Physical Properties of Solutions

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A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount

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The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s)

12.1

A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissol e in a gi en sol ent at a specific temperature.

A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

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An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the sol ent has the capacity to dissol e at a specific temperature.

12.1

Three types of interactions in the solution process! " sol ent#sol ent interaction " solute#solute interaction " sol ent#solute interaction

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$soln % $1 & $2 & $'

12.2

(like dissolves like)

Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are li*ely to be soluble in each other. " non#polar molecules are soluble in non#polar sol ents ++l, in +-$"

polar molecules are soluble in polar sol ents +2$./$ in $2/

"

ionic compounds are more soluble in polar sol ents 0a+l in $2/ or 0$' (l)
12.2

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+oncentration 1nits

Percent by Mass

mass of solute x 1443 3 by mass % mass of solute & mass of sol ent mass of solute x 1443 % mass of solution Mole Fraction (X)

moles of A XA % sum of moles of all components

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The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a gi en 2uantity of sol ent or solution.

12.'

+oncentration 1nits +ontinued

Molarity (M) M %

Molality (m) m %

mass of sol ent (*g)

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moles of solute liters of solution moles of solute

12.'

5hat is the molality of a ..6- M ethanol (+2$./$) solution whose density is 4.728 g9m:; m % mass of sol ent (*g)

Assume 1 : of solution! ..6- moles ethanol % 284 g ethanol 728 g of solution (1444 m: x 4.728 g9m:)

mass of sol ent % mass of solution < mass of solute % 728 g < 284 g % -.8 g % 4.-.8 *g m % moles of solute % ..6- moles +2$./$ 4.-.8 *g sol ent % 6.72 m

mass of sol ent (*g)

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M %

moles of solute

moles of solute

liters of solution

12.'

Temperature and Solubility

Solid solubility and temperature

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solubility increases with increasing temperature

solubility decreases with increasing temperature

12.,

Fractional crystallization is the separation of a mixture of substances into pure components on the basis of their differing solubilities.

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Suppose you ha e 74 g =0/' contaminated with 14 g 0a+l. >ractional crystalli?ation! 1. @issol e sample in 144 m: of water at -44+ 2. +ool solution to 44+ '. All 0a+l will stay in solution (s % ',.2g9144g) ,. 86 g of P1AB =0/' will precipitate (s % 12 g9144g). 74 g < 12 g % 86 g 12.,

Temperature and Solubility

/2 gas solubility and temperature

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solubility usually decreases with increasing temperature

12.,

Pressure and Solubility of Cases

c % kP

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low P low c

The solubility of a gas in a li2uid is proportional to the pressure of the gas o er the solution ( Henrys law).
c is the concentration (M) of the dissol ed gas P is the pressure of the gas o er the solution

k is a constant for each gas (mol9:"atm) that depends only on temperature

high P high c

12..

Chemistry In Action: The =iller :a*e

8 !" 8# C$! Clo%d &eleased "'(( Cas%alties

)ri**er+ " " "

earth,%ake landslide

stron* Winds

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Lake Nyos, West Africa

+olligati e Properties of 0onelectrolyte Solutions

-a.or/Press%re Lo0erin* P1 % X1 P 1
4

Raoults law

Df the solution contains only one solute! X1 % 1 < X2

4 4 # P1 % P % X2 P 1 P1

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Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the n%mber of solute particles in solution and not on the nat%re of the solute particles.

4 % apor pressure of .%re sol ent P1

X1 % mole fraction of the sol ent

X2 % mole fraction of the solute

12.-

Ddeal Solution

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4 PA % XA P A 4 PE % XE P E

PT % PA & PE

4 + XE P 4 PT % XA P A E

12.-

PT is greater than predicted by AaoultsFs law

PT is less than predicted by AaoultsFs law

>orce >orce >orce G A#A H E#E A#E

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>orce >orce >orce I A#A H E#E A#E

12.-

Fractional 1istillation A..arat%s

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12.-

2oilin*/Point 3levation
4 Tb % Tb < T b

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4 Tb I T b

4 Tb is the boiling point of the pure sol ent T b is the boiling point of the solution

Tb I 4

Tb % Kb m

m is the molality of the solution

Kb is the molal boiling#point ele ation constant (4+9m) for a gi en sol ent
12.-

Free4in*/Point 1e.ression Tf % T 4 f < Tf

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T
f

is the free?ing point of the pure sol ent T f is the free?ing point of the solution

T4 f I Tf

Tf I 4

Tf % Kf m

m is the molality of the solution

Kf is the molal free?ing#point depression constant (4+9m) for a gi en sol ent

12.-

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12.-

5hat is the free?ing point of a solution containing ,86 g of ethylene glycol (antifree?e) in '242 g of water; The molar mass of ethylene glycol is -2.41 g.

Tf % Kf m
m %

moles of solute

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,86 g x %

Kf water % 1.6- 4+9m

1 mol -2.41 g % 2.,1 m

mass of sol ent (*g)

'.242 *g sol ent

Tf % Kf m % 1.6- 4+9m x 2.,1 m % ,.,6 4+ Tf % T 4 f < Tf

4 4 4 % 4.44 + < ,.,6 + % #,.,6 + Tf % T 4 < T f f

12.-

$smotic Press%re 56
Osmosis is the selecti e passage of sol ent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.

Osmotic pressure () is the pressure re2uired to stop osmosis.

dilute

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more concentrated

A semipermeable membrane allows the passage of sol ent molecules but bloc*s the passage of solute molecules.

12.-

$smotic Press%re 56

$igh P

M is the molarity of the solution R is the gas constant T is the temperature (in =)

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:ow P

% MRT

12.-

A cell in an:

isotonic solution

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ypotonic solution ypertonic solution

12.-

+olligati e Properties of 0onelectrolyte Solutions

-a.or/Press%re Lo0erin* 2oilin*/Point 3levation

Free4in*/Point 1e.ression $smotic Press%re 56

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Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the n%mber of solute particles in solution and not on the nat%re of the solute particles.
4 P1 % X1 P 1

Tb % Kb m

Tf % Kf m

% MRT

12.-

+olligati e Properties of Blectrolyte Solutions

4.1 m 0a+l solution 4.1 m 0a& ions H 4.1 m +l# ions

4.1 m 0a+l solution vant Ho!! !actor (i) %

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nonelectrolytes 0a+l +a+l2 1 2 '

Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the n%mber of solute particles in solution and not on the nat%re of the solute particles. 4.2 m ions in solution

actual number of particles in soln after dissociation number of formula units initially dissol ed in soln

i should be

12.8

+olligati e Properties of Blectrolyte Solutions

2oilin*/Point 3levation Free4in*/Point 1e.ression $smotic Press%re 56 Tb % i Kb m Tf % i Kf m

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% iMRT

12.8

A colloid is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance.

" "

collodial particles are much larger than solute molecules collodial suspension is not as homogeneous as a solution

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+olloid ersus solution

12.6

Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !!! ly .

The +leansing Action of Soap

12.6

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Chemistry In Action: @esalination