________

= _____________________m
= _____________________dm
= _____________________cm
=
_____________________mm
6.
1
Km = _____________________Hm
= _____________________Dm
= _____________________m
= _____________________dm
= _____________________cm
=
_____________________mm
7.
1
mm = _____________________cm
= _____________________dm
= _____________________m
= _____________________Dm
= _____________________Hm
= _____________________Km
8.
1
cm = _____________________dm
= _____________________m
= _____________________Dm
= _____________________Hm
= _____________________Km
9.
1
dm = _____________________m
= _____________________Dm
= _____________________Hm
= _____________________Km
10.
1
m = _____________________Dm
= _____________________Hm
= _____________________Km
11.
1
Dm = _____________________Hm
= _____________________Km
12.
1
Hm = _____________________Km
13.

Km = _____________________m
14.

Km = _____________________cm
15.

Km = _____________________m
16.

Km = _____________________cm
17.

Km = _____________________m
18.

Km = _____________________cm
19.

m = _____________________cm
20.

m = _____________________cm
21.

m = _____________________cm
22.
1
Km/h = ____________________m/h
= __________________m/min
= ____________________m/s
= ___________________cm/h
= _________________cm/min
= ___________________cm/s
23.
1
m/s = ___________________Km/s
= ________________Km/min
= ___________________Km/h
= ___________________cm/s
= ________________cm/min
= ___________________cm/h

Km/h2= ___________________m/s2
= _________________m/min2
= ___________________m/h2
2
1
Km/h = ___________________cm/s2
= ________________cm/min2
= __________________cm/h2
25.
18
Km/h = _____________________m/s
36
Km/h = _____________________m/s
54
Km/h = _____________________m/s
72
Km/h = _____________________m/s
90
Km/h = _____________________m/s
108
Km/h = _____________________m/s
26.
25
m/s = ___________________Km/h
50
m/s = ___________________Km/h
75
m/s = ___________________Km/h
100
m/s = ___________________Km/h
27. 1800
Km/h = ________________ Km/min
= __________________ Km/s
= ____________________m/h
= _________________ m/min
= ___________________cm/s
= _________________cm/min
= ___________________cm/h
28. 86.4
Km/h = ________________ Km/min
= __________________ Km/s
= ____________________m/h
= _________________ m/min
= ___________________cm/s
= _________________cm/min
= ___________________cm/h
29. 360
m/s = ________________ Km/min
= __________________ Km/h
= __________________ Km/s
= ____________________m/h
= _________________ m/min
= ___________________cm/s
= _________________cm/min
= ___________________cm/h
30. 1800
Km/h2 = ______________ Km/min2
= _________________ Km/s2
= ___________________m/h2
= ________________ m/min2
= __________________cm/s2
= ________________cm/min2
= __________________cm/h2
3
31.
1
kg/m = ___________________ g/m3
= __________________ g/cm3
= __________________mg/m3
=
_________________mg/cm3
32.
1
g/cm3 = __________________kg/m3
33.
1000 g/cm3 = __________________kg/m3
34.
1000 kg/m3 = __________________ g/cm3
35.
1
lt = __________________ ml
= __________________ cl
= __________________ dl
36.

lt = __________________ ml
24.

37.
38.
39.
40.

103
250

lt = __________________ ml
lt = __________________ ml
ml = __________________ lt
ml = __________________ lt.

Definitions of the SI Base Units

Length: metre (m)
The metre is the length of the path travelled
by light in vacuum during a time interval of
1/299 792 458 of a second.
Mass: kilogram (kg)
The kilogram is equal to the mass of the
international prototype of the kilogram: a
piece of platinum-iridium alloy kept at the
International
Bureau
of
Weights
and
Measures, Svres, France.
Time: second (s)
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770
periods of the radiation corresponding to the
transition between the two hyperfine levels of
the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.
Electric current: ampere (A)
The ampere is that constant current which, if
maintained in two straight parallel conductors
of infinite length, of negligible circular crosssection, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a
force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of
length.
Thermodynamic temperature: kelvin (K)
The kelvin is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of water.
The unit kelvin and its symbol K should be
used to express both thermodynamic
temperature and an interval or a difference of
temperature.
In
addition
to
the
thermodynamic
temperature (symbol T) there is also the
Celsius
(symbol t)
defined
by
the
equation t=T-T0 where T0=273.15 K. Celsius
temperature is expressed in degree Celsius
(symbol C). The unit 'degree Celsius' is equal
to the unit 'kelvin', and a temperature interval

or a difference of temperature may also be

expressed in degrees Celsius. (The word
degree and the sign o must not be used with
kelvin or K).
Amount of substance: mole (mol)
The mole is the amount of substance of a
system which contains as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram
of carbon 12.
When the mole is used, the elementary
entities must be specified and may be atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or
specified groups of such particle.
In this definition, it is understood that the
carbon 12 atoms are unbound, at rest and in
their ground state.
Luminous intensity: candela (cd)
The candela is the luminous intensity, in a
given direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x
1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in
that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
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