GRAMMAR SUMMARY PRESENT SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE Subject + infinitive (s) NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

complements.

+ Subject + dont / doesnt + infinitive Do / Does + subject + infinitive + + complements. They dont cook their dinner. She doesnt her room. complements +? Do you tidy your room? Does he go shopping?

They play badminton. He plays the guitar.

SOME RULES We use the present simple to talk about things in general. The earth goes round the sun. We use the present simple to say how often we do things. I get up at eight oclock every morning. EXPRESSIONS Usually, Every day, Never, Once a week, Often, On Fridays, Always, Today, At the weekend, Sometimes. PRESENT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE verb

Subject + am / is / are + verb (- Subject + am not / isnt / arent + verb Am / is / are + subject + ing) + complements. now. They are buying at the market They arent watching TV now. He is working right now. her. (-ing) + complements. (-ing) + complements +? Are you tidying your room?

At the moment, Im not living with Is he studying at the moment?

SOME RULES We use the present continuous tense to talk about things happening at the time of speaking, so the action is not finished. She is driving now to Madrid.

We also use the present continuous tense when the action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking because we talk about things happening for a period of time. Im reading a really nice book at the moment. Shes learning Greek. They are building a very big house. Is your English getting better?

Some verbs we use for this rule are: get, change, become, increase, fall, grow, improve, begin, and start. The population of the world is increasing very fast. 1

GRAMMAR SUMMARY Stative verbs do not usually use the Present Continuous: See, hear, love, like, think, hope, feel, believe, know, understand. EXPRESSIONS Now, Right now, At the moment, Today, This week, This year. PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS Present Simple I do Past Present Future Past Present Continuous I am doing Present Future

We use the simple for things in general or things We use the simple for permanent situations. It doesnt rain very much in summer. My parents live in London. that happen repeatedly.

We use the continuous for things happening at action is not finished.

or around the time of speaking and when the

We use the continuous for temporary situations. You are working hard today. The water is boiling.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + HAS / HAVE + Past Subject + HASNT / HAVENT + Past HAS / HAVE + Subject + Past Participle + Complements. I have lost my keys. He has gone on holidays. Participle +Complements. I havent seen him. Participle + Complements + ? Have you done your homework?

She hasnt bought any shoes.

Has he driven since the accident?

SOME RULES When we use the present perfect there is a connection with now. It is used to describe actions which started in the past and continue to the present. They have been here for an hour.

We use the present perfect simple to describe actions completed in the past that are still relevant in the present. She has lived here since 1998. EVER: It is used in questions and means in your life. Have you ever flown in an aeroplane? NEVER: It is used in negative sentences and means not in your life. I have never swum with a shark. JUST: It is used for a short time ago. Are you hungry? No, Ive just had lunch 2

GRAMMAR SUMMARY ALREADY: It is used to say that something happened sooner than expected. Dont forget to send the letter Ive already sent it YET: It is used to express a period until now. It shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Has it stopped raining yet? FOR: It is used to say how long an action has continued. We have been here for a week. SINCE: It is used to say when an action began. We have been here since Friday. EXPRESSIONS Ever, Never, Just, Already, Yet, For, Since. PAST SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE Subject + verb in past NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

complements.

+ Subject + didnt + infinitive + Did + subject + infinitive + complements. They didnt go with him. complements +? Did you use the new hairdryer?

He helped her.

SPELLING RULES FOR REGULAR VERBS To make the regular past tense we add ed: If the verb ends in e, we add d: If the verb ends in consonant, we double the consonant and add ed: If the verb ends in y, we remove the y and add ied: Carry carried EXPRESSIONS Last week/month/year, Ago, Yesterday, Last night. PAST CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE Stop stopped Live lived Work worked

Subject + WAS/WERE + Verb (- Subject + WASNT/WERENT + Verb WAS/WERE + Subject + Verb (-ing) + ing) + Complements. plates. Mabel was washing up the The parrot wasnt eating a banana. They were talking to each other. They werent drinking water. (-ing) + Complements. Complements +? Was it raining at ten oclock?

Were you doing your homework?

GRAMMAR SUMMARY SOME RULES We use the Past Continuous to talk about actions in progress at a particular time in the past. We were watching the news at six oclock. It is used to describe two or more actions happening at the same time in the past, and we use while or as. He was listening to music while / as I was reading a book. EXPRESSIONS At hours, Yesterday afternoon, Last night, Ago. PAST SIMPLE & PAST CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE Complete action I walked home after the party last night. SOME RULES We use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else. As I was driving along, a cat ran into the road. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another. I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat. With sentences in which we use both past simple and past continuous it is used the adverbs WHILE & WHEN. While I was having a bath, the telephone rang. PAST CONTINUOUS In the middle of the action I was walking home when I met Dave.

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WILL AFFIRMATIVE Complements. NEGATIVE Infinitive + Complements. It wont rain tomorrow. INTERROGATIVE Complements + ? Subject + WILL + Infinitive + Subject + WILL NOT / WONT + WILL + Subject + Infinitive + I will go to the beach. Will you wait me?

We use will to make predictions and express spontaneous decisions. It will rain tomorrow. That bag looks heavy, Ill help you. We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. Oh! I left the door open. Ill go and shut it.

GRAMMAR SUMMARY BE GOING TO AFFIRMATIVE Subject + BE (am, is, are) + GOING Complements. TO + Infinitive NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE Subject + BE (am not, is not, are BE (am, is, are) + Subject + GOING Complements. Are you going to travel to England?

+ not) + GOING TO + Infinitive + TO + Infinitive + Complements + ? He isnt going to visit his uncle.

I am going to do an exam.

We use be going to to talk about future plans and intentions for the future. Your shoes are dirty Yes, I know. I am going to clean them. Some of the time expressions are: tomorrow, later, soon, in an hour, next week PRESENT SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE Complements. 5.30. NEGATIVE Infinitive + Complements. + DONT / DOESNT INTERROGATIVE + DO / DOES + Subject + Infinitive + Complements + ? Does the plane leave tomorrow? Subject + Verb (-s) + Subject

The exhibition finishes by The concert doesnt start at 7.30.

We use Present Simple with future meaning when we talk about timetables, programmes, for public transport, cinemas My train leaves at 11.30, so I need to be at the station by 11.00. PRESENT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE (-ing) + Complements. I am leaving soon. NEGATIVE Verb (-ing) + Complements. He isnt coming later. INTERROGATIVE ing) + Complements +? Subject + AM / IS / ARE + Verb Subject + AM NOT / ISNT / ARENT + AM / IS / ARE + Subject + Verb (Are you working tomorrow?

We use the Present Continuous to talk about definite plans for a defined future, plans that you have arranged. I am leaving tomorrow. Ive got my plane ticket. When we use the present continuous we usually use a future time expression, for example, tomorrow, next week, next year, to make it clear that we are not talking about now.