The Human Body

An Orientation
Prof. Yvette Marris E. Legaspi, RN, MAN

Objectives:
At the end of the lecture-discussion, you will be able to : Define anatomy and physiology. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related. Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.

 List functions that humans must perform to maintain life. Define homeostasis and explain its importance. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces and body planes.

Definition of Terms
Anatomy the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. Greek word: Ana apart Temnein or Tomy - cut

 Subdivided into: Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy

 Physiology study of how the body and its parts work or function. Greek word: Physis - nature or origin Logia study of

Levels of Structural Organization

 Atom Are the ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons Examples would be oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sodium They can be found on the periodic table of elements

 Molecules Atoms combine with one another to form molecules Examples are: Pure water (H2O) Sodium chloride (NaCl also called table salt) Glucose (C6H12O6) Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Macromolecules - are large, biologically important molecules inside cells.

 Cells The cell is the fundamental unit of living things It has subcellular structures called organelles. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific unction in the cell. There are different types of cells in the body like blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and bone cells.

 Tissues a group of cells with similar structure performing the same function There are four basic types of tissue found in the human body: Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural

 Organ Composed of two or more types of tissue. Example: The small intestine which absorbs food is made of all four types of tissue The stomach is an organ it is composed of epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue

 Organ system
are composed of multiple organs that cooperate to accomplish a common goal.

Organism
this is the highest level of organization in a living thing. In the human body and many other organisms it is the result of several organ systems working together.

Integumentary System
Includes: skin hair nails various glands Major Functions covers the body senses changes outside the body helps regulate body temperature.

Skeletal System
Made up of: Bones Ligaments Functions: Supports protects provides frameworks stores inorganic salts houses bloodforming tissues.

Muscular System
Made up of: Muscles tendons Functions: Support Protection Movement Posture Body Heat

Nervous System
Made up of: Brain Spinal cord Nerves sense organs Functions: Integrates information responds to irritants or stimuli detects changes sends messages (impulses) through the body to things like muscles and glands

Endocrine System
Made up of: glands that secret hormones like the thyroid, pineal, and pituitary Functions: The endocrine system controls body activities like the nervous system, but works much more slowly They in part control Growth reproduction food use by cells

Cardiovascular System
Made up of: blood vessels Heart Functions: transport distribution of oxygen, hormones, nutrients, and other substances removal of waste

Lymphatic System
Consist of: Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen tonsils Functions: drains excess tissue fluid cleanses the blood houses cells of immunity

Digestive System
Consist of the: Mouth esophagus stomach intestines rectum other accessory organs such as the liver and pancreas Functions: It receives, breakdown, and absorbs nutrients removal of unused food through the anus to reclaim water

Respiratory System
Made up of: lungs pharynx larynx trachea nasal passages bronchi Functions: keeps the body supplied with oxygen, which is necessary for the body to obtain energy removes carbon dioxide

Urinary System or Excretory System

Consist of: Kidneys Ureters Urethra Bladder Functions: Removes waste from blood Flushes nitrogen conatianing waste from the body Helps maintain electrolyte balance Regulating the acid-base balance (pH) of the blood

Reproductive System
Male consist of: scrotum Testes penis accesory glands like the prostate vas deferens Female consist of: ovary uterine tubes uterus vagina mammary glands Overall function: to produce offspring

Maintaining Life
1. Maintaining Boundaries Every organism must be able to keep its inside distinct from its outside Every organism has a cell membrane around each of its cells to accomplish this task The human body as a whole has the integumentary system to do this.

2. Movement Every organism is capable of some time of movement Movement is not only things like walking, grabbing, pushing, and pulling, it is also occurs when substances like blood, urine, food, etc. are propelled through the different sections of the body.

3. Responsiveness Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) and then react to them If you were to burn your hand on the stove you would quickly and involuntarily pull your hand back When carbon dioxide in your body reaches toxic levels, breathing is increased to remove it Nerves are responsible for most of our body's responsiveness, however each cell has some degree of responsiveness.

4. Digestion This is the process of breaking down food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed. This makes two other processes possible Absorption is the passage of substances through certain membranes , such as when digestive products pass the the membrane lining the intestines Assimilation is when those substances that have been absorbed are chemically changed in to new substances

5. Metabolism
Refers to all chemical reactions within the body and its individual cells. Some examples include
the breakdown of complex sugars to simple ones making larger structures from smaller ones, like the conversion of amino acids to proteins Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP ( the energy rich molecule used to power the cells activities)

In the human body metabolism depends on :

The digestive system to provide nutrients The respiratory system to provide oxygen The cardiovascualr system to distribute these substances throughout the body. The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate metabolism

6. Excretion The process of removing waste. These waste are nonuseful substances produced during digestion and metabolism Two examples of system that help in excretion Digestive system rides the body of indigestible food residue in the form of feces The unrinary system disposes of nitrogencontaining metabolic waste in the form of urine

7. Reproduction the production of offspring, this occurs at two levels Organismal- making a new organism Cellular - making new cells to replace old ones or growth

8. Growth An increase in size, this is usually accomplished by an increase in cells. For growth to occur cells must be made faster than cells die

Homeostasis
Literal meaning is "unchanging Refers to the balancing act (state of equilibrium) in which internal conditions are regulated so that the vary within vary narrow limits.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Communication throughout the body is essential for homeostasis to be possible. Two organ systems play the biggest role in this: Nervous System Endocrine System

 The Variable is the event or factor being regulated. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least 3 components: Receptor - this is like a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. Control Center - This determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained. It also analyzes the information sent from the receptor and then determines the appropriate response. Effector - This provides the means for the control center to respond and restore balance.

Two Basic Types of Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative feedback mechanisms - the most common. In this type the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off or reduce the original stimulus. Positive Feedback mechanisms rare in the body because they tend to increase the original stimulus.

The Language of Anatomy

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

BODY ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

 Anterior (ventral) Toward or at the front of the body; in front of Posterior (dorsal) Toward or at the backside of the body; Behind

 Superior Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body: Below

 Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; the inner side Lateral Away from the midline; on the outer side of

 Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal Farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

 Superficial (external) Toward or at the body surface Deep (internal) Away from the body surface; more internal

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

 Sagittal section Divides the body into left and right halves. Sagittal cuts are made along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane. Also called as Midsagittal section.

 Transverse section Results from cuts made along the horizontal plane and divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom). It can also be called a cross section.

 Frontal section Made along the lengthwise plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back or ventral and dorsal). This is also called a coronal section.

BODY CAVITIES

 Dorsal body cavity cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral Body Cavity thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic Cavity

ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACE AND CAVITY

Four Quadrants

Nine Regions