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Colloque National sur lInductique : Application de lInduction Electromagntique

MAGNETO-THERMAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF INDUCTOR OF INDUCTION COOKING DEVICES
A.Kanssab , A .Zaoui , M.Feliachi
1 2 2

1.Universit Hassiba Benbouali Chlef 02000- Algrie . e-mail : Kanssab@yahoo.fr 2. IREENA-IUT,CRTT, Bd de luniversit, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire cedex, France . e-mail: mouloud.feliachi@univ-nantes.fr Abstract:

Induction cooking has several advantages compared to traditional heating system, however to obtain best efficiency, it is essential to have an inductor giving a homogeneous temperature on pan bottom. For this aim, we propose a structure of inductor with four throats containing coils and we optimize their distribution. In this paper, firstly we were modelling magneto thermal phenomena of the system by a finite element method (FEM) for the mean to determine distribution of temperature on pan bottom with taking nonlinearity of system. This study shows that a temperature distribution is not homogeneous. Secondly, in the aim to have homogeneous temperature distribution in pan bottom, the optimal determination of throats distribution and their dimensions is obtained by Genetic Algorithms (GAs). The optimized structure permits to satisfy our aim. Keywords: Finite element method, Magneto thermal devices, Genetic Algorithms

1. INTRODUCTION Induction cooking has several advantages [4] compared to traditional heating system (resistance, gas, etc...), in particular direct heating of pan without thermal inertia. The inductor generates an alternating magnetic field which causes eddy current in the pan and, in ferromagnetic pans it also produces magnetic hysteresis, both mechanisms heat up the pan [4-5]. The distribution of the temperature on the pan bottom depends to many parameters: - Geometrical structures of pan to heat, and the inductor; - Characteristics of materials (conductivity , permeability ); - Frequency that implies the skin thickness. Classical inductor, constituted of insulated coils placed on a support (Fig.1) [6], induces eddy currents in magnetic pan with high efficiency, however the temperature is non homogeneous on the pan bottom, also we cant optimize this structure because the pancake structure of the inductor.

Fig.1: the modelled system

In the aim to have a homogeneous temperature on pan bottom, we propose a structure of inductor with coils placed in throats (fig. 2). In this work, we optimize the structure of throats distribution and their dimension of inductor proposed. The method of optimization with genetic algorithms (GAs) was restricted to the magnetodynamic phenomena [7]. In this paper, we propose to optimize inductor with magneto-thermal calculation method and to determine the optimal temperature distribution on the pan bottom.

CNI2-2011, Universit A. MIRA Bjaa, le 03 et le 04 Mai 2011

Colloque National sur lInductique : Application de lInduction Electromagntique

This method consists in placing coils in throats upon the support of the inductor and to vary their distances di (Fig.2).
di
Throats of coils

Support

Fig.2. Inductor with throats

The (GA's) have been widely used mainly in connection with the finite element method for optimization of electromagnetic devices [1, 2, 3]. This paper is organized as follows: Magneto thermal Finite-Element analysis is presented in section 2. In section 3, the procedure of calculation without optimization is studied. This section seeks the distribution of the temperature with uniform repartition of the throats in the inductor. In section 4 the proposed method with Genetics Algorithms (GAs) is applied to obtain an optimal repartition of the throats in the inductor. Finally the conclusion is presented in section 5 2. MAGNETO-THERMAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
2.1. Descriptive Equations

In order to develop an optimal system of induction-heating cooking, it is necessary to know distribution of temperature on pan bottom which is the image of distribution of induced currents. Physical phenomena in studied system can be simulated by solving the coupled Maxwell's and thermal equations. For the reason of axisymetric structure of the inductor, an axisymetric 2D solution is possible. Using the magnetic potential A, electromagnetic phenomena are modeled by the well known magnetothermal equation [8, 9]:
j A r
2

r r

A r T t z

A r z

(1)

T 1 r
2

q
2

(2) (3)

q A

A: Magnetic vector potential defined such as A r A , A : is the azimuthal component of the vector potential. is the magnetic reluctivity, is the electric conductivity, is the angular velocity, J is the current density, is the thermal conductivity, T is the temperature, q is the heat source density, m is the masse density, Cp is the specific heat and t is the time.
2.2 Boundary Conditions

The magneto-thermal analysis is performed by FEM (finite element method) using the governing equations (1) and (2) and the following boundary conditions (4) and (5):
Direchlet ( A T

0)

(4)

h (T Ta )

(5)

h: is convection coefficient and T is ambient temperature.

CNI2-2011, Universit A. MIRA Bjaa, le 03 et le 04 Mai 2011

Colloque National sur lInductique : Application de lInduction Electromagntique

The heat transfer coefficient in (5) has a role in determining the temperature distribution of the pan bottom in the device. Because of axisymetric structure of inductor, this makes h nonlinear due to the convection effect of the air nearby [11]. Thus we assume that h has a constant value (Table.1) along the radial direction of the axisymetric structure in studied system.
2.3. Electromagnetic Characteristics of Material

The pan is made by a stainless-steel. The electrical conductivity (T) and the magnetic permeability (T) of the material at temperature TC are expressed as [9]:
(T ) 1
T 0

(6 ) T
750

150

(7 )

-8

=1/

= 13.75 10

.m;

= 0.004; (T) = 1 / (T) and The curves of (T) and


1.2 x 10
-6

(T) = 1/ (T). (T) are shown respectively in Fig.3 and Fig.4.


1300

1.15 1.1 Resistivity ( .m)

1200 1100 Relative permeability

1.05

1 0.95 0.9

1000

900

0.85

100

2 0 0

3 0 0 400 Temperatu e r (C)

5 0 0

6 0 0

800

100

200 300 400 Temperature (C)

500

600

Fig.3. Curve of resistivity

Fig.4. Curve of permeability

3. PROCEDURE OF CALCULATION WITHOUT OPTIMIZATION The proposed system inductor has four throats Containing coils (Fig.5). Firstly we assume that the distances di have a uniform distribution. The other parameters shown in Table1, except the conductivity (T) and permeability (T), can be assumed constant during the procedure of calculation for temperature.
Symbole Magnitude Qantity

R ei eg ec d1,d2,di eq
f

f J h
m

Cp

Radius of container Inductor thickness Gap thickness Container thickness Distances throats thickness ferrite relative permeability Frequency Current density Thermal Conductivity Convection coefficient Masse density Specific heat

140 mm 3.8mm 4mm 3mm 16.25 mm 2mm 2500 20*103 Hz 6 2 1*10 A/m 26 W/m*K 2 20W/m C 7700 kg/m 3 460 J/C

Table.1 Parameters of the simulated systeme

CNI2-2011, Universit A. MIRA Bjaa, le 03 et le 04 Mai 2011

Colloque National sur lInductique : Application de lInduction Electromagntique

Container Gap
d1 d2 dn

ec eg ei

Support with ferrite

Fig.5. Geometry of the model used in the program The magneto-thermal calculation of our system running is illustrated in flow chart of Fig.6. The thermal problem is solved step by step in the time using a time step of 5 seconds. After 150 seconds, the desired temperature 200C is obtained (Fig.13). The curves representing the distribution of the current density and the final temperature on the pan bottom are shown in Fig.7 and Fig.8. One can note that such a distribution is not homogeneous.
BBeeggiinn

Initialize

0,

0,T0

Calculation of A

Calculation of

Fig.7. Curve of the current density on the bottom of the pan

t = t+ t

1 2 r

AA

(T),

((T)

Calculation of T

NO

T 230C
Yes

End

Fig.6. Flow chart of magneto thermal program

CNI2-2011, Universit A. MIRA Bjaa, le 03 et le 04 Mai 2011

Colloque National sur lInductique : Application de lInduction Electromagntique

Fig.8. Curve of the temperature on the bottom of the pan

4. PROCEDURE OF CALCULATION WITH OPTIMIZATION In the aim to attain homogeneous temperature distribution on pan bottom, a Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is used to determine the optimal of throats distribution and their dimensions. In order to obtain such solution, it is possible to exploit the distribution of the throats (coils) in the inductor by varying the distances di but not their thickness.
4.1. Algorithm Optimization

The genetic algorithms (GA's) have been widely used mainly in connection with the finite element method for optimization of electromagnetic devices. The main advantages of the GAs are: they can search effectively in multivariable searching space, and are able to pass the optimizing information from one population to the following one. On the other side, (GAs) are exploration algorithms based on the artificial creature that represent design configurations. The whole of creatures constitutes a Initialize and evaluate a population population. Each creature is associated with a value of of the distances qi the objective function, which we want to improve the performances. GAs uses only this function for optimization, not Select best distances derivative, which allows a better precision. The creatures are coded in the form of a finite-length string according to one of the coding methods, which the Apply the genetic operators to generate a binary coding (0,1) is used. new population From a first population of selected individuals in a random manner, GAs generate new creatures in such Magneto thermal calculations a way that new individuals inherit better information from their previous population. GAs uses random characters such as reproduction, cross-over and mutation. Reproduction is a process in which creatures Evaluate the objective function associated to high value of objective function have a higher probability to survive. Cross-over and mutation allow to introduce new genetic parameters and to test No new configuration [10]. The code of genetic algorithm Criterion of convergence uses is shown in Fig.9.
yes End

Fig.9. Flow chart of the genetic algorithm

CNI2-2011, Universit A. MIRA Bjaa, le 03 et le 04 Mai 2011

Colloque National sur lInductique : Application de lInduction Electromagntique

In the aim to have homogeneous temperature distribution in pan bottom, we optimize the system to determine throats distribution and their dimensions by Genetic Algorithms (GAs). The objective function used by GAs is defined in the following form:
f obj d
i

i 1

nT

TiT f Tf

(8 )

T i : Temperature in each point of calculation on the bottom of the pan; n T : Number of points of statement of temperature along the pan; T f : Desired temperature.

From each step given of the process calculation, the elaborated program reconstitutes the geometry starting from the choice of distances di, carries out the new mesh and solves the magneto-thermal problem. Results of calculations are shown in figures 10, 11, 12 and 13.

Fig.10. Geometry of the inductor after optimization

Fig.11. Distribution of the current density on the bottom of the pan

Fig.12. Distribution of the temperature on the bottom of the pan

250

200

Temperature (C)

150

100

50

50

100

150 Times (s)

200

250

300

Fig.13. Temperature evolution versus time

CNI2-2011, Universit A. MIRA Bjaa, le 03 et le 04 Mai 2011

Colloque National sur lInductique : Application de lInduction Electromagntique

In figures 10 and 11 respectively, we can observed that a good distribution of the density of current and homogeneous temperature along a ray of the pan are obtained. The temperature evolution versus time in a point situated at the middle of the pan is shown in Fig.12. Consequently, the optimal distribution of throats and their dimensions are obtained. Figure 13 illustrate the optimal distribution of throats and table.2 exposes their dimensions. The computations are carried out using a P4, 3.4GHz, 2 Go RAM. The result is obtained after 500 iterations corresponding to about 14 hours of CPU time. 5. CONCLUSION In order to develop an optimal system of induction-heating cooking; - A structure of inductor with coils placed in throats is proposed. - A method of optimization using Genetic Algorithm searching for an optimal structure of the throats in the inductor is used. - A good distribution of the density of current and homogeneous temperature distribution along a ray of the pan are obtained. - The optimal distribution of throats and their dimensions are obtained. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
[1] [2] J. H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, MIT Oress, 1992 Y. Yokose, V. Cingoski, and H. Yamashita: Genetic Algorithms with Assistant Chromosomes for Inverse Shape Optimization of Electromagnetic Devices, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, vol.36, no. 4, pp.1052-1056, July 2000 [3] Y.Yokose, V.Cingoski, K. Kaneda, and H. Yamashita, Shape optimization of magnetic devices using genetic algorithms with dynamically adjustable parameters, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, vol.35, no. 35, pp.16861689, May 1999 [4] E.J. Davies and P.G. Simpson, Induction Heating Handbook, Megraw-Hill Book Company Ltd, London (1995). [5] W.C. Su,The Control Design and Practical Measurement for High Frequency Induction Heating, Master Thesis, Chung Yuan University, Taiwan, June (1998). [6] J. Acero, P.J. Hernandez, J.M. Burdio, R. Alonso, and L.A. Barragan Simple Resistance Calculation in LitzWire Planar Windings for Induction Cooking Appliances , IEEE Trans.On Magnetics,vol. 41,no.4,pp.12801288,April 2005 [7] N.Burais, S.Pertoldi, J.Y. Gaspard, Couplage de modles pour la conception dinducteur de cuisson par induction, NUMELEC97, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Mars 1997. [8] Y. Duterrail, J.C sabonnadiere, Ph.masse and J.L. coulomb Non-Linear Complex Finite Element Analysis of Electromagnetic Field in Steady-State AC Devices IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol.Mag-20, no.4, July 1984. [9] M. Fliachi and G. Develey: Magneto-Thermal Behavior Finite Element Analysis for Ferromagnetic Materials in Induction Heating Devices.IEEE Trans. -Mag.27, n 6, p. 5235-5237, nov. 1991. [10] L. Moreau, Modelisation, Conception et commande de gnratrices rluctance variable basse vitesse , Thse de doctorat de luniversit de Nantes, Dcembre, 2005. [11] Jin-kyu Byun, Kyung Choi, Hee-succ Roh and Song-yop Hahn Optimal Design Procedure for a practical Induction Heating cooker. IEEE Trans. -Mag.36, n 4, July.2

CNI2-2011, Universit A. MIRA Bjaa, le 03 et le 04 Mai 2011

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