ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR

- HISTORY

HISTORY OF OB
Greek philosopher Plato essence of leadership Aristotle Persuasive communication Chinese philosopher Confucius- advent of ethics n leadership. 16th century Italian phi. Niccolo Machiavelli foundation for org Power n Politics.

HISTORY OF OB
1776, Adam Smith Div of labour (org str) German Sociologist Max Weber Rational org n Charismatic Leadership Scientific Mgmt (1890): rationalizing org with precise set of instructions n Time Motion Studies leads to inc Productivity. - Different compensation sys carried out

HISTORY OF OB

Frederick Winslow Taylor : Systematic use of Goal setting - Rewards to motivate emloyees. - Principles of Mgmt

HISTORY OF OB
1920, Australian born Havard Proff Elton Mayo n his colleagues: conducted productivity studies at Western Electric Hawthorne Plant in US. Discovered importance of formal n informal group dynamics in the work place. Led to the dramatic shift towards the Human Relations School of thought.

HISTORY OF OB
After 1st World War , Focus of study shifted to : Analysis of effect of human factor n psychology over the organisations (As identified in the Hawthorne Effect) Team, Motivation Actualisation of Goals of Individuals with in the organisation

HISTORY OF OB
Scholars of this period: Chester Barnard Henri Fayol Frederick Herzberg Abraham Maslow David McClelland Victor Vroom

HISTORY OF OB
2nd World War shifted the field :large scale logistics n operations research gave birth to rationalist app to the study of orgs Scientific methods were employed n theories were propounded Contributors: Herbert Alexander Simons James G. March

HISTORY OF OB
1960s n 1970s , influenced by Social Psychology n quantitative research. Explosion of theories (mainly at Stanford Univ n Carnegie Mellon): Informal Organisation Contingency Theory Resource Dependence Institutional Th n Org Ecology Theories

HISTORY OF OB
1980s :Emphasis on Cultural Explanations of org Change in the Org Qualitative methods of study based on Anthropology, Psychology n Sociology Leading Scholar- Karl Weick

HISTORY OF OB
Frederick Winslow Taylor(1856-1915): first one to study human beh at work using systematic app Studied human characteristics Social env, Task , phy env,capacity speed durability cost n their interaction with each other Objective was to remove human variability

HISTORY OF OB
Attempted to make work beh stable n predictable Relied upon Monetary incentive sys Believed humans r motivated by money Criticized for treating men as machine without mind But laid basis for present day principles of mgmt

Hawthorne Studies: Hawthorne works of the Western Electric Company near Chicago (1924-1932) mark the beginning of OB It studied effect of work setting on employee fatigue n perfomance Observed that Productivity increased regardless of illumination being raised or lowered

HISTORY OF OB
Started in 1924 Illumination Study: Relationship of light intensity n employee productivity with test gp n control gp Results same in both the gps Relay Room Study: Effect of Length of Day , Rest Breaks n Method of payment over productivity

HISTORY OF OB
Results were basically the same Each test period yielded higher productivity than the earlier one even subjecting back the original conditions also inc the productivity Concluded- Ind variables not causing change

HISTORY OF OB

Bank Wiring Room Study : Bank wirers placed in separate test room No exp Changes Observer n interviewer gathered data Dept regular supervisors maintain order control Findings:Out put Restricted Social Pressures used to gain compliance with gp norms

HISTORY OF OB
Incentive sys more u produce , more u would earnand the best producer last one to be laid Ridicule n name calling major tools for enforcing Group pressures more effective than mgnt incentives

HISTORY OF OB
Summary: Factors influencing Beh: Attention for researchers Managers leadership app Work gp Norms

HISTORY OF OB
Marry Parker Follett: Mgmt must consider Human Side Employee be involved in Job ANALYSIS Knowlegeable person must control the work process regardless of position Cross functioning team used to accomplish projects

HISTORY OF OB
Douglas Mc Gregor : Theory X Theory Y

HISTORY OF OB
Employee were initially considered a cost Then Human Resources Now recognised as Human Capital (what u know- edu, exp skills) Investing on them causes inc productivity n customer satisfaction

HISTORY OF OB
Now they r called Social Capital(who u know- networks m, connections friends) Positive Psychological Capital (who u r confidence, hope, optimism, resiliency n what can u become i.e, ones possible authentic self)

HISTORY OF OB
Psychological Capital is positively related to their performance n desired attitudes As Bill Gates says the inventory , the value of my company , walks out the door every evening.

HISTORY OF OB

Because Mgmt is always about people , its essesnce is dealing with human nature . Since human nature seems to have been extremely stable over recorded history, the essence of mgmt has been n will be equally stable overtime - Geert Hofstede- International Mgmt Scholar