IMAGES, PART TWO

Plates, Bowls, Eating Utensils, Clasp Knives, Pillow Cases, Blankets, Rugs, Coverlets,
Slipcase Pocket Books, common Pocket Books, Linen Wallets, Mittens, Cups, Pipes,
Tobacco and Snuff Boxes, and Writing Implements.

Contents
1. Contents of Primary Monograph
2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center
3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780
4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment
5. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried.
Part 1: Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings,
Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment.
6. Related Articles by the Author

Representative Images of Whig Soldiers’ Belongings

Companion Resource for
"An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.”
The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence
https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-I-carried-in-my-
Pack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence

John U. Rees

While not particularly pertinent to the subject of this monograph, this image included as a
reminder that female army followers were ubiquitous and, as alluded to by Gen. George
Washington, a necessary part of the Continental Army. (Fort Ticonderoga, July 2016)
 1. Contents of Primary Monograph

1. Overview: “Our almost incessant marching – marching almost day & night.”
2. “Complement of necessaries, etc., for the soldier.”
Personal Equipage as Stipulated in British Treatises
3. “The load a soldier generally carries during a campaign …”
What British Troops Actually Carried, 1755-1783
4. “Only such articles as are necessary and useful …”: Lightening the Soldiers’ Load
5. “Spare cloathing and necessaries ..."
Personal and Other Items Carried by Continental and Militia Soldiers
a. Ezra Tilden, 1775 to 1779
b. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment
(including discussion of “snapsack[s]”)
c. An "Estimate of the Expences of raising a foot soldier … 1776, in Colo. Smallwood's
battalion & ye 7 independent Companies …”
d. An inventory of the possessions of the late Samuel Lamson of Colonel Fisher
Gay's Connecticut Regiment, 1776.
e. Sergeant Major John Hawkins, 2 nd Canadian Regiment, September 1777
f. Inventory of a Deceased Rhode Island Soldier’s Belongings, October 1777
g. References to Soldiers’ Belongings and Knapsacks in Regulations for the Order and
Discipline of the Troops of the United States. 1779
h. "Plan for the Cloathing of the [light] Infantry,"circa 1779
i. Massachusetts Soldier: Sgt. Andrew Kettell’s Journal, May 1780-March 1781
j. Soldier-Tailor: “Inventory of the Effects of Frederick Oblieskie,” West Point,
September 1780
6. "All the tin Camp-kettles they can procure ...": Cooking Gear and other Food-Related Items
a. Light-Weight Military Kettles, and Cast-Iron Cooking Gear, 1775-1782.
b. Continental Army and States' Militia, 1775-1780.
c. American Sheet-Iron Kettles, 1781-1782.
d. Iron Pots and Pans.
e. Makeshift Cookware.
d. Eating Utensils.
7. The Ways Soldiers Carried Food.
8. The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783.
9. Carrying Drink and Procuring Water.
10. Equipment Shortages
Appendix A.
“I hired some of my pack carried about a dozen miles …”:
Excerpts from Ezra Tilden’s diary, 1776-1777
Appendix B.
Soldiers had what and how many?
Appendix C.
Contents lists and Weblinks to two addenda with additional images and examples of personal
items soldiers carried.
List of Related Articles by the Author
_________________________________
 2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center

This image compendium would not be possible without Gregory Theberge’s

18th Century Material Culture Resource Center. That invaluable resource You will find 451
slideshows in 62 categories on apparel, household and personal items, military gear, firearms and
more.

18th Century Material Culture Resource Center:

http://materialculture18t.wixsite.com/18thcmcrc/the-slideshows
Categories
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
AMERICAN REVOLUTION - COLONIES TO STATES
AMERICAN REVOLUTION - THE BRITISH ARMY
AMERICAN REVOLUTION - ARTILLERY
ANIMALS & PETS
ARCHITECTURE - BUILDINGS & OUTBUILDINGS
ARMS & ACCOUTREMENTS: FIREARMS
ARMS & ACCOUTREMENTS: EDGED WEAPONS
ARMS & ACCOUTREMENTS: ACCOUTREMENTS
ARTISTS - PORTRAIT
BEDDING
“Bed Coverings Part I,” https://www.scribd.com/document/249156391/Bedding-Bed-Coverings-Part-I
“Bed Coverings Part II,” https://www.scribd.com/document/249155908/Bedding-Bed-Coverings-Part-II
“Blankets,” https://www.scribd.com/document/288097548/Bedding-Blankets
“Bolsters, Pillows, & Sheets,” https://www.scribd.com/document/190108639/Bedding-Pillows-Bolsters
CLEANING & LAUNDRY
CLOTHING - FEMALE
CLOTHING - MALE
“Shirts,” https://www.scribd.com/document/210008634/Male-Dress-Shirts
“Neck Stocks, Rollers, & Cravats,” https://www.scribd.com/document/333296477/Neck-Covers-Stocks-
Cravats
“Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus”
https://www.scribd.com/document/333295027/Neck-Covers-Kerchiefs
“Breeches & Overalls,” https://www.scribd.com/document/159514758/Male-Dress-Breeches-Overalls
“Male Under Drawers,” https://www.scribd.com/document/314727988/Male-Dress-Under-Drawers
“Knit Caps,” https://www.scribd.com/document/250897727/Male-Dress-Knit-Caps
“Utility & Clasp Knives,” https://www.scribd.com/document/274582394/Food-Food-Preparation-Utility-
Clasp-Knives
CONTAINERS
“Bags, Sacks, & Wallets,” https://www.scribd.com/document/258664144/Containers-Bags-Sacks-Market-
Wallets
CRIME & PUNISHMENT
DEATH
DRINKING - TAVERNS, PUNCH & KEGS
DRINKING - BEVERAGE CONTAINERS & OPENERS
DRINKING - GERMAN STONEWARE
DRINKING - MUGS, CUPS, GLASSWARE, Etc.
“Miscellaneous Drinking Vessels,” https://www.scribd.com/document/248750910/Drinking-Drinking-Vessels-
Miscellaneous
DRINKING - TEA, COFFEE, CHOCOLATE, WATER
ENGINEERING / SURVEYING / DRAFTING ...
ENTERTAINMENT
FIRE FIGHTING
FOOD & FOOD PREPARATION
FOOD & FOOD PREPARATION - THE KITCHEN
“Plates & Bowls - Woodenware,” https://www.scribd.com/document/250745881/Food-Food-Preparation-Plates-
Bowls-Wood
“Cutlery,” https://www.scribd.com/document/245277887/Food-Food-Preparation-Cutlery
FOOTWEAR
“Male Shoes, Boots & Gaiters,” https://www.scribd.com/document/202562079/Footwear-Male-Shoes-Boots-
Gaiters
“Shoe Buckles,” https://www.scribd.com/document/202628324/Footwear-Shoe-Buckles
“Stockings,” https://www.scribd.com/document/265557115/Footwear-Stockings
FURNITURE - CHESTS & CABINETS
FURNITURE - TABLES & CHAIRS
GAMES & GAMING
GOVERNMENT & POLITICS
GROOMING
“Dressing the Hair & Wig,” https://www.scribd.com/document/282835312/Grooming-Hair-Dressing-the-Hair
“Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving), https://www.scribd.com/document/282835063/Grooming-Hair-Dressing-
the-Face
HOUSEHOLD / HOME DECOR
HYGIENE & BODY FUNCTIIONS
LIGHTING
“Fire Starting,” https://www.scribd.com/document/239232659/Fire-Starting-Candles
MAGIC LANTERNS
MATERNITY, INFANTS, & CHILDREN
MEDICAL ARTS
METAL WORKING
MONEY & SCALES
MUSIC
NATIVE AMERICANS
NAVY & MARINES
PERSONAL AFFECTS & JEWELRY
POCKET BOOKS, PURSES & BAGS
“Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets), https://www.scribd.com/document/255784457/Personal-Effects-Leather-
Pocket-Books
“Wool Embroidered Pocket Books,” https://www.scribd.com/document/255834454/Personal-Effects-Wool-
Embroidered-Pocket-Books
“Irish Stitch Pocket Books I,” https://www.scribd.com/document/255862780/Personal-Effects-Pocket-Books-
Wool-Embroidered-Irish-Stitch-1
“Irish Stitch Pocket Books I,” https://www.scribd.com/document/255862294/Personal-Effects-Pocket-Books-
Wool-Embroidered-Irish-Stitch-2
PRINTING, READING, WRITING
“Writing Implements,” https://www.scribd.com/document/312175931/Reading-Writing-Writing-Implements
RELIGION
ROMANCE & SEX
SEWING, TAILORING. & TEXTILES
“Sewing & Tailoring Tools,” https://www.scribd.com/document/212330271/Sewing-Tools-of-the-Trade
SLAVERY - AFRICA & THE WEST INDIES
SMOKING & TOBACCO
“Tobacco Boxes,” https://www.scribd.com/doc/316943880/Tobacco-Smoking-Part-2-Tobacco-Boxes
“Smoking Pipes,” https://www.scribd.com/doc/316944343/Tobacco-Smoking-Part-3-Pipes
“Snuff,” https://www.scribd.com/doc/316944994/Tobacco-Smoking-Part-5-Snuff
SPECTACLES & VISUAL AIDS
SPORTS
SPORTSMEN & HUNTING
TIME PIECES
“Silver Watches 1770-1784,” https://www.scribd.com/document/251452307/Time-Pieces-Silver-Watches-1770-1784
“Watch Chains & Accessories,” https://www.scribd.com/document/282204028/Time-Pieces-Watch-Chains-
Accessories
TINSMITHING
TOOLS - CARPENTRY & CONSTRUCTION
TOOLS - EXCAVATION & FARMING
TRANSPORTATION
TRUNKS & PORTMANTEAUS
__________________________

3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780
Tilden, 1776 Fort Ticonderoga Garrison
Ezra Tilden served from 20 July 1776 to 10 December 1776 in Capt. James Endicott’s company,
Col. Ephraim Wheelock’s Militia Regiment, at Fort Ticonderoga.
Should anyone assume Tilden’s list of the belongings he carried into service in 1776 represented a
typical Continental soldiers’ burden, it must be remembered that he was a short-term militia
soldier serving at a fixed post. And, despite previous tours of duty (eight months in 1775, and two
months earlier in 1776) Tilden was still very much an amateur, with no campaign experience. He
also had recourse to placing excess gear, and occasionally his entire knapsack, on a cart
accompanying his unit.
With those caveats, still his roster of goods does provide examples of the type of personal
belongings Continentals likely carried on occasion. Tilden’s recounting also shows how certain
items could be wrapped for protection or to separate them from other knapsack contents.
“N.B. I have here set down, not only my pack and things in it, but even my clothes and things that I
wear, besides the things in my pockets that I carry & other things.”
“A woolen Shirt with a snuff bottle full of ground coffee in it”
“one and a half of chocolate in it too, wrapt up in a piece of brown paper”
“a new cotton and linen shirt”
“a new milk cheese wrapt up in it which weighed five pounds”
“a pair of white stockings”
“a pair of blue stockings”
“a bag of plumbs”
“a bag with three pounds and half of sugar in it”
“a pair of boots”
“a cap”
“a powder horn”
“four sheets of paper wrapt up in a piece of brown paper and four quills in it”
“a brown paper with two pieces of soap in it”
“one great pin, four small ones”
“one brown thread needle”
“one worsted darning needle”
“one ball of white yarn”
“one ball of blue yarn”
“some strings”
“some thread”
“some sealing wax”
“a snuff box full of snuff”
“a pewter bason”
“a wooden plate”
“a spoon”
“a fork”
“a Jack-knife”
“a pen-knife”
“a pair of knee buckles”
“a pocket book and case to it”
“a small toothed comb”
“a pocket looking glass”
“an under-jacket”
“a short coat”
“a great coat”
“a pair of grey stockings”
“two pair shoes”
“a striped shirt”
“a pair of long trowsers”
“a hat, two handkerchiefs”
“a pair of shoe buckles”
“a pair of garters”
“a pack to carry my things in”
“a pair of arm strings”
“a pair of leather breeches”
“a pair of cloth breeches”
“a leather strap”
“a cod line”
“a frock”
“some tow”
“Thurs. Aug. 15, 1776. … that day I sent home by Mr. Spear a great coat a woolen shirt and an
under jacket …”
“tues. Aug. 20 … that A.M. I hired some of my pack carried about a dozen miles I believe which cost
me six coppers and that P.M. I joined with the mess in buying a short handled pan to fry in which cost
me for my part of it six coppers …”
“Wed. Aug. 21 … I laid out 3 Dollars for a pair of shoes in Brookfield …”
“Fri. Aug. 23 … obliged to have my pack carried some as well as at two other different times I had
to hire all or part of my pack carried a little way.” Tilden next refers to feeling unwell, so it is not
known if he had his pack carted due to sickness, its weight, or both.
“Fri. Sept. 20 … I sold my calfskin pumps to Solomon Jordan for 10s L.M.”
“Thurs. Oct. 24, 1776 … I swopt my best purse away to Elijah Hawes for his old one and he gave me
7d. L.M. to boot … I swopt away my cotton handkerchief with Nath’l Tilden Jr. for his checkered
one, and I had 26s 6d o[ld].t[enor]. to boot.”
“Fri. Oct. 25, 1776 … I Sold my white stockings to one of the Jersey blues for five s. 6 d. … I sold
them buckles to a man, I know not who, for a dollar in the p.m. of that same day, and that day in the p.m.
I sold my leather breeches to a man I know not who for a dollar.”
“Tues. a.m. Nov 26, 1776 … I swopt combs with Elisha Hawes & I gave him 3 cop. To boot. We did
start out from Ticonderoga for Stoughton … home.”
Tilden, 1777 Campaign to Saratoga

Ezra Tilden served from 27 August 1777 to mid-December 1777 in Capt. Aaron Smith’s company,
Col. Gill’s Militia Regiment, in northern New York, present at but not participating in the Saratoga
battles, and witnessed the surrender of Maj. Gen. John Burgoyne’s army.

He left no accounting of his campaign gear, but did mention purchase, sale, or trade of various
items, providing some insights into what he carried.

Items Gleaned from Ezra Tilden’s Saratoga Campaign Diary

“a new pair of cow hide pumps”

“pocket looking glass:
“A blue jacket”
“a pair of gloves”
“a pair of muffetts” (the OED defines a “muffetee” as “a muffler worn around the neck; refs. 1706,
1772; but the reference is to a pair, and there is some indication the reference may be to knit wool
wristlets. Oxford English Dictionary, Compact Edition, two vols. (Glasgow, New York, and Toronto:
Oxford University Press, 1971), vol. 1, 1871)
“a pair of new shoes” (possibly the cowhide pumps noted above)
“six sheets of papers wrapped up in a piece of paper”
“a pair of boots”
“some rags, needles, thread and yarn.”
”black handkerchief”
“a pair of almost new stockings”
“a book he took out of the regulars’ camps that morning after the regulars went and left their lines … The
title of the book was ‘An Account of the European Settlement in America.”
”a pipe”
“a checkr’d shirt”
“a book entitled An Oration Delivered when Gen. Montgomery and other brave officers and soldiers fell
at Quebec, I bought of a woman in Peekskill.”
“pint porringer and spoon, plate and fork”
”calfskin” knapsack
”an old striped shirt”
“an ax”
“a blanket”
“ leggings”
“a blue jacket
“a pair stockings and an old pair of trousers.”
”gave one Mr. Isaac Doolittle a dollar for cleaning my watch and putting a new hook to the chain to wind
it up.”
_________________

“Sab. Night Aug. 31 I bought a new pair of cow hide pumps of one Mr. Gilbert of Brookfield for which
I gave him 18s L.M. three dollars.”

“Sat. Sept 6, 1777 … at the house of one Mr. Barber … I sold my pocket looking glass to one mr.
Garner of … Worthington. I sold it to him for a dollar.”
“Wed. Sept. 10, 1777 … Our teamsters … who brought up the baggage for Cap. Smiths’ company
did set out from Bennington for home for they did not go no farther than Bennington head quarters
with the pack[s], and then we had to take our packs and carry them ourselves. Some things we were
ordered to leave at Bennington and I left the following things there viz: A blue jacket, a pair of
gloves, a pair of muffetts, a pair of new shoes, six sheets of papers wrapped up in a piece of paper, a
pair of boots, some rags, needles, thread and yarn.” (Oxford English Dictionary, Compact Edition,
two vols. (Glasgow, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1971), vol. 1, 1871. Muffetee:
a muffler worn around the neck; refs. 1706, 1772)

“Mon Sept. 15 A.M. In Powlet I sold my black handkerchief that I had up there to a man I know not
who for 15s L.M. …”

“Mon. … Oct 6, 1777 … I bought a pair of almost new stockings of Enoch Talbot for which I gave
him two dollars.”

“Wed. Oct 8, 1777. I laid out half a dollar for a book … of a man, I know not who, a book he took
out of the regulars’ camps that morning after the regulars went and left their lines … The title of
the book was ‘An Account of the European Settlement in America.”
Edmund Burke: “What is considered a joint work of Burke and his cousin, William Bourke,
appeared in 1757 -- An Account of the European Settlement in America -- and shows how carefully at
this date he had studied the condition of the colonies.”
http://www.nndb.com/people/019/000084764/

“Thurs Oct. 23, 1777 … At Clinconsborough I gave a negro 18d L.M. for a pipe. I bought a checkr’d
shirt of 1 of the Continental soldiers. I have him 5 dollars … I bought a cartouche box of Sam
Hayward … I gave him 3£”

“Wed. p.m. Oct. 29th … At Clinconsborough I sold Wm. Davis my checkered shirt that I bought a few
days ago for which he gave me 39s L.M. …”

“Fri. Nov. 7, 1777 … [paid] 9d L.M. for a book entitled An Oration Delivered when Gen.
Montgomery and other brave officers and soldiers fell at Quebec, I bought of a woman in
Peekskill.”
An Oration in Memory of General MONTGOMERY, and of the Officers and Soldiers who fell with
him, DECEMBER 31, 1775, before QUEBECK; drawn up (and delivered FEBRUARY 19, 1776,) at
the desire of the Honourable Continental Congress, by WILLIAM SMITH, D˙ D˙, Provost of the
College and Academy of PHILADELPHIA. American Archives: Documents of the American
Revolutionary Period, 1774-1776 http://amarch.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-amarch%3A94194

“Fri. Nov. 28, 1777 A.M. I was on picquet guard again at Scarsdale … At Scarsdale I sold a woman my
pint porringer and spoon, plate and fork for 5s 1d L.M. … I sold Timothy Moore my book that I
bought … entitled `An Account of the European Settlements in America.’ I sold it to him … for two
dollars so in selling the book I gained 9s L.M. …frid. P.M. I swopt packs with Sergt. William Everett.
I let him have my calfskin one that I had of John McIlivain, I let him have it for his cloth one and
he gave me 22s. L.M. to boot so that now in swopping packs I have made 4s. L.M. besides having a
better pack than I let McIlvain have.”

“Sat. Nov. 29, 1777 … I spent 41/2d L.M. for apples … I gave Thaddeus Fuller six apples … for a
sugar box. I bought a little tin kettle of Spear for which I gave him 1s. 18d. l.m. and that night I lost
an old striped shirt of mine by turning up a copper with Davis, to see which should have both shirts
his and mine …”
“Sab. Day, Nov. 30, 1777 … I sent a pack that weighed eleven and one half pounds … by Mr. John
Spear in his cart home to Stoughton which comes to 8s 6d. L.M. at 9d L.M. a pound for carrying and
there was in the pack an ax wrapped up in an old piece of shirt and a blanket and leggings and a
blue jacket and a pair stockings and an old pair of trousers.”

“Tues. Dec. 2, 1777. P.M. At New Haven I gave one Mr. Isaac Doolittle a dollar for cleaning my
watch and putting a new hook to the chain to wind it up.”

Tilden, 1779, West Point, New York

Ezra Tilden served from August 1779 to 1 April 1780 in Capt. John Ellis’s company, Col Thomas
Poor’s Militia Regiment, 9 months. This was likely a nine-month levy regiment, created by a state
draft to form a regiment to augment the Continental army.

This list shows that by 1779, although still a militia soldier, Tilden had learned to make do with
less during his nine-month military sojourn.

“An acct of things, carryd up, wth me, To Claverick, in ye year 1779 & c.(viz) …”

“a gun”
“Cartridge Box”
“powder horn”
“a pipe”
“some tobacco, wrapt up in a handkerchief”
“some tow”
“a spoon”
“2 knives”
“some chalk”
“a canteen”
“a pack”
“a pocket Book, wth another book in it”
“a case to my pocket book”
“3 Large Loose papers, & 7 Small ones, Loose in sd Book”
“a dish”
“a pr of garters”
“a pr of overhalls”
“a pr of Leather Breeches”
“a pr of mittens”
“a pr of muffittees”
“2 pr of Stockings”
“a pr of shoes & taps”
“a Coat”
“a Jacket” (waistcoat?)
“some yarn, thread, a needle, 4 pins”
“a string”
“an inkhorn, wth 3 pens, 1 Quill, & a thing to pick my teeth wth in it:
“1 hand kerchiefs”
“a snuff-box wth Snuff in it”
“some flag-root” (Acorus calamus (also called sweet flag or calamus, among many common names.)
“some Liquorish”
“a pr of knee buckles, wth Leathr Straps to ym[i.e., them]”
“a horn cup”
“som sugr & tea”
“Some bread, & cheese”
“2 shirts”
“a Comb”
“a Blanket”
“a Surtout”
“a hat”
“6d York in Cash”
“a sugr Box”
“2 shirts”

Tilden, 1780, New Jersey and West Point, New York

Ezra Tilden served at West Point from July 1780 to January 1781 as a six month levy in Capt.
Lunt’s company, Col. Benjamin Tupper’s 11th Mass. (Continental) Regiment.

“An Account of things yt I Carryd up, wth me, to west-point, in ye year 1781 [sic, 1780]…”

“a gun”
“a cartridge Box”
“a Blanket”
“a spoon”
“2 knives”
“a Pocket book, wth paper in it, & Cased to it”
“3 pens in ink horn”
“an almanack”
“3 Lose pieces of paper, & a Paper Buk, Loose in my Pocket Book”
“16 Silver dollars”
“2 red, & 2 white, & 2 black handkerchiefs, silk ditto”
“2 checker'd handkerchiefs “
“a Snuff Box & some Snuff in it”
“a cap”
“2 pipes”
“a line & some chalk a piece of chalk”
“some tow”
“a hat”
“a canteen”
“2 horns[?]”
“a horn comb”
“a tin cup”
“some tea, sugar & chocolate”
“1 coat”
“1 Jacket”
“2 shirts”
“1 pair of 'trowsers”
“1 pair of Buck Breeches”
“2 pair of Stockings”
“2 pair of shoes”
“1 pair of shoe Buckles”
“1 pair of knee Buckles”
“10 pins”
“a pair of sleeve buttons”
“a pair of gloves”
“a thing to pick my teeth”
“a Book Baxter's Call“
“a Book, Concerning Barnett Davenport”
“a nother Book Memorable accidents”
“brown thread, needle, some thread”
“a pair of garters”
“a razor”
“a girt to a saddle”

The four books he writes of carrying were as follows:

1. Almanacs were very popular and often given as presents in varying forms to suit every pocket. One
example is the London Almanack for the Year of Christ 1781 (London: Printed for The Company of
Stationers, 1780). “Spectacular miniature Almanac from the year 1781 providing all sorts of useful
information such as: common notes for 1781; a 12-month calendar; a table of Kings and Queens' reigns; a
table of Lord Mayors and Sheriffs from the year 1760 to the year 1781; a list of holidays; and a table of
the current coins.” https://www.abaa.org/book/873389787
2. Richard Baxter, Call to the Unconverted to Turn and Live; “A slim devotional work published in
1658.”
3. T. Léonard, Memorable Accidents and unheard-of Transactions, containing an account of several
strange events, as the deposing of tyrants, lamentable shipwrecks, dismal misfortunes, strategems of war,
perilous adventures, happy deliverances, with other remarkable occurrences and select historical events
which have happend in several Countries in this last age. Translated from the French, printed at Brussels
in 1691, and dedicated to his present Majesty William King of England, etc. (Published in English by R.
B. London, 1733).
or
A chronology of some memorable accidents, from the creation of the world, to the year, 1742 (Dublin:
printed by James Carson, 1743.)
or
A Chronology Of Some Memorable Accidents, from the Creation of the World, to the Year, 1754
(Dublin: printed by James Carson, 1754) and (James Carson, at the Bagnio-Slip, Temple-Bar, 1755 )
4. A BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE AND CONFESSION OF BARNETT DAVENPORT. Under
Sentence of Death, for a Series of the most horrid Murders, ever perpetrated in this Country, or perhaps
any other, on the Evening following the 3d of February, 1780. Is to be executed at Litchfield, on the 8th of
May. (Printed in the Year, M.DCC.LXXI).
http://www.accessible-archives.com/2011/02/the-crime-of-the-eighteenth-century/
The Crime of the (Eighteenth) Century
Blog entry posted on February 3, 2011 by JD Thomas
“Today, February 3rd, marks the anniversary of the first mass murder in the post-revolutionary United
States. Two hundred and thirty-one years ago today, Barnett Davenport [a Continental Army deserter], a
young man living in Litchfield County, Connecticut murdered his landlord, Mr. Caleb Mallory, and
Mallory’s wife and granddaughter. He then stole anything of value and set fire to the Mallory house
which resulted in the death of two more sleepers in the house.
Davenport’s vicious actions resulted in multiple books and his life and crime became a ‘teaching
moment’ for the young nation. Prior to this incident, crime was most often seen, and reported in the
press, as resulting from common sinners losing their way. Davenport’s crime and its portrayal by the
press and fledgling publishing industry changed all that. American’s began to perceive criminals as evil
and alien to the rest of society and that view continues to a large degree into the present.”
(See also, http://gizmodo.com/in-1780-americas-first-mass-murder-was-a-crime-of-unc-1706814529)
4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment
Nathaniel Bouton, ed., Provincial Papers: Documents and Records Relating to the Province of
New-Hampshire, from 1764 to 1776, vol. VII (Nashua: Orren C. Moore, State Printer, 1873), 586-
597, 603.
The men in the ten companies whose lost possessions are listed below most commonly
included coats, shirts, breeches, trousers, stockings, blankets, knapsacks, firearms, and cartridge
pouches, Shoes appeared less often, but still fairly regularly. Here are a number of objects lost by
the soldiers that were not often mentioned or stand out in some way (complete lists are included
in main monograph (https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-
things-I-carried-in-my-Pack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-
Independence )
“a shag great coat”
“one shagge greatcoat”
“one shag great coat”
“1 gr't coat”
“1 great coat”
“1 surtoot “
“1 st[raight] Bod'd” coat
“1 new Blue serge coat lin'd”
“1 tow shirt”
“bed-tiking shurt”
“1 cotton shirt”
“1 cotton shirt”
“one woolen shirt”
“1 pr. Mooskin-breeches”
“2 pr. Leather-breeches”
“1 pr. Deerskin-breeches”
“1 pr. sheepskin-breeches”
“1 pr. Leather-briches”
“1 pr. Lether briches”
“1 pair of Leather-Breeches”
“1 pr of Deer-skin Breeches”
“2 good capes” (caps?)
“caps”
“1 pair of calfskin pumps”
“handkerchief”
“silke handkerchief”
“a silk handkerchief”
“2 silk handkerchief”
“a Rasor”
“razor”
“1 Pocket book”
“1 Book”
“1 Malitia Book”
“1 Book”
“1 Psalm book”
“1 Bible”
“one Bible”
“1 sett of shoe-makers Tools”
“Ink-pot”
“1 pr. spectacles”
“1 coverlid” (coverlet)
“tobacco”
“3 Fills [phials?] of Firr Balsome” “Health Benefits of Fir Needle Essential Oil [modern claims] Some of
the health benefits of fir needle essential oil include its ability to reduce pain, prevent infections, improve
respiratory function, increase the metabolism, detoxify the body, and reduce body odor.”
https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/essential-oils/fir-needle-essential-oil.html

“one Bottle”
“1 good Rasher”
“1 Rasher” “Rasher … a piece ‘rashly or hastily roasted’ … A thin slice of bacon or ham, cooked (or
intended to be cooked) by broiling or frying.” Oxford English Dictionary, Compact Edition, two vols.
(Glasgow, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1971), vol. 1, 1871.

“sack & sundry articles”

“sack”
“1 pillar case”
“1 good piller case“
“one haversack”
“havsak” (haversack)
“1 lb rope”
“1-2 lb rope”
“1 Tin Quart” (canteen?)
“1 Tin point” (canteen?)
“1 Fife”
“Drum sticks & sling”
“1 drum”
“1 good Drum”
“iron strike sword”
“1 bayonet”
“one byanot”
“cartridge box shot to pieces”
“1 Pistol”
“1 Powder horn”
“one Bullet Mold”
 5. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried.
Part 2: Plates, Bowls, Eating Utensils, Clasp Knives, Pillow Cases, Blankets, Rugs,
Coverlets, Slipcase Pocket Books, common Pocket Books, Linen Wallets, Mittens, Cups,
Pipes, Tobacco and Snuff Boxes, and Writing Implements.

(Above and below) Wood (treen) plate, 18th century (Private collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”
 New England maple plate, 18th century (Sharon Platt)
“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”

New England maple plate, 18th century (Sharon Platt)

“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”
 New England bowl (15.25 inches diameter), circa 1750–1800 (Winterthur)
“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”

American bowl (8.62 inches diameter x 2.5 inches height), circa 1725-1770 (Winterthur)
“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”
(Above and below) American bowl (8.25 inches diameter x 2.5 inches height), circa 1725-1770
(Winterthur)
“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”
 New England burl bowl, 18th century (Private collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”

American burl bowl, 18th century (Private collection)

“18th Century Material Culture: Plates & Bowls - Woodenware”
 Folding horn cutlery set, 18th century (Estate of Tom Wnuck)
“18th Century Material Culture: Cutlery”

Folding knife and fork “Reported to be Left by the Hessian Army at the Battle of Germantown,
Pennsylvania 1777” (Morristown National Historic Park)
“18th Century Material Culture: Cutlery”
Bone handled forks and knife recovered at Fort Ticonderoga, New York, mid-18th century
(Fort Ticonderoga)
“18th Century Material Culture: Cutlery”

Pewter spoons and bone handled forks recovered at Fort Ticonderoga, New York, mid-18th
century (Fort Ticonderoga)
“18th Century Material Culture: Cutlery”
 Iron spoons and forks recovered at Fort Ticonderoga, New York, mid-18th century (Fort
Ticonderoga)
“18th Century Material Culture: Cutlery”

Pewter spoon marked with owner’s initials, recovered from the ruins of Fort Montgomery, Hudson
Highlands, New York. From: Charles L. Fisher, ed., The Most Advantageous Situation in the
Highlands. An Archaeological Study of Fort Montgomery State Historic Site (New York State
Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Cutlery”
 Pewter spoons marked with their owner’s initials - Right spoon with makers mark “FB” for
Frederick Bassett. Recovered from the ruins of Fort Montgomery, Hudson Highlands, New York.
From: Charles L. Fisher, ed., The Most Advantageous Situation in the Highlands. An Archaeological
Study of Fort Montgomery State Historic Site (New York State Museum)
“18th Century Material Culture: Cutlery”

American hunting /work knife, found during Interstate 95 road work in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. Tooled leather scabbard marked “ano 1758.” (Image courtesy of Don Troiani)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”
 Wood and steel knife, 18th century. (Rochester Museum)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”

Bone and steel clasp knife, 18th century. (Fort Ticonderoga)

“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”
 Bone and steel clasp knife, 18th century. (Private collection; courtesy Chris Fox)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”

English bone and steel clasp knives, Sheffield, circa 1750-1800 (Colonial Williamsburg)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”
Clasp knife used by Andrew Bull of Litchfield, Connecticut, during the American War for
Independence, circa 1750-1780. (Litchfield Historical Society)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”

Clasp knives recovered at Stony Point, New York, circa 1779-1781 (Stony Point State Park -
photograph Courtesy Coleman Adamec)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”
Clasp knife recovered at Fort Ticonderoga, New York, mid-18th century. (Fort Ticonderoga)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”

Clasp knife with bone handle found at Fort Stanwix, circa 1758-1784 (Fort Stanwix)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”
 English clasp trade knife with stag horn handle, found at the Shawnee Village, Logan County,
Ohio, circa 1778-1786 (Greg Shipley)
“18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”

Clasp knives excavated at Fort Montgomery, Hudson Highlands, New York, circa 1750-1777.
(Charles L. Fisher, ed., The Most Advantageous Situation in the Highlands: An Archaeological Study
of Fort Montgomery State Historic Site (New York State Museum. Cultural Resources Survey
Program Series No 2, New York State Museum, State Education Department, Albany, New York:
2004)) “18th Century Material Culture: Utility & Clasp Knives”
Pillow case recovered from the 1785 Wreck of the General Carleton of Whitby. (From: “The General
Carleton Shipwreck 1785,” Wrak Statku - Polish Maritime Museum)
American linen pillowcases with silk embroidery, New York, circa 1790-1820.
(Colonial Williamsburg)
“18th Century Material Culture: Bolsters, Pillows, & Sheets”
(Above and following page) A 3-point blanket (53 inches by 72 inches) carried by Private Henry
Marble of Massachusetts in the Revolutionary War. White wool, with 2 3/4 inch indigo blue stripes
and points. Museum of the Fur Trade Collections, Chadron, Nebraska. Frederick C. Gaede and E.
Bryce Workman, "Notes on Point Blankets in the Military Service," The Museum of the Fur Trade
Quarterly, vol. 15, 2, (Summer 1979), 1-2. Marble enlisted as a sergeant for three years in Bigelow’s
15th Massachusetts Regiment in December 1778. In his pension deposition (National Archives,
pension no. S19730) he claims to have seen action at Bunker Hill, White Plains, Saratoga,
Monmouth, and Newport, Rhode Island. In the first three battles he was with the Massachusetts
militia or state troops.
Henry Marble 3-point blanket (see description, preceding page)
Henry Marble 1820 pension deposition. (National Archives, pension no. S19730)
A 6/4 English rose blanket from the collection of Robert G. Stone, who notes, “It is typical of the 6/4
rose blankets I have researched.” Mr. Stone provides other details: “Rose blankets are sized by
their width as expressed in quarters of a yard (9 inch multiples)” and “range from 6/4 (54”) to 14/4
(126”) wide.” “By specification, rose blankets are 2/4 (18”) longer than they are wide,” but “Seldom
do rose blankets in collections measure what they are suppose to.”
(Information and image courtesy of Robert G. Stone.)
Original rose blanket, late 18th or early 19th century. (Courtesy of Charles and Sarah LeCount)
Rose blanket posted for sale on EBay.
(Above and below) Two original Rose blankets, from two separate private collections, one in
Massachusetts, the other in Virginia. The embroidered roses and blanket markings are remarkably
similar.
 Dutch Blankets
(The Elephant in the Room)

Large numbers of Dutch blankets were issued to Continental troops,

from early war to 1783.
(No images are available, see below for documentary evidence.)
__________

To date (March 2018) the exact form and design of Dutch blankets is unknown. Weaver and
historian Robert G. Stone itemizes the known attributes of Dutch blankets:

They are a white woolen blanket with stripes … [and] twilled with no center seam. They
were finished at the mill indicating that they were fulled and napped. They were not very
wide (54"). Some … wider than others. They came in a piece (bolt) containing 15 or 16. As
such, an individual blanket would not have had the ends finished. There is one reference to
the stripes being red, but I doubt that red was the only color [for the stripes]…

I would add, and Mr. Stone agrees, it is not even certain Dutch blankets were made in the
Netherlands, but that the name could have been an epithet (as very cheap and cheaply-made
blankets the name would reflect what British manufacturer thought of the quality of Dutch woolen
goods), or attached for some other reason.

Mr. Stone offers anyone with solid information enabling reproduction of mid to late 18th century
Dutch blankets a complimentary reproduction of same.

For details contact Mr. Stone at robstoneweaver@gmail.com

Dutch Blanket Controversy

There has been some contention over the design and appearance of Dutch blankets. An article on
the website “Of Sorts for Provincials” includes period references to both Dutch and striped
blankets, inferring that all the pictured blankets can be considered suitable examples of mid to late
18th century Dutch blankets. While the article content is excellent, the pictorial evidence covers a
wide range of time, from 1566 to 1825, with the bulk of those dating 1730 and earlier. Additionally,
the pictured blankets are so varied in their stripe placement, color, and number as to allow no
conclusive basis for a representative reproduction of Dutch-made blankets, circa 1770-1783. At one
point the Dutch blanket moniker is connected to a blanket fragment found in a Rhode Island
Native-American grave dated to the late-17th century. While the curator’s description of the
fragment as “Striped Duffel, a trucking cloth of English manufacture” may be contended, there is
certainly nothing connecting the artifact with late-18th century Dutch blankets.
The aforementioned article is available online at
http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/05/dutch-blankets.html
 Dutch Blanket Use and Issuance, 1775-1783

“DESERTED from Capt. Nathaniel Fox's company of the 6th Virginia, James Anderson, a black
soldier, six feet high, about forty years of age … and fond of liquor; had on when he went away, a
light grey cloth coat and waistcoat: the coat faced with green, a pair of oznabrig overalls, and a
small round hat with a piece of bear-skin on it: He took with him a pair of leather breeches which
he had to clean, and also his firelock, cartridge-box, and new Dutch blanket … John Gibson, Col.
6th Virginia Reg.” (Pennsylvania Packet, 13 May 1778)

“Report of Clothing Committee,” 1780: ““To Colonel [Daniel] Morgan, for the use the Light
Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four pair of rose Blankets.”
Walter Clark, ed., The State Records of North Carolina, XIV, 1779-1780 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot
Publishing Co., 1993), 120.

February 17, 1776 Note for “Fourteen Dutch and homade Blankets for the Use of Connecticut
Troops in the Continental Army,” signed by Abel Hine, one of the Representatives or Deputies of
the Freemen of New Milford in the General Assembly of Connecticut. (Private Collection)
(Courtesy of 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center,
http://materialculture18t.wix.com/18thcmcrc )

Courtesy of Jim Mullins:

Virginia Gazette, (Purdie & Co.), Williamsburg.
May 2, 1766.
“RUN away from the subscriber, the 16th of February last, two Virginia born Negro men slaves, of
a yellow complexion, about 5 feet 8 or 9 inches high; had on when they went away Negro cotton
waistcoat and breeches, shoes and stockings, and osnabrugs shirt, and took with them several other
clothes, and five Dutch Blankets. One named CHARLES, is a sawyer and shoemaker by trade,
carried with him a set of shoemaker tools, is about 28 years of age, speaks slow, can read, and may
probably procure a pass and get on board some vessel. The other named GEORGE, about the same
age, is round shouldered, which causes him to stoop when he walks; they are both outlawed.
Whoever brings, or safely conveys, the said slaves to me, in the upper end of Charles City county,
shall have 5 £. reward for each, if taken in this colony, if out thereof 10 £.
CHARLES FLOYD”
Courtesy of Jim Mullins:
[William Lee] to Richard Henry Lee.
“Paris, 12 September, 1778.
My dear Brother:...
I have sent from Holland 2,000 Dutch blankets and 3,000 pr woolen stockings, on acct of the Secret
Committee.”
Ford, Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Letters of William Lee, Sheriff and Alderman of London;
Commercial Agent of the Continental congress in France, and Minister to the Courts of Vienna and
Berlin. 1766 – 1783, vol. II. (Brooklyn: Historical Printing Club, 1891), 480.

George Washington to Clement Biddle, “Hd. Qrs., Newburgh, May 15, 1783.”
“Dear Sir: It is reported to us, that, Goods in Phila. are now selling below the prime cost, or below
what formerly was the prime cost of the like articles in England. Should this be the case, of which
none can judge better than yourself, it would suit me very well to procure for my Family the
following Articles.
1000 Ells of German Oznabgs. or Ticklinburg
4 ps. of Linn. at abt. 18d
4 Do…Do 2/6
4 Do…Do 4/
2 ps. of Sheeting 3/6
Sterlg. prime Cost
a piece of fine Cambk. 2 pieces strong Check, wide kind 2 dozn. large Table Cloths 3 dozn. Napkins
to suit Do. 12 pt. largest, and best kind of Bed Blankets
200 (Dutch) Blankets for my Negros. …
You will be pleased to observe that the purchase of these things depends absolutely upon the price;
as I do not mean to buy them unless they are as low as they are reported to be.
The Blankets which I used to Import for my Negros came under the description of Dutch Blankets,
abt. 15 in a piece, striped large and of the best quality, such I now want. In case of a purchase, I
would have them sent to my House upon Potomack River consigned to Mr. Lund Washington at
Mr. Vernon abt. 10 Miles below Alexa.
My Compliments to which Mrs. Washingtons are joined are offered to Mrs. Biddle and I am etc.”
(George Washington Papers, Series 3, Varick Transcripts, 1775-1785, Subseries 3H, Personal
Correspondence, 1775-1783, Letterbook 3: Jan. 8, 1783 - Nov. 15, 1783,
http://www.loc.gov/resource/mgw3h.003 )

George Washington to Clement Biddle, “Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.”

“Dear Sir … Altho' I am fully persuaded you endeavoured to act for the best, in the purchase of the
Blankets and Ticklenburg (the cost of which you have rendered me) yet I cannot help observing
that the prices greatly exceeded what I was led to believe they could be had for; and what I have
been told by some Gentn. since, they themselves actually bought for at the Vendue's; where very
good Osnabs. sold from 9d. to 11d. The largest and best kind of (striped) Dutch Blankets that I ever
imported, never cost me more than seventy or seventy five shillings the piece (of I think 16
Blankets). 10/9 then, by the quantity of 200, would have been esteemed, I conceive, a handsome
profit, in the most flourishing period of the trade.“
(George Washington Papers, Series 2, Letterbooks 1754-1799: Letterbook 11, Feb. 28, 1778 - Feb. 5,
1785, http://www.loc.gov/resource/mgw2.011 )
Wool center seam checked blanket, 18th to early/mid 19th century. (Private collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Blankets”

American checked blanket, circa “1600-1800.” (Metropolitan Museum of Art)

“18th Century Material Culture: Blankets”
 Checked blanket, late 18th to early 19th century. (Valley Forge National Historic Park)
“18th Century Material Culture: Blankets”

Wool center seam checked blanket, 18th to early or mid 19th century. (Private Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Blankets”
Wool center seam checked blanket, 18th to early or mid 19th century. (Private Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Blankets”

Wool center seam checked blanket, 18th to early/mid 19th century. (Private Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Blankets”
Wool center seam checked blanket, 18th to early/mid 19th century. (Private Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Blankets”
 American or English green bed rug, circa 1700–1800. (Winterthur)
“18th Century Material Culture: Bed Coverings Part I”

American whole cloth linsey-woolsey quilt with Tree of Life motif, circa 1776
(The Bowers Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Bed Coverings Part I”
English (?) whole cloth calamanco and linsey-woolsey quilt, “Taken as a prize during the
Revolutionary War from an English vessel,” circa 1770s. (Northeast Auctions)
“18th Century Material Culture: Bed Coverings Part I”
 Mid -Atlantic (New York?) whole cloth glazed wool calamanco quilt, circa 1780.
(Metropolitan Museum of Art) “18th Century Material Culture: Bed Coverings Part I”

Pennsylvania pieced linen and cotton quilt, circa 1750-1780. (Colonial Williamsburg)
“18th Century Material Culture: Bed Coverings Part I”
(Above and below) Mid-Atlantic (New York?) overshot coverlet, “A R 1773.” (Winterthur)
“18th Century Material Culture: Bed Coverings Part II”
 Slipcase Pocket Books

Jamaican Almanac in a brown leather wallet or pocket book, 1781.

(American Antiquarian Society; courtesy of Gregory Theberge)

“An account of the things that was lost in Capt. Whitcomb's company In Colo. Reed's Regiment on
the 17th day of June, 1775, by the fight that was between the Continental troops, and General
Gage's troops on Bunker Hill, at Charlestown … Sarg't Josiah Hastings, St. Bod'd coat. stockens,
shirts. pocket book;”

“An acount of the things that was lost in Capt. Jacob Hinds company in Col James Read's
Ridgment lost in the Field of Batel on the 17th Dav of June at Charlestown 1775 … John
McMitchell 1 Pocket book.“

An inventory of the possessions of the late Samuel Lamson of Colonel Fisher Gay's Connecticut
Regiment.
"New York Sept 2 1776 … To 1 Old Pocket Book________0 = 1 = 0

Ezra Tilden:
“An Account of some things I carried into the Army in my Pack … a pocket book and case to it …”

“An acct of things, carryd up, wth me, To Claverick, in ye year 1779 & c.(viz) … a pocket Book, wth
another book in it … a case to my pocket book & c.”

“An Account of things yt I Carryd up, wth me, to west-point, in ye year 1781 … a Pocket book, wth paper
in it, & Cased to it, 3 pens in ink horn, also an almanack, 3 Lose pieces of paper, & a Paper Buk, Loose
in my Pocket Book …”
(Above and below) English Almanac in a red leather wallet, circa 1783.
(Pepperpot Antiques; courtesy of Gregory Theberge)
 Common Pocket Books

American leather pocket book marked “LD 1776.”(Private collection)

“18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)

American leather pocket book marked “ In the defence of amarican liberties 1777.”
(Historic Deerfield Collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)
 (Above and below) American leather pocket book marked “Liberty,” circa 1778.
(Guthman Collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)
(Above and below) American leather pocket book marked “Rhode Island” and “NH,” 1777.
(Winterthur) “18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)
American leather pocket book marked “Success to Washington” and “1775.“ (Winterthur)
“18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)

1. American leather pocket book dated October 15, 1777. (Private Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)
 2. American leather pocket book dated October 15, 1777. (Private Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)

Leather pocket book recovered from the body of North Carolina General William Lee Davidson.
Contained his papers and removed by British troops after he was killed at the Battle of Cowan's
Ford, January 31 1781. (Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
“18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)
American Leather Pocket Book with Brass Clasp Owned by Lieutenant Jabez Pritchard of Derby,
Connecticut, including ration records, circa 1775.
(National Society Daughters of the American Revolution)
“18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)

This American leather pocket book from New York belonged to a member of the DuBois Family,
circa 1770-1776. (New York Historical Society)
“18th Century Material Culture: Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets)
Linen Wallets
 Drawing of an original linen wallet, from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in the collections of the
Moravian Museum of Bethlehem. The wallet is made of a single piece of natural linen with a cream
to light brown color. It is of equal, plain weave, approximately 31 warps and 31 wefts per inch.
Overall dimensions are 12-1/8” x 39-1/4”. The end and center seams are felled on the inside and
have approximately 1/4” seam allowance. The slit is 14-1/4” long and 1-3/4” wide at its mid-point.
Its edges are rolled and hemmed. (This information courtesy of Charles LeCount, posted online by
the recreated 40th Regiment of Foot/2d Battalion Light Infantry.) See also, Charles LeCount, “The
Linen ‘Market’ Wallet,” ALHFAM Bulletin (Association for Living History, Farm and Agricultural
Museums), vol. XXX, no. 3 (Fall 2000), 10-13.
https://www.academia.edu/35919524/Charles_LeCount_The_Linen_Market_Wallet_ALHFAM_Bu
lletin
Large linen wallet pictured in "l'homme a la Besace" (trans., a man with a sack of nuts) by
Francoise Duparc, circa 1760. (Musée des Beaux-Arts, Marseille)
“18th Century Material Culture: Bags, Sacks, & Wallets”
Cries of Dublin: Woman Carrying Clothing in a Large Wallet, by Douglas Hamilton, circa 1760s.
(British Museum)
“18th Century Material Culture: Bags, Sacks, & Wallets”
Mitten found in British camp on Manhattan Island. The Neumann and Kravic description notes,
“recovered from a clay bog next to buttons of the 23rd, 27th, and 40th British Regiments.”
George C. Neumann and Frank J. Kravic, Collector's Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American
Revolution (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1975), 189.
(Image courtesy of Gregory Theberge)

Pair of brown knit 18th century mittens.

(Image courtesy of Don Troiani)
 American Horn Cups, 18th to 19th century. (Estate of Tom Wnuck)
“18th Century Material Culture: Miscellaneous Drinking Vessels”

Tin cup excavated at Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania, circa 1758. Image from R.R. Gale, A Soldier-
Like Way: The Material Culture of the British Army, 1751-1768 (2007) (Fort Ligonier Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Miscellaneous Drinking Vessels”
 Tin cup from a British encampment on Manhattan Island, circa 1776-1783.
(New York Historical Society) “18th Century Material Culture: Miscellaneous Drinking Vessels”

Tin cup from Continental Army encampment and/or hospital at Ephrata Cloister, Pennsylvania,
circa 1777-1778. (B.R. Howard & Associates)
“18th Century Material Culture: Miscellaneous Drinking Vessels”
“The Smoaker” by Francis Wheatley, circa 1767–1771 (after Heroman van der Mijn), published by
William Wynne Ryland (The British Museum)
“18th Century Material Culture: Smoking Pipes”

Clay pipe excavated from a cesspit on the site of Tom's Coffee House, Wood Street, just off
Cheapside, 18th century (Museum of London)
“18th Century Material Culture: Smoking Pipes”
Clay pipe recovered from the site of 18th Century Boston pewterer John Carnes’ workshop.
(City of Boston Archaeology Program) “18th Century Material Culture: Smoking Pipes”

English brass tobacco box, circa 1700-1750. (Winterthur)

“18th Century Material Culture: Tobacco Boxes”
Pewter tobacco box, mid-18th century (Former George C. Neuman Collection, Valley Forge
National Historic Park)
“18th Century Material Culture: Tobacco Boxes”

English sheet iron tobacco box, mid-18th-early 19th century. (Private Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Tobacco Boxes”
 European sheet iron tobacco box, circa 1750-1825. (Winterthur)
“18th Century Material Culture: Tobacco Boxes”

American japanned sheet iron tobacco box. Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, once belonging to
surveyor Thomas Lewis, 1773.
“18th Century Material Culture: Tobacco Boxes”
English steel snuff box depicting the wringing out of laundry: “Wringing the Change,” 18th
century. (Wooley & Wallis)
“18th Century Material Culture: Snuff”

Steel snuff box, 18th century. (Cathedral Antiques)

“18th Century Material Culture: Snuff”
(Above and below) Shagreen case of quill pens, late 18th century. (Private collection)
(Shagreen: “a kind of untanned leather with a rough granulated surface.”)
“18th Century Material Culture: Writing Implements”
Leather writing set, late 18th century. (John C. Loring Collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Writing Implements”

Leather writing set, 18th century. (John C. Loring Collection)

“18th Century Material Culture: Writing Implements”
 English penner of leather with wax seal compartment, late 18th century.
(John C. Loring Collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Writing Implements”

American travel inkwell, possibly manufactured by the Wistarberg glass works, Alloway, New
Jersey, circa 1760-1770 or Heston glass works, Glassboro, New Jersey, circa 1783-1800.
(HistoricalGlass.com) “18th Century Material Culture: Writing Implements”
 Pewter inkwell, 18th century. (Private collection)
“18th Century Material Culture: Writing Implements”
 Lead inkwell, 18th century. (Guilford Courthouse National Military Park)
“18th Century Material Culture: Writing Implements”

See Images Part One

https://tinyurl.com/Images-Part-One
or
Primary Article
https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-I-carried-in-my-
Pack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence
 6. Related Articles by the Author

(For a complete listing of monographs see, http://tinyurl.com/jureesarticles )

Resource File: Examples of Continental Army Camp Equipage and Vehicle Returns, 1775-1781
(John U. Rees) http://www.scribd.com/doc/223095304/Resource-File-Examples-of-Continental-
Army-Camp-Equipage-and-Vehicle-Returns-1776-1781-John-U-Rees
Contents
1. Clothing and Equipment Lost at Bunker Hill, 17 June 1775 (including a discussion of “snapsacks”)
2. Cooking and Other Equipment in Brig. Gen. John Sullivan’s Brigade, 24 March 1776
3. Main Army: Return of Arms and Accoutrements issued from 1 April to 1 August 1777
4. Return of Camp Equipage Delivered to the Army during the 1777 Campaign
5. Partial List of Stores Captured on the British Ship Symmetry, Wilmington, Delaware, January 1778
6. Camp Equipage in the 1st Pennsylvania Brigade, Valley Forge, 3 June 1778
7. "A Return of Quarter-Master-General's Stores in The Brigades at West Point & Constitution Island," 1
August 1779: North Carolina, 4th Massachusetts, and Paterson’s (Massachusetts) Brigades
8. "A Return of Quarter-Master-General's Stores in the Second Pennsylvania Brigade ... at Camp West
Point," 4 August 1779
9. Return of Quartermaster’s Stores for Maj. Gen. John Sullivan’s Army, Tioga, 21 August 1779.
10. Return of Clothing and Camp Equipment in Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair’s Pennsylvania Division in the
Hudson Highlands, 1 October 1779.
11. Return of Quartermaster’s Stores in the 1st Connecticut Brigade (Including Brigadier General and Staff),
Hudson Highlands, 25 May 1781
12. "Return of Waggons, Horses … &c the property of the United States Army – Camp Tappan – 27th
September 1780"
13. "Return of all Public Property in the Quarter Masters Department with the Southern Army"
14. Two Returns of Horse and Wagons with the Pennsylvania Line in Virginia, 12 June and 27 November
1781
Appendices:
1. Overview of Wheeled Transportation.
2. Material Culture Articles Related to Items on the Equipment Returns

“Spent the winter at Jockey Hollow, and … washed together while there …”: American Revolution
Army Women Names Project - Continental Army
https://www.scribd.com/document/322026319/American-Revolution-Army-Women-Names-Project-
Continental

"’The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed...’: An Overview of Continental Army

Female Camp Followers”
1. “A clog upon every movement. “: Numbers
2. "Rations... Without Whiskey": Women’s Food Allowance
3. "Some men washed their own clothing.": Women's Duties and Shelter
4. Orders Concerning Women in the Summer of 1777 (Delaware Regiment of Maj. Gen. John
Sullivan’s Division
5. "Coming into the line of fire.": Women on the March or on Campaign
Appendices
A. An Estimate of Females with Continental Army Units on the March to Yorktown, 1781
B. Mess Roll of Capt. John Ross’s Company, 3d New Jersey Regiment
C. Tent Assignments in Lt. Col. John Wrottesley’s (3d) Company, 1st Battalion,
Brigade of (British) Guards (Including “British Army orders regarding female
followers, summer 1777”)
D. Period Images of Army Followers or Poor to Middling Female Civilians
E. Photographs of Army Women at Living History Events
 F. Online Articles Pertaining to Female Camp Followers and Related Subjects
During the War for American Independence
G. Other Authors’ Monographs (Women Following the Army)
The Continental Soldier, vol. VIII, no. 3 (Spring 1995), 51-58. ALHFAM Bulletin (Association of
Living History, Farm and Agricultural Museums), vol. XXVIII, no. 4 (Winter 1999), 18-21.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/255868431/The-proportion-of-Women-which-ought-to-be-allowed-An-
Overview-of-Continental-Army-Female-Camp-Followers

“’They were good soldiers.’: African–Americans Serving in the Continental Army,”

http://www.scribd.com/doc/123231213/%E2%80%9CThey-were-good-soldiers-
African%E2%80%93Americans-Serving-in-the-Continental-Army

“’At Eutau Springs he received three wounds …’: Black Soldiers in Southern Continental
Regiments”
Contents
Overview of Numbers
Gleaning Veterans’ Pensions
Georgia
South Carolina
Maryland
Delaware
Virginia
Analysis: William Ranney’s Painting “Battle of Cowpens” and Black Cavalry Soldiers
Analysis: Officers’ Servants
North Carolina
Post-War Comments on Unit Integration, Slavery, and Societal Attitudes towards Blacks
Appendices
A. "Return of the Negroes in the Army," 24 August 1778, White Plains, New York
B. Estimated Populations of the American Colonies, 1700-1780
C. Synopsis of African-American veterans’ pensions found on Southern Campaign Revolutionary War
Pension Statements & Rosters (with links to pension transcriptions)
D. Analysis of average number of African Americans in all the brigades listed in the 24 August 1778 “Return
of the Negroes in the Army” showing 755 black soldiers in fifteen brigades of Gen. George Washington’s
main army at White Plains, New York.
E. A Study in Complexity: Comparison of Virginia Continental regiment lineage with that of the
Pennsylvania and Massachusetts Lines
F. Synopsis of the Chesterfield List (Virginia, 1780-1781) (Including, “Numbers of African-Americans on the
Chesterfield List.”)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/290761045/At-Eutau-Springs-he-received-three-wounds-Black-
Soldiers-in-Southern-Continental-Regiments

“When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms …”: Grounding versus
Stacking Arms in the Continental Army (With Notes on British and German Practices)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/292407335/When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-
their-arms-When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-their-arms-Groundin

“’Was not in the battles ... being a Waiter.’ Enlisted Men and Civilians as Officers’ Servants during
the War for American Independence”
Part 1. “Our boys bring down something to eat ...”: Overview: Field and Company Officers’
Servants
https://www.scribd.com/doc/260955648/Was-not-in-the-battles-being-a-Waiter-Enlisted-Men-and-
Civilians-as-Officers-Servants-during-the-War-for-American-
Independence?secret_password=OJ0XV4DLMfjssaEcdU34
"’The load a soldier generally carries during a campaign …”’: The British Soldier's Burden in the
American War for Independence”
(Dedicated to the recreated 17th Regiment of Foot)
Contents
1. Overview
2. “Complement of necessaries, etc., for the soldier.”: Personal Equipage as Stipulated in Military Treatises
3. "An enormous bulk, weighing about sixty pounds": British Troops’ Necessaries in Garrison and on
Campaign
a. 1762, British Grenadiers
b. 1771, 7th Regiment
c. Undated, Brigade of Guards
d. August 1776, Gen. Sir William Howe’s troops
e. 1776, Brigade of Guards
f. 1777, 40th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
g. 1777, 49th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
h. 1778, Guards Battalion
i. 1779, 17th Regiment
j. 1780-1781, Cornwallis’s Army
4. “A habersack for Each Soldier":Ways and Means of Carrying Food, and the Burden of Rations
5. "Four Days' flour to be Issued to the Troops": The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783
6. "The men having no other way ...": Shortages of Equipment for Food Carriage and Cooking
7. "Very Dirty and muddy.": Carrying Beverages and Difficulties in Finding Drinkable Water
8. Other Resources (Online Articles)
https://www.scribd.com/document/335479170/The-load-a-soldier-generally-carries-during-a-
campaign-The-British-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence

“’With my pack and large blanket at my back …’: British and American Officers’ Equipage and
Campaign Gear
Contents
1. “Things necessary for a Gentleman to be furnished with …”: Officers’ Kit for Regimental Service
a. British Officers’ Belongings
b. Continental Army Officers’ Kit.
c. Cooking and Eating Utensils.
2. "The officers must be satisfied walking …”: Allotment of Horses
3. Officers and Knapsacks: A Compendium of Accounts and Images
a. 1762, British Grenadiers
b. 1771, 7th Regiment
c. Undated, Brigade of Guards
d. August 1776, Gen. Sir William Howe’s troops
e. 1776, Brigade of Guards
f. 1777, 40th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
g. 1777, 49th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
h. 1778, Guards Battalion
4. Other Resources (Online Articles)
Appendix A.
Officers and Knapsacks: A Compendium of Accounts and Images
a. Knapsack: Rufus Lincoln, Massachusetts militia and 14 th Massachusetts
b. 1775, British, 43d Regiment, officer’s knapsack
c. 1776, 17th Regiment, Officer’s Rolled Blanket (“Pedlar's Pack “) and
Personal Belongings
d. 1776, Continental, 22d Continental Regiment, knapsack and belongings
e. 1777, Massachusetts Militia officer carrying a knapsack
f. 1777, British, 42d Regiment, portmanteau, no knapsack
g. 1777, British 49th Regiment, officers’ blanket slings
h. 1777, Continental Officers’ Knapsack Contents Described by a German Officer
i. 1777, British Officers, Saratoga Campaign, Knapsacks and Packhorses
j. 1779, British, 43d Regiment, officer’s marquee and possibly officer’s knapsack
k. 1781, British, Cornwallis’s Southern Army, officers and knapsacks
l. 1782, Continental, 2d Maryland Regiment, lieutenant colonel wearing a knapsack.
m. 1782, Continental Army, New Jersey Regiments, officers issued canteens but not knapsacks
Appendix B.
Miscellaneous Narratives on Officers’ Belongings and Campaign Living
a. 1776, British, Suggested Officers’ Campaign Equipage
b. 1776, British, 5th Regiment, campaign camp and food
c. 1776, Continental, 3d Virginia officer’s chest
d. 1776, Continental, Gen. Thomas Mifflin’s blanket coat and Colonel Lippitt’s andirons
e. 1776/1777, Militia, 1st Battalion Philadelphia Associators, Deceased Officer’s Belongings
f. 1776/1777, British, 33d Regiment, Officer’s Necessaries
g. 1777, British, 40th Regiment, Reduction of Officers’ Baggage
h. 1777, British, 24th Regiment and 24th Regiment, Saratoga Campaign
i. 1777, British, 46th Regiment, Officer’s Field Equipage
j. 1777, Continental, 7th Pennsylvania Regiment, Officer’s Belongings
k. 1777-1778, Continental, Rev. Enos Hitchcock’s personal belongings
l. 1777 and 1782, British and Continental, a bed made of chairs or stools (In honor of Joshua Mason)
m. 1778, Continental Officers and Horse Canteens
n. 1778, British, 42d Regiment, campaign living
o. 1780, German, Jaeger Camp Description
p. 1781, Continental Maryland Regiments, Officers’ Portmanteaus
q. 1781, French Officer’s Remarks on Continental Officers’ Life Style
r. 1781, Continental, 3d Maryland Regiment, Officer’s Greatcoat and wearing red coats
https://www.scribd.com/document/338154147/With-my-pack-and-large-blanket-at-my-back-
British-and-American-Officers-Equipage-and-Campaign-Gear

“’Cost of a Knapsack complete …’: Notes on Continental Army Packs and the Soldiers’ Burden”
Part 1. “This Napsack I carryd through the war of the Revolution”
Knapsacks Used by the Soldiers during the War for American Independence
a. Overview
b. Knapsacks and Tumplines, Massachusetts, 1775
c. The Uhl Knapsack
d. Leather and Hair Packs, and Ezra Tilden’s Narrative
e. The Rufus Lincoln and Elisha Gross Hair Knapsacks
f. The “new Invented Napsack and haversack,” 1776
g. The Benjamin Warner Linen Pack
h. British Linen Knapsacks
Appendices
a. Carrying Blankets in or on Knapsacks.
b. “Like a Pedlar's Pack.”: Blanket Rolls and Slings
c. More Extant Artifacts with Revolutionary War Provenance or with a Design Similar to
Knapsacks Used During the War
d. Extant Knapsacks Discounted as having Revolutionary War Provenance
http://www.scribd.com/doc/210794759/%E2%80%9C-This-Napsack-I-carryd-through-the-
war-of-the-Revolution-Knapsacks-Used-by-the-Soldiers-during-the-War-for-American-
Independence-Part-1-of-%E2%80%9C-Cos
"`The great distress of the Army for want of Blankets ...': Supply Shortages, Suffering
Soldiers, and a Secret Mission During the Hard Winter of 1780":
1. "Our condition for want of ... Blankets is quite painful ..."
Shortages in the Continental Army, 1776-1779
2. "Without even a shadow of a blanket ..."
Desperate Measures to Procure Covering for the Army, 1780
Addendum.
“To Colonel Morgan, for the use of the Light Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four pair of rose
Blankets.”: Examples of Bed Coverings Issued to Continental Troops
Endnote Extras.
Note
20. Clothing New Jersey's Soldiers, Winter 1779-1780
38. The Effect of Weather on the Squan Mission
Location of Squan Beach
43. Captain Bowman's Soldiers
46. Bowman's 2d New Jersey Light Company at the Battle of Connecticut Farms
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 52, no. 3 (Fall 2000), 98-110.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/274667902/The-great-distress-of-the-Army-for-want-of-Blankets-
Supply-Shortages-Suffering-Soldiers-and-a-Secret-Mission-During-the-Hard-Winter-of-1780

“`White Wollen,' 'Striped Indian Blankets,' 'Rugs and Coverlids': The Variety of
Continental Army Blankets," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXVI, no. 4 (Winter 2000), 11-14.
http://www.revwar75.com/library/rees/variety.htm

“To Colonel Morgan, for the use of the Light Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four
pair of rose Blankets.”: Examples of Bed Coverings Issued to Continental Troops
https://www.scribd.com/doc/273957204/To-Colonel-Morgan-for-the-use-of-the-Light-Infantry-
twenty-four-Dutch-Blankets-four-pair-of-rose-Blankets-Examples-of-Bed-Coverings-Issued-
to?secret_password=xY0eynb69XnvEPEOnKFY

“Images and Descriptions of Wool Blankets and Wool, Wool/Linen Coverlets in the
American Textile History Museum, Lowell, Massachusetts (The Chace Catalogue)”
https://www.scribd.com/doc/273789670/Images-and-Descriptions-of-Wool-Blankets-and-Wool-
Wool-Linen-Coverlets?secret_password=9AeF0J9Ae2vyuCCoKqRC

“A Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the Purpose of making of Indian or Hunting Shirts …”:
Proper Terminology: Hunting shirt, Rifle Shirt, Rifle Frock … ?
http://www.scribd.com/doc/241410261/A-Quantity-of-Tow-Cloth-for-the-Purpose-of-making-of-
Indian-or-Hunting-Shirts-Proper-Terminology-Hunting-shirt-Rifle-Shirt-Rifle-
Frock?secret_password=B5Ass1zGmYgykkILpBjz

“`The first object … should be to clean your Arms …’: The Care and Cleaning of Firelocks in the
18th Century”
https://www.scribd.com/doc/292985859/The-Care-and-Cleaning-of-Firelocks-in-the-18th-Century-
A-Discussion-of-Period-Methods-and-Their-Present-Day-Applications

“When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms …”: Grounding versus
Stacking Arms in the Continental Army (With Notes on British and German Practices)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/292407335/When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-
their-arms-When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-their-arms-Groundin
“’To hold thirty-six cartridges of powder and ball …’: Continental Army Tin and Sheet-Iron
Canisters, 1775-1780”
Including:
“They will … scarcely last one Campaign.” The Problem of Poorly-Made Continental Army Cartridge Pouches
and Introduction of the New Model Box
“The tin magazines … preserve the ammunition from wet … better than any other.”
Miscellania Concerning Crown Forces and Tin Canisters.
Alternative Names for Tin/Iron Cartridge Boxes
“Carried by Moses Currier in the Rev. War.”: Descriptions of Extant Canisters
http://www.scribd.com/doc/145591110/%E2%80%9C-To-hold-thirty-six-cartridges-of-powder-
and-ball-%E2%80%A6-Continental-Army-Tin-and-Sheet-Iron-Canisters-1775-1780

"’The taylors of the regiment’: Insights on Soldiers Making and Mending Clothing, and
Continental Army Clothing Supply, 1776 to 1783,” Military Collector & Historian, vol. 63, no. 4
(Winter 2011), 254-265.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/131742393/The-taylors-of-the-regiment-Insights-on-Soldiers-Making-
and-Mending-Clothing-and-Continental-Army-Clothing-Supply-1778-to-1783

"`To subsist an Army well ...': Soldiers' Cooking Equipment, Provisions, and Food
Preparation During the American War for Independence”:
"’All the tin Camp-kettles they can procure ...’: Iron Pots, Pans, and Light-
Weight Military Kettles, 1759-1782”
Subheadings:
Tin Kettles, 1759-1771”
“British Kettles in the American War, 1776-1781”
“Continental Army and States’ Militia, 1775-1780”
“American Sheet Iron Kettles, 1781-1782”
“Iron Pots, Pans, and Makeshift Cookware”
“Eating Utensils”
“Officers’ Cooking Equipment”
“Kettle Covers”
“’The extreme suffering of the army for want of … kettles …’:
Continental Soldiers and Kettle Shortages in 1782”
“’A disgusting incumbrance to the troops …’:
Linen Bags and Carts for Carrying Kettles”
“’The Kettles to be made as formerly …”: Kettle Capacity and Weight, and
Archaeological Finds”
Subheadings:
“Kettle Capacity and Sizes, 1759-1782”
“Louisbourg Kettle, Cape Breton Island”
“Fort Ligonier (Buckets or Kettles?)”
“Rogers Island (Bucket or Kettle?)”
“1812 Kettles, Fort Meigs, Ohio”
“Overview of Cooking Equipment, 1775-1783”
Addendum to online version:
“Two brass kettles, to contain ten gallons each … for each company …”
Brass and Copper Kettles
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 53, no. 1 (Spring 2001), 7-23.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/180835470/To-subsist-an-Army-well-Soldiers-Cooking-Equipment-
Provisions-and-Food-Preparation-During-the-American-War-for-Independence
"`To the hungry soul every bitter thing is sweet.’: Soldiers' Food and Cooking in the War for
Independence”
"The manner of messing and living together": Continental Army Mess Groups
“Who shall have this?”: Food Distribution
"A hard game ...": Continental Army Cooks
“On with Kittle, to make some hasty Pudding …”: How a "Continental Devil" Broke His Fast
1. The Army Ration and Cooking Methods.
2. Eating Utensils.
3. The Morning Meal.
4. Other Likely Breakfast Fare.
Addenda
“The men were very industrious, in baking, all the forepart of the evening.”: Soldiers’ Ingenuity,
Regimental Bakers, and the Issue of Raw Flour
“The Commissary [is] desired … to furnish biscuit and salt provisions …”:
Hard Bread in the War for Independence.
"The victuals became putrid by sweat & heat ...": Some Peripheral Aspects of Feeding an Army
1. The Ways Soldiers Carried Food
2. The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783
3. Carrying Drink and Procuring Water
4. Equipment Shortages
5. Spoilage of Issued Meats
"We had our cooking utensils ... to carry in our hands.": Continental Army Cooking and Eating Gear,
and Camp Kitchens, 1775-1782
Endnotes:
#50. Compendium of Ration Allotments, 1754-1782
Continental Army rations (summary)
British Army rations (summary)
Caloric Requirements and Intake
#73. Miscellaneous returns of cooking gear and eating utensils, 1778-1781
(Appended) List of author’s articles on food in the armies of the American Revolution
http://www.scribd.com/doc/129368664/To-the-hungry-soul-every-bitter-thing-is-sweet-Soldiers-
Food-and-Cooking-in-the-War-for-Independence

"`As many fireplaces as you have tents ...': Earthen Camp Kitchens”:
Contents
Part I. "Cooking Excavations": Their History and Use by Soldiers in North America
A. Advantages.
B. Digging a Field Kitchen.
Part II. Complete 1762 Kitchen Description and Winter Covering for Field Kitchens
Part III. Matt and I Dig a Kitchen.
Sequenced photos of kitchen construction, June 1997, Bordentown, New Jersey.
Part IV. Original Earthen Kitchens Examined by Archaeologists.
A. The Laughanstown, Ireland Earthen Kitchen.
B. The Gloucester Point (VIMS) Kitchen, 1781.
C. Hessian Kitchens, Winchester, England, 1756.
Appendices:
1. Encampment Plans (with an emphasis on kitchen placement): Continental Army, Hessian, and British
2. British Image of Cooking Excavations (Redcoat Images No. 2,000)
3. Newspaper Article on the Discovery of the Gloucester Point Kitchen
4. Miscellaneous Images of Earthen Camp Kitchens and Soldiers Cooking
https://www.academia.edu/21056265/_As_many_fireplaces_as_you_have_tents_..._Earthen_Camp_
Kitchens
(Video of Old Barracks kitchen, courtesy of David Niescior, https://vimeo.com/151154631 )
"`We ... got ourselves cleverly settled for the night': Soldiers' Shelter on Campaign During the War
for Independence,"
Part I, "`Oznabrig tabernacles’: Tents in the Armies of the Revolution":
1. “Put our Men into barns …”: The Vagaries of Shelter
2. "We Lay in the open world": Troops Without Shelter on Campaign
3. "State of Marquees and Tents delivered to the Army...": Varieties of Tentage
a. British Common Tents
b. American Common Tents
c. Horseman’s and Cavalry Tents
d. Wall Tents
e. Marquees
f. Bell Tents for Sheltering Arms
g. Dome, Square, and Hospital Tents
h. French Tents
4. "Return of Camp Equipage": More on Tents.
Appendices
Illustrations of French Tents
The Common Tent as Illustrated in a German Treatise
How to Fold a Common Tent for Transport (from a German Treatise)
Interior Views of Common Tents: Sleeping Arrangements in Three Armies
A Melange of Marquees: Additional Images of Officers’ Tents
Encampment Plans: Continental Army, Hessian, and British
Friedrich Wilhelm de Steuben, Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States
Part I. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Styner and Cist, 1779)
“A Correct View of the Hessian Camp on Barton Farm near Winchester … by Willm. Godson, Land
Surveyor to the Right Worshipful the Corporation of Winchester occupé le 16 Juillet 1756”
Lewis Lochee, An Essay on Castrametation (London, 1778) (British treatise on tents and encampments.)
Humphrey Bland, A treatise of military discipline: in which is laid down and explained the duty of the officer
and soldier, through the several branches of the service. The 8th edition revised, corrected, and altered to the
present practice of the army (London: B. Law and T. Caslon, 1762).
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 49, no. 3 (Fall 1997), 98-107.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/262657282/Oznabrig-tabernacles-Tents-in-the-Armies-of-the-
Revolution-part-1-of-We-got-ourselves-cleverly-settled-for-the-night-Soldiers-Shelter

Part V, “`We built up housan of branchis and leavs ’: Continental Army Brush Shelters, 1775-
1777”
A. "This night we lay out without shelter ...”: Overview of American Soldiers' Campaign Lodging
B. "We maid us some Bush huts ...": Brush Shelters, 1775 and 1776.
C. "Huts of sticks & leaves": Washington's Army in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1777.
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 55, no. 4 (Winter 2003-2004), 213-223.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/huts5.pdf

Part VI, "`We built up housan of branchis & leavs ...’: Continental Army Brush Shelters, 1778-
1782
A. "Found the regiment lying in bush huts ...": Continental Troops on Campaign and on the March,
1778-1780.
B. "Pine huts," "Huts of rails," and "Bush Tents": Virginia and the Carolinas, 1781-1782.
C. "Return of Camp Equipage": More on Tents.
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 56, no. 2 (2004), 98-106.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/huts6.pdf
“’Reach Coryels ferry. Encamp on the Pennsylvania side.’: The March from Valley Forge to
Monmouth Courthouse, 18 to 28 June 1778”
http://www.scribd.com/doc/133301501/“Reach-Coryels-ferry-Encamp-on-the-Pennsylvania-side-”-
The-March-from-Valley-Forge-to-Monmouth-Courthouse-18-to-28-June-1778
Endnotes:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/133293312/Endnotes-“Reach-Coryels-ferry-Encamp-on-the-
Pennsylvania-side-”-The-March-from-Valley-Forge-to-Monmouth-Courthouse-18-to-28-June-1778
Contents
1. “We struck our tents and loaded our baggage.”: Leaving Valley Forge
2. Progress, June 18, 1778.
3. Progress, June 19, 1778.
4. “Crost the dilliware pushed on about 5 milds …”: June 20, 1778: Progress and a River Crossing
5. “4 Wagons & Horses, and 1000 Men at a Try.”: The Mechanics of Ferrying an Army
6. “Halt on the first strong ground after passing the Delaware ...”: June 20th River Crossing
7. “The number of boats … will render the passage of the troops very expeditious.”:
June 21st Ferry Operation
8. “The Troops are passing the River … and are mostly over.”: June 22d Crossing
9. “The Army will march off …”: June 22d and 23d, Camp at Amwell Meeting
10. “Just after we halted we sent out a large detachment …”: Camp and Council: Hopewell
Township, 23 to 24 June
11. “Giving the Enemy a stroke is a very desireable event …”: Advancing to Englishtown,
24 to 28 June
Progress, June 25, 1778.
Progress, June 26, 1778.
Progress, June 27, 1778.
Forward to Battle, June 28, 1778.
12. “Our advanced Corps … took post in the evening on the Monmouth Road …”:
Movements of Continental Detachments Followng the British, 24 to 28 June 1778
The Advance Force: Scott’s, Wayne’s, Lafayette’s, and Lee’s Detachments.
Daily Movements of Detachments Later Incorporated into Lee’s Advanced Corps.
13. Echoes of 1778, Three Years After.
Addendum
1. Driving Directions, Continental Army Route from Valley Forge to Englishtown
2. Day by Day Recap of Route
3. The Road to Hopewell.
4. The Bungtown Road Controversy.
5. Weather During the Monmouth Campaign
6. Selected Accounts of the March from Valley Forge to Englishtown
a. Fifteen-year-old Sally Wister
b. Surgeon Samuel Adams, 3rd Continental Artillery
c. Henry Dearborn, lt. colonel, 3rd New Hampshire Regiment
d. Captain Paul Brigham, 8th Connecticut Regiment
e. Sergeant Ebenezer Wild, 1st Massachusetts Regiment
f. Sgt. Jeremiah Greenman, 2d Rhode Island Regiment
g. Dr. James McHenry, assistant secretary to General Washington
7. List of Related works by the author on military material culture and the Continental Army
Endnotes contain:
1. Army General and Brigade Orders, June 1778.
a. Orders Regulating the Army on the March from Valley Forge.
b. Orders Issued During the Movement from Valley Forge to Englishtown.
2. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army to 22 June 1778
3. Washington’s army vehicle allotment for the march to Coryell’s Ferry,
4. Wheeled Transportation (a primer on the vehicles and artillery on the road to
Monmouth, including twenty-one illustrations)
5. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army after 22 June 1778