Introduction lecture of biostatics

At first the Dr talked about the exams:

1st exam will be on 11/3/2013 2nd exam will be on 15/4/2013

Now let us start with biostatistics definition, its composed of two word : BIO: anything alive. Statistics: calculation or deal with data. So, biostatistics: the wild range biological application of statistics, on other words its the science which deal with the development and application of data collection (collect, summarize and analyze data ) data that subject to random variation .
That mean you need to make a decision by analyzing collecting data

WHY WE USE STATISTICS?

Statistics is useful, every one of us use statistics so we should keep it in mind and use it because its very useful in our life, its depend on the person who use the statistics and the person who lessen to the presentation. EX: if we have a class with 2 students , one of them after the exam said Im the 2nd one in the class But the other student said he is the last one in his class we have 2 word ( 2 presentation ) and the same meaning .the interpretation that if somebody dont know the total number of student then he said the second one is excellent also, he will said the last one in the class is bad ,,,, So, we have a serious problem .

NOTE:
*** every one use statistics. *** statistics gives the right answer ( 95%) of the time . WHY WE SAID (95%)?? because it interpret in areaway, for example: someone wanted to study the relation between the color of the cars and the accidents so, he asked the
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police to record the color of the car which make an accident , at the end of his study he found that most of the car has red color So, he conclude that : To reduce car accident the government should prevent selling red car ( I think he is a stupid man :p) , this is wrong , no relation between the color and the rate of accident . But if he said the young driver make more accident, he will almost right so its the age of the driver which is decide the range of accidents , not the color of the car.

WHY STATISTICS? EXAMPLES:

* Which drugs should be allowed on the market? * What public health programs should be pursued? * Are cell phones a good idea for drivers? * Is it a good idea for post-menopausal women to take estrogen?

WHAT IS THE RULE OF STATISTICS IN OUR STUDIES?

To guide the design of an experiment, so we need data to answer the question and we get data by using random variation. To collect data we need a sample ( apart of population ) , you should know that we have different types of sample and different types of sampling techniques. Nowadays you are very lucky because computers doing all statistical analysis, especially if you are familiar of excel, But even when you use excel you should tell the program what you want (the calculation you want the computer doing to you) because you determined the type of study.
In Jordan University in Amman we have a department which collect data about Jordanian, and present the result to the decision makers. EX: most of people in favor of raising the price of benzene REMEMBER: statistics is the science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. Its the application of statics on biological problem.

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VARIABLES:
Its characteristics that takes different values in different persons, places, or things.(quantities that varies). EX: blood pressure, heart rate, height of adult males, weight of new borne babies, ages of patients, grade, and gender.

DATA:
Its the number that results from measurement or counting.
Like body weight and height, you need to measure something. It can be 230.67 or 342 or 76.5 Kg we can get digits. (CONTINOUS NUMBER). Like the total number of students, it can be 201 students but it impossible to be 253.5. we cant get digits (DISCRET NUMBER).

SOYRCES OF DATA:
1) RECORDS: (hospital medical records, the number of mortality infants).Its a good sources of data. But remember not everything in the record is correct. Because some record is done for special cases. EX: not everything we hear or see on the newspaper or T.V is true.so; we should care in our interpretation of the data which presented to us. 2) SURVEYS: we use it when we cant find the data in the records (the blood groups of students in science hall2). 3) EXPERIMENTS: (best strategy for patient compliance EX: the effect of different drug on body weight)
****in the record and experiment the data is present to you but it isnt present in the survey so, you should study a special sample to get the data.

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MOST DATA FALL INTO TWO CLASSES:

***Continuous data : are used to report a measurement of the individual that can take on any value within an acceptable range. EX: age, BP, and change of weight over 6 month. ***Categorical data: are used to report a characteristic of the individual that has a finite, usually smaller number of possibilities. EX: gender (male or female), vital status (alive or dead), ever smoked (yes or no), blood groups (A, B, AB and O).

NOTE:
*** All biostatistics begins with description. Before you do anything else, you look at the data and summarize the data. Summarize in simple, useful and understandable way. EX: you want talk about blood groups of the students in science hall2; you summarize the information like that: The total number of the students is 335 students. We have 130 of them with group (A), 55 of them with (B) group, 80 of them with (O) group, and 70 of them with (AB) group. *** Statistics is just numerical summary of the data. *** Descriptive statistics should be clear and easily interpreted. They should not mislead you about the data they are summarizing.

COMMON TERMES USED IN STATISTICS:

* Population * Sample * Variables * Measurement * Statistical inference * Simple random sample

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POPULATION:
Population is the largest collection of entities for which we have an interest at a particular time. (These entities have the same characteristics). EX: people, chair, classes, trees, any collection It isnt only referring to the people. Also, it may be refer to special type of people like a population of dental students, population of a police. WE HAVE TWO TYPE OF POPULATION: 1) Finite population: values consist from fixed number. 2) Infinite population: values consist of endless succession of values.

SAMPLE:
Its difficult to study the population one by one so we take a sample of them, then we study the sample, and we pass the conclusion from the sample to the population.to pass the judgment from the sample to the population the data should be represent the population. Representative sample: the sample collected from the population where every person or items of the population has the same chance of being selected in the sample (random variation). SAMPLE: Its a part of population.

VARIABLES:
Something that we want to study, EX: weight, height, BP, blood groups, grades, number of dental students, and the number of patient visiting your clinic. **** FOR EACH ONE SAMPLE WE HAVE MANY VARIABLES.

REMEMPER: variables can be continuous related to the measurement, and discrete related to counting

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MEASUREMENT:
The assignment of numbers to object or events according to a set of rules. EX: weight, height

STATICAL INFERENCE:
Making the decision or taking interpretation (reach to the conclusion) we use a basis of information contained in a sample that has been drawn from that population. EX: from previous classes we found that the average of dental students in biostatistics is 78% so, we assume that dental students are very good students, (in this example we make inference from base data).

DONE BY: HEBAH RAMADNEH

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