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Table of Contents
I. CFD ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Overview of FLOTRAN CFD Analyses ................................................................................................ 3 1.1. Types of FLOTRAN Analyses ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Laminar Flow Analysis ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1.2. Turbulent Flow Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3. Thermal Analysis ................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.4. Compressible Flow Analysis ................................................................................................ 4 1.1.5. Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow Analysis .................................................................................... 4 1.1.6. Multiple Species Transport Analysis .................................................................................... 4 1.1.7. Free Surface Analysis .......................................................................................................... 4 1.2. About GUI Paths and Command Syntax ....................................................................................... 4 2. The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis ....................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Characteristics of the FLOTRAN Elements .................................................................................... 7 2.1.1. Other Element Features ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Considerations and Restrictions for Using the FLOTRAN Elements ............................................... 8 2.2.1. Limitations on FLOTRAN Element Use ................................................................................. 8 2.3. Overview of a FLOTRAN Analysis ............................................................................................... 10 2.3.1. Determining the Problem Domain .................................................................................... 10 2.3.2. Determining the Flow Regime .......................................................................................... 10 2.3.3. Creating the Finite Element Mesh ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.4. Applying Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................... 11 2.3.5. Setting FLOTRAN Analysis Parameters ............................................................................... 11 2.3.6. Solving the Problem ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3.7. Examining the Results ...................................................................................................... 12 2.4. Files the FLOTRAN Elements Create ........................................................................................... 12 2.4.1. The Results File ................................................................................................................. 12 2.4.2. The Print File (Jobname.PFL) ......................................................................................... 13 2.4.3. The Nodal Residuals File ................................................................................................... 13 2.4.4. The Restart File ................................................................................................................. 13 2.4.5. The Domain File ............................................................................................................... 14 2.4.6. Restarting a FLOTRAN Analysis ......................................................................................... 14 2.5. Convergence and Stability Tools ................................................................................................ 15 2.5.1. Relaxation Factors ............................................................................................................ 15 2.5.2. Inertial Relaxation ............................................................................................................ 15 2.5.3. Modified Inertial Relaxation .............................................................................................. 15 2.5.4. Artificial Viscosity ............................................................................................................. 16 2.5.5. DOF Capping ................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.6. The Quadrature Order ...................................................................................................... 16 2.6. What to Watch For During a FLOTRAN Analysis .......................................................................... 17 2.6.1. Deciding How Many Global Iterations to Use .................................................................... 17 2.6.2. Convergence Monitors ..................................................................................................... 17 2.6.3. Stopping a FLOTRAN Analysis ........................................................................................... 19 2.6.4. Pressure Results ............................................................................................................... 20 2.7. Evaluating a FLOTRAN Analysis .................................................................................................. 20 2.8. Verifying Results ....................................................................................................................... 20 3. FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow ................................................................. 23 3.1. Activating the Turbulence Model ............................................................................................... 24 3.1.1. The Role of the Reynolds Number ..................................................................................... 24 3.1.2. Determining Whether an Analysis Is Turbulent .................................................................. 25 3.1.3. Turbulence Ratio and Inlet Parameters .............................................................................. 25
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Fluids Analysis Guide 3.1.4. Turbulence Models ........................................................................................................... 25 3.1.4.1. Standard k-epsilon Model (default) .......................................................................... 26 3.1.4.2. Zero Equation Turbulence Model (ZeroEq) ................................................................ 28 3.1.4.3. Re-Normalized Group Turbulence Model (RNG) ........................................................ 28 3.1.4.4. k-epsilon Model Due to Shih (NKE) ........................................................................... 29 3.1.4.5. Nonlinear Model of Girimaji (GIR) ............................................................................. 29 3.1.4.6. Shih, Zhu, Lumley Model (SZL) .................................................................................. 30 3.1.4.7. k-omega Turbulence Model ..................................................................................... 31 3.1.4.8. Shear Stress Transport Model (SST) .......................................................................... 31 3.2. Meshing Requirements ............................................................................................................. 32 3.3. Flow Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................................ 33 3.4. Strategies for Difficult Problems ................................................................................................ 36 3.5. Example of a Laminar and Turbulent FLOTRAN Analysis ............................................................. 38 4. FLOTRAN Thermal Analyses ............................................................................................................ 39 4.1. Meshing Requirements ............................................................................................................. 39 4.2. Property Specifications and Control .......................................................................................... 39 4.3. Thermal Loads and Boundary Conditions .................................................................................. 40 4.3.1. Applying Loads ................................................................................................................ 40 4.3.1.1. Applying Loads Using Commands ............................................................................ 41 4.3.1.2. Applying Loads Using the GUI .................................................................................. 41 4.3.1.3. Solutions ................................................................................................................. 42 4.4. Solution Strategies .................................................................................................................... 42 4.4.1. Constant Fluid Properties ................................................................................................. 43 4.4.2. Forced Convection, Temperature Dependent Properties .................................................... 43 4.4.3. Free Convection, Temperature Dependent Properties ........................................................ 43 4.4.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer ................................................................................................... 44 4.5. Heat Balance ............................................................................................................................. 46 4.6. Surface-to-Surface Radiation Analysis Using the Radiosity Method ............................................ 47 4.6.1. Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 47 4.6.2. Heat Balances .................................................................................................................. 47 4.7. Examples of a Laminar, Thermal, Steady-State FLOTRAN Analysis ................................................ 47 4.7.1. The Example Described .................................................................................................... 48 4.7.2. Doing the Buoyancy Driven Flow Analysis (GUI Method) ................................................... 49 4.7.3. Doing the Buoyancy Driven Flow Analysis (Command Method) ......................................... 55 4.8. Example of Radiation Analysis Using FLOTRAN (Command Method) ........................................... 56 4.9. Where to Find Other FLOTRAN Analysis Examples ...................................................................... 57 5. FLOTRAN Transient Analyses .......................................................................................................... 59 5.1. Time Integration Method .......................................................................................................... 59 5.2. Time Step Specification and Convergence ................................................................................. 60 5.3. Terminating and Getting Output from a Transient Analysis ......................................................... 61 5.4. Applying Transient Boundary Conditions ................................................................................... 62 6. Volume of Fluid (VOF) Analyses ...................................................................................................... 65 6.1. VFRC Loads ............................................................................................................................... 66 6.1.1. Initial VFRC Loads ............................................................................................................. 66 6.1.2. Boundary VFRC Loads ...................................................................................................... 67 6.2. Input Settings ........................................................................................................................... 67 6.2.1. Ambient Conditions ......................................................................................................... 67 6.2.2. VFRC Tolerances ............................................................................................................... 68 6.2.3. VOF Time Steps ................................................................................................................ 69 6.3. Postprocessing ......................................................................................................................... 69 6.4. VOF Analysis of a Dam ............................................................................................................... 70 6.4.1. The Problem Described .................................................................................................... 70
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Fluids Analysis Guide 6.4.2. Building and Solving the Model (Command Method) ........................................................ 70 6.5. VOF Analysis of Open Channel with an Obstruction ................................................................... 71 6.5.1. The Problem Described .................................................................................................... 71 6.5.2. Building and Solving the Model (Command Method) ........................................................ 71 6.6. VOF Analysis of an Oscillating Droplet ....................................................................................... 74 6.6.1. The Problem Described .................................................................................................... 74 6.6.2. Results ............................................................................................................................. 75 6.6.3. Building and Solving the Model (Command Method) ........................................................ 76 6.6.4. Where to Find Other Examples .......................................................................................... 78 7. Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Formulation for Moving Domains ........................................ 79 7.1. Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................................ 81 7.2. Mesh Updating ......................................................................................................................... 83 7.3. Remeshing ............................................................................................................................... 84 7.4. Postprocessing ......................................................................................................................... 86 7.5. ALE Analysis of a Simplified Torsional Mirror .............................................................................. 87 7.5.1. The Problem Described .................................................................................................... 87 7.5.2. Boundary Conditions ....................................................................................................... 87 7.5.3. Forces and Moments ........................................................................................................ 88 7.5.4. Building and Solving the Model (Command Method) ........................................................ 90 7.6. ALE/VOF Analysis of a Vessel with a Moving Wall ........................................................................ 94 7.6.1. The Problem Described .................................................................................................... 94 7.6.2. Results ............................................................................................................................. 95 7.6.3. Building and Solving the Model (Command Method) ........................................................ 95 7.7. ALE Analysis of a Moving Cylinder ............................................................................................. 97 7.7.1. The Problem Described .................................................................................................... 97 7.7.2. Results ............................................................................................................................. 98 7.7.3. Building and Solving the Model (Command Method) ........................................................ 98 8. FLOTRAN Compressible Analyses ................................................................................................. 103 8.1. Property Calculations .............................................................................................................. 103 8.2. Boundary Conditions .............................................................................................................. 104 8.3. Structured vs. Unstructured Mesh ............................................................................................ 105 8.4. Solution Strategies .................................................................................................................. 105 8.4.1. Inertial Relaxation .......................................................................................................... 106 8.5. Example of a Compressible Flow Analysis ................................................................................ 106 8.5.1. The Example Described .................................................................................................. 106 8.5.1.1. Fluid Properties ..................................................................................................... 106 8.5.1.2. Approach and Assumptions ................................................................................... 106 8.6. Doing the Example Compressible Flow Analysis (GUI Method) ................................................. 107 8.7. Doing the Example Compressible Flow Analysis (Command Method) ....................................... 113 9. Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN ..................................................................................... 117 9.1. Fluid Property Types ................................................................................................................ 117 9.1.1. Property Types for Specific Heat ...................................................................................... 118 9.1.2. Property Types for Density and Thermal Conductivity ...................................................... 119 9.1.3. Property Types for Viscosity ............................................................................................ 119 9.1.4. Property Types for Surface Tension Coefficient ................................................................ 119 9.1.5. Property Types for Wall Static Contact Angle ................................................................... 119 9.1.6. General Guidelines for Setting Property Types ................................................................. 119 9.1.6.1. Using a Fluid Property Table ................................................................................... 120 9.1.6.2. Specifying Property Types ...................................................................................... 120 9.1.7. Density .......................................................................................................................... 122 9.1.8. Viscosity ......................................................................................................................... 123 9.1.9. Specific Heat .................................................................................................................. 124
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Fluids Analysis Guide 9.1.10. Thermal Conductivity ................................................................................................... 125 9.1.11. Surface Tension Coefficient ........................................................................................... 125 9.1.12. Wall Static Contact Angle .............................................................................................. 126 9.2. Initializing and Varying Properties ........................................................................................... 126 9.2.1. Activating Variable Properties ......................................................................................... 126 9.3. Modifying the Fluid Property Database .................................................................................... 127 9.4. Using Reference Properties ..................................................................................................... 129 9.5. Using the ANSYS Non-Newtonian Flow Capabilities ................................................................. 130 9.5.1. Activating the Power Law Model ..................................................................................... 130 9.5.2. Activating the Carreau Model ......................................................................................... 131 9.5.3. Activating the Bingham Model ....................................................................................... 131 9.6. Using User-Programmable Subroutines ................................................................................... 132 10. FLOTRAN Special Features .......................................................................................................... 133 10.1. Coordinate Systems .............................................................................................................. 133 10.2. Rotating Frames of Reference ................................................................................................ 135 10.3. Swirl ..................................................................................................................................... 136 10.4. Distributed Resistance/Source ............................................................................................... 136 11. FLOTRAN CFD Solvers and the Matrix Equation ......................................................................... 139 11.1. Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm ............................................................................................... 140 11.2. Semi-Direct Solvers ............................................................................................................... 140 11.2.1. Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR) Solver ...................................... 141 11.2.2. Preconditioned BiCGStab (PBCGM) Solver ..................................................................... 143 11.3. Sparse Direct Method ............................................................................................................ 143 12. Coupling Algorithms ................................................................................................................... 145 12.1. Algorithm Settings ................................................................................................................ 145 12.1.1. Advection Scheme ....................................................................................................... 145 12.1.2. Solver ........................................................................................................................... 146 12.1.3. Relaxation Factors ........................................................................................................ 146 12.2. Performance ......................................................................................................................... 146 13. Multiple Species Transport ......................................................................................................... 149 13.1. Mixture Types ....................................................................................................................... 149 13.1.1. Dilute Mixture Analysis ................................................................................................. 149 13.1.2. Composite Mixture Analysis .......................................................................................... 150 13.1.3. Composite Gas Analysis ................................................................................................ 150 13.2. Doing a Multiple Species Analysis .......................................................................................... 151 13.2.1. Establish the Species .................................................................................................... 151 13.2.2. Choose an Algebraic Species ........................................................................................ 151 13.2.3. Adjust Output Format ................................................................................................... 151 13.2.4. Set Properties ............................................................................................................... 152 13.2.5. Specify Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................ 153 13.2.6. Set Relaxation and Solution Parameters ........................................................................ 153 13.3. Doing a Heat Exchanger Analysis Using Two Species .............................................................. 154 13.4. Example Analysis Mixing Three Gases .................................................................................... 156 14. Advection Discretization Options ............................................................................................... 161 14.1. Using SUPG and COLG ........................................................................................................... 161 14.2. Strategies for Difficult Solutions ............................................................................................. 162 II. Acoustics ............................................................................................................................................. 163 1. Acoustics ....................................................................................................................................... 165 1.1. Solving Acoustics Problems .................................................................................................... 165 1.2. Building the Model ................................................................................................................. 166 1.2.1. Harmonic Acoustic Analysis Guidelines ........................................................................... 166 1.2.1.1. FLUID29, FLUID30, FLUID220, and FLUID221 ............................................................ 166
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Fluids Analysis Guide 1.2.1.2. FLUID129 and FLUID130 ........................................................................................ 167 1.3. Meshing the Model ................................................................................................................. 168 1.3.1. Step 1: Mesh the Interior Fluid Domain ............................................................................ 169 1.3.2. Step 2: Generate the Infinite Acoustic Elements ............................................................... 169 1.3.3. Step 3: Specify the Fluid-Structure Interface .................................................................... 170 1.4. Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution ............................................................................ 171 1.4.1. Step 1: Enter the SOLUTION Processor ............................................................................. 171 1.4.2. Step 2: Define the Analysis Type ...................................................................................... 171 1.4.3. Step 3: Define Analysis Options ....................................................................................... 171 1.4.4. Step 4: Apply Loads on the Model ................................................................................... 172 1.4.4.1. Applying Loads Using the GUI ................................................................................ 173 1.4.4.2. Applying Loads Using Commands .......................................................................... 173 1.4.4.3. Load Types ............................................................................................................ 174 1.4.5. Step 5: Specify Load Step Options ................................................................................... 175 1.4.5.1. Dynamics Options ................................................................................................. 175 1.4.5.2. General Options .................................................................................................... 175 1.4.5.3. Output Controls ..................................................................................................... 175 1.4.6. Step 6: Back Up Your Database ........................................................................................ 176 1.4.7. Step 7: Apply Additional Load Steps (Optional) ................................................................ 176 1.4.8. Step 8: Finish the Solution ............................................................................................... 176 1.5. Reviewing Results ................................................................................................................... 176 1.6. Fluid-Structure Interaction ...................................................................................................... 177 1.7. Sample Applications ............................................................................................................... 177 1.7.1. Example 1: Fluid-Structure Coupled Acoustic Analysis (Command Method) ..................... 177 1.7.2. Example 2: Room Acoustic Analysis (Command Method) ................................................. 179 1.7.3. Example 2: Radiation From Two Waveguides ................................................................... 181 III. Thin Film ............................................................................................................................................. 183 1. Thin Film Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 185 1.1. Elements for Modeling Thin Films ............................................................................................ 185 1.2. Squeeze Film Analysis ............................................................................................................. 185 1.2.1. Static Analysis Overview ................................................................................................. 187 1.2.2. Harmonic Response Analysis Overview ........................................................................... 187 1.2.3. Transient Response Analysis Overview ............................................................................ 188 1.2.4. Flow Regime Considerations ........................................................................................... 188 1.2.5. Modeling and Meshing Considerations ........................................................................... 189 1.2.6. Analysis Settings and Options ......................................................................................... 189 1.2.7. Loads and Solution ......................................................................................................... 190 1.2.8. Review Results ............................................................................................................... 190 1.2.9. Sample Harmonic Analysis .............................................................................................. 191 1.2.10. Simplified Transient Analysis ......................................................................................... 194 1.2.11. Complex Transient Analysis ........................................................................................... 196 1.3. Modal Projection Method for Squeeze Film Analysis ................................................................ 201 1.3.1. Modal Projection Method Overview ................................................................................ 201 1.3.2. Steps in Computing the Damping Parameter Using the Modal Projection Technique ....... 202 1.3.2.1. Modeling and Meshing .......................................................................................... 203 1.3.2.2. Perform Modal Analysis ......................................................................................... 203 1.3.2.3. Extracting Eigenvectors ......................................................................................... 203 1.3.2.4. Performing a Harmonic Response Analysis and Extracting Damping Parameters ..... 203 1.3.3. Example Problem Using the Modal Projection Method .................................................... 204 1.3.4. Damping Extraction for Large Signal Cases ..................................................................... 208 1.4. Slide Film Damping ................................................................................................................. 209 1.4.1. Slide Film Damping Example .......................................................................................... 211
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List of Figures
2.1. Convergence Monitors Displayed by the GST Feature ............................................................................ 18 3.1. Internal Flow ......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2. External Flow ........................................................................................................................................ 23 3.3. Structured Mesh ................................................................................................................................... 32 3.4. Unstructured Mesh ............................................................................................................................... 32 4.1. Diagram of the Square Cavity ................................................................................................................ 48 4.2. Plot of the Temperature Solution ........................................................................................................... 52 4.3. Plot of Streamline Contours ................................................................................................................... 53 4.4. Plot of Velocity Vectors .......................................................................................................................... 54 4.5. Plot of Flow Trace .................................................................................................................................. 55 6.1. Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.001 ms .................................................................................. 76 6.2. Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.012 ms .................................................................................. 76 7.1.Torsional Mirror at t = 0 Seconds ............................................................................................................ 79 7.2. Torsional Mirror at t = 2.5 Seconds ......................................................................................................... 80 7.3. Torsional Mirror at t = 7.5 Seconds ......................................................................................................... 80 7.4. Boundary Conditions for Moving Walls .................................................................................................. 81 7.5. Torsional Mirror Problem Description .................................................................................................... 87 7.6. Torsional Mirror Problem - Boundary Conditions .................................................................................... 88 7.7. Square Vessel with a Moving Wall .......................................................................................................... 94 7.8. Left Wall Displacement and Velocity ...................................................................................................... 95 7.9. Moving Cylinder ................................................................................................................................... 97 7.10. Elements at 0 Seconds ........................................................................................................................ 98 7.11. Elements at 22 Seconds ....................................................................................................................... 98 7.12. Elements at 44 Seconds ....................................................................................................................... 98 8.1. Three Types of Meshing ....................................................................................................................... 105 10.1. Direction of Positive Swirl Velocity VZ for Axisymmetric Models .......................................................... 134 10.2. Rotating Flow Problem ...................................................................................................................... 135 10.3. Problem Schematic with Rotating Coordinate .................................................................................... 136 11.1. Typical Debug Files ........................................................................................................................... 141 13.1. Environment for a Typical Heat Exchanger Analysis ............................................................................ 154 1.1. Example of a 2-D Acoustic Model (Fluid Within a Structure) .................................................................. 167 1.2. Example of Absorption Element Application ........................................................................................ 168 1.3. Submerged Cylindrical Shell ................................................................................................................ 168 1.4. Mesh the Fluid Domain ....................................................................................................................... 169 1.5. Add the Absorption Element on the Boundary ..................................................................................... 170 1.6. Specify Fluid-Structure Interface .......................................................................................................... 171 1.1. Moving Plate above a Fixed Wall .......................................................................................................... 186 1.2. Perforated Plate Structure ................................................................................................................... 186 1.3. Pressure Distribution on a Plate at a Low Driving Frequency ................................................................. 187 1.4. Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Coefficients vs. Frequency .................................................................. 187 1.5. Coupling of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138 Element ........................ 189 1.6. Pressure Distribution (Real Component) .............................................................................................. 192 1.7. Pressure Distribution (Imaginary Component) ..................................................................................... 192 1.8. Applied Voltage .................................................................................................................................. 197 1.9. Displacement Time History .................................................................................................................. 197 1.10. Pressure Time History ........................................................................................................................ 198 1.11. Modal Projection Technique for Damping Characterization ................................................................ 202 viii
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Fluids Analysis Guide 1.12. Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate ................................................... 202 1.13. Fluidic Cross-Talk between Transverse and Rotational Motion ............................................................ 204 1.14. Time-Transient Response from Voltage Pulse ..................................................................................... 208 1.15. Slide Film Damping at Low and High Frequencies .............................................................................. 210 1.16. Viscous Slide Film Element FLUID139 ................................................................................................. 211 1.17. Comb Drive Resonator ...................................................................................................................... 212 1.18. Displacement of Central Mass ............................................................................................................ 212 1.19. Real and Imaginary Current ............................................................................................................... 213
List of Tables
2.1. 2-D Solid Elements .................................................................................................................................. 7 3.1. Boundary Conditions at Intersections .................................................................................................... 35 4.1. Command Family and GUI Path Used to Apply Loads ............................................................................. 40 4.2. Load Commands for a FLOTRAN Thermal Analysis .................................................................................. 41 5.1. Specifying Values for Time Steps ............................................................................................................ 60 5.2. Saving Analysis Results for Processing ................................................................................................... 61 7.1. Interface Boundary Conditions .............................................................................................................. 82 7.2. Element Qualities .................................................................................................................................. 84 7.3. Remeshing Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 86 7.4. Quality Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 97 9.1. Units for Thermal Quantities ................................................................................................................ 118 9.2. Energy Units for Incompressible Analyses with Viscous Heating ........................................................... 118 9.3. Units for the AIR Property Type ............................................................................................................ 119 9.4. Property types for Value ................................................................................................................... 120 9.5. Property Database Format .................................................................................................................. 128 10.1. Coordinate System Specification ....................................................................................................... 134 12.1. Advection Scheme Defaults ............................................................................................................... 146 12.2. SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN Performance Results ....................................................................................... 146 1.1. Loads Applicable in an Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................. 172 1.2. Commands for Applying Loads in Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................. 173 1.3. Load Step Options for a Harmonic Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................ 175 1.1.Thin Film Fluid Elements ...................................................................................................................... 185 1.2. Load Options for Thin Film Fluid Elements ........................................................................................... 190 1.3. Beam Model Results Considering Perforated Holes .............................................................................. 191 1.4. Modal Damping Parameters for First Two Eigenfrequencies ................................................................. 205
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CFD
In addition, you can use the features of ANSYS and ANSYS FLOTRAN to perform tasks including: Calculating the gas pressure and temperature distributions in an engine exhaust manifold Studying the thermal stratification and breakup in piping systems Using flow mixing studies to evaluate potential for thermal shock Doing natural convection analyses to evaluate the thermal performance of chips in electronic enclosures Conducting heat exchanger studies involving different fluids separated by solid regions
The following FLOTRAN CFD analysis topics are available: 1.1.Types of FLOTRAN Analyses 1.2. About GUI Paths and Command Syntax
These types of analyses are not mutually exclusive. For example, a laminar analysis can be thermal or adiabatic. A turbulent analysis can be compressible or incompressible. To solve any analysis involving the flow of fluid, use either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,TRUE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
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1.2. About GUI Paths and Command Syntax arguments, and specific combinations of command arguments perform different functions. For complete syntax descriptions of ANSYS commands, consult the Command Reference. The GUI paths shown are as complete as possible. In many cases, choosing the GUI path as shown will perform the function you want. In other cases, choosing the GUI path given in this document takes you to a menu or dialog box; from there, you must choose additional options that are appropriate for the specific task being performed. For the thermal related analyses described in this guide, specify the material you will be simulating using an intuitive material model interface. This interface uses a hierarchical tree structure of material categories, which is intended to assist you in choosing the appropriate model for your analysis. See Material Model Interface in the Basic Analysis Guide for details on the material model interface.
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FLUID142
3-D
Hexahedral, eight nodes or tetrahedral, four nodes or wedge, six nodes or pyramid, five nodes; tetrahedral and hexahedral elements can be combined by pyramids
Chapter 2: The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis inlet, but the FLOTRAN default boundary conditions suffice if the entrance is not close to the regions of primary interest. Thermal boundary conditions, including temperature, heat flux, volumetric heat sources, and heat transfer (film) coefficient.
You can solve problems in Cartesian, cylindrical, polar, and axisymmetric coordinate systems. If a problem is axisymmetric, activating a swirl option allows you to calculate a velocity component normal to the axisymmetric plane.
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2.2.1. Limitations on FLOTRAN Element Use If you specify nodal heat generation loads via commands BFCUM, BFDELE, or BFUNIF, ANSYS uses load values specified with the BFE command instead. The commands CE, CECMOD, CEDELE, and CEINTF do not work with FLOTRAN. The CNVTOL command does not set convergence tolerances with FLOTRAN as it does for other analyses. For information about FLOTRAN convergence, see Deciding How Many Global Iterations to Use (p. 17). The symmetry and antisymmetry conditions that the DSYM command specifies are not appropriate for FLOTRAN. FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow (p. 23) explains how to specify flow symmetry boundary conditions for FLOTRAN. FLOTRAN does not support angular acceleration vectors for rotating coordinate systems. In a FLOTRAN analysis, the command FLDATA4,TIME (rather than the DELTIM command) specifies a time step for a load step. For FLOTRAN, you cannot use the DESOL command or the PRESOL command to modify HEAT, FLOW, or FLUX nodal results. FLOTRAN does not permit extrapolation of integration point results to nodes (via the ERESX command). FLOTRAN does not allow you to generate elements through reflections. Although not recommended, FLOTRAN will execute properly if you generate reflected elements using a different element type and you subsequently switch to the FLOTRAN element type. In FLOTRAN analyses, you cannot ramp loads via the KBC command. The FLOTRAN command FLDATA4,TIME,BC, however, is analogous to the ANSYS command KBC, except that the default for FLOTRAN is a step change. Load case operations, such as those performed by the LCCALC, LCDEF, LCFACT, and LCFILE commands, are not allowed in a FLOTRAN analysis. Do not use the LSWRITE or LSSOLVE command in a FLOTRAN analysis. Use the SOLVE command to start a FLOTRAN solution. The convergence tool invoked with the NCNV command does not apply to the FLOTRAN segregated solver. Do not use the NEQIT command, which defines the number of equilibrium iterations for a nonlinear solution, in a FLOTRAN analysis. FLOTRAN requires the nodal and global Cartesian coordinate systems to be the same. Therefore, you cannot use the rotational fields on the N, NMODIF, and NROTAT commands. In a FLOTRAN analysis, the commands FLDATA2,ITER, FLDATA4,TIME, and FLDATA4A,STEP control items written to the results files (Jobname.RFL and Jobname.PFL FLOTRAN does not permit user programmable elements, such as those specified via the NSVR command. In a FLOTRAN analysis, the commands FLDATA2,ITER and FLDATA4,TIME control items written to the database. The PRNLD command does not apply to FLOTRAN, because it does not store boundary conditions as printable element nodal loads. Node reaction solutions, such as those produced by the PRRSOL command, are not available for FLOTRAN. The partial and predefined solution option (called by the PSOLVE command) does not apply to the FLOTRAN segregated solver. The TIME command, which associates boundary conditions with a particular time value, does not apply to FLOTRAN.
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Chapter 2: The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis FLOTRAN analyses use the FLDATA1,SOLU command instead of the TIMINT command to specify transient load steps. FLOTRAN analyses use the FLDATA4,TIME command instead of the TRNOPT command to specify transient analysis options. The RESCONTROL command does not apply to FLOTRAN. Some of the functionality of RESCONTROL is provided with the FLDATA32,REST command. For FLOTRAN, you cannot use the DK command to define DOF constraints at keypoints.
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2.3.6. Solving the Problem compressible and compressible results. You may want to compare results from each algorithm for a representative problem.
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Chapter 2: The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis An analysis typically requires multiple restarts.
Note
Results tracking via the NLHIST command is not available with FLOTRAN analyses.
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2.4.4.The Restart File We recommend that you use ANSYS' overwrite frequency option because it allows you to periodically store and update a temporary set of results. Using this option ensures that a useful set of results will exist should you need to restart an analysis after a power failure or other system interruption. The next regularly scheduled output of results overwrites the temporary results set. You can accomplish the same thing by instructing ANSYS to append data to the results file more often; however, this method inflates the size of the results file. To set the overwrite frequency, use either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA2,ITER,OVER,Value GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl To set the append frequency, use either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA2,ITER,APPE,Value GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl
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Chapter 2: The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis the data structures in the Jobname.CFD file. FLOTRAN creates this file from information in the ANSYS database (but the file is not required for restarts). To write to or read from the Jobname.CFD file, use either of the following methods before the restart: Command(s): FLDATA32,REST,RFIL,T GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Restart Options> CFD Restart File You can toggle the RFIL state on (TRUE) or off (FALSE). If is on, ANSYS reads the restart file when FLOTRAN begins to execute. If no restart file exists, one will be created. If you are restarting an analysis with updated boundary conditions, you must overwrite an existing .CFD file in order to use the new conditions. To overwrite the file, use either of the following methods: Command(s): FLDATA32,REST,WFIL,T GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Restart Options> CFD Restart File This will cause FLOTRAN to create a new restart file during the next load step, and automatically sets the RFIL state to False. After the restart that has created the new file completes, issue the FLDATA32,REST,RFIL,TRUE command so that subsequent restarts use the new Jobname.CFD restart file.
If you specify invalid criteria, ANSYS notifies you and (if the program is operating in batch mode) terminates the analysis. When you restart an analysis, ANSYS copies the original results file to the file Jobname.RSO and places the restart point, all previous results sets, and all subsequent results sets in the new Jobname.RFL file. If the Value input on the FLDATA32,REST command is negative, creation of the Jobname.RSO file is blocked. FLOTRAN uses the absolute value of the number specified for Value. If a results file name is entered in the Fname field of the FLDATA32,REST command, FLOTRAN interpolates those results onto the current mesh in the database, regardless of whether or not the mesh has changed. This causes the convergence monitors to start again from zero. This restart is different than a restart without a file name specification. However, the results quickly converge to the original solution. 14
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Note
See the description of the FLDATA25,RELX command in the Command Reference for lists of degree of freedom and property component names.
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Chapter 2: The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis A larger modified inertial relaxation factor gives a more robust scheme, but it may yield a slower convergence. The recommended range is 0.1 to 1.0. You should consider inertial relaxation and modified inertial relaxation to be mutually exclusive.
Caution
When velocities are capped, conservation of mass may not be enforced.
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2.6.2. Convergence Monitors If you notice anomalous results near a region of skewed hexahedral elements, reset the quadrature order to 2. There might be a problem with the results when the included angles of the hexahedra exceed 120 degrees. You can change the quadrature order for momentum diffusion or source, pressure diffusion or source, thermal diffusion or source, turbulent diffusion or source, using either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA30,QUAD,Label,Value (Label is the element integral to change quadrature for, and Value is the number of integration points). GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> CFD Quad Orders Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> CFD Quad Orders For more information on quadrature order, refer to the description of the FLDATA30,QUAD command in the Command Reference.
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Chapter 2: The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis (TEMP), turbulent kinetic energy (ENKE), kinetic energy dissipation rate (ENDS), and any active species transport equations (SP01-SP06). The convergence monitors are a normalized measure of the solution's rate of change from iteration to iteration. Denoting by the general field variable, , any DOF, the convergence monitor is defined as follows:
ConvMon = i=1
k k 1 i i
i=1
k i
The convergence monitor represents the sum of changes of the variable calculated from the results between the current kth iteration and the previous (k-1)th iteration, divided by the sum of the current values. The summation is performed over all n nodes, using the absolute values of the differences. Available in both batch and interactive sessions, the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST) feature displays the computed convergence monitors while the solution is in process. Be default, GST is ON for interactive sessions and OFF for batch runs. To turn GST on or off, use either of the following: Command(s): /GST GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Grph Solu Track Figure 2.1 (p. 18) shows two typical GST displays:
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2.6.3. Stopping a FLOTRAN Analysis (a) Steady-state simulation, (b) Transient simulation In Figure 2.1 (p. 18) (b), a plot of a transient FLOTRAN solution, each "spike" on the plot indicates the beginning of a new time step. After perhaps some initial fluctuations, convergence monitors will decrease as the analysis approaches convergence. How small the numbers become depends on several factors, such as: Complexity of the geometry Adequacy of the finite element mesh in regions with steep gradients The severity of the turbulence levels, indicated by the flow Reynolds number Development of the flow near outlet boundaries
Points to remember when using graphical solution tracking include: The GST feature is available for FLOTRAN analyses and also for structural, thermal, and electromagnetic analyses containing nonlinearities. For information about using GST to track convergence in non-FLOTRAN analyses, see the Thermal Analysis Guide, the Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide, and the Structural Analysis Guide. GST can display up to ten curves at the same time. (Your model can include more than ten DOFs, but only the first ten will be displayed.) When the GST begins its plotting, ANSYS displays a dialog box with a STOP button. You can stop the solution at any time by clicking on this button. To restart it, issue SOLVE or choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN. The time label which is positioned above the graph reveals the time at the last iteration.
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These questions are interrelated, since convergence may not be achieved it you have not set up and executed the analysis correctly. If you have set the input parameters and boundary conditions correctly, the analysis is complete when the convergence monitors for all variables stop decreasing and the average, maximum, and minimum values of the solution variables no longer increase or decrease. There is no guarantee, however, that you will achieve a single exact answer because nature does not guarantee that a single exact answer exists. Oscillatory problems (for example, vortex shedding behind a cylinder) may not yield stationary results from a steadystate or a transient solution algorithm. You may wish to continue executing the analysis to verify whether a solution has a stable or a fluctuating nature. The ANSYS program stores the average, minimum, and maximum values of the solution variables in the file Jobname.PFL. This file also records the FLOTRAN input plus the convergence monitors which have been calculated. The results summary includes all the DOF, as well as laminar and effective properties. You determine how often ANSYS issues the results summary by using one of these methods: Command(s): FLDATA5,OUTP,SUMF,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived The Value argument is the number of global iterations that pass before ANSYS issues the next results summary. You may also want to map your results onto a path through your model. See Mapping Results onto a Path in the Basic Analysis Guide for more information on reviewing results along a path.
The ANSYS program tabulates the number of inlets/outlets, which should correspond to expectations. 20
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2.8. Verifying Results 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Check boundary conditions within ANSYS to ensure that they are accurate. Check that you specified the properties correctly and that they can vary with temperature and pressure if necessary. The results summary in the Jobname.PFL file is a convenient place to check this. Check that the length units used to build the model are consistent with those used in specifying properties. In some cases, you need to verify that equations associated with the options chosen are solved correctly (for instance, the pressure equation in compressible flow). If the unexpected result of your analysis is divergence, the finite element mesh may not have sufficient resolution, or significant gradients may exist near outlets. To resolve this, you may need to use convergence aids such as relaxation. Later sections in this document discuss various relaxation techniques. If you get a diverged solution for a particular variable, you can re-initialize that variable to a single value and continue. To do so, use one of these methods: Command(s): FLDATA29,MODV GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> Modify Results Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> Modify Results
7.
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Wall
Free Stream Conditions The distinction between incompressible and compressible flow lies in both the equation of state and the solution algorithm. In an incompressible flow, density variations can drive the flow only through gravitational acceleration. Temperature changes cause variations of density.
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Chapter 3: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow In a compressible flow, the density changes caused by pressure variations significantly affect the momentum and temperature equations.
In any event, the incompressible algorithm can measure flow of an ideal gas, complete with small density changes due to pressure. See FLOTRAN Compressible Analyses (p. 103) for more information. The following FLOTRAN laminar and turbulent incompressible flow topics are available: 3.1. Activating the Turbulence Model 3.2. Meshing Requirements 3.3. Flow Boundary Conditions 3.4. Strategies for Difficult Problems 3.5. Example of a Laminar and Turbulent FLOTRAN Analysis
VLc
The density (mass/length3) and absolute viscosity (mass/length-time) are properties of the fluid. For internal flow problems, the characteristic dimension is the hydraulic diameter, defined as: Lc =Dh = 4 (Cross-Sectional Flow Area) Wetted Perimeter
For example, the hydraulic diameter of a pipe is simply the diameter. As a general guideline for internal flow problems such as flow in pipes, the turbulence model should usually be activated if the Reynolds number is in excess of about 2300. For an external flow problem, such as the flow over an airfoil, the characteristic length is a parameter such as the length of the airfoil (wing cross section for a 2-D analysis). For flow over a flat plate, the dimension is the length along the plate from the leading edge, with the transition to turbulence occurring at a Reynolds number of approximately 500,000. For more information, see Turbulence in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications. 24
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3.1.4.Turbulence Models
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Chapter 3: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow 3.1.4.6. Shih, Zhu, Lumley Model (SZL) 3.1.4.7. k-omega Turbulence Model 3.1.4.8. Shear Stress Transport Model (SST) Turbulence modeling is activated by either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TURB,T GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options To select a model, you use either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,MODL,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model Normally, the Standard k- Model is the first model to apply. It usually provides a realistic picture of the flow. It is fine for the analysis of turbulent flow in pipes and channels. However, it over predicts the amount of turbulence in a number of situations. For example, the flow in a converging nozzle undergoes significant normal strain and the Standard k- Model over predicts the amount of turbulence. The resulting kinetic energy is over predicted, and the resulting effective viscosity prevents simulation of shock waves in some cases. In general, the RNG, NKE, GIR, and SZL turbulence models produce significantly more realistic and reliable results in regions of large strain. This is particularly important for cases where the flow is strongly accelerated or decelerated (e.g. a converging nozzle) or where there is significant separation or recirculation (e.g. a duct that goes through a 180 degree change of direction). Other situations where the Standard k- Model encounters difficulties include flows with stagnation points. The RNG, NKE, GIR, and SZL turbulence models control the excess turbulence by applying adjustments to C and the source term of the dissipation equation. The adjustments are made in accordance with the local rate of strain. The k- turbulence model has the advantage near the walls to accurately predict the turbulence length scale in the presence of an adverse pressure gradient. The k- model is much more sensitive to the freestream turbulence levels than the k- model. The Shear Stress Transport model (SST) combines the k- model near the wall and the k- model away from the wall to overcome the deficiencies of both models. See the Command Reference and Turbulence in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more information on the models.
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t = C
k 2
which is used in the update of the turbulent viscosity. C1 - Value is the k- turbulence model C1 constant. It is the multiplier of the shear rate generation term of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation. C2 - Value is the k- turbulence model C2 constant. It is the multiplier of the dissipation source term in the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation. SCTK - Value is the Schmidt number for the turbulent kinetic energy. The diffusion term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation is divided by this factor. SCTD - Value is the Schmidt number for the kinetic energy dissipation rate. The diffusion term in the dissipation rate equation is divided by this factor. To set the Standard k- Model constants C, C1, C2, SCTK, and SCTD, you use either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model The following five wall parameters control turbulence wall modeling. The wall parameters apply for all turbulence models except the Zero Equation Turbulence Model. KAPP - Value is the law of the wall constant. It is the slope of the plot of normalized shear velocity (u+) versus the nondimensionalized distance from the wall (y+). See Near-Wall Treatment in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for details. EWLL - Value is the law of the wall constant. It is related to the y intercept value for a plot of normalized shear velocity (u+) versus the nondimensionalized distance from the wall (y+). See Near-Wall Treatment in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more details. WALL - Value is the choice of wall conductivity model. The default model is the Van Driest model (Value = VAND), used most often for high Prandtl number fluids. The second choice is the Spalding model (Value = SPAL), applicable to low Prandtl number fluids. The third choice is the Equilibrium model (Value = EQLB). The equilibrium model is also automatically invoked for the wall viscosity by this command. VAND - Value is the constant A in the Van Driest wall conductivity model, as described in Equation 761 and Near-Wall Treatment in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications. TRAN - Value is the magnitude of y+ marking the outer boundary of the laminar sublayer. Used only for the Equilibrium Wall model. To set the wall parameters KAPP, EWILL, WALL, VAND and TRAN, you use either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Wall Parameters Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Wall Parameters
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Chapter 3: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow The following three buoyancy terms control buoyancy modeling. The buoyancy terms apply for all turbulence models except the Zero Equation Turbulence Model. BUC3 - Value is the k- buoyancy model constant. A value of zero means that there is no contribution to the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation. The default value of one is appropriate for stable thermally stratified flows. A value of zero is appropriate for unstable thermally stratified flows. BUC4 - Value is the k- multiplier applied to the buoyancy term of the turbulent kinetic energy equation. A value of 1.0 is appropriate for the calculation of stable thermally stratified flows. The default value is zero. BETA - Value is , the coefficient of thermal expansion
1 T
This term is used in the buoyancy terms of the k- model. To set the buoyancy terms BUC3, BUC4, and BETA, you use either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Buoyancy Terms Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Buoyancy Terms See Standard k-epsilon Model in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications and the Command Reference for more information.
3.1.4.Turbulence Models GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model To set the constants for the RNG Model, you use either the FLDATA24A,RNGT command or the foregoing GUI. The RNG Model is an extension of the Standard k- Model. Seven constants are assigned values. The C, C1, C2, SCTK, and SCTD constants are assigned values that are separate from the Standard k- Model. The following two constants are added: BETA -Value is the RNG model constant, ETAI -Value is the asymptotic value of the strain rate parameter eta. Inlet parameters and wall parameters are the same as the Standard k- Model. See RNG Turbulence Model in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications and the Command Reference for more information.
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Chapter 3: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,MODL,5 GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model To set the constants for the GIR Model, you use either the FLDATA24C,GIRT command or the foregoing GUI. The GIR Model is an extension of the Standard k- Model. Seven constants are assigned values. The SCTK, and SCTD constants are assigned values that are separate from the Standard k- Model. The following five constants are added:
0 G0 - Value is the C1 constant.
G1 G2 G3 G4
is is is is
C1 1
Inlet parameters and wall parameters are the same as the Standard k- Model. See GIR Turbulence Model in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications and the Command Reference for more information.
3.1.4.Turbulence Models
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Chapter 3: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow See SST Turbulence Model in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications and the Command Reference for more information.
This mesh was produced with MSHAPE,1,2D and MSHKEY,0 commands. You can evaluate the adequacy of the mesh near the walls. Applying the turbulence model near walls involves the "Log Law of the Wall," the relationship between a nondimensionalized distance from the wall Y+, and the log of a nondimensionalized velocity in a region near the wall. This law calculates a near wall viscosity that is consistent with experimentally determined velocity profiles near the wall. Values of Y+ are relevant only for wall nodes and are available for postprocessing (YPLU).
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3.3. Flow Boundary Conditions Optimum values of Y+ are between approximately 30 and 1000. If the pressure is decreasing in the direction of flow, values up to 5000 are acceptable. FLOTRAN handles the case where Y+ is less than 30 for the near wall node by assuming that the near wall node is in the laminar sublayer or the overlap region. In the former case, the near wall viscosity is simply the laminar value. If Y+ is very small, perhaps below 1, more elements than necessary are being used to resolve the flow distribution field. If Y+ is greater than 5000, decrease the mesh spacing near the wall.
Caution
Use enough elements to resolve the flow field in the regions of interest. You should use at least four elements to span the cross sections of long thin channels. Use more than four elements where thin channels connect to larger regions.
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Chapter 3: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow Specified Pressure: Typically, you apply a relative pressure (usually zero) as an outlet boundary condition. In the absence of gravity and a rotating reference frame, the absolute pressure is the sum of the FLOTRAN (relative) pressure and the reference pressure. See the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for a more complete discussion of pressure. A problem may also be pressure driven, in which case one of the pressure boundaries is an inlet.
Note
If significant gradients are calculated near a boundary, a mass imbalance can occur. This is due to the implied condition of fully developed flow for a constant pressure boundary. If the flow has not fully developed, FLOTRAN is forced to adjust it across the last row of elements to satisfy the boundary condition. Occasionally, this adjustment may cause a mass imbalance. To prevent this from occurring, you can add a development length to the exit. This addition does not actually need to match the physical flow geometry. You can subtract the pressure drop in this "chimney" to obtain the desired pressure drop. The pressure drop in the "chimney" will vary over its full cross section. You will have to choose a representative value of the pressure drop to match the desired outlet conditions. You will not know this pressure drop, of course, until after you examine the results from the chimney. You can opt to apply an exit pressure profile, based on these results, to the original geometry. You can calculate the required length of the chimney (L) using the characteristic diameter (D) from the development length formula: Laminar flow: L/D ~ 0.06 Re Turbulent flow: L/D ~ 4.4 Re1/6 Typically, a chimney 20 to 25 diameters long will be sufficient. Although the mesh in this region may be coarse, you should avoid drastic changes in element size by using a size ratio in the chimney. The important feature is the chimney length, not the number of nodes in it. Symmetry Boundary: The velocity component normal to the boundary is specified as zero. Leave all other degrees of freedom unspecified. Generalized Symmetry Boundary Conditions: You can also apply generalized symmetry boundary conditions. Velocity components are set tangential to the symmetry surface if the ALE formulation is not activated. They are set equal to the mesh velocity if the ALE formulation is activated. To apply generalized symmetry boundary conditions, use one of the following commands or the GUI equivalent: D,NODE,ENDS,-1 DL,LINE,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2 DA,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2 With one exception, if any velocity component is specified at the same boundary, the generalized symmetry boundary conditions are overwritten. In a 2-D swirl problem, specification of a velocity component VZ does not overwrite generalized symmetry conditions. Stationary Wall: This is also referred to as a no-slip condition. All the velocity components are set to zero. Moving Wall: Specify the velocity component tangent to the wall and set all other velocity components to zero. As a flag to indicate this is a moving wall, set the turbulent kinetic energy to -1 on a moving wall. This specification is as a flag only; it does not affect the performance of the wall turbulence model. If you are using the GUI, indicate a moving wall when specifying the velocities.
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3.3. Flow Boundary Conditions Unspecified Boundary: In this case, neither the relative pressure nor the velocities are known. The most common application for this is at downstream boundaries in compressible supersonic flow. Periodic Boundary: Conditions are unknown but identical at two boundaries. You select the nodes at one boundary and then issue the macro PERI,DX, DY, DZ, where DX, DY, and DZ are the offsets of the second boundary from the first. The offsets are input in the established FLOTRAN coordinate system. The meshes at the two boundaries must be identical. Intersections: At the intersection of surfaces where two different boundary conditions are applied, either the boundary conditions are merged or one takes precedence over the other. The following table provides guidance on what boundary conditions are applied at the intersection.
Note
Inflow, symmetry , and wall boundary conditions all overwrite generalized symmetry conditions. Inlet Values: If you activate the turbulence model, boundary conditions are required. The ANSYS program supplies default values based on the inlet velocity and a scale factor. Given an inlet velocity magnitude V, the inlet kinetic energy is specified as: 3 kinlet = [(ININ)V]2 2 The default value of the factor ININ is 0.01, corresponding to a level of turbulence of 1 percent at the inlet. The inlet value of the kinetic energy dissipation rate is calculated from:
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inlet =
(INSF)L
The INSF value is a user-controlled scale factor. To specify the factors ININ and INSF, use either of the following methods: Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,ININ,Value and FLDATA24,TURB,INSF,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param You can set specific values of the turbulent kinetic energy (ENKE) or the dissipation rate (ENDS) using either the FLDATA24 command or the menu paths in Determining Whether an Analysis Is Turbulent (p. 25). Occasionally, you may wish to activate the turbulence model for the case, but deactivate it for certain regions. To deactivate the turbulence model in regions, set the kinetic energy (ENKE) to zero and the dissipation rate (ENDS) to 1.0. It is never valid to set the dissipation rate to zero, and FLOTRAN prohibits it. ENDS will be set to 1.0, if ENKE is set to zero. Wall Roughness: The FLOTRAN default condition is smooth walls. To specify wall roughness values, you must use the equilibrium wall turbulence model. You activate it using the FLDATA24,TURB,WALL,EQLB command. To apply a uniform wall roughness in length units to all walls, you can use the FLDATA24,TURB,KS,Value command. In addition to being the actual roughness, the KS parameter determines the regime of roughness (smooth, transitional, or fully rough). The default value of 0.0 implies a smooth wall. You can also apply an empirical dimensionless factor (CKS) between 0.5 and 1.0 that specifies the degree of nonuniformity of the surface. The default value of 0.5 means that the roughness signified by KS is uniformly distributed. Higher values increase the roughness losses without changing the flow regime implied by the value of KS. You can use the FLDATA24,TURB,CKS,Value command to specify this factor. The following two methods are available if you have surfaces that require different roughness values. The first method utilizes real constants for all the wall elements. You apply suitable KS and CKS values to the near wall elements as real constants. A different real constant set will exist for each set of wall roughnesses. Note that roughness constants applied to elements that are not near wall will be ignored. Also, any KS and CKS values specified by the FLDATA24,TURB command will be ignored. The second method is for cases where most of the surfaces have the same roughness condition and only a few are different. First, set the values appropriate for most of the surfaces with the FLDATA24,TURB command. Then use real constants to apply roughnesses to the walls that have different conditions. The real constants will overwrite the FLDATA24,TURB values. Note that if the same value of CKS is applied to all the surfaces (as is typical), it can be controlled with the FLDATA24,TURB command and the real constant can be omitted.
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3.4. Strategies for Difficult Problems Turbulence modeling is activated by either of the following: Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TURB,T GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options 2. Use a mapped mesh if a free mesh has given poor results. Resolve the boundary layer so that the value of Y+ is less than 5000. To set the Y+ output option, use the following: Command(s): FLDATA5,OUTPUT,YPLU,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived 3. Set the turbulence inertial relaxation factor to 1.0. Values as low as 1.0-2 may help. (For incompressible flow problems, you may not need to vary this factor.) To set the turbulence inertial relaxation factor, use the following: Command(s): FLDATA26,STAB,TURB,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms 4. Use pressure and momentum relaxation factors less than 0.5. If values as low as 0.2 do not help, going lower probably will not help either. To set the pressure and momentum relaxation factors, use the following: Command(s): FLDATA25,RELX,PRES,Value FLDATA25,RELX,VX (or VY, VZ),Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation 5. Begin the problem with a higher turbulence ratio (meaning a higher initial effective viscosity). Do not set values for this parameter, which takes effect only at problem startup, above 1.0 x 107. The ratio set controls the initial effective viscosity no matter when you activate the turbulence model. To set the turbulence ratio, use either of these methods: Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,RATI,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param 6. After initializing with the correct properties, solve the problem with a higher viscosity and the turbulence model turned off. When the flow field is partially converged, the turbulence model is activated. You may need to reduce the relaxation factor of the effective viscosity to 0.1 or 0.0 for some global iterations to allow partial convergence of the turbulence equations. Refer to the foregoing strategies for command information. Difficulties can involve large changes in properties due to large fluctuations in pressure or temperature. Preventing property variations early in the analysis (until the large fluctuations calm down) can stabilize the analysis significantly. You also can invoke velocity capping to prevent large values of velocities or pressures. This is particularly useful in compressible analyses, where velocity spikes can cause negative static temperatures. To implement velocity capping, use either of the following methods:
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Chapter 3: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow Command(s): FLDATA31,CAPP,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Results Capping Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Results Capping If you use the FLDATA31 command, Label represents a capping parameter such as VELO (velocity), or TEMP (temperature). Value is either the capping flag (T or F) or the capping parameter value. Pressure capping applies to relative values of pressure. Temperature capping applies to absolute values of temperature. 8. Problems involving pyramid, wedge or in particular tetrahedral element shapes may require tighter convergence of the pressure equation. Values as low as 1.E-18 may be required (FLDATA21,CONV,PRES,1.E-18). You should reduce the convergence criterion until, from one global iteration to the next, the number of iterations required to solve the equation varies by less than 10 percent (as per the Jobname.DBG file). The solution of the pressure equation may affect the mass balance. The mass balance may be incorrect (as per the Jobname.PFL file) if large aspect ratio elements are near significant flow area changes. Mass imbalances may also occur if inlet or outlet regions are too coarsely meshed or if the flow tends to exit at an angle at outlets.
9.
10. If FLOTRAN displays a message stating that the coefficient matrix has a negative diagonal and the solution is probably divergent, try turning on modified inertial relaxation in the momentum equation or turbulence equation. Set the Value between 0.1 and 1.0. To achieve a faster convergence rate, use the smallest Value possible. To set the turbulence inertial relaxation factor, use the following: Command(s): FLDATA34,MIR,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization 11. If you notice anomalous results for 3-D problems, you should increasing the quadrature order to 2. 12. Specifying the Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) approach for momentum may help convergence. Specifying the SUPG approach for temperature may also yield more accurate energy solutions and hence more accurate energy balances. For more information on the SUPG approach, see Advection Discretization Options (p. 161).
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In addition, constant volumetric heat sources may be located in both fluid and non-fluid regions. The applicable commands are summarized below. You can apply your boundary conditions via TABLE type array parameters (see Applying Loads Using TABLE Type Array Parameters in the Basic Analysis Guide). You can also apply your boundary conditions using function boundary conditions (see "Using the Function Tool" in the Basic Analysis Guide). You can define a TABLE type array parameter to apply your boundary conditions in a FLOTRAN analysis. Attempting to use tabular boundary conditions in a FLOTRAN analysis will create erroneous results.
Table 4.1 Command Family and GUI Path Used to Apply Loads
Load Type Category Cmd Family D SF GUI Path
Temperature (TEMP)
Constraints
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Temperature Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Convection Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Heat Flux Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Ambient Rad Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Surface Rad Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Heat Generat
Convection (CONV), Surface Heat Flux (HFLU), Loads Radiation (RAD), Surface-to-surface radiation (RDSF)
Body Loads
BF
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DDELE SFLDELE
DLIST -
BFEDELE BFELIST
Note
You must use tabular boundary conditions if you are applying tapered heat flux or convection loads.
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Chapter 4: FLOTRAN Thermal Analyses Utility Menu> List> Loads> load type
4.3.1.3. Solutions
The following list describes what is known and what is calculated as a function of the type of boundary specified. For temperature boundary conditions, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are calculated. For heat flux boundary conditions, temperature and heat transfer coefficient are calculated. For ambient radiation boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated. For surface-to-surface radiation boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated. For heat transfer boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated. For adiabatic boundary conditions, temperature is calculated.
When you apply a heat transfer (film) coefficient, you also specify an associated ambient temperature. The ANSYS program uses this along with the surface temperature to calculate the heat flux at that boundary. You specify heat flux and heat transfer coefficients at external model boundaries. You cannot specify them at general internal surfaces. You can specify heat flux and heat transfer coefficients at internal boundary faces (such as fluid/solid interface surfaces), but FLOTRAN will issue a warning because they are probably incorrect. In a standard FLOTRAN analysis the heat transfer at a fluid/solid boundary is a desired result, not a boundary condition. If you wish to apply a heat flux or a heat transfer coefficient, you should apply it at the external solid material boundary, or at the edge of the fluid region without modeling the solid material in the analysis. If you specify a film coefficient or a heat flux at an internal fluid/solid interface, FLOTRAN interprets it to be a line/area heat source or sink. You can prescribe temperatures anywhere. In cases where you must calculate the heat transfer coefficient at a surface, ANSYS uses the surface temperature along with the bulk temperature you specify using either of the following methods: Command(s): FLDATA14,TEMP,BULK,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions If the analysis is compressible, boundary condition temperatures are in terms of total temperature, and the temperature equation is formulated and solved in terms of total temperature. The FLOTRAN ambient radiation load simulates radiation heat transfer to space at a constant temperature. You specify the constant temperature with the SF command. You specify the Stefan-Boltzmann constant with the STEF command (defaults to 0.119E-10 Btu/hr/in2/ R4). The form factor is 1.0 by assumption. Since radiation can pass through a fluid region and impact on a solid, you can apply the ambient radiation load on a fluid/solid interface, as well as on external model boundaries. In this case, you should apply the surface load to either the fluid or solid element faces, or the solid model entity defining the interface. If you apply the load to more than one face, FLOTRAN applies the boundary conditions on only one face and issues a message that it skipped duplicate boundary conditions.
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Chapter 4: FLOTRAN Thermal Analyses GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity Activate the variable density option using one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA13,VARY,Label,TRUE (Label = fluid property) GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid properties Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid properties Buoyancy property types, which use a constant pressure to evaluate the density from the ideal gas law are provided for AIR. (See Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN (p. 117).) Pressure fluctuations are thus prevented from causing instabilities in density calculations. Natural convection cases converge slowly, and may be more stable if the TDMA algorithm is used for pressure and temperature. The number of sweeps used may be set to Number of Nodes/10, but should be at least 100.
Note
For nodes connected only to solid nodes, the value stored in the Jobname.RFL file under the density (DENS) label is the product of the density and specific heat. You can evaluate performance of the Conjugate Residual and Preconditioned Conjugate Residual methods by looking at the Jobname.DBG file (described in FLOTRAN CFD Solvers and the Matrix Equation (p. 139)). The most robust, but most memory-intensive, method for solving conjugate heat transfer problems is the Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual method. You can access it via either of the following: 44
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4.4.4. Conjugate Heat Transfer Command(s): FLDATA18,METH,TEMP,4 GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> Temp Solver CFD The Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR) solution method is the default choice for temperature. Although the same user controls exist for the PGMR method as for the PCCR solver, the default values are different. For PGMR, the least restrictive convergence criterion allowed is 1.E-10. If you try to use a less restrictive convergence criterion, FLOTRAN will change it to 1.E-10. A convergence criterion as low as 1.E-20 may be necessary for some problems. In addition, you should use at least 12 search vectors, and FLOTRAN ensures this. For the PGMR solver, 12 search vectors is the default and the allowable range is 12 to 20. FLOTRAN non-fluid elements support both temperature dependence and orthotropic variation. That is, KXX, KYY, and KZZ can assume different values and temperature variations. FLOTRAN considers conductivity as an element quantity, evaluated at the quadrature points in the element. However, in fluid elements, FLOTRAN considers thermal conductivity to be a nodal quantity. To specify the variable and orthotropic conductivities, you use the following commands or GUI paths: Command(s): MP or MPDATA GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> CFD> Conductivity> Orthotropic Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props
Note
Thermal analysis problems having variable thermal conductivity are nonlinear and require multiple iterations to solve. Variable solid thermal conductivities are not relaxed. For a conjugate heat transfer problem, it is wise to obtain an initial temperature solution before solving the coupled energy/momentum equations. To achieve the temperature solution, use the following: Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,F GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TEMP,T GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options Command(s): FLDATA25,RELX,TEMP,1.0 GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation Command(s): FLDATA2,ITER,EXEC,1 GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl Command(s): FLDATA18,METH,TEMP,3 GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> TEMP Solver CFD In the above steps, an initial temperature solution is obtained from a solution of the heat conduction equation. FLOTRAN can calculate film coefficients at walls in conjugate heat transfer problems. Two algorithms are available for this purpose: the conductivity matrix algorithm and the temperature field algorithm. The conductivity matrix algorithm uses the thermal conductivity matrix to calculate heat fluxes and film coefficients.
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Chapter 4: FLOTRAN Thermal Analyses It is the default. Generally, it produces satisfactory results for well shaped elements. However, if the elements are not well shaped, it can produce non-smooth results. You should then switch to the temperature field algorithm. It calculates film coefficients directly from thermal gradients. To set the algorithm, use the following: Command(s): FLDATA37,ALGR,HFLM,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Algorithm Ctr Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Algorithm Ctr
4.7. Examples of a Laminar, Thermal, Steady-State FLOTRAN Analysis outlet and the heat transfer at wall faces if applicable. With adiabatic walls, for example, the temperature of the fluid will increase from viscous dissipation, even though no heat sources will be apparent.
4.6.1. Procedure
The Radiosity Solution method consists of four steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. Define the radiating surfaces. Define Solution options. Define View Factor options. Calculate and query view factors.
See Using the Radiosity Solver Method in the Thermal Analysis Guide for a detailed explanation of these steps.
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Chapter 4: FLOTRAN Thermal Analyses The values you enter in this example via commands or dialog boxes are specific values for this example only. The characteristics of the individual problem you are solving dictate what values you should specify for a particular FLOTRAN analysis.
T = 320K
g = 9.81 m/s2
T = 280K
Insulated L = .03m Density variations resulting from the temperature difference across the cavity drive the laminar flow. The Rayleigh number for this flow is 1.01E+05, and is defined as follows: Ra = g TL3 2Cp/k The symbols in this equation are: g = gravitational acceleration = 1/T T = THOT - TCOLD L = cavity length = density Cp = specific heat k = thermal conductivity = viscosity Other example analysis conditions are: Cavity: dimensions 0.03m x 0.03m; gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2
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Step 4: Define Lines, Mesh, and Plot Elements Operating conditions: nominal temperature 193K; reference pressure 1.0135E+05 Pa Fluid: Air in SI units Loads: no slip walls (Vx = Vy = 0); left wall of cavity maintained at THOT = 320K; right wall of cavity maintained at TCOLD = 280K
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Chapter 4: FLOTRAN Thermal Analyses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. Under the Size Controls section of the MeshTool, click Lines,Set. The Element Size on Picked Lines picking menu appears. Click Pick All. The Element Size on Picked Lines dialog box appears. Set the number of element divisions to 25. Click on OK. In the MeshTool, select Areas from the Mesh drop down menu. Then click Quad and Free. Then click MESH. The Mesh Areas picking menu appears. Click on Pick All to generate the mesh. Click on Close on the MeshTool. Click SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
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Step 10: Solve the Problem 10. Click on OK. 11. In the Apply TEMP on Nodes dialog box, enter 280 as the temperature value. 12. Click on OK. 13. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Everything. This step is important; it ensures that ANSYS includes all nodes and elements in the analysis. 14. Click on the SAVE_DB button on the Toolbar.
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Chapter 4: FLOTRAN Thermal Analyses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> PRES Solver CFD. The PRES Solver CFD dialog box appears. Choose TDMA. Click on OK. The TDMA Pressure dialog box appears. Make sure that the value of the "No. of TDMA sweeps for pressure" field is 100. If so, click on OK. Click on the SAVE_DB button in the Toolbar. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN. Wait for the solution to finish, then review the information in the ANSYS Output Window. Click Close in the Solution is done window.
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Step 13: Plot Velocity Vectors 4. Click on OK. The Graphics Window shows you the following contour plot:
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10. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Flow Trace> Plot Flow Trace. The Plot Flow Trace dialog box appears. 11. In the scrollable list, click on (highlight) "Temperature TEMP". 12. Click on OK. The Graphics Window shows a plot that resembles the plot shown below. Your plot may look different, depending on the location of the points you picked. If a warning message appears telling you that the maximum number of loops has been exceeded, review it and click Close. For the purposes of this problem, the particle trace is stuck in a loop by definition, so you can ignore this message.
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4.
5. 6.
See Section 5.10, Doing the Sample Analysis (Command Method), for an example problem.
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Chapter 5: FLOTRAN Transient Analyses There are two mass types that you can set for the transient analysis: lumped (the default) and consistent. The consistent type is more dissipative than the lumped type. To specify the consistent type, use one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA38,MASS,Label,CONS MSMASS,SPNUM,CONS GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Transient Contrl> Mass Type Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Transient Contrl> Mass Type Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species
The advection limit prevents a particle of fluid from passing completely through a finite element during a time step. The pressure wave limit means the time step is chosen small enough to prevent a pressure wave from passing all the way through a finite element during a single time step. This option is active only if you choose the compressible solution algorithm. The choice of -3 (again valid only for compressible analyses) means that the more restrictive (that is, smaller) time step criterion will be imposed. The conduction limit is calculated to prevent the conductive diffusion of a parcel of energy completely through an element during a time step. The limit applies only to problems that include conduction, and is valid for problems with both fluid and non-fluid elements. FLOTRAN must execute global iterations to converge within a time step. The time step terminates when either of the following happens: The convergence criteria are met. The maximum number of global iterations allowed per time step executes.
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5.3.Terminating and Getting Output from a Transient Analysis You set the maximum number of global iterations per time step using one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA4A,TIME,GLOB,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl The convergence criteria are values below which the convergence monitors for each active degree of freedom must drop to cause the time step to terminate. You specify these values using the following commands or menu paths: Command(s): FLDATA4,TIME,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl As soon as all the convergence criteria are met, the time step terminates. The time step terminates on the number of global iterations allowed if the convergence monitor criteria are not met. If the problem is adiabatic, only the pressure equation monitor is checked. Both the pressure and temperature equation monitors must be reduced below the convergence criteria values if the temperature equation also is solved. As soon as the convergence monitor criteria are met, the time step terminates. The time step terminates on the number of global iterations allowed if the convergence monitor criteria are not met.
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Chapter 5: FLOTRAN Transient Analyses Name, Label, Value TIME,APPE,x STEP,SUMF,n TIME,SUMF,x STEP,OVER,n TIME,OVER,x Meaning of Value Output results to Jobname.RFL every x seconds Add output summary to Jobname.PFL every n time steps Add output summary to Jobname.PFL every x seconds Overwrite the temporary results set every n time steps Overwrite the temporary results set every x seconds
If you wish to control the output based on time, you must first defeat the default controls which set APPE and SUMF to ten steps.
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Caution
FLOTRAN has no record of boundary conditions at earlier times. That is, if you want to restart from an earlier point in time and simulate a ramped boundary condition it is necessary to apply the boundary condition appropriate for the beginning of the ramp, make it an old condition via the FLOCHECK command, and then apply the condition at the end of the ramp.
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Caution
You should avoid using quadrilateral elements with only one node on the inflow or outflow boundary. The following VOF topics are available: 6.1. VFRC Loads 6.2. Input Settings 6.3. Postprocessing
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Chapter 6: Volume of Fluid (VOF) Analyses 6.4. VOF Analysis of a Dam 6.5. VOF Analysis of Open Channel with an Obstruction 6.6. VOF Analysis of an Oscillating Droplet
Currently, there are two valid geometries: circle (CIRC) and ellipse (ELPT). For a circle or ellipse, VAL1 and VAL2 are the x and y coordinates of the center, respectively. For a circle, VAL3 is the radius and VAL4 is not used. For an ellipse, VAL3 and VAL4 are the x and y semiaxes, respectively. To display the initial volume fraction loads, use the following: Command(s): /PICE,VFRC,,KEY GUI: Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols The /PBF and /PSF commands override the /PICE command.
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Chapter 6: Volume of Fluid (VOF) Analyses TEMP - Temperature ENKE - Turbulent Kinetic Energy ENDS - Turbulent Dissipation Rate using one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA36,AMBV, Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> VOF Environment> Ambient Condit'n Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> VOF Environment> Ambient Condit'n When a boundary node with Dirichlet Condition lies outside the fluid region, the assigned ambient values on this node are ignored. The prescribed Dirichlet Condition will become active once its associate element becomes partially full or full. Except for pressure, the ambient values are only set for postprocessing purposes. Pressure acts as an actual boundary condition. Unlike other FLOTRAN analyses, the pressure field for a VOF analysis will include both the dynamic pressure and the static pressure and the static pressure will be in balance with the gravitational acceleration terms. For example, in a VOF analysis, the pressure contours for a parallel uniform flow with gravity will consist of parallel lines with a gradient balancing gravity, whereas they remain constant for other FLOTRAN analyses. In a VOF analysis, an outlet can have specified pressures or it can have natural conditions. When outlet pressures are specified, the values will differ from those in other FLOTRAN analyses by the offsets of the static pressure (or elevation head). For natural boundary conditions the outlet pressures will adjust automatically. In that case, if a steady state solution exists, the outlet pressures will converge to the correct values.
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6.3. Postprocessing
6.3. Postprocessing
The volume fraction is stored as a non-summable miscellaneous record in the element data section of the results file. If you want to view the volume fraction, issue the command: Command(s): PLESOL,NMISC,1 Since the volume fraction is essentially an element based quantity, it is discontinuous across elements. If you wish to see a smooth and continuous volume fraction, you should first store the results in an element table, using one of the following: Command(s): ETABLE,VFRC,NMISC,1 GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Define Table You can then plot the results with an averaging operation, using one of the following: Command(s): PLETAB,VFRC,1 GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Plot Elem Table However, instead of using the foregoing commands, you can use one of the following: Command(s): PLVFRC,CONT GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu
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Chapter 6: Volume of Fluid (VOF) Analyses The PLVFRC macro issues the ETABLE and PLETAB commands. When CONT = 0, PLVFRC uses contour levels of 0.5 and 1.0 to indicate the free surface and fluid regions. When CONT = 1, it uses the current contour settings. You can also animate your results. To obtain an animation over a time sequence by interpolation between time steps, use the PLVFRC command macro along with one of the following: Command(s): PLVFRC,CONT ANTIME,NFRAM, DELAY, NCYCL, AUTOCNTRKY, RSLTDAT, MIN, MAX GUI: Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Over Time To produce an animation based on the time steps without interpolation, use the PLVFRC command macro along with one of the following: Command(s): PLVFRC,CONT ANDATA,DELAY,NCYCL, RSCLDAT, MIN, MAX, INCR, FRCLST, AUTOCNTRKY GUI: Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Over Results Note that if CONT = 0, the animation is based on two contour levels of 0.5 and 1.0. If CONT = 1, the animation is based on AUTOCNTRKY setting.
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72
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73
2 = [8 - (5 / Re) 2 ]
3 RF
where is the density, is the surface tension coefficient, and RF is the radius of the drop at its equilibrium state. Here, Re is the Reynolds number given by:
Re =
R F
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6.6.2. Results where is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid. When the oscillation is fully damped by the viscosity, the droplet takes a spherical shape and the droplet pressure is given by:
Ptheory =
2 RF
The droplet analyzed here is initially elliptical with major and minor semiaxes of 24.69 mm and 18 mm, respectively. This corresponds to a final radius of RF of 20 mm. The time increment, t, is set to 2 x 10-4 ms. The material properties of the droplet are: = 109 mg/(m)3 = 106 mg/(m)(ms) = 0.073 mg/(ms)2
6.6.2. Results
Figure 6.1 (p. 76) and Figure 6.2 (p. 76) show the instantaneous pressure distributions at 0.001 ms and 0.012 ms, respectively. Rather than a pressure jump across the interface, the pressure is observed to vary smoothly in a thin transition region near the interface. Initially, the maximum pressure occurs at the top and bottom portion of the droplet due to a high local curvature. The resulting pressure gradient forces the fluid inward and redirects it to the sides. As the droplet moves, the pressure starts to rise at the sides due to the increasing local curvature. This slows down the movement of the droplet and eventually forces the fluid back inward from the sides. The pressure distribution controls the droplet oscillation by balancing the kinetic energy and the potential energy due to the surface tension. The simulation produces a free surface profile every 5 time steps. The frequency is 42.6 kHz (two cycles occur in 0.047 ms). This agrees quite well with the 43.0 kHz predicted by the Prosperetti formula. The oscillation amplitude decreases with time and damps out at 0.2 ms due to viscosity. Averaging the pressure values on interior nodes attached to only full elements gives the numerical droplet pressure. The difference between the numerical and the analytical pressure is approximately 1%. There are some noises in the velocity field near the interface due to the so-called parasitic currents inherent in the CSF formulation.
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76
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! symmetry condition
! ! !
Get the number of elements Get the lowest elem number in the set Get the VFRC for the element ! Remove elmi from the active set
*do,ilop,2,elmmax ! Loop over selected elements *get,elmn,elem,elmi,nxth ! Get the next higher elem number in the set *get,vfval,elem,elmn,nmis,1 ! Get the VFRC for the element *IF,vfval,LE,VFAdvU,then esel,u,,,elmn ! Remove elmn from the active set *ELSE elmi=elmn *ENDIF *enddo nsle,s,all nsel,u,ext ! ! select all node attached to elements unselect ext. nodes of prev. selected nodes
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Get the number of selected nodes Loop over the number of nodes ! Get the lowest node number in the set ! Get the y ! pressure sum ! pressure rms ! Remove node from the active set !
/go *vwrite (9x,'DelX/Rad ', 3x, 'PRES / Pexact ',3x,'Prms ') *vwrite,DELX/RadF,pavg/pexact,prms (3(4x,1pe12.5)) fini exit,nosa
78
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The top plate begins to oscillate about its centerline setting the fluid in motion. The ALE formulation allows the fluid domain to change with time and the finite element mesh to move to satisfy the boundary conditions at the moving plate. Figure 7.2 (p. 80) and Figure 7.3 (p. 80) show the finite element mesh at later times.
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To perform a transient analysis employing the ALE formulation, you must activate the ALE formulation and the transient solution algorithm. To activate the ALE formulation, you use one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,ALE,TRUE GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options To activate the transient algorithm, you use one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TRAN,TRUE GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options For more information on transient analyses and the transient algorithm, see FLOTRAN Transient Analyses (p. 59). To do an ALE analysis, you need to use one of the following elements: 80
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7.1. Boundary Conditions FLUID141, KEYOPT(3) = 0 (Cartesian coordinates), 1 (axisymmetric about Y-axis), or 2 (axisymmetic about Xaxis). FLUID142, KEYOPT(3) = 0 (Cartesian coordinates). You cannot use a cylindrical coordinate system (KEYOPT(3) = 3) with ALE. You will need to activate KEYOPT(4) to specify boundary motions (displacement DOFs). To define the element type, use one of the following: Command(s): ET,ITYPE,Ename,KOP1,KOP2,KOP3,KOP4,KOP5,KOP6 KEYOPT,ITYPE,KNUM,VALUE GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete Real constants 18 (BDTOL) and 19 (MMFAC) are also used in an ALE analysis. Currently, free surfaces are not a part of the ALE formulation. However, you can use the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method in conjunction with the ALE formulation to simulate flows involving free surfaces and moving walls. (Refer to Volume of Fluid (VOF) Analyses (p. 65).) The following ALE topics are available: 7.1. Boundary Conditions 7.2. Mesh Updating 7.3. Remeshing 7.4. Postprocessing 7.5. ALE Analysis of a Simplified Torsional Mirror 7.6. ALE/VOF Analysis of a Vessel with a Moving Wall 7.7. ALE Analysis of a Moving Cylinder
Fluid
Moving solid n
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Chapter 7: Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Formulation for Moving Domains Table 7.1: Interface Boundary Conditions (p. 82) shows the required displacement and velocity specifications for slip and stick boundary conditions.
Dn = d n D = d
or Dx; Dy
Dn = d n D = d 1
1
Dn = d n
D = d 2 2
or Dx; Dy; Dz
Velocity
Inviscid Flow Specify normal component of velocity for fluid nodes. That is, specify the following:
Viscous Flow Specify all velocity components for fluid nodes. That is, specify the following: 2-D 3-D
Vn = n
Vn = n V =
or Vx; Vy
Vn = n V = 1 1 V = 2 2
or Vx; Vy; Vz
1.
The time derivative of the normal displacement must be equal to the normal velocity, dDn/dt = Vn.
Slip or stick boundary conditions can apply for displacement. For velocity, slip boundary conditions apply for inviscid flow and stick boundary conditions apply for viscous flow. In all cases, the time derivative of the normal displacement must be equal to the normal velocity. In FLOTRAN, only stick boundary conditions are currently valid. To set displacement or velocity boundary conditions at nodes, you can use either of the following: Command(s): D GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On Nodes 82
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7.2. Mesh Updating Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On Nodes To set boundary conditions on the solid model, you can use any of the following: Command(s): DL and DA GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On Lines Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On Lines Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On Areas Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On Areas If a node is part of a distributed resistance or a fan model or part of a solid region composed of FLUID141 or FLUID142 elements, homogenous displacement boundary conditions are automatically applied (that is, D,ALL,UX,0.0 and D,ALL,UY,0.0 for 2-D and D,ALL,UX,0.0, D,ALL,UY,0.0, and D,ALL,UZ,0.0 for 3-D). You can specify partial displacement boundary conditions to make external nodes move along a global axis. For example, D,ALL,UX,0.0 will make a set of nodes slide along the y-axis in a 2-D model. Currently, normal and tangential components of displacement can not be specified for an external boundary. You can also specify generalized symmetry boundary conditions. If the ALE formulation is activated, velocity components are then set equal to the mesh velocity. To do so, use one of the following commands or the GUI equivalent: D,NODE,ENDS,-1 DL,LINE,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2 DA,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
You cannot check for morphing failure in advance if the time step size depends on the fluid flow variables or the problem involves a free surface.
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Chapter 7: Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Formulation for Moving Domains Mesh morphing is currently available for the following element shapes: Pure quadrilaterals, pure triangles, or a combination for FLUID141 Pure hexahedrals, pure tetrahedrals, pure pyramids, pure wedges, or any combination for FLUID142
Sometimes mesh morphing produces poor quality elements (for example, when a fluid domain is extremely squeezed by a moving wall). The birth and death feature can then be useful. To implement this feature, you assign a birth/death tolerance to the candidate elements using the real constant BDTOL. A node is automatically deactivated if the distance from it to the center of any element face on the wall becomes less than the assigned BDTOL. A element is deactivated if all of its nodes are deactivated. Conversely, a node is reactivated if the distance from it to the center of the closest element face on the wall becomes greater than or equal to the assigned BDTOL. A element is reactivated if all of its nodes are reactivated. Setting the MMFAC (mesh morphing multiplier) real constant on the FLUID141 or FLUID142 elements can affect mesh morphing. If the real constant set number defaults to zero in a third-party mesher, the default value for the multiplier is set to 0.0. In this case, you will need to either set the real constant set number or the MMFAC real constant explicitly if you are not satisfied with the 0.0 default value.
7.3. Remeshing
Large fluid domain changes can produce poor quality elements and mesh morphing failure. To avoid element failure, you must remesh. To accomplish remeshing, issue one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA39,REMESH GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Remesh Ctrl FLDATA39,REMESH will automatically remesh the fluid elements and linearly interpolate the nodal solution from the old mesh to the new mesh. Use it to specify one of the following three ways of remeshing: Remesh all defined fluid elements if the quality of the worst defined element falls below any specified quality requirement listed in Table 7.2: Element Qualities (p. 84). Whole domain remeshing is suitable when the moving boundary affects all of the fluid elements (all the fluid elements may become distorted during solution). Remesh defined fluid elements that have a quality below any specified quality requirement. Partial domain remeshing is suitable when the distorted elements are locally distributed and the location of the distorted elements is not known before solution or it changes during solution. Remesh all grouped fluid elements with a specified component name if the quality of the worst selected element falls below any specified quality requirement. Selected component remeshing is suitable when the distorted elements are locally distributed, but the location of the distorted elements is known before solution and it does not change during solution. There are three maximum allowable element qualities that you need to specify for remeshing: aspect ratio, change of element size, and change of element aspect ratio.
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7.3. Remeshing Element Quality Change of Element Size (VOCH) Change of Aspect Ratio (ARCH) where: lavg = average length of the element edges A = element area V = element volume A(t) and V(t) = element area and volume at time t A(0) and V(0) = element area and volume at time 0 You may also specify the following remeshing inputs: Elements Excluded You can exclude all elements connected to boundary nodes from remeshing. For a fluid-structure interaction analysis, you can exclude the elements connected to fluid-solid interfaces. Element Size The element remeshing size defaults to 0. The element size at the nearest boundary is then used for remeshing. Area Expansion or Contraction You can size internal elements so that they are approximately the size of the boundary elements times an expansion or contraction factor. Checkpoints You can specify element quality checkpoints in three ways: every time step, every Nth time step, or at a single time point. The fluid elements will automatically remesh if any quality requirement is not met at a checkpoint. After each remesh, new databases and results files are written with the extensions .rfl0n and .dbn, where n is the remesh file number (Jobname.rfl01, Jobname.rfl02, ... and Jobname.db01, Jobname.db02,...). Use the ANMRES command to create an animation across the results files. Triangles VOCH = exp | log (A(t) / A(0)) | ARCH = exp | log (AR(t) / AR(0)) | Tetrahedrons VOCH = exp | log (V(t) / V(0)) |
Note
The original database file is Jobname.db0. The Jobname.db01, Jobname.db02, ... files have elements that are detached from the solid model. You can use the FLOTRAN remeshing capability in a pure fluid flow analysis or a fluid-solid interaction analysis. For information on fluid-solid interaction analyses, see "Load Transfer Coupled Physics Analysis" and "The ANSYS Multi-field (TM) Solver - MFS Single-Code Coupling" in the Coupled-Field Analysis Guide.
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Chapter 7: Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Formulation for Moving Domains Some important remeshing limitations are listed in the following table.
Loads
Boundary Nodes
7.4. Postprocessing
For postprocessing, you can use the following contour and vector command sequence for the reference domain or the current deformed domain:
set,load step,substep /dscal,,1.0 plns,pres,,0 plve,v,,,,,,,1 ! ! ! ! sets the set number for processing sets the scaling for display display pressure contours on deformed domain display velocity vectors on the deformed domain
To produce an animated sequence of the results, issue the ANTIME macro with the above commands.
Note
The displacements of non-structural elements are mesh (or grid) displacements to avoid mesh distortion but have no physical meaning except at the interface between the fluid and the structure.
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Ho = Yo = H Y X
Fixed plate LX
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Chapter 7: Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Formulation for Moving Domains Substituting the expressions for x and y gives: UX = R(cos 1) UY = Rsin
Note
As approaches 0, UX approaches 0 and UY approaches R. Differentiating displacements gives the following velocity equations: UX = UX = R sin VY = UY = R cos
Note
As approaches 0, VX approaches R o2 and VY approaches R o. Therefore, VX approaches 0 faster than VY. The command listing in Building and Solving the Model (Command Method) (p. 90) uses the above expressions for UX, UY, VX, and VY in the boundary condition tables.
p = po
h = h(x,t) Y X L
ho
p = po
Assuming the flow is 2-D and neglecting inertia terms, the Navier-Stokes equation reduces to the Reynolds equation for incompressible flow:
x
88
3 p h x = 6 x ( hU) + 12 V
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7.5.3. Forces and Moments where: h = h (x,t) is the gap height and U and V are the velocity components of the moving plate. Assuming that the angular displacement of the mirror is small gives: U 0 V R R x Substituting these values in the Reynolds equation and assuming that U variations with x are small gives:
3 p h x = 12 V = 12 x
Integrating gives:
p = 6
h3
x2
dx +
h3 dx + C 2
C1
where C1 and C2 are constants to be determined. Substituting ho for h for small angular displacements and completing the integration gives:
p =
6 x 3 h3 3
o
C x + 1 + C2 h3 o
po =
L 2 + C2 L 2 + C2
3 C 2 L po = - 1 3 2 ho h3 o
Solving these two equations for C1 and C2 gives: C2 = po C1 = 2 (L/2)2 Substituting the C1 and C2 values into the pressure equation gives:
p = po +
2 3 2 L x x h3 h3 2 o o
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89
(p - po ) =
2 L x x 2 - 2 h3 o
Thus, the force and moment on the torsional mirror are given by:
L/2
Fp =
- L/2 L/2
(p - p o ) dx = 0
Mp =
- L/2
( p - po ) xdx = -
1 L5 60 h3 o
U ( x,y,t ) =
1 p y ( y - h) 2 x
U h p = = 2 2 x y y = h ho
2 2 -L 3x 2
Fs =
- L/2 L/2
U dx = 0 y y = h
Ms =
- L/2
U xdx = 0 y y = h
! ! ! ! ! !
Plate Length in X direction Number of X divisions Gap in Y-direction Number of Y divisions Outlet relative pressure Fluid density
90
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! use function builder/tables (refer to "Using the Function Tool" in the Basic Analysis Guide) ! for displacements/velocities of oscillating plate
*DIM,UXTAB,TABLE,6,4,1 UXTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX, 0.0, 0.0 UXTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17 ! Radius = XR - X0 UXTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18 ! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t) UXTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 ,-1 ! Radius*cos(Angle) UXTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-3 , 2 ,-1 ! Radius*cos(Angle)-Radius *DIM,UYTAB,TABLE,6,3,1 UYTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX, 0.0, 0.0 UYTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17 ! Radius = XR - X0 UYTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18 ! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t) UYTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,99 , 9, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 ,-1 ! Radius*sin(Angle) *DIM,VXTAB,TABLE,6,5,1 VXTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX,OMEGA*AMAX, 0.0 VXTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0,-1.0 , 27 , 1 , 17 ! -Radius = -(XR-X0) VXTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18 ! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t) VXTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10,OMEGA, 1, 3 , 19 ! Angle speed= ! amax*omega*cos(omega*t) VXTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,-4 , 9, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 , -1 ! -Radius*sin(angle) VXTAB(0,5,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-4 , 3 , -3 !-Radius*sin(angle)*angle speed *DIM,VYTAB,TABLE,6,5,1 VYTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX,OMEGA*AMAX, 0.0 VYTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17 !Radius = XR - X0 VYTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18 !Angle=amax*sin(omega*t) VYTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10,OMEGA, 1, 3 , 19 !Angle speed= !amax*omega*cos(omega*t) VYTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,-4 , 10, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 , -1 !Radius*cos(angle) VYTAB(0,5,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-4 , 3 , -3 !Radius*cos(angle)*angle speed /PREP7 $smrt,off et,1,141 keyopt,1,4,1 esha,2 rect,,LX,,H lesize,1,,,NDX, lesize,3,,,NDX, lesize,2,,,NDY,-10 lesize,4,,,NDY,-10 alls amesh,all lsel,s,,,3 nsll,s,1 d,all,VX,%VXTAB% d,all,VY,%VYTAB% d,all,enke,-1 d,all,ux,%UXTAB% d,all,uy,%UYTAB% lsel,s,,,2 lsel,a,,,4 nsll,s,1 d,all,pres,POUT lsel,s,,,1 nsll,s,1
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! ! ! ! !
Nominal density Nominal viscosity Output wall shear stress increased quadrature for deformed elements
! Turn ALE on
!do the comparison with analytical solution here /post1 !moving wall *dim,RES1,,NDX+1,15 *do,j,1,nts,1 ! loop over the time steps rsys,0 csys,0 set,1,j ! get the results of step j *get,curtime,active,0,set,time ! get the time of this substep theta = amax*sin(omega*curtime) ! get the plate angle thetad = amax*omega*cos(omega*curtime) ! get plate angular speed nsel,s,loc,y,H ! select moving wall nodes *do,i,1,NDX+1 ! loop over these nodes *get,XMAX,node,,mxloc,x n = node(XMAX,H,0) RES1(i,1) = n ! Node number RES1(i,2) = NX(n) ! X-coordinate RES1(i,3) = NY(n) ! Y-coordinate RES1(i,4) = UX(n) ! UX Rn = NX(n)-X0 RES1(i,10) = Rn*(cos(theta)-1.0) ! UX exact RES1(i,5) = UY(n) ! UY RES1(i,11) = Rn*sin(theta) ! UY exact RES1(i,6) = VX(n) ! VX RES1(i,12) = -Rn*sin(theta)*thetad ! VX exact RES1(i,7) = VY(n) ! VY RES1(i,13) = Rn*cos(theta)*thetad ! VY exact RES1(i,8) = PRES(n) ! Pressure c1 = 2.0*MU*thetad/H0**3 c2 = NX(n) - X0 RES1(i,14) = c1*(c2**3 - c2*(LX/2)**2) ! Exact Pressure *get,RES1(i,9),node,n,TAUW ! Shear stress c0 = NX(n) - X0 c1 = H0 + theta*c0 c2 = 3*c0**2 - (LX/2)**2 RES1(i,15) = ABS(c1*mu*thetad*c2/H0**3) ! Exact shear stress nsel,u,,,n *enddo /com Compare disps/velocities/pressures/shears on moving wall(X,H,0) /com *status,curtime *status,theta *vwrite (4x,'NODE',7x,'X COOR',12x,'Y COOR',9x,'UX (FLOTRAN)',5x,'UX (Exact)')
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LX t=0
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Free Surface
Steady Solution
Liquid
t = Time
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UX
LX-LXF 0.125 * Time Time
VX
10 -6
0.125 * Time
7.6.2. Results
The initial fluid volume is 1/2 H times LX. Since H and LX are both equal to 1, the initial fluid volume is 0.500000000. The calculated final fluid volume is 0.499999673.
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95
! bottom wall
! top
wall
! Ale on ! Vof on
!do the comparison here for final fluid volume /post1 set,last fvol = 0. ! initialize volume to zero *do,i,1,NDX*NDY ! loop over elements n1 = nelem(i,1) ! 4 nodes of this element n2 = nelem(i,2) n3 = nelem(i,3) n4 = nelem(i,4)
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FLDATA39,REMESH,ELEM,ALL sets the remeshing to all defined fluid elements if the quality of the worst defined element falls below any quality requirement. The total analysis time is 44 seconds.
UX = 0 UY = 0 P=0 5 5
5 y x 12.5
UX = 0, UY = 0, VY = 0 47.5
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7.7.2. Results
The ten results files are file.rfl01 through file.rfl10. They were created when one of the remeshing criteria were met. The following figures display the remeshed elements at 0, 22, and 44 seconds.
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*DEL,_FNCNAME *DEL,_FNCMTID *DEL,_FNC_C1 *SET,_FNCNAME,'DIS' *DIM,_FNC_C1,,1 *SET,_FNC_C1(1),1.0 ! /INPUT,force.func *DIM,%_FNCNAME%,TABLE,6,3,1 ! ! Begin of equation: a*{TIME} *SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,0,1), 0.0, -999 *SET,%_FNCNAME%(2,0,1), 0.0 *SET,%_FNCNAME%(3,0,1), %_FNC_C1(1)% *SET,%_FNCNAME%(4,0,1), 0.0 *SET,%_FNCNAME%(5,0,1), 0.0 *SET,%_FNCNAME%(6,0,1), 0.0 *SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,1,1), 1.0, -1, 0, 1, 17, 3, 1 *SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,2,1), 0.0, 99, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0 *SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,3,1), 0 ! End of equation: a*{TIME} !--> RECTNG,0,l1,0,h, RECTNG,l1,l2,0,h, RECTNG,l2,l3,0,h, aglue,all CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,45,r1,135 CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,135,r1,225 CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,225,r1,315 CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,315,r1,405 asel,s,,,2 asel,a,,,3 asel,a,,,6 asel,a,,,7 allsel,below,area aglue,all allsel FLST,3,4,5,ORDE,3 FITEM,3,2 FITEM,3,8 FITEM,3,-10 ASBA, 4,P51X aplot et,1,141 KEYOPT,1,4,1 type,1 mat,1 asel,s,,,1 esize,.5 mshape,1,2d mshkey,0 amesh,all et,2,141 KEYOPT,2,4,1 type,2 mat,1 asel,s,,,3 esize,.5 mshape,1,2d mshkey,0
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all defined element re-meshing maximum aspect ratio maximum volume change maximum aspect ratio change
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C=
RT
In the preceding equation: R is the Universal Gas Constant is the ratio of specific heats (Cp/Cv) T is the absolute temperature
For 2-D compressible analyses, meshes using quadrilateral elements are highly recommended. Hexagonal elements are recommended for 3-D cases. For more information, see Structured vs. Unstructured Mesh (p. 105). The following compressible analysis topics are available: 8.1. Property Calculations 8.2. Boundary Conditions 8.3. Structured vs. Unstructured Mesh 8.4. Solution Strategies 8.5. Example of a Compressible Flow Analysis 8.6. Doing the Example Compressible Flow Analysis (GUI Method) 8.7. Doing the Example Compressible Flow Analysis (Command Method)
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Chapter 8: FLOTRAN Compressible Analyses The total (stagnation) temperature is the temperature of the fluid after it has been brought isentropically to a zero velocity. Typically, you choose the conditions at the inlet. Knowledge of the static temperature and the velocity magnitude |V| at the inlet enables you to calculate the total temperature via the following equation,
To = Tstatic +
V2 2Cp
This relationship is sometimes useful when cast in terms of the Mach number (M):
To = T (1 +
1 2 M ) 2
You must specify the specific heat and the ratio of specific heats . (To enter this ratio, use one of the following:) Command(s): FLDATA17,GAMM,COMP, GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions The ANSYS program uses the resulting static temperature and the absolute pressure to calculate the density from the equation of state.
Note
Unlike incompressible analyses, where freezing the density calculation for the early global iterations can be an advantage, compressible analyses automatically involve the variable density option. Another difference between these types of analysis is that for compressible analyses, initial properties are calculated from the calculated static temperature, not from the nominal temperature.
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8.4. Solution Strategies to be greater than the free stream velocity. In such cases, a better choice for the velocity boundary conditions is the symmetry condition (only specify the velocity normal to the boundary as zero). If the problem is thermal, ANSYS takes all of the applied boundary conditions to be total temperature, not static temperature. Conversely, if a problem is adiabatic, thermal boundary conditions are ignored. If you use a thermal incompressible solution as a starting point for a thermal compressible problem, you must change the boundary conditions so that they are specified in terms of total temperature.
(a) Quadrilateral mesh, (b) Triangular mesh with a random pattern, (c) Triangular mesh with a symmetrical pattern In 2-D compressible analyses, mesh (a), the quadrilateral mesh, produces the most accurate results. Mesh (b) yields 2-D, not 1-D results, and mesh (c) yields 1-D results. Similarly, in a 3-D compressible analysis, a hexagonal mesh (the equivalent of quadrilateral mesh in 2-D) produces the best results. A tetrahedral mesh with a random pattern (the 3-D equivalent of mesh (b)) yields only 3-D results, not 1-D. And a tetrahedral symmetric mesh, the 3-D equivalent of mesh (c), gives you 1-D results.
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Chapter 8: FLOTRAN Compressible Analyses Artificial viscosity helps to prevent negative temperatures. You set it at the beginning of the analysis, and must reduce it slowly for subsequent continuations of the analysis. You will probably encounter divergence if you increase the viscosity between runs. The magnitude of the artificial viscosity required can vary greatly. The smaller the starting value, the fewer the global iterations required. But if it is not large enough, you may encounter negative static temperatures. You can use the laminar and effective viscosities to gauge a good starting value. It is typically a couple orders of magnitude higher than the effective viscosity, which in turn is initialized as a multiple of the laminar value. Generally, a value 3 or 4 orders of magnitude higher than the laminar viscosity is a good approximate starting point. In a compressible problem, the final answer would be a function of the artificial viscosity if it were not removed. Therefore, after stability has been achieved, gradually remove the artificial viscosity during repeated analysis continuations.
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Step 3: Create Keypoints The analysis assumes atmospheric pressure conditions at the outlet. It assumes a stagnation temperature of 550 K. Inlet and outlet pressure boundary conditions are set to 6.13769e+6 dynes/cm2 and 0, respectively. The VY velocity component is set to 0 along the axis of symmetry and the VX and VY velocity components are set to 0 along the outer surface. The analysis starts with 20 iterations at an artificial viscosity of 10. It then continues for 20 iterations at artificial viscosity values of 1, .1, .01, .001, .0001, and .00001 to give a total of 140 iterations. The analysis then continues for another 160 iterations at an artificial viscosity of 0. After 300 iterations of slowly reducing the viscosity to 0, the analysis continues for 100 iterations with increased momentum and pressure inertial relaxation factors. Finally, the analysis converges to a final solution with the momentum and pressure inertial relaxation factors increased to higher values for 400 iterations.
4.
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10. Pick keypoint number 5 and click on OK. 11. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> In Active Coord. The Lines in Active Coord picking menu appears. 12. Pick the keypoint numbers 10 and 12 and click on OK. 13. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Tan to 2 Lines. The Line Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu appears. 14. Pick line number 5 and click on Apply. The Line Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu reappears. 15. Pick keypoint number 8 and click on Apply. The Line Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu reappears. 16. Pick line number 7 and click on Apply. The Line Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu reappears. 17. Pick keypoint number 10 and click on OK. 18. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> In Active Coord. The Lines in Active Coord picking menu appears. 19. Pick the keypoint numbers 4 and 6 and click on Apply. 20. Enter the following sets of keypoint number by repeating steps 18 and 19: 6 and 7; 7 and 9; and 9 and 11. After entering each set, click on Apply. After entering the last set, click on OK.
4.
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Step 7: Mesh the Model 2. Type in the parameter values shown below. (Press ENTER after entering each value.) ntran = 24 rtran = 10 na = 10 nb = 10 nc = 25 nd = 10 ne = 100 re = -1.5 3. Click on Close to close the dialog box.
10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for line number 3. 11. Pick line number 6 and click on Apply. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears. 12. In the "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" field, enter nb, and in the "Spacing ratio (SPACE)" field enter 1. Click on Apply. 13. Repeat steps 11 and 12 for line number 9. 14. Pick line number 5 and click on Apply. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears. 15. In the "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" field, enter nc, and in the "Spacing ratio (SPACE)" field enter 1. Click on Apply. 16. Repeat steps 14 and 15 for line number 10. 17. Pick line number 8 and click on Apply. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears. 18. In the "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" field, enter nd, and in the "Spacing ratio (SPACE)" field enter 1. Click Apply. 19. Repeat steps 17 and 18 for line number 11. 20. Pick line number 7 and click on Apply. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears. 21. In the "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" field, enter ne, and in the "Spacing ratio (SPACE)" field enter re. Click on Apply. 22. Repeat steps 20 and 21 for line number 12 but this time click OK.
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Chapter 8: FLOTRAN Compressible Analyses 23. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> 3 or 4 sided. A picking menu appears. 24. Click on Pick All. The meshed model appears.
10. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears. 11. Choose "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," then click on the Sele All button. Click on OK. The Select Lines picking menu appears. 12. Pick line number 4 and click on OK. 13. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears. 14. Choose "Nodes" and "Attached to," click on Lines, all, and then click on OK. 15. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Pressure DOF> On Nodes. The Apply PRES on Nodes picking menu appears. 16. Click on Pick All. The Pressure Constraint on Nodes dialog box appears. 17. In the "Pressure value (PRES)" field, enter 6.13769e+6, and click on OK. 18. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. 19. Choose "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," then click on the Sele All button. Click on OK. The Select Lines picking menu appears. 20. Pick line numbers 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 and click on OK. 21. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. 22. Choose "Nodes" and "Attached to," click on Lines, all, and then click on OK. 23. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Velocity> On Nodes. The Apply V on Nodes picking menu appears. 24. Click on Pick All. The Velocity Constraints on Nodes dialog box appears. 110
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Step 12: Set Solution Options and CFD Solver Controls 25. In the "Velocity component (VX)" field and in the "Velocity component (VY)" enter 0, and click on OK. 26. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears. 27. Choose "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," click on the Sele All button, and then click on OK. The Select Lines picking menu appears. 28. Pick line number 16 and click on OK. 29. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears. 30. Choose "Nodes" and "Attached to," click on Lines, all, and then click on OK. 31. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Pressure DOF> On Nodes. The Apply PRES on Nodes picking menu appears. 32. Click on Pick All. The Pressure Constraint on Nodes dialog box appears. 33. In the "Pressure value (PRES)" field, enter 0, and click on OK.
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10. After 20 iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box appears. 11. Set the "Artificial viscosity" field to 1 and click on OK. 12. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN. 13. Repeat the previous 3 substeps and continue to reduce the "Artificial viscosity" to .1, .01, .001, .0001, and .00001. 14. After 140 total iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box appears. 15. Set the "Artificial viscosity" field to 0 and click on OK. 16. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State Control Settings dialog box appears. 17. Set the "Global iterations (EXEC) field to 160 and click on OK. 18. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN. 19. After 300 total iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box appears. 20. Set the "Momentum inertia" field to 10, the "Pressure inertia" field to 1.e-2, and then click on OK. 21. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State Control Settings dialog box appears. 22. Set the "Global iterations (EXEC) field to 100 and click on OK. 23. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN. 24. After 400 total iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box appears. 25. Set the "Momentum inertia" field to 1e+15, the "Pressure inertia" field to 1.e+15, and then click on OK.
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8.7. Doing the Example Compressible Flow Analysis (Command Method) 26. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State Control Settings dialog box appears. 27. Set the "Global iterations (EXEC) field to 400 and click on OK. 28. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN. When the Solution is done message appears, close it. 29. Click QUIT on the ANSYS Toolbar. Choose an exit option and click OK.
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Chapter 9: Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN You must use a consistent set of units for all the data that you enter. All thermal quantities must have the same energy unit as shown in the following table:
Except for incompressible flow analyses including viscous heating, you can use any energy unit as long as you use the same unit for all thermal quantities. The metric and English property types defined below use joules and BTUs, respectively, as the energy unit for thermal conductivity and specific heat. For an incompressible analysis including viscous heating, you must use the energy unit for the system as shown in the following table:
Table 9.2 Energy Units for Incompressible Analyses with Viscous Heating
System SI (meter-kg-sec) CGS (cm-g-sec) mm-g-sec U. S. Customary (ft-slugsec) PSI 1. Energy Unit[1] Joule Erg Centi-erg lbf-ft lbf-in 1 Joule = 1.0E9 Centi-ergs; 1 BTU = 778.26 lbf-ft.
The following property type topics are available: 9.1.1. Property Types for Specific Heat 9.1.2. Property Types for Density and Thermal Conductivity 9.1.3. Property Types for Viscosity 9.1.4. Property Types for Surface Tension Coefficient 9.1.5. Property Types for Wall Static Contact Angle 9.1.6. General Guidelines for Setting Property Types 9.1.7. Density 9.1.8. Viscosity 9.1.9. Specific Heat 9.1.10.Thermal Conductivity 9.1.11. Surface Tension Coefficient 9.1.12. Wall Static Contact Angle
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3 3 3 4
g/mm
slugs/ft
slug/ft-sec lbf-s/in2
lbf-sec /in
ANSYS automatically supplies for you, in the property database, the relevant input for the AIR property types.
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Chapter 9: Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties For Label, you specify one of the following: DENS (density), VISC (viscosity), COND (thermal conductivity), SPHT (specific heat), or SFTS (surface tension coefficient). For Value, you specify any of the property types listed in Table 9.4: Property types for Value (p. 120), or you can specify a table of fluid properties. To specify a table, enclose the table name in percent signs (%) (for example, FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,%Table%).
The valid labels used by the *DIM command are shown in parentheses. If you need to specify a variable other than one of the primary variables listed, you can do so by defining an independent variable. To specify an independent variable, define an additional table for the independent variable. That table must have the same name as the independent variable and can be a function of either a primary variable or another independent variable.
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9.1.6. General Guidelines for Setting Property Types Property Type Gas properties Liquid properties Table of property values and corresponding temperature values (which you enter using the MPDATAand MPTEMP commands) Air properties in units of meter-kg-sec Air properties in units of meter-kg-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressure for the evaluation of density Air properties in units of cm-g-sec Argument GAS LIQUID TABLE AIR or AIR-SI AIR_B or AIRSI_B AIR-CM
Air properties in units of cm-g-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressure AIR-CM_B for the evaluation of density Air properties in units of mm-g-sec AIR-MM Air properties in units of mm-g-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressure AIR-MM_B for the evaluation of density Air properties in units of fl-slug-sec AIR-FT Air properties in unites of fl-slug-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressureAIR-FT_B for the evaluation of density Air properties in units of in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec (results in units of psi for pressure) AIR-IN Air properties in units of in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec (results in units of psi for pressure), AIR-IN_B with pressure set to the reference pressure for the evaluation of density Power Law non-Newtonian viscosity type Carreau non-Newtonian viscosity type Bingham non-Newtonian viscosity type Property is mass fraction average of the species component User-programmable via subroutines:UserVisLaw for viscosityUserSpht for specific heatUserDens for densityUserCond for conductivityUserSfts for surface tension A variation of ideal gas law based on species mass fractions. Available for density only. POWL CARR BING CMIX USER
CGAS
Once you choose property types, you do not need to specify any coefficients for the properties. If the characters _B are added to these property types (as in the AIR types listed above), the pressure in the ideal gas law calculation is at a constant density corresponding to atmospheric pressure. The length and time units of conductivity and specific heat must be consistent with the rest of the properties. The energy units in these quantities are unrestricted. If using property types CONSTANT, GAS, or LIQUID, you must specify property coefficients. To do so, either issue the commands shown below or choose one of the following menu paths: Command(s): FLDATA8,NOMI,Label,Value FLDATA9,COF1,Label,Value FLDATA10,COF2,Label,Value FLDATA11,COF3,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties If you use the commands, you enter the property in the Label field of each command and enter the value itself in each command's Value field.
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Chapter 9: Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN The format of the equations for GAS and LIQUID input is oriented towards calculating constants based on chosen data points. All cases take COF1 to be the absolute temperature at which the chosen property has the value set by NOMI. (Using Reference Properties (p. 129) discusses the use of relative temperatures and an offset temperature to calculate absolute temperatures.) This is not used in the COF1 specification; COF1 should always be an absolute temperature. Once values are inserted into the relationships below for NOMI and COF1, the values of COF2 and COF3, if necessary, follow from knowledge of one or two additional data points, respectively. When calculating COF2 and COF3 for GAS and LIQUID property types, you must use absolute temperatures and pressures in these relationships. If COF1 is set to zero, the property will become constant at the value set by NOMI. For GAS and LIQUID property types, the specific heat is constant and therefore the parameters COF1, COF2 and COF3 are not needed. For viscosity types Power Law, Bingham, and Carreau, NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 have different interpretations. This is discussed in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications and in Viscosity (p. 123).
9.1.7. Density
If the property type choice is CONSTANT, then set the constant value of the property using the FLDATA8,NOMI command or the equivalent menu path. For example, you set the density to 1.205 via: Command(s): FLDATA8,NOMI,DENS,1.205 If the property type is GAS, the ideal gas law is used for the density. You specify density for this choice as: Density = NOMI * (P/COF2) / (T/COF1) If the choice is LIQUID, then a second order polynomial as a function of temperature is used for density. Density = NOMI + COF2*(T - COF1) + COF3*(T - COF1)2 If the property type is CMIX, then: Density = Yi i
i=1 N
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species, and i is the density of the ith species. If the property is CGAS, then: Density =
P RT ( Yi /Mi )
i N
In the CGAS equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species, Mi is the molecular weight of the ith species, R is the universal gas constant, and P is the absolute pressure. If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
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9.1.8. Viscosity If the choice is USER, the density is computed in the user-programmable subroutine UserDens. The four coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
9.1.8. Viscosity
If the property type choice is CONSTANT, then set the constant value of the property using the FLDATA8,NOMI command or the equivalent menu path. For example, you set the viscosity to 1.205 via: Command(s): FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,1.205 If the choice is GAS, Sutherland's law for gases is used for viscosity. You can enter the parameters NOMI, COF1, and COF2. The ideal gas constant R is defined as (COF2/NOMI*COF1) Viscosity ("Property"): Property/NOMI = (T/COF1)1.5 * (COF1 + COF2)/(T + COF2) As an example of using this relationship, suppose that there are two data points available for the calculation of viscosity as a function of temperature: Viscosity = 4.18 x 10-5 at T = 760 Viscosity = 5.76 x 10-5 at T = 1010 Consider the first data point as the nominal value. This means that NOMI = 4.18 x 10-5 and COF1 = 760. Using these in the Sutherland relationship yields: Property/4.18 x 10-5 = (T/760)1.5 (760 + COF2)/(T + COF2) Use the remaining data point to calculate COF2 by setting "Property" to 5.76 x 10-5 and T = 1010. Thus, the constants are calculated from the data points. If the choice is LIQUID, then Sutherland's liquid law is used for the viscosity. Viscosity ("Property"): Property/NOMI = EXP{COF2*(1/T - 1/COF1) + COF3(1/T - 1/COF1)2} If the choice is POWL, then the non-Newtonian Power Law model is used for the viscosity:
,D>COF1 ,D COF1
If the choice is BING, then the non-Newtonian Bingham model is used for the viscosity:
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Chapter 9: Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN COF1 NOMI+ D Viscosity = COF2 COF1 COF2 NOMI COF1 COV2 -NOMI
,D ,D<
If the choice is CARR, the non-Newtonian Carreau model is used for the viscosity:
COF3-1 2 2 Viscosity =COF1+(NOMI- COF1)*(1+(COF2*D) )
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species, and i is the viscosity of the ith species. If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents). If the choice is USRV or USER, then the viscosity is computed in the user programmable subroutine UserVisLaw. The four coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species, and Cp
i
If the property type is TABLE, the specific heat is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
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In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species, and Ki is the conductivity of the ith species. If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents). If the choice is USER, then the thermal conductivity is computed in the user programmable subroutine UserCond. The four coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
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C C C y = C1 + 2 + 3 + n + T T2 Tn1
Exponential Polynomial ID: 03 In(y) = C1 + C2T + C3T2 + ... + CnTn-1 Exponential Inverse Polynomial ID: 04
C C C In( y ) = C1 + 2 + 3 + n + T T2 Tn 1
Power Law ID: 05 y = C1TC2 Ideal Gas Law ID: 11
y=
P C1T
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y=
C1T 2 T + C2
C + C2PC3 y= 1 C4 + C5PC6
Non-Newtonian Power Law ID: 16 (applies to viscosity only)
y = C1C3D(C4 1) ,
D > C2
y = C1C3C2(C4 1) , D C2
where D= I2 , I2 is the second invariant of the strain rate tensor.
C C2 y = C1 + 2 , D D C3 C1 y = C3 , D< C2 C3 C1
User-programmable subroutine: 19 y = y (C1, C2, C3, C4) Because you can use the subroutine to describe property variations, you can use the four coefficients in any way within the subroutine. The format of the property database file floprp.ans is provided in the table below:
9.4. Using Reference Properties Line Description [A4, 1x, 2I6, 5E12.5/6E 12.5] Fluid Name=Fluid property type nLines=Number of properties to be read Proplab=Property label (one of the following): SPHT - Specific heat DENS - Density VISC - Viscosity COND - Conductivity GAMM - Gamma tProp - Equation identifier for property nProp - Number of coefficients for property PropCF - Coefficients for property calculation
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Chapter 9: Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN To specify the nominal temperature, use one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA14,TEMP,NOMI,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions You can specify gravitational accelerations using one of the following: Command(s): ACEL,ACELX,ACELY,ACELZ GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity The sign convention of the gravitational acceleration denotes as positive the direction of the reaction force.
Typically, you select one of these models after you have built and meshed the model for your problem and after you have applied the boundary conditions.
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9.5.3. Activating the Bingham Model Once you have specified the coefficients, you can issue the SOLVE command or choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
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+VZ Y X Z X Z Y
+VZ (a) Y-axis axisymmetric (VZ positive "into the page") (b) X-axis axisymmetric (VZ positive "out of page")
For axisymmetric problems, the sign convention for the swirl (VZ) component conforms to positive rotation about the axis of symmetry, as defined by the right hand rule. Thus, for a model that is axisymmetric about the Y axis, a nonnegative swirl velocity VZ is considered to be pointing "into the page." Similarly, for a model that is axisymmetric about the X axis, a nonnegative swirl velocity VZ is considered to be pointing "out of the page." This should be accounted for when you apply boundary conditions in rotating coordinates.
Note
Based on the definition of directions for the cylindrical coordinate system, gravity is only appropriate for the Z direction when KEYOPT(3) is set to 3.
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System rotates at
v=0 v = R
10.3. Swirl
Swirl applies only to axisymmetric problems and refers to motion perpendicular to the X-Y plane. To activate swirl, choose one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,SWIRL,TRUE GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options Either a moving wall (for instance, a rotating shaft) or a component of swirl at an inlet can cause the motion in the swirl direction (with velocity component VZ). In a swirl problem, there are no changes in the "theta" direction since it is axisymmetric. The swirl component is calculated through solution of the momentum equation in the swirl direction. With no pressure gradient in the swirl direction, nothing contributes to the swirl velocity directly from the velocity update step in the segregated solution algorithm. It is thus sometimes useful to accelerate the convergence of swirl problems by solving the momentum in the swirl direction equation with a relaxation factor of 1.0 for a few global iterations.
10.4. Distributed Resistance/Source Command(s): D GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Turbulence> On Nodes Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Turbulence> On Nodes The distributed resistances referred to above are used to describe losses to the system. You can model momentum sources in similar fashion. Such sources can be used to represent fans or pumps in a system. Typical characterization of these components is a "Head-Capacity Curve," representing the pressure rise as a function of flow for a constant speed pump. The fan or pump model is not intended to describe the details of the flow in the pump region, but rather to approximate its effects on the rest of the system. You can use any coordinate system or FLOTRAN element shape, but Cartesian coordinate systems with hex shaped elements in three dimensions and quadrilateral elements in two dimensions tend to give more stable results. The fan model input takes the form of element real constants, and is described in detail in the Element Reference. The ANSYS program supports two types of fan model. A "Type Four" fan model acts only along a specific coordinate direction, while a "Type Five" model enables the user to align the fan or pump in an arbitrary direction. Coefficients are assigned for each coordinate direction. The equation for the fan model is in terms of a pressure gradient applied in the direction of flow. You therefore must know over what length the fan model is to be applied in order to achieve the correct total pressure rise. The relationship defining the momentum source for an arbitrary direction "s" is as follows:
dP = C1 + C2 V + C3 V 2 ds
In the above equation, V is the velocity through the fan. If the given data is in terms of volumetric flow, you must know the area of the actual pump. The actual velocity at the outlet of the pump as well as the volumetric flow rate should be preserved. Consistent units must be used, that is, the gravitational conversion constant must be 1.0. If, for example, the pressure drop is in psi, the velocity units are in/sec. Generally, you determine the fan or pump coefficients by taking three pairs of pressure-velocity points on the "fan curve" and solving for the coefficients. If the flow is to be in the negative direction, the signs of all the coefficients change. The type 5 model is used for pumps not aligned with one of the coordinate directions. Given V as the velocity in the S arbitrary direction and the pump constants C1, C2, and C3; the directional coefficients can be calculated. If x is the angle between the arbitrary direction S and the x coordinate direction, the directional constants are:
Similarly, if y and z are defined as the angles between the fan direction and the y and z coordinate direction respectively:
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3.
Sparse Direct solver This solver uses Gaussian elimination to factorize the matrix and then uses backward/forward substitution to solve for the unknowns.
You choose the method for each DOF via one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA18,METH,Label,Value (Label = DOF) GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> PRES Solver CFD Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> PRES Solver CFD Valid choices are: 1 (TDMA), 2 (conjugate residual), 3 (preconditioned conjugate residual or gradient), 4 (preconditioned generalized minimum residual), 5 (sparse direct), or 6 (preconditioned BiCGStab). A choice of 0 indicates that the equation set is not to be solved. The preconditioned conjugate gradient method automatically applies to the incompressible pressure equation for choices 2 or 3. The default solver (TDMA) for the velocities and the turbulence equations is adequate for virtually every problem encountered. The number of sweeps (iterations) for the velocity is 1. Do not change this value. Experience has shown that the default number of 10 sweeps for the turbulence equations is most efficient although you can increase this number to see if better convergence is attained for a particular application. In general, the solution of the pressure equation must be accurate and conjugate direction methods are used. However, the TDMA method can be successful for natural convection flows. The sections for the various types of analyses discuss where to use solvers other than the default choices. The following FLOTRAN CFD solver topics are available: 11.1.Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm 11.2. Semi-Direct Solvers 11.3. Sparse Direct Method
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Note
You specify the rate of change which leads to termination of the solver by using one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA23,DELT,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver 140
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11.2.1. Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR) Solver Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver The label refers to the DOF being solved. Stall can occur in the solution of the compressible pressure equation or in the solution of the temperature equation of some conjugate heat transfer problems. The value of RTR does not decrease significantly and at the last iteration the value of DelMax is less than the value you specified. This means that the solution is essentially not changing, and further computational effort is wasted. You can resolve a stall situation by increasing the number of search directions or using inertial relaxation. To increase search directions, either use one of the menu paths described above (with the FLDATA23,DELT command), or issue the following command: Command(s): FLDATA20,SRCH,Label,Value The default value is 2, appropriate for well conditioned problems. The number of search directions required may vary widely among problems. Values of 20 may be required, but be aware that each search direction specified requires N compute storage locations in memory. (N is the number of finite element nodes in the problem). The computer storage required for large values of SRCH could exceed the computational resources available, in which case inertial relaxation should be used. Figure 11.1 (p. 141) shows typical debug files.
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Chapter 11: FLOTRAN CFD Solvers and the Matrix Equation To specify the amount of fill-in, use either of these methods: Command(s): FLDATA20A,PGMR,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver The allowable range for fill-in is 1 to 10. The default value is 6. A single fill-in value is input for all applicable DOF. For some problems, it is unnecessary to obtain an exact solution to the energy equation every global iteration. To save some time, you can then employ the foregoing command with a Label of MODP. You use it to specify a number of global iterations performed using the TDMA method between global iterations performed using the PGMR method for the temperature DOF. The number of search directions required may vary widely among problems. If large values of SRCH result in the required computer storage exceeding the computational resources, inertial relaxation should be used. To specify the number of search vectors, use either of these methods: Command(s): FLDATA20,SRCH,Label,Value GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver For the PGMR solver, the allowable range of search vectors is 12 to 20. The default value is 12. The PGMR method is not recommended for velocity DOF. The output associated with the solver is recorded in the Jobname.OUT file for non-FLOTRAN analyses. The FLOTRAN iterative solver output is recorded in the jobname.dbg file. The fact that the PGMR solver is being used is indicated in the Jobname.DBG file. The file shows if convergence is reached, the maximum number of iterations is reached without convergence, or the solution is stalled. The PGMR method output is in the same form as that provided in the jobname.out file for non-FLOTRAN analyses. The NORM referred to in the Jobname.OUT file is the square root of the convergence criterion specified in the FLOTRAN input. For example, a EQSLV command solver tolerance value of 1.E-5 corresponds to the FLOTRAN default convergence criterion value of 1.E-10. The PGMR method can fail for the following reasons: The problem is ill-conditioned. The problem is improperly formulated. The specified convergence criterion is too tight. An insufficient number of iterations is specified.
If the PGMR method stalls, it may be because the problem is ill-conditioned or improperly formulated. If the problem is ill-conditioned, you can control several parameters to enhance performance. You can increase the amount of fill-in or the number of search vectors. You can also use inertial relaxation. If the problem is improperly formulated, there may be an input error or the boundary conditions may be applied incorrectly. You need to check the input parameters and boundary conditions to ensure that they are accurate. FLOTRAN does not allow a convergence criterion less restrictive than the default value. You can enter a higher value, but FLOTRAN issues a warning message and changes it to the default value.
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11.3. Sparse Direct Method If the maximum number of iterations has been reached without convergence, it may mean more iterations are required. This could be the case if you see that the Norm has been lowered, but it is not quite to the target. If so, you can try increasing the maximum number of iterations. If the PGMR method converges and the results are questionable, reduce the convergence criterion below the default value of 1.E-10. A convergence criterion as low as 1.E-20 may be necessary for some problems.
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Chapter 11: FLOTRAN CFD Solvers and the Matrix Equation If you choose the Sparse Direct method for the VX, VY, or VZ DOFs, FLOTRAN will reset the method to Preconditioned Conjugate Residual (PCCR). The Sparse Direct method is not suitable for the velocity degrees of freedom.
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Chapter 12: Coupling Algorithms Refer to the following table for a list of the defaults.
12.1.2. Solver
For the SIMPLEF algorithm, the TDMA solver is the default for the momentum and turbulence equations. None of the other solvers will improve the overall rate of convergence. Even when exact solutions are obtained on those individual equations, the overall rate of convergence will not improve. This is due to weak coupling between the pressure and momentum equations. For the SIMPLEN algorithm, the overall rate of convergence can be improved considerably when more exact solutions are obtained for each individual equation. Therefore, when SIMPLEN is activated, FLOTRAN automatically resets the solver option to the preconditioned BiCGStab method (PBCGM) for the momentum, turbulence and energy equations. Furthermore, it will reset the fill-in parameter for PBCGM to zero for computational efficiency.
12.2. Performance
Table 12.2: SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN Performance Results (p. 146) presents results for laminar flow in a 2-D square cavity. The Reynolds number is 100 based on the length of the cavity side and the velocity at the top. The uniform grid consists of 322 = 1024 elements.
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12.2. Performance For the SIMPLEN algorithm , the total number of global iterations and the computational time decrease as the relaxation factor (RELX) increases from 0.8 to 0.95. As RELX increases above 0.95, the iteration number and computational time increase. The optimal RELX value is 0.95. At this value, the SIMPLEN convergence rate is about 4 times faster than SIMPLEF. The SIMPLEN computational time is about 1/4 of the SIMPLEF computational time. Results for a finer mesh of 1282 = 16,384 elements show an even better SIMPLEN performance. At an optimal RELX value of 0.99, the SIMPLEN computational time is about 1/40 of the SIMPLEF computational time. SIMPLEN significantly improves the rate of convergence if pressure-velocity coupling dominates the convergence. If other factors affect the overall rate of convergence, SIMPLEN will not increase the rate of convergence as significantly. However, for those problems, SIMPLEN will generally be more robust than SIMPLEF, and it will usually give a better convergence behavior. For more comparisons, see Wang G., "A fast and robust variant of the SIMPLE algorithm for finite-element simulations of incompressible flows," Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics, vol. 2, pp. 1014-1016, Elsevier, 2001. Below is the command input listing used to perform this analysis. All text preceded by an exclamation point (!) is a comment.
/title, Lid driven cavity flow analysis using SIMPLEF/SIMPLEN algorithms NDL = 32 ! Number of line divisions MU = 0.010 ! Fluid viscosity RHO = 1.0 L = 1.0 sL = 1.0e-8 Vel = 1.000 niter = 10000 /PREP7 et,1,141 esha,2 rect,,L,,L lesi,all,,,NDL amesh,1 alls ! Apply Boundary Conditions nsel,s,ext d,all,vx d,all,vy nsel,r,loc,y,L-sL,L+sL d,all,vx,vel d,all,vy d,all,enke,-1 alls d,1,PRES fini save /SOLU flda,iter,exec,niter flda,nomi,visc,MU flda,nomi,dens,RHO flda,term,pres,1.e-6 solve fini /delete,,rfl /SOLU flda,algr,segr,simplen solve fini /delete,,rfl /SOLU flda,relx,vx,0.9 flda,relx,vy,0.9
!top
! SIMPLEN algorithm
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The following multiple species transport topics are available: 13.1. Mixture Types 13.2. Doing a Multiple Species Analysis 13.3. Doing a Heat Exchanger Analysis Using Two Species 13.4. Example Analysis Mixing Three Gases
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P RT Yi i =1 Mi
N
In the equation above: R is the Universal Gas constant. You can set it using one of the following: Command(s): MSDATA GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species Mi is the molecular weight of the ith species. You set this weight using one of the following: Command(s): MSSPEC GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species N is the total number of species defined. P is pressure degree of freedom (PRES). T is the absolute temperature (TEMP).
To invoke the composite gas option for the bulk fluid, use one of the following: Command(s): FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,CGAS GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties
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Note
The MSDATA command also sets the universal gas constant. Every issuance of the command sets both numbers.
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(Dmi Y i)
The value Dmi is the diffusion coefficient, and Yi is the mass fraction being solved. Sometimes, the available data is expressed as a Schmidt number. The following equality enables expression of the diffusion portion of transport in terms of laminar viscosity , the density , and the Schmidt number:
Dmi Y i =
Y i SCi
Note
The input must be in terms of the mass diffusion coefficient, not the Schmidt number. The Schmidt number relating the diffusion coefficient to the density and viscosity differs from the turbulent Schmidt number discussed below. In addition, the flow field may be turbulent. Another representation of the diffusion term, this time including the effect of the turbulent viscosity , is:
+ t Y i SCi SCTi
The quantity SCTi is the turbulent Schmidt number, which you specify via one of the following: 152
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13.2.6. Set Relaxation and Solution Parameters Command(s): MSSPEC GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species The normal default value of 1.0 is sufficient unless you want to regulate explicitly the effect of turbulence on the transport.
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Pressure LY3 specified on outlet LY2 Pressure LY1 and temperature Y specified on inlet YOFFSET
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! initial density for all fluid region ! initial viscosity for all fluid region ! initial conductivity for all fluid region ! initial specific heat for all fluid region !sp heat for fluid 1 !sp heat for fluid 2 !density for fluid 1 !density for fluid 2 !viscosity for fluid 1 !viscosity for fluid 2 !conductivity for fluid 1 !conductivity for fluid 2 ! PCCR convergence criterion
The command stream for the example (shown below) shows all the relevant properties and the solution strategy.
/batch,list /filename,spec /com ** Analysis Types Laminar and Turbulent, Incompressible /com 2-D - quadrilateral and triangular elements /com ** Features Thermal, Multiple Species Transport /com ** Options Dilute mixtures, composite property types (CGAS, CMIX) /com ** Variable laminar properties /com ** Turbulence /com ** Construction of geometry /prep7 !!!!!!! Define some dimensions - SI units are used lenin=.3
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flda,solu,spec,t ! Turn on solution for multiple species transport msdata,2 ! Specify species 2 (N2) as the algebraic species ! !!!!!!! Species Property Input msspec,1,o2,31.999 msprop,1,DENS,GAS,1.2998,300,1.01325E+5 msvary,1,dens,t msnomf,1,.3 msprop,1,VISC,CONSTANT,1.2067E-5 msprop,1,mdif,CONSTANT,2.149E-5 msprop,1,cond,CONSTANT,.02674 mscap,1,1 ! msspec,2,n2,28.018 msprop,2,DENS,GAS,1.1381,300,1.01325E+5 msvary,2,dens,t msnomf,2,.3 msprop,2,VISC,CONSTANT,1.786E-5 msprop,2,mdif,CONSTANT,1.601E-5 msprop,2,cond,CONSTANT,.02598 mscap,2,1 ! msspec,3,h2,2.016 msprop,3,DENS,GAS,0.0819,300,1.01325E+5 msvary,3,dens,t msnomf,3,.4 msprop,3,VISC,CONSTANT,8.94E-6 msprop,3,mdif,CONSTANT,4.964E-5 msprop,3,cond,CONSTANT,.1815 mscap,3,1 ! msrelx,1,1.0 msrelx,3,1.0 msmeth,1,3 mssolu,1,,,2,1.e-8 msmeth,3,3 mssolu,3,,,2,1.e-8 alls !!!!!!! Species boundary conditions lsel,s,,,7 nsll,,1 d,all,o2,1.0 d,all,n2,0.0 d,all,h2,0.0 lsel,s,,,4 nsll,,1 d,all,o2,0.0 d,all,n2,1.0 d,all,h2,0.0 lsel,s,,,9 nsll,,1 d,all,o2,0.0 d,all,n2,0.0 d,all,h2,1.0 alls !!!!!!! End of species boundary conditions flda,iter,exec,20 ! Ask for 20 global iterations flda,conv,outp,land ! Adjust convergence monitor output style save finish /solu solve ! 20 iterations with species activated ! !Prepare for energy solution flda,solu,temp,t ! Achieve a constant flow temperature solution flda,solu,flow,f ! Freeze the flow field flda,meth,temp,3 ! Activate PCCR solver flda,conv,temp,1.e-10 ! Convergence criterion for PCCR flda,iter,exec,5 ! Need only a few iterations for solution...
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Chapter 14: Advection Discretization Options Command(s): FLDATA34,MIR,MOME,Value or FLDATA34,MIR,TURB,Value The modified inertial relaxation Value should be between 0.1 and 1.0. A larger Value leads to more relaxation. To achieve a faster convergence rate, use the smallest Value possible. For complex geometries with turbulence and complex flow fields, you can employ the following techniques to achieve a convergent solution with SUPG or COLG. Set the turbulence ratio to a high value of 1 x 106 and the effective viscosity relaxation factor to a low value of 0.1 using the following commands. These conditions provide the necessary diagonal dominance until the solution enters the radius of convergence. Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,RATI,1.0E6 GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Model Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence Model Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence Param Command(s): FLDATA25,RELX,EVIS,0.1 GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation Achieve a convergent solution using MSU on all variables. Then, using the following command, perform a restart employing SUPG or COLG on the momentum variables only. After achieving a convergent solution, you can perform a restart again employing SUPG or COLG on the turbulence, pressure, temperature and species variables. Command(s): FLDATA33,ADVM,MOME,SUPG FLDATA33,ADVM,MOME,COLG GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection Although the foregoing techniques might work on a coarse mesh, both may fail on a fine mesh. In this case, you may have to resort to a transient algorithm which has the necessary diagonal dominance due to the inertia term.
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Acoustics
Chapter 1: Acoustics
Acoustics is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption, and reflection of sound pressure waves in a fluid medium. Applications for acoustics include the following: Sonar - the acoustic counterpart of radar Design of concert halls, where an even distribution of sound pressure is desired Noise minimization in machine shops Noise cancellation in automobiles Underwater acoustics Design of speakers, speaker housings, acoustic filters, mufflers, and many other similar devices. Geophysical exploration
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Chapter 1: Acoustics Build the model. Apply boundary conditions and loads and obtain the solution. Review the results.
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Acoustic elements (FLUID29, FLUID30), KEYOPT(2) = 0 Acoustic elements (FLUID29, FLUID30), KEYOPT(2) = 1
If the coordinates (X0, Y0) for the 2-D and axisymmetric cases or (X0, Y0, Z0) for the 3-D case of the center of the circle or sphere are not specified via real constants, ANSYS assumes the center to be the origin of the global coordinate system.
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Chapter 1: Acoustics
r y
x SOLID42 (vibrating beam) FLUID29 (surrounding air) FLUID129 (absorption surface to simulate infinite extent of air) REAL set for FLUID129; 4,3,RAD,0,0
rs x
vacuum
( ( ( ( ((( ( (
water cylindrical shell
1.3.2. Step 2: Generate the Infinite Acoustic Elements for placing FLUID129 is 0.31242 (see Step 2: Generate the Infinite Acoustic Elements (p. 169)) with X0 = Y0 = 0. You define the FLUID129 elements using: Command(s): ESURF GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Inf Acoustic
circular boundary
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Chapter 1: Acoustics (D/2) + 0.2 . Also, for acoustic analysis in general, the mesh must be fine enough to resolve the smallest dominant frequency. 3. Generate the absorption elements (FLUID129) on the boundary. Command(s): ESURF GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Inf Acoustic
rb
y
NSEL,s,loc,x,rb ESURF
Note
Be sure to reselect all nodes before solving your analysis.
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SOLID42 (type-1) y FLUID29 (type-2) rst ts x Fluid-structure interface NSEL,s,x,loc,x,(rst ts) ESLN,s,0 ESEL,r,type,,2 SF,all,FSI
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Chapter 1: Acoustics To define the solution listing format, use one of the following: Command(s): HROUT GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Options This option determines how ANSYS lists the harmonic degree-of-freedom solution in the printed output (Jobname.OUT). To specify the equation solver to be used, use one of the following: Command(s): EQSLV GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Options You can choose the sparse direct solver (default), the Jacobi Conjugate Gradient (JCG) solver, or the Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient (ICCG) solver. The JCG solver is recommended for most models.
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1.4.4. Step 4: Apply Loads on the Model Load Type Gravity, Spinning, etc. Category Inertia Loads Cmd Family ACEL, OMEGA, DOMEGA, CGLOC, CGOMGA, DCGOMG, IRLF GUI Path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Define Loads> Apply> load type Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> load type
Displacement, Pressure
DK DL DA D FK F SFL SFA
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Chapter 1: Acoustics Load Type Solid Model or FE Finite Elem Finite Elem Entity Apply Delete List Operate Apply Settings
Interaction Flag
Nodes Elements
SF SFE
SFDELE SFEDELE
SFLIST SFELIST
SFSCALE SFSCALE
Inertia
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1.4.5. Step 5: Specify Load Step Options For problems with fluid-structure interaction on both sides of a structure (e.g., a submerged plate), mesh the structure with solid elements to provide two distinct fluid-interaction surfaces. For problems with fluidstructure interaction on only one side of a structure, mesh the structure with shell or solid elements.
OUTRES Main Menu> Solution> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File ERESX Main Menu> Solution> Output Ctrls> Integration Pt
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Chapter 1: Acoustics and its GUI path allow you to review element integration point results by copying them to the nodes instead of extrapolating them (default).
Note
By default, the program writes only the last substep of each load step to the results file. If you want all substeps (the solution at all frequencies) on the results file, be sure to set the FREQ field on OUTRES to ALL (or 1).
Derived data
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[Ms ] {U} + [K s ] {U} = {Fs } + [R] {P} [Mf ] {P} + [K f ] {P} = {Ff } o [R]T {U}
[R] is a "coupling" matrix that represents the effective surface area associated with each node on the fluidstructure interface (FSI). The coupling matrix [R] also takes into account the direction of the normal vector defined for each pair of coincident fluid and structural element faces that comprises the interface surface. The positive direction of the normal vector, as the ANSYS program uses it, is defined to be outward from the fluid mesh and in towards the structure. Both the structural and fluid load quantities that are produced at the fluid-structure interface are functions of unknown nodal degrees of freedom. Placing these unknown "load" quantities on the left hand side of the equations and combining the two equations into a single equation produces the following:
Ms T oR
O U K s + Mf P O
R Kf
U Fs = P Ff
The foregoing equation implies that nodes on a fluid-structure interface have both displacement and pressure degrees of freedom.
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Chapter 1: Acoustics
ET,4,FLUID29,,1,0 ! acoustic fluid element without ux & uy ! material properties MP,EX,1,2.068e11 MP,DENS,1,7929 MP,NUXY,1,0 MP,DENS,2,1030 MP,SONC,2,1460 ! create inner and outer quarter circles CYL4,0,0,0.254,0,0.26035,90 CYL4,0,0,0.26035,0,0.5207,90 ! select, assign attribute to and mesh area 1 ASEL,S,AREA,,1 AATT,1,1,1,0 LESIZE,1,,,16,1 LESIZE,3,,,16,1 LESIZE,2,,,1,1 LESIZE,4,,,1,1 MSHKEY,1 MSHAPE,0,2D ! mapped quad mesh AMESH,1 ! select, assign attribute to and mesh area 2 ASEL,S,AREA,,2 AATT,2,1,2,0 LESIZE,5,,,16,1 LESIZE,7,,,16,1 LESIZE,6,,,5 LESIZE,8,,,5 MSHKEY,0 MSHAPE,0,2D ! mapped quad mesh AMESH,2 ! reflect quarter circle into semicircle about x-axis nsym,x,1000,all ! offset node number by 1000 esym,,1000,all ! reflect semicircle into full circle about y-axis nsym,y,2000,all ! offset node number by 2000 esym,,2000,all NUMMRG,ALL ! merge all quantities ! modify outer 2 layers of el29 into type 4 esel,s,type,,1 nsle,s esln,s,0 nsle,s esel,inve nsle,s emodif,all,type,4 esel,all nsel,all ! define el129 line element csys,1 nsel,s,loc,x,0.5207 type,3 real,3 mat,2 esurf esel,all nsel,all ! flag interface as fluid-structure interface nsel,s,loc,x,0.26035 esel,s,type,,2 sf,all,fsi,1 nsel,all esel,all FINISH ! enter solution module /SOLU ANTYPE,harmic ! select harmonic analysis hropt,full f,19,fx,1000. f,1019,fx,-1000. harfrq,34.,38. nsubst,100 kbc,1
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! Dimensions of the room LEN=27 HGT=20 RAD=0.9 ! Mesh generation K,1 K,2,LEN K,3,LEN,HGT K,4,,HGT K,5,,,-1 K,6,LEN,,-1 K,7,LEN,HGT,-1 K,8,,HGT,-1 L,1,5,1 L,2,6,1 L,3,7,1 L,4,8,1 CIRC,3,RAD,7,2,90,2 ADRAG,5,6,,,,, 3 PIO4=ATAN(1) LENC=COS(PIO4) LENC=LENC*RAD HGTC=HGT-LENC
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Chapter 1: Acoustics
LENC=LEN-LENC K,15,,HGTC K,16,,HGTC,-1 K,17,LENC K,18,LENC,,-1 L,1 ,17,XDIV L,10,15,XDIV L,11,4 ,XDIV L,17,10,YDIV L,15, 1,YDIV L,2 ,9 ,YDIV L,5 ,18,XDIV L,13,16,XDIV L,14,8 ,XDIV L,18,13,YDIV L,16,5 ,YDIV L,6 ,12,YDIV ESIZE,,CDIV V,1 ,17,10,15, 5,18,13,16 V,15,10,11,4 ,16,13,14,8 V,17,2 ,9 ,10,18,6 ,12,13 VMESH,ALL ! Material properties MP,DENS,1,2.35E-3 MP,SONC,1,1100.0 MP,MU,1,0.04 MP,DENS,2,2.35E-3 MP,SONC,2,1100.0 MP,MU,2,0.70 ! ! ! ! (Rho) density of air (lb/ft**3) (C) speed of sound in air (ft/sec) (Beta) absorption coefficient of the walls ('Beta' should be between 0 - 1)
! (Beta) absorption coefficient of ! the absorbing material on the floor ! ('Beta' should be between 0 -1)
MP,DENS,3,2.35E-3 MP,SONC,3,1100.0 MP,MU,3,0.0 ! (Beta) zero absorption coefficient for interior elements NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0.0 NSEL,R,LOC,X,12,15 ESLN MAT,2 EMODIF,ALL ! Elements which have the absorbing material on the floor ! Boundary conditions ALLS NSEL,S,LOC,X,0.0 NSEL,A,LOC,Y,0.0 NSEL,A,LOC,X,LEN NSEL,A,LOC,Y,HGT D,ALL,UX,,,,,UY,UZ! Constrain all displacements to zero at the walls LOCAL,11,1,27,20 NSEL,A,LOC,X,RAD ESLN ESEL,INVE TYPE,2 MAT,3 EMODIF,ALL ! Interior elements are specified as Type=2 & material=3 ALLS ! Fluid-Structure Interface (FSI) NSEL,S,LOC,X,RAD ESLN SF,ALL,FSI NROTAT,ALL D,ALL,UX,.01 D,ALL,UY,,,,,UZ ! Select interface (FSI) surface nodes ! Select elements attached to interface surface ! Specify vibrating surface as Fluid-structure interface ! Radial vibration amplitude of Vibrating surface
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! Plot the Standing Wave Pattern (f = 80 Hz) /POST1 /SHOW,ENCL1,GRPH,1 SET,1,1 ! plot the real part of pressure response EPLOT /EDGE,1 /TITLE,-ROOM ACOUSTICS- * REAL PART OF PRESSURE PLNS,PRES SET,1,1,,1 ! plot the imag. part of pressure response /TITLE,-ROOM ACOUSTICS- * IMAG. PART OF PRESSURE PLNS,PRES FINISH
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Chapter 1: Acoustics
esla type,1 mat,1 esize,,1 vext,all,,,0,0,d, asel,s,,,5 type,2, mat,1 esize,,1 vext,all,,,0,0,d, asel,s,loc,z,0 aclear,all alls nummrg,all ! define boundary condition nsel,s,loc,x,a+dpml nsel,a,loc,y,-a/2-dpml nsel,a,loc,y,a/2+dpml d,all,pres,0. ! hard excitation source nsel,s,loc,x,-l d,all,pres,1 alls fini ! perform solution /solu eqslv,sparse antype,harmic harfrq,freq solve fini /post26 /out prcplx,0 nsel,s,loc,x,0 nsel,r,loc,y,s/2+d *get,A1,node,0,num,max nsel,s,loc,x,0 nsel,r,loc,y,s/2 *get,A2,node,0,num,max nsel,s,loc,x,0 nsel,r,loc,y,-s/2-d *get,B1,node,0,num,max nsel,s,loc,x,0 nsel,r,loc,y,-s/2 *get,B2,node,0,num,max nsel,s,loc,x,a nsel,r,loc,y,a/2 *get,C1,node,0,num,max nsel,s,loc,x,a nsel,r,loc,y,-a/2 *get,C2,node,0,num,max allsel nsol,2,A1,pres,,Input_A1 nsol,3,A2,pres,,Input_A2 nsol,4,B1,pres,,Input_B1 nsol,5,B2,pres,,Input_B2 nsol,6,C1,pres,,Output_C1 nsol,7,C2,pres,,Output_C2 /com ***************Results**************************** prvar,2,4, prvar,3,5, prvar,6,7 /com ******************************************************* fini
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Thin Film
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Chapter 1: Thin Film Analysis and/or damping to the system. At low frequencies, the fluid can escape before it compresses. Therefore, the fluid only adds damping to the system. At high frequencies, the fluid compresses before it can escape. Therefore, the fluid adds both stiffening and damping to the system. A static analysis is used to determine the damping effects at low frequencies. A harmonic analysis is used to determine the stiffening and damping effects at high frequencies. The FLUID136 element is used to model the fluid domain between a fixed surface and a structure moving normally to that surface. The fluid domain is modeled by overlaying FLUID136 elements on the moving surface of the structure (i.e., lower surface of the structure adjacent to the fixed wall).
The FLUID138 element is used to model the pressure drop through holes in a moving structure. Microstructures are commonly perforated to reduce the damping effects of the fluid layer. FLUID138 elements are used in conjunction with FLUID136 elements to obtain a consistent pressure distribution, including the effects of holes.
A squeeze film analysis can be performed on structures with known velocities or unknown velocities. If the velocity profile is known, you can apply it directly to the fluid elements. If the velocity profile is not known (or is too complicated), it can be determined from the mode-frequency response of the structure (model projection method). This section deals with directly applying the velocities. Modal Projection Method for Squeeze Film Analysis (p. 201) covers the modal projection method. The following squeeze film analysis topics are available: 1.2.1. Static Analysis Overview 1.2.2. Harmonic Response Analysis Overview 1.2.3.Transient Response Analysis Overview 1.2.4. Flow Regime Considerations 1.2.5. Modeling and Meshing Considerations 1.2.6. Analysis Settings and Options 1.2.7. Loads and Solution 1.2.8. Review Results 1.2.9. Sample Harmonic Analysis 186
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1.2.2. Harmonic Response Analysis Overview 1.2.10. Simplified Transient Analysis 1.2.11. Complex Transient Analysis
F is the total pressure force at the fluid structure interface and vz is the normal velocity component of the moving structure. A typical pressure distribution on a rectangular plate is shown in Figure 1.3 (p. 187).
FRe is the real component of the pressure force. FIm is the imaginary component of the pressure force. Omega () is the frequency (rad/sec). The damping and stiffness coefficients are frequency-dependent. Figure 1.4 (p. 187) illustrates the frequency dependency for a typical microsystem application.
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Chapter 1: Thin Film Analysis The DMPEXT command is used to extract frequency-dependent damping parameters for use with the MDAMP, DMPRAT, ALPHAD, and BETAD command inputs.
Lm(po) is the mean free path of the fluid at the operating pressure P0, and L0 is the mean path at reference pressure P0. If the fluid is air at atmospheric pressure (1.01325*105), then by definition L0 is approximately 64*10-9 meters (64 m). So, for continuum theory to be directly applicable (without modification) to air at atmospheric pressure, the gap should be greater than 6.4 m (64*10-9 meters * 100). The applicability of the continuum theory is generally assessed using the Knudsen number, which is equal to the mean free fluid path divided by the gap. For continuum theory to be valid, the Knudsen number should be less than 0.01. L P L Kn = m = 0 0 d p0 d For high Knudsen numbers, the continuum theory is not valid. However, the dynamic viscosity can be adjusted to simulate the high Knudsen number flow regime. The default flow regime for FLUID136 and FLUID138 is continuum theory (KEYOPT(1) = 0). Set KEYOPT (1) = 1 to specify the high Knudsen number flow regime. For FLUID136, set KEYOPT(1) = 2 to specify the high Knudsen number flow regime with surface accommodation factors. The type of reflection of the gas molecules at the wall interface is specified using accommodation factors. Squeeze film models assume diffuse reflection of the gas molecules at the wall interface (accommodation factor = 1). This assumption is valid for most metals, but is less accurate for micromachined surfaces, particularly those fabricated from silicon. Materials such as silicon cause specular reflection. Typical accommodation factors for silicon are between 0.80 and 0.90. For more information on accommodation factors, see Flow Between Flat Surfaces in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications.
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Figure 1.5 Coupling of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138 Element
FLUID138 element
Coupled nodes of hole periphery with the first node of the FLUID138 element Structural mesh shown. FLUID136 elements lie underneath the structure on the thin film surface.
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Note
Velocity body loads (FLUE) are the velocities of the moving wall in a direction normal to the wall. They are not in-plane velocities of the fluid.
The recommended equation solvers for the fluid elements are the Sparse Direct Solver (SPARSE), the Jacobi Conjugate Gradient Solver (JCG) and the Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient Solver (ICCG).
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Results
/com, ** Equivalent damping coefficient ** *stat,C
Case 1 is typical for large diameter holes compared to the hole depth. Case 3 is typical for very high flow resistance, which happens in the case of narrow and long holes. Case 2 is the most accurate case where the fluid pressure drop is taken into account by the FLUID138 elements.
Results
Table 1.3: Beam Model Results Considering Perforated Holes (p. 191) lists the damping and squeeze coefficient results. Figure 1.6 (p. 192) and Figure 1.7 (p. 192) illustrate the real and imaginary pressure distribution. The input file for case 2 is listed.
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Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below for the finite-resistance Case 2
/batch,list /PREP7 /title, Damping and Squeeze film stiffness calculations for a rigid /com, plate with holes /com uMKS units ET, 1,136,1 ET, 2,138,1 s_l=100 s_l1=60 s_w=20 s_t=1 c_r=3 d_el=2 pamb=.1 visc=18.3e-12 velo=2000 freq=150000 pi=3.14159 omega=2*pi*freq pref=.1 mfp=64e-3 Knud=mfp/d_el mp,visc,1,visc mp,visc,2,visc ! 4-node option, High Knudsen Number ! Circular hole option, Hugh Knudsen Number ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Half Plate length (um) Plate hole location Plate width Plate thickness Hole radius Gap ambient pressure (MPa) viscosity kg/(um)(s) arbitrary velocity (um/s) Frequency (Hz.) Frequency (rad/sec) Reference pressure (MPa) mean free path (um) Knudsen number
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Command Listing
r,1,d_el,,,pamb rmore,pref,mfp r,2,c_r,,,pamb rmore,pref,mfp ! Build the model rectng,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w pcirc,c_r agen,3,2,,,-s_l1/3 agen,3,2,,,s_l1/3 ASBA, 1, all TYPE, 1 MAT, 1 smrtsize,4 AMESH, all
! Begin Hole generation *do,i,1,5 nsel,all *GET, numb, node, , num, max N, numb+1,-s_l1+i*s_l1/3,, N, numb+2,-s_l1+i*s_l1/3,, s_t TYPE,2 MAT, 2 REAL,2 NSEL, all E, numb+1, numb+2 ESEL, s, type,,1 NSLE,s,1 local,11,1,-s_l1+i*s_l1/3 csys,11 NSEL,r, loc, x, c_r NSEL,a, node, ,numb+1 *GET, next, node, , num, min CP, i, pres, numb+1, next nsel,u,node, ,numb+1 nsel,u,node, ,next CP, i, pres,all csys,0 *enddo ! End hole generation nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l nsel,a,loc,y,-s_w nsel,a,loc,y,s_w nsel,r,loc,z,-1e-9,1e-9 d,all,pres nsel,all esel,s,type,,2 nsle,s,1 nsel,r,loc,z,s_t d,all,pres,0 dlist,all allsel bfe,all,flue,,velo fini finish /solu antyp,harm harfrq,freq solve finish
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/com, ******* Equivalent stiffness ************************ *stat,K /com, ******* Equivalent damping ************************** *stat,C finish
Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below.
/PREP7 /title, Simplified Transient Analysis /com uMKS units ET, 1,136,1 keyop,1,3,2 et,2,138,1 ET,3,185,,3 s_l=20 s_w=20 s_t=10 c_r=6 d_el=2 pamb=.1 visc=18.3e-12 pref=.1 mfp=64e-3 Knud=mfp/d_el mp,visc,1,visc mp,visc,2,visc mp,ex,3,79e3 mp,dens,3,19300e-18 mp,nuxy,3,.1 r,1,d_el,,,pamb rmore,pref,mfp ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4-node option, High Knudsen Number PRES + UZ + UY + UZ DOFs, implicit treatment Hole Structural element Half Plate length (um) Plate width Plate thickness Hole radius Gap Ambient pressure (MPa) viscosity kg/(um)(s) Reference pressure (MPa) Mean free path (um) Knudsen number
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Command Listing
r,2,c_r,,,pamb rmore,pref,mfp ! Real constants - FLUID138
block,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w,0,s_t cyl4,0,0,c_r,,c_r,,s_t vsbv,1,2 numcmp,all type,3 mat,3 real,3 mshape,1,3d esize,,3 vmesh,1 ! SOLID185 mesh nsel,s,loc,z,0 esln,s TYPE, 1 MAT, 1 real,1 esurf allsel !make the nodes/elem for 138 *get,numb,node,,num,max n,numb+1,0,0,0 n,numb+2,0,0,s_t type,2 mat,2 real,2 e,numb+1,numb+2 !couple hole pres eq esel,s,type,,1 nsle,s,1 local,11,1,0,0,0 csys,11 nsel,r,loc,x,c_r nsel,a,node,,numb+1 cp,1,pres,all csys,0 allsel nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l nsel,a,loc,y,-s_w nsel,a,loc,y,s_w nsel,r,loc,z,-1e-9,1e-9 nsel,a,node,,numb+2 d,all,pres nsel,all dlist !esel,s,type,,1 !nsle,s,1 !nsel,u,cp,,1 !cm,FLUN,node !allsel nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l d,all,ux d,all,uy d,all,uz allsel nsel,s,loc,z,s_t sf,all,pres,1.e+1 allsel fini /solu ! Fix two ends of SOLID185 elements
! FLUID136 mesh
! FLUID138 mesh
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Results
Results
Figure 1.8 Applied Voltage
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Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below.
/batch,list /title, Complex Transient Analysis !/nerr,,,-1 /PREP7 /title, Complex Transient Analysis /com uMKS units ET, 1,136,1 keyop,1,3,2 keyop,1,4,0 keyop,1,5,2 keyop,1,6,1 et,2,185 ET,3,185 s_l=100 s_w=20 s_t=1 d_el=2 pamb=.1 visc=18.3e-12 pref=.1 mfp=64e-3 Knud=mfp/d_el mingapf=1e-2 mech_mingapf=1e-2 app_volt=23.281 app_pres=0 mp,visc,1,visc mp,ex,3,79e+3 mp,dens,3,19300e-18 mp,nuxy,3,.1 ! 4-node option, High Knudsen Number !implicit !compressible !fluid gap option !mech gap option ! Structural element ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Half Plate length (um) Plate width Plate thickness Gap ambient pressure (MPa) viscosity kg/(um)(s) Reference pressure (MPa) mean free path (um) Knudsen number Minimum gap for real constanst on element 136 Mechanical minumum gap for real constant on element 136 Applied voltage Applied pressure at boundaries
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Command Listing
!top plate block,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w,0,s_t lsel,s,line,,4,5,1 lsel,a,line,,2,7,5 lesize,all,,,19,-.1 lsel,s,line,,1,8,7 lsel,a,line,,3,6,3 lesize,all,,,11,-.1 lsel,s,line,,9,12,1 lesize,all,,,2 type,3 mat,3 real,3 !mshape,1,3d mshape,1,3d cyl4,0,0,s_w/50,,,,s_t+1 vsbv,1,2 numcmp,volu vmesh,1 !hole n,10000,0,0,0 n,10001,0,0,s_t et,6,138,1,,0 r,10,s_w/200,,,pamb, rmore,pref,mfp type,6 real,10 mat,1 e,10000,10001 lsel,s,line,,13,16 nsll,s,1 nsel,a,node,,10000 cp,next,pres,all d,10001,pres,0 allsel
!Specify nodes for hole element (138) !Define hole shape !Define hole diameter and pressures
!else emtgen computes INCORRECT areas nsel,s,loc,z,0 cm,trun,node allsel emtgen,'TRUN',,,'uz',-d_el,mingapf*d_el,1.e-18 !Create transducer elements 126 using emtgen !apply gap information !fluid nsel,s,loc,z,0 !Define Fluid region esln,s TYPE, 1 MAT, 1 real,1 esurf !Surface the solid top plate with 136 squeeze film elements nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l nsel,a,loc,y,-s_w nsel,a,loc,y,s_w nsel,r,loc,z,-1e-9,1e-9 d,all,pres nsel,all nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l d,all,ux d,all,uy d,all,uz allsel nsel,s,loc,z,s_t sf,all,pres,app_pres allsel !Apply pressure at boundary
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!Pulldown stage
!Setup release time !Set release voltage across !only limited time here !Long grinding period here, reduce result steps so we don't go !over 1000 results.
!Let Autotimestep run here !to better capture the overshoot movement on release !After initial snapback, !increase timestep as overshoot decays.
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From the modal squeeze and stiffness coefficients for the main diagonal terms (source mode = target mode), other useful damping parameters can be calculated. For example, the modal damping ratio, , and the modal squeeze to stiffness ratio, kri, can be computed by: i = Cii /(2imi ) kri = K ii / i2
Where mi is the modal mass and i the eigenfrequency. The damping ratio can be used to compute ALPHAD and BETAD parameters for Rayleigh damping (see ABEXTRACT command), or to specify constant and modal damping by means of the DMPRAT or MDAMP commands. The squeeze to stiffness ratio represents the relative stiffening of the mechanical system due to fluid compression and resonance shift. If the squeeze-to-stiffness ratio is small (e.g., <.02), then the squeeze stiffness affects the structural stiffness by less than 2%, which may be negligible. At higher frequencies, the ratio can be much larger, indicating a significant stiffening of the structure. The stiffness and damping coefficients may be strongly frequency-dependent. Figure 1.12 (p. 202) shows a typical frequency dependency of the squeeze and damping forces on a flat plate, and the resulting stiffness and damping constant. The frequency where the forces intersect is known as the cut-off frequency. Below this frequency, structures may be accurately characterized by a constant damping coefficient, and stiffness effects can be ignored. Structures which operate far above the cut-off can be described by a constant stiffness coefficient, and damping effects can be ignored.
Figure 1.12 Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate
1.3.2. Steps in Computing the Damping Parameter Using the Modal Projection Technique
The basic steps in performing the analysis are as follows: 1. 202 Build a structural and thin-film fluid model and mesh.
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1.3.2. Steps in Computing the Damping Parameter Using the Modal Projection Technique 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Perform a modal analysis on the structure. Extract the desired mode eigenvectors. Select the desired modes for damping parameter calculations. Perform a harmonic analysis on the thin-film elements. Compute the modal squeeze stiffness and damping parameters. Compute modal damping ratio and squeeze stiffness coefficient. Display the results.
Steps 4-7 have been automated using the DMPEXT command macro. Step 8 is available through the MDPLOT command macro.
The expanded eigenmodes will compute the necessary eigenvectors required for the modal projection technique. Note: The thin-film fluid elements may be left active in the model when performing the modal analysis. These elements will not contribute to the modal solution.
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Chapter 1: Thin Film Analysis (j)). For transverse motion with nonuniform gaps, or asymmetric plate motion, mode interaction effects (cross-talk) can be significant and should be computed (source mode .ne. target mode). Typical cross-talk scenarios are shown in Figure 1.13 (p. 204).
Damping parameter extraction can be selected over a desired frequency range or at the eigenfrequencies of the structure. Damping results are computed and stored in an array parameter. Computed damping ratios may be used in subsequent dynamic structural analyses. A constant damping ratio can be applied using DMPRAT for a subsequent harmonic or mode-superposition transient analysis. Mode damping ratios may be applied using the MDAMP command for use in mode-superposition harmonic and transient analyses. Note: Subsequent structural analysis using these damping parameters do not require the thin-film fluid elements in the model. The command macro ABEXTRACT (like DMPEXT) extracts alpha and beta damping parameters for use in the ALPHAD and BETAD commands. These commands define Rayleigh damping and can be used in timetransient structural analysis to model damping effects. The damping parameters are computed from two modes defined by the user. The command macro MDPLOT may be used to display the frequency-dependent damping parameters.
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1.3.3. Example Problem Using the Modal Projection Method Table 1.4: Modal Damping Parameters for First Two Eigenfrequencies (p. 205) lists the results from the damping parameter extraction. Computed Rayleigh parameters are: ALPHAD=65212, BETAD=1.829e-8. The input file for this example is shown below.
mp,visc,1,visc ! Dynamic viscosity gap mp,visc,2,visc ! Dynamic viscosity holes mp,ex,3,79e3 ! Gold mp,dens,3,19300e-18 mp,nuxy,3,.1
rectng,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w pcirc,c_r agen,3,2,,,-s_l1/3 agen,3,2,,,s_l1/3 ASBA, 1, all TYPE, 1 MAT, 1 smrtsize,4 AMESH, all
! Begin Hole generation *do,i,1,5 nsel,all *GET, numb, node, , num, max N, numb+1,-s_l1+i*s_l1/3,, N, numb+2,-s_l1+i*s_l1/3,, s_t
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nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l nsel,a,loc,y,-s_w nsel,a,loc,y,s_w nsel,r,loc,z,-1e-9,1e-9 d,all,pres ! Fix pressure at outer plate boundary nsel,all esel,s,type,,2 nsle,s,1 nsel,r,loc,z,s_t d,all,pres,0 dlist,all esel,s,type,,1 nsle,s,1 nsel,u,cp,,1,5 cm,FLUN,node allsel nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l d,all,ux d,all,uy d,all,uz allsel fini /solu antype,modal modopt,lanb,2 eqslv,sparse mxpand,2 solve fini /post1 RMFLVEC fini /solu
! Modal analysis ! Extract lowest two eigenmodes ! Expand lowest two eigenmodes
! Extract eigenvectors
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A transient dynamic analysis on the switch can be performed using the extracted damping parameters. The following input illustrates a coupled electrostatic-structural time-transient solution. The electrostatic field is assumed to be normal to the plate in the gap, and fringing effects are ignored. TRANS126 elements are used to model the coupled electrostatic-structural interaction with the switch. The EMTGEN command is used to generate the transducer elements. A step voltage pulse is applied over a short duration (65 micro-seconds) then released. Rayleigh damping parameters, when used, are applied to the global mass (ALPHAD parameter) and stiffness (BETAD parameter) matrices. We want to apply these only to the mass and stiffness matrix of the SOLID185 elements, and not the TRANS126 elements, because doing so may overdamp the system. The TRANS126 elements produce a damping matrix and a stiffness matrix only. Hence, we can use the ALPHAD parameter for the global mass matrix since there is no contribution from the TRANS126 elements. To isolate the SOLID185 elements for beta damping, we can apply the beta damping via a material damping option (MP,DAMP). Figure 1.14 (p. 208) illustrates the displacement of a node near the center of the plate over time. The maximum amplitude of displacement (0.11 microns) is small enough to ignore large deflection damping effects.
/batch,list /PREP7 /title, Damped Transient Dynamic Response of an RF MEMS switch /com uMKS units /com, Small deflection assumption et,1,200,6 ET,3,185,,3 s_l=100 s_l1=60 s_w=20 s_t=1 c_r=3 d_el=2 pamb=.1 visc=18.3e-12 pref=.1 mfp=64e-3 Knud=mfp/d_el mp,ex,3,79e3 mp,dens,3,19300e-18 mp,nuxy,3,.1 mp,damp,1,1.829e-8 ! Build the model rectng,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w pcirc,c_r agen,3,2,,,-s_l1/3 agen,3,2,,,s_l1/3 ASBA, 1, all TYPE, 1 MAT, 1 smrtsize,4 AMESH, all esize,,2 type,3 mat,3 real,3 vext,all,,,,,s_t nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l nsel,a,loc,x,s_l d,all,ux d,all,uy d,all,uz
! Structural element Plate length (um) Plate hole location Plate width Plate thickness Hole radius Gap ! ambient pressure (MPa) ! viscosity kg/(um)(s) ! Reference pressure (MPa) ! mean free path (um) ! Knudsen number ! Gold ! ! ! ! ! !
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allsel aclear,all save nsel,s,loc,z cm,base,nodes emtgen,'base',,,'uz',-d_el ! generate Transducer elements allsel,all nsel,s,loc,z,-d_el d,all,uz,0 d,all,volt,0 cmsel,s,base d,all,volt,10 allsel,all fini /solu antyp,trans alphad,65211 ! alpha damping computed from Squeeze-film theory kbc,1 time,.000065 deltime,2.0e-6 outres,all,none outres,nsol,all solve time,.0002 cmsel,s,base d,all,volt,0 allsel,all solve fini n1=node(0,2,0) /post26 nsol,2,n1,uz prvar,2 plvar,2 finish
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1.4. Slide Film Damping Update an existing real constant table according to structural displacements for every FLUID136 element (large signal case).
This option allows you to check the dependence of the damping parameters over the deflection range of the structure.
where is the fluid density, the dynamic viscosity and d the gap separation. Couette flow does not occur at high frequencies, because inertial effects are important and viscous friction is only able to accelerate a thin fluid layer near the moving surface. The penetration depth is given by = 2
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High frequencies:
sinh cosh
( ) + sin( ) ( ) - cos( 2 )
2d 2d 2d d
FLUID139 models the effect of viscous flow in the thin film with a series of mass-damper elements, as shown in Figure 1.16 (p. 211). Couette flow is modeled using a two-node option. Stokes flow is modeled using a 32node option. In the 32-node option, the end nodes (node 1 and 32) are connected to the structural portion of the model with structural degrees of freedom, and the series of mass-damper elements are contained within "auxiliary" nodes (nodes 2-31). The gap separation distance (GAP) and the overlap area of the surfaces (AREA) are specified as real constants for FLUID139. If the overlap area changes during the analysis, the area change rate (DADU) must also be specified as a real constant. A changing overlap area is typical in lateral comb drives. A new = A initial + dA (un ui ) du
AREA is the initial overlap area, DADU is the change in the overlap area with respect to the surface displacement, and un and ui are the location of the interface nodes (1 and 32). Note: For a constant surface area, DADU is the width of the overlap surface. FLUID139 may be used for a prestress static analysis in conjunction with a prestress harmonic analysis, as well as a full transient analysis. Prestress analysis is required if the plate area changes due to the structural displacement. A typical command sequence for a prestress harmonic analysis would include the following:
/solu antyp,static pstress,on . .
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KEYOPT(3) specifies the continuous flow options. For a no-slip assumption at the wall, use the continuum theory (KEYOPT(3) = 0). For slip flow where the Knudsen number is much less or much greater than 1.0, use the first order slip flow condition (KEYOPT(3) = 1). For slip flow with a Knudsen number of approximately 1.0, use the extended slip flow option (KEYOPT(3) = 2).
KEYOPT(2)=1 and KEYOPT(3)=0 First wall I I+1 I+2 TK I+3 I+29 I+30 I+31 Second wall I+32
Node I KEYOPT(2)=1 and KEYOPT(3)=1 First wall TK I I+1 I+2 I+3 I+29 I+30
Node I
Node J
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Details on the comb drive geometry are given in the input file listed below. The electrostatic behavior of the moving comb drives are represented by two TRANS126 transducer elements with prescribed Stroke vs. Capacitance data obtained from finite element runs. The structural behavior of the crab legs is modeled by a spring element. The inertial effects of the central mass are modeled with a mass element. Damping occurs between the comb teeth (lateral dimension), and between the comb teeth and the substrate (vertical dimension). Four FLUID139 elements are used to model the lateral and vertical damping (two per comb drive). The cut-off frequency is well below the frequency range for the analysis; therefore, Couette flow is assumed. Since the comb drive effective surface area changes with displacement, the DADU real constant is used (equal to the width of the plate area). A static prestress analysis is run using a DC bias voltage on the input and output fixed comb drives. A harmonic analysis sweep is then performed using a small AC voltage. The displacement (magnitude and phase angle) of the central mass is shown in Figure 1.18 (p. 212). Figure 1.19 (p. 213) shows the current.
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
DRIVE COMB | | CRAB LEG SPRING --- CENTRAL MASS --- CRAB LEG SPRING | | PICK-UP COMB
! Reference: ! "Microelectromechanical Filters for Signal Processing", ! Lin, L., Howe, R.T., J. Microelectromechanical Systems, ! VOL 7, No. 3, Sept 1998 ! beam parameters (uMKS units) E = 190e3 d = 2.33e-15 hb = 2 wb = 2 Lb = 100 k = 5.699 ! comb parameter n= 9 np=n*2 x0= 10 L0= 26 L=20 gi= L0-x0 w= 4 h= hb gp=3 g= 3 Mr = 1.96563e-11 ! Lateral gap area areal=np*h*x0 ! Vertical gap area areav=n*w*x0 ! Stroke vs. Capacitance data x1 cx1 x2 cx2 x3 cx3 x4 = = = = = = = 14 0.97857e-2 15 0.96669e-2 16 0.95445e-2 17
!Young modulus ! density ! beam thickness ! beam width ! beam length ! mechanical stiffness
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
number of finger number of finger pairs initial finger overlap finger length (stator comb) finger length (moving comb) initial gap finger width finger thickness finger gap (lateral) comb gap (vertical) mass
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! Lateral dampers et,4,139 ! Slide-film damper, Couette flow, Continuum theory mp,visc,4,nu mp,dens,4,dens r,4,g,areal,-dadul,po type,4 mat,4 real,4 e,1,2 e,2,3 ! Vertical dampers r,5,g,areav,-daduv,po real,5 e,1,2 e,2,3
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Index
A
acceleration, 129 ACEL command, 43, 129 acoustic analysis, 165 load step options, 175 loads for, 172 reviewing results from, 176 acoustics, 165 absolute pressure, 165 absorbing boundary condition, 167 amplitude, 172 applications of, 165 axisymmetric cases, 167 boundary admittance, 167 circular or spherical boundary (RAD), 167 compressible fluid, 165 coupled acoustic analysis, 165 coupling matrix, 177 definition of, 165 density, 167 far-field problems, 177 fluid load, 177 fluid-structure interaction, 165, 177 fluid-structure interface, 170 forcing frequency, 172 harmonic acoustic analysis, 166 infinite acoustic elements, 167 inviscid fluid, 165 mean pressure, 165 meshing the model, 168 modal analysis, 165 outgoing pressure wave, 167 particle velocity, 165 pressure changes, 165 pressure gradient, 165 sample fluid-structure acoustic analysis (batch), 177 sample room acoustic analysis, 179 solving acoustics problems, 165 sound-absorption material, 179 speed of sound (SONC), 167 standing wave pattern, 179 transient acoustic analysis, 165 uncoupled acoustic analysis, 165 unsymmetric matrices, 171 wavelength, 169 adiabatic boundaries, 40 advection limit, 60 advection term, 161 ambient radiation, 40
amplitude, 172 analysis options acoustics, 171 analysis type acoustics, 165 Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis, 79 boundary conditions, 81 mesh updating, 83 remeshing, 84 arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis example problems, 87 artificial viscosity, 105 axis of rotation, 135
B
backward time integration method, 59 Bingham viscosity model, 119, 123, 131 boundary conditions, 104 FLOTRAN analysis, 11 laminar and turbulent flow, 33 thermal analysis, 40 transient analysis, 62 bulk temperature, 42 buoyancy, 43
C
Carreau viscosity model, 119, 123, 131 CGLOC command, 135 CGOMEGA command, 135 collocated Galerkin approach, 46, 161 compressible flow analysis, 4, 23, 103 compressible fluid, 165 conduction limit, 60 conductivity matrix algorithm, 44 conjugate heat transfer, 4, 44 convergence, 60, 140 coordinate systems, 133 Couette flow, 209 coupled acoustic analysis, 165 coupling algorithms, 145 cross-talk, 203
D
D command, 33, 81, 136, 153 DA command, 33, 81 database backing up, 176 density, 39, 119 displacements, 174 distributed resistance, 136 divergence, 105
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Index DL command, 33, 81 drag, 38 artificial viscosity, 16 boundary conditions, 11 characterizing flow, 25 compressible flow, 4, 103 compressible flow analysis, 10 convergence, 13, 17 convergence and stability tools, 15 coordinate systems, 7 divergence, 20 DOF capping, 16 domain file, 14 element characteristics, 7 element limitations, 8 evaluating, 20 examining results, 12 files, 12 flow regime, 10 fluid properties, 117 free surface, 4 global iterations, 17 graphical solution tracking, 17 incompressible flow, 4 inertial relaxation, 15 laminar flow, 4 meshing, 11 modified inertial relaxation, 15 multiple species transport, 4 nodal residuals file file, 13 non-Newtonian fluid flow, 4 overview, 10 overwrite frequency option, 12 print file, 13 problem domain, 10 quadrature order, 16 relaxation factors, 15 residuals, 13 restart file, 13 restarting, 14 results file, 12 setting parameters, 11 solvers, 139 solving, 11 special features, 133 stopping, 19 thermal analysis, 4, 39 transient analysis, 59 turbulence model, 10, 17 turbulent flow, 4 types, 3 verifying results, 20 flow regime thin film, 188
E
effective viscosity, 24 elements FLOTRAN, 7 example problems arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis, 87 compressible flow, 106 incompressible flow, 38 modal projection method, 204 multiple species, 154 slide film, 211 squeeze film, 191 thermal analysis, 47 volume of fluid analysis, 70
F
files Jobname.RST, 176 FLDATA1 command, 25, 39, 59 FLDATA10 command, 120 FLDATA11 command, 120 FLDATA12 command, 126, 131 FLDATA13 command, 43, 126 FLDATA14 command, 42, 103, 126 FLDATA15 command, 129 FLDATA17 command, 103, 129 FLDATA18 command, 44, 139 FLDATA19 command, 140 FLDATA20 command, 140141 FLDATA21 command, 140 FLDATA22 command, 140 FLDATA23 command, 140 FLDATA24 command, 25, 33, 36, 161 FLDATA25 command, 43, 161 FLDATA31 command, 36 FLDATA33 command, 161 FLDATA34 command, 36, 161 FLDATA35 command, 68 FLDATA36 command, 67 FLDATA37 command, 44, 145 FLDATA38 command, 59 FLDATA4 command, 61, 69 FLDATA4A command, 5960 FLDATA7 command, 117, 119, 130, 150 FLDATA8 command, 120 FLDATA9 command, 120 FLOCHECK command, 62 FLOTRAN analysis applications, 3 218
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Index fluid analyses acoustics, 165 (see acoustics) slide film, 209 squeeze film, 185 thin film, 185 fluid properties initializing and varying, 126 specifying, 117 tables, 120 user-defined file, 118, 127 user-programmable subroutines, 118, 132 fluid property types, 117 fluid-structure interaction, 165, 174, 177 fluid-structure interface, 170 forced convection, 4, 43 forces, 174 forcing frequency, 172 free convection, 43 free surface analysis, 4
K
KEYOPT command, 133, 151 Knudsen number, 188
L
laminar flow, 4, 23, 25 large signal cases, 208 lift, 38 load step options acoustics, 175 loads, 40, 171
M
mass imbalances, 33 mass types, 59 material model interface, 4 meshing, 32, 39 FLOTRAN analysis, 11 mixture types, 149 modal projection method, 201 modified inertial relaxation, 153 moments, 174 monotone Streamline Upwind approach, 46 monotone streamline upwind approach, 161 moving wall, 33 MP command, 39, 117 MSADV command, 161 MSCAP command, 153 MSDATA command, 150151 MSMETH command, 153 MSNOMF command, 150 MSPROP command, 152 MSRELAX command, 153 MSSOLU command, 153 MSSPEC command, 149150, 152 multiple species transport, 4, 149
G
generalized symmetry boundary conditions, 33, 81 global iterations, 60, 140 gravitational acceleration, 129
H
harmonic acoustic analysis, 166 harmonic acoustic analysis guidelines, 166 heat balance, 4647 heat fluxes, 40 heat transfer (film) coefficients, 40 hydraulic diameter, 24
I
IC command, 150 ICE command, 66 ICVFRC command, 66 impedance, 174 incompressible flow analysis, 4, 23 boundary conditions, 33 difficult problems, 36 example problem, 38 meshing requirements, 32 inertial relaxation, 106 infinite acoustic elements, 167 inlet parameters, 25 inlet values, 33 intersections, 33 INTSRF command, 38
N
natural convection, 4 Newmark time integration method, 59 non-fluid properties, 39, 117 non-Newtonian fluid flow analysis, 4, 130 non-Newtonian viscosity models, 119, 123
P
particle velocity, 165 PERI command, 33 periodic boundaries, 33 /PICE command, 66 PLVFRC command, 69 power law viscosity model, 119, 123, 130 219
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Index preconditioned bicgstab solver, 143 preconditioned generalized minimum residual solver, 141 pressure gradient, 165 pressure surface loads, 174 pressure wave limit, 60 property calculations, 103 property types, 117, 120 symmetry boundary, 33
T
temperature equation, 39 temperature field algorithm, 44 temperature load, 40 temperature offset, 126 thermal analysis, 4 example problems, 47 loads and boundary conditions, 40 property specifications, 39 thermal boundary conditions, 40 thermal conductivity, 39, 119, 125 thin film analysis, 185 Couette vs. Stokes flow, 209 cross-talk, 203 flow regime, 188 large signal cases, 208 modal projection method, 201 slide film, 209 squeeze film, 185 time steps, 60 TOFFST command, 126, 129 total temperature, 103 transient analysis, 59 boundary conditions, 62 settings, 60 terminating, 61 tri-diagonal matrix algorithm, 140 turbulence model, 2425 turbulence ratio, 25, 36 turbulent flow, 4, 23 turbulent kinetic energy, 25, 33
R
radiosity solver method, 47 ratio of specific heats, 103, 129 reference pressure, 129 reference properties, 129 relaxation factors, 43, 153 reviewing results acoustics, 176 Reynolds number, 24 rotating reference frames, 135 rotational speeds, 135
S
sample acoustic analysis batch method, 177 search directions, 140 semi-direct solvers, 140 SFE command, 67 SFL command, 67 SIMPLEF algorithm, 145 SIMPLEN algorithm, 145 slide film, 185, 209 solution, 171 Solvers, 139, 171 sparse direct solver, 143, 171 species mass fractions, 150 specific heat, 39, 103, 118, 124 specified flow, 33 specified pressure, 33 squeeze film, 185 squeeze film analysis harmonic analysis, 187 static analysis, 187 transient analysis, 188 squeeze stiffness effect, 185 stationary wall, 33 stepped or ramped loads, 175 Stokes flow, 209 streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin approach, 46, 161 surface tension coefficient, 65, 117, 119, 125 surface-to-surface radiation, 40, 47 Sutherland's law, 123 swirl, 136 220
U
uncoupled acoustic analysis, 165 units, 117 unspecified boundary, 33
V
variable density option, 43 velocity capping, 36 viscosity, 39 Bingham model, 119, 123, 131 Carreau model, 119, 123, 131 effective, 24 power law model, 119, 123, 130 viscous heating, 43 volume of fluid analysis, 65 boundary conditions, 67 example problems, 70
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W
wall roughness, 33 wall static contact angle, 117, 119, 126
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