STLD

1) 1k-byte is precisely equal to: 1024 bits 2) Binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers express each decimal digit as a: Nibble. 3) In the Hamming code for each group of M information digits, K parity checking digits are added with a condition : 2kM+K+1 4) Cyclic codes are useful in: Continuously varying digital signals representation 5) Name one self complemented code 8 4 2 1 code 6) Decimal number 21.125 may be written in binary number system: 10101.001 7) The 1s compliment of 1s compliment of a given number is the same number itself 8) Explain how a decimal number can be converted to binary equivalent the mantissa part can be converted by successive division by 2 9) Convert 4FD into binary equivalent form as 010011111101 10) Explain how a hexadecimal number can be converted to an octal number the hex decimal is converted to binary form by four splitting to four bits. 11)What do you meant by combinational circuit When logic gates are connected together to produce a specified output for certain specified combinations of input variables ,with no storage involved ,the resulting circuit is called combinational circuit. 12) Define half adder and full adder and give their logic equations HALF ADDER: The logic circuit which performs the addition of two significant bits i.e., augend and addend bits and produce two outputs namely sum and carry is called half adder. For A,B as inputs the equations for sum and carry are as follows: Sum=A XOR B; Carry=AB FULL ADDER: it is a combinational circuit that performs the arithmetic sum of three input bits. It has three inputs and two outputs. For A ,B, Cin as inputs and sum and carry as outputs we have Sum=Cin XOR (A XOR B); Carry=AB+Cin (A XOR B)

13) What do you mean by carry propagation delay The parallel adder in which the sum and carry outputs of any stage cannot be produced until the input occurs, this leads to delay in addition process. This delay is called carry propagation delay. 14) What do you mean by comparator and name the IC that employs it A comparator is a special combinational circuit designed primarily to compare the relative magnitudes of two binary numbers. The IC 7485 is a 4-bit. It can be used to compare two 4-bit binary words. 15) What is a decoder and mention some decoders . A decoder is a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit which converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different.. 16) What do you mean by encoder and mention some encoders An encoder has 2n input lines and n output lines. In encoder the output lines generate the binary code corresponding to the input value. The 74x147 is an decimal to BCD encoder 17) What is multiplexer mention it It is a digital switch. It allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single output line. This selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines. 18) What is meant by parity generator/checker The circuit that generates the parity bit in the transmitter is called parity generator and the circuit that checks the parity in the receiver is called a parity checker. 19) What is code converter The code converters are combinational circuits that are mainly designed to convert the binary code from one form to another ie., from BCD to excess-3, gray etc., 20) What are hazards The unwanted switching transients that may appear at the output of a circuit are called hazards. They cause the circuit to malfunction

21) What is PLD? How they are classified. These are programmable logic devices which can easily configurable by the individual user for specific applications. They are classified as follows: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) PROMs: programmable Read Only Memories PLAs: Programmable Logic Arrays PAL: Programmable Array Logic FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Arrays CPLD: Complex Programmable Logic Devices

22) Explain about PROMs . A Programmable Read Only Memory is a device that includes both the decoder and the OR gates within a single IC package. AND array is fixed and OR array is programmable. 23) Explain about PLAs . The PLAs replaces decoder by group of AND gates, each of which can be programmed to generate a product term of the input variables. In this both AND and OR gates are programmable. 24) Explain about PALs PAL Programmable Array Logic is a programmable logic device with a fixed OR array and a programmable AND array. 25) What are registered PALs. Some PALs that can has the capability of storing the output in the flip-flops for future outputs and they were called as registered PALs. 26)Explain the limitations of the threshold gate. Sensitive to variations in circuit parameters and Lack of effective synthesis procedure. 27) what is unate function. . If a function f(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5.xn) is unate in each one of its variables then it is called unate function(If a function is either positive or negative in xi then it is said to be unate in xi ) 28) What is admissible pattern A pattern of one cells is said to be an admissible pattern if it can be realized by a single threshold gate.

29) What is threshold gate Threshold gate also known as threshold element, has n two valued (either 0 or 1) inputs, x1, x2, x3.xn and a singled two valued output y. 30) What is threshold function The Boolean function which can be realized by a single threshold gate is called a threshold function. 31) The output in a D flip-flops when clock is present. Same as the input 32) What do you mean by sequential circuit A combinational circuit in connection with an memory element is an sequential circuit. This memory element is for sharing the present output to the future states via an feedback path. 33) What are the differences between synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits In synchronous sequential circuits, signals can affect the memory elements only at discrete instants of time. In asynchronous sequential circuits change in input signals can affect memory element at any instant of time. 34) What are flip-flops? These are memory elements which are capable of storing one-bit binary information. This is a bistable element. 35) What is propagation delay time is the time required to change the output after application of the input. 36) Race around condition occurs in JK Flip-Flops when both the inputs and clock are 1. 37) What is karnaugh map The map method which gives a systematic approach for simplifying a Boolean expression. 38) What is meant by quad,octet In k-map we can group 4-adjacent 1s is called a quad. Grouping of eight adjacent 1s is called a octet. 39) What is dont care combination It represents 0s or 1s which are used in grouping in the k-map configuration. It takes value according to the grouping required.

40) what are limitations of k-map as no. of variables increases it is typical to judge which combination form minimum expression. And it is a manual technique and it highly depends on human ability. 41) Which code is used in K map for representing the minterms Gray code. 42) The given maxterm is A+B+C its equivalent Binary representation is. 000 43) . A 1 in a cell of k-map can be combined with three other 1s in Only one combination. The resulting term of these four 1s is Essential prime implicand. 44) Law is used to combine cells in the K-map.. A+A1=A 45) In a PI chart of Quine- Mc Cluskey simplification a Containing only one X contributes a term Columns 46) The map entered variables in the K-map are 0s, 1s and dont care elements. 47). What are the basic elements of an ASM chart The state box, the decision box and the conditional box. 48) How a state in the control sequence is indicated By a state box 49) How a decision box is used in an ASM chart The decision box describes the effect of an input on the control subsystem. 50) The control system of a digital system is Sequential circuit

EDC
1) CC amplifier is used as a BUFFER. 2) CE amplifier is mostly used for amplification purpose. 3) Units of h22 (=I0/v0) are SIEMENS(or) mho. 4) CC amplifier is also called as EMITTER FOLLOWER. 5) CB amplifier is used as CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE. 6) Need of biasing in amplifiers is to work the transistor Always in ACTIVE REGION. 7) To avoid clipping the input of amplifier must lies between (-Vo/A)<= Vin <=(Vo/A). 8) Cascade amplifier(CE-CB) is a current amplifier. 9) Transconductance amplifier high i/p &o/p resistances. 10)What are the types of feedback networks and where it is used Negative feedback used in amplifiers and Positive feedback used in Oscillators. 11). Advantages and Disadvantages of negative feed back networks a. adv: improves stability, reduces distortion, increases bandwidth disadv: gain decreases, 12). Resistor Rb provides negative feedback in single stage amplifiers. 13) What are the different Feedback topologies voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, current shunt. 14). Voltage series amplifier is a voltage amplifier. 15) Emitter follower is a voltage negative feedback circuit. 16).Change in the Bandwidth with feedback is increases by (1+A)times. 17).Distortion in the circuit with feedback decreases by (1/1+A) times.

18).In current series feedback what are the sampling and mixing parameter current,voltage 19).Transconductance amplifier is a voltage to current converter (Io=gmVin). 20). Current shunt amplifier is a current amplifier 21) what is electron volt? the work done by an electron when it is falling through 1 volt.(w=v q)(1eV=1.602*10-19 J) 22) In the chopped mode , the electronic switch is free running at which rate 100-500khz 23) which wave form is generated in sweep circuits in a CRO Sawtooth waveform 9. The electrostatic deflection sensitivity is inversely proportional to final anode voltage 10. The phase difference between two sinusoidal signals of the same frequency can be obtained from lissagous pattern

CMC
1)The authentication center encompasses are EIR 2)NSS The services which are digital in nature are ISDN 3)The outstanding feature of GSM is SIM 4)The link between BSC and MSC is called A interface 5)Which is the central unit of NSS and handles the traffic between all BSCs is MSC 6)Air-interface is also called as Radio interface 7)The user data is contained within one time slot per frame is Full-rate traffic channel 8)The half-rate traffic data channel carries raw user data which sent at 4800bps 9)The frame duration in TDMA is 4.615ms 10) Which can be calculated by measuring the signal strength at low spot and High spot is Path-loss curve

11) The direct path and reflected path in case of line-of-sight are Strong 12) Path-loss is nothing but Free space attenuation 13). The major problem related to mobile environment is Fast fading 14). Propagation of mobile signals over water or flat open area leads to Interference of cells 15). The path-loss in land-to-mobile propagation over water is 20db/decade 16) which method can be used to reduce the level of side lobes dolphchebyshev synthesis 17)Mention one of the synthesis for difference patterns null-free pattern 18)For interference reduction factor, we use which type of antennas directional antennas 19) which type of antennas can separate only horizontally space diversity antennas 20) separation between two transmitting antennas should be minimum to avoid inter modulation 21) In the high gain antenna ,the antenna beam pattern is suppressed vertically 22) which does not belongs to the limitation of conventional mobile telephone system high service performance 23) what is the basic concept behind cellular system design frequency reuse concept 24) The offered load is given by A=(Qi.T/60) erlangs 25)Lowering the antenna height at hilly areas result the gain in to Zero