IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO.

1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012 199

Performance Enhancement of Stand-Alone DFIG
Systems With Control of Rotor and Load Side
Converters Using Resonant Controllers
Van-Tung Phan, Member, IEEE, and Hong-Hee Lee, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, the control of a stand-alone doubly
fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind power conversion
systemwith unbalanced and nonlinear loads is investigated. Under
these load conditions, the quality of stator voltage and current
waveforms of the DFIG is strongly affected due to the negative
and distorted components, reducing the performance of other
normal loads connected to the DFIG. To tackle this problem, the
control strategy is comprehensively developed in both rotor-side
converter (RSC) and load-side converter (LSC) of the DFIG. The
LSCis used as an active power lter to compensate for unbalanced
and distorted stator currents whereas the RSC is developed to
fully eliminate unbalanced and harmonic voltages at the point of
common coupling. The proposed compensation method is based on
current controllers in either the RSC or the LSC, which employ
a proportional integral plus a resonant controller. These current
controllers are controlled in the positive synchronous reference
frame so that the rotor current and stator current are directly
regulated without decomposing sequential components. Analytical
issues on how to eliminate unbalanced and distorted components
in the stator voltage and current are also described in this paper.
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, ex-
perimental results with 2.2-kW DFIG topology are presented and
discussed in the paper.
Index TermsDoubly fed induction generator (DFIG), har-
monic compensation, nonlinear load, PIR controller, stand-alone
DFIG, unbalanced load.
NOMENCLATURE
v
s
, v
r
Induced stator voltage and rotor voltage.
v
P
Stator output voltage at the PCC.
v
N
Nonlinear voltage drop on stator impedance.
i
N
Nonlinear load current.
v
U
Unbalanced voltage drop on stator impedance.
i
U
Unbalanced load current.
i
s
, i
r
, i
ms
Stator, rotor, and stator magnetizing current.

s
,
r
Stator and rotor uxes.
L
s
, L
r
, L
m
Stator, rotor, and mutual inductances.
Manuscript received August 18, 2011; accepted November 1, 2011. Date of
publication November 11, 2011; date of current version January 20, 2012. Paper
2011-ESC-444, presented at the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies, Kandy, Sri Lanka, December 69, and approved
for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
by the Energy Systems Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society.
V.-T. Phan is with Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639-798
(e-mail: tungvp@yahoo.com).
H.-H. Lee is with the University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea (e-mail:
hhlee@mail.ulsan.ac.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIA.2011.2175883
R
s
, R
r
Stator and rotor resistances.

s
,
r
,
sl
Synchronous, rotational rotor, and slip speeds.

s
,
r
,
sl
Synchronous, rotational rotor, and slip angles.
Total leakage factor.
d/dt, Differential operator and error value.
Superscripts
+, Positive, negative frames.
5, 7 Fifth and seventh frames.
s, r Stator and rotor reference frames.
Reference value.
Subscripts
+, Positive, negative components.
d, q Synchronous rotating dq axes.
s, r Stator, rotor.
, Stationary axes.
1, 5, 7 Fundamental, fth, and seventh components.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE DEVELOPMENT of wind energy conversion systems
(WECS) has received much more attention in research
communities as well as industries than ever. This has been
demonstrated by an ever-increasing number of technical papers
published and several types of newcommercial wind turbines of
manufacturers released over the past decade. Among variable-
speed constant-frequency wind turbines, a doubly fed induc-
tion generator (DFIG) has been known as a signicant source
for generation of electricity from wind due to its advantages
[1][14]. The control and operation of DFIG systems have been
primarily focused on grid-connected applications in the last
decade considering modeling and control [1][4], direct power
control [5][7], ride-through capability [8], [9], unbalanced grid
network [10][12], and distorted grid voltage [13], [14]. In
particular, when unbalanced voltage or harmonic distortions
occur, high current together with torque and power oscillations
caused by negative sequence or harmonic components during
continuous operation could damage the generator. Therefore,
several studies [10][14] proposed control techniques taking
into account compensating unbalanced and distorted distur-
bances to deal with this problem.
However, there are less technical articles considering stand-
alone operation of a WECS, while a number of isolated cus-
tomer loads have been signicant. There are many kinds of
isolated loads such as remote villages, electric ships, mili-
tary equipments, etc., which necessarily require a stand-alone
generating system to supply power demand. The majority of
0093-9994/$26.00 2011 IEEE
200 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012
Fig. 1. Proposed control scheme of a stand-alone DFIG-based WECS supplying unbalanced and nonlinear loads.
stand-alone wind energy systems developed in the literature
employs a squirrel-cage asynchronous induction generator with
xed-speed operation [15]. Meanwhile, there are not many
publications associated with stand-alone DFIG applications but
a little literature presented in [16][23]. The most important
characteristic of a stand-alone DFIG is that the system itself
has to generate a constant voltage and frequency in the stator
side irrespective of varying rotor speed due to wind speeds and
varying consumer loads. Therefore, voltage and frequency con-
trol in the stator of a stand-alone DFIG is extremely mandatory
to ensure overall satisfactory performance.
In reality, consumer loads contain both unbalanced loads and
nonlinear loads such as diode or thyristor rectiers, which cause
unbalanced or distorted current and voltage waveforms in the
stator and at the point of common coupling (PCC) of a DFIG.
Therefore, if these inuences are not taken into account and
fully compensated, the operational efciency of DFIG genera-
tion systems is strongly affected, degrading the performance of
other loads connecting to the PCC. Several control strategies
developed are aimed to eliminate these negative impacts. In
[18], a compensation method using both positive and negative
reference frames implemented in the load-side converter (LSC)
was proposed to compensate for unbalanced voltage at the
PCC of a DFIG. However, the drawback of this approach is
that the control method needs extraction process of positive
and negative sequence components that lead to instability in
closed-loop current control. Under nonlinear loads, the PCC
stator voltage of a DFIGbecomes distorted waveforms with odd
harmonics 6n 1(n = 1, 2, . . .) multiples of the synchronous
frequency. Among them, fth and seventh harmonic compo-
nents are the most severe ones that need to be eliminated.
Meanwhile, the stator current contains much more high-order
harmonic components to be compensated. A novel and simple
sensorless control scheme for a stand-alone DFIG generation
system was introduced in [23] where the active power lter
concept was utilized in the LSC to eliminate harmonic compo-
nents. However, the use of a conventional proportional integral
(PI) controller in inner current control loops to regulate non-dc
reference currents signicantly reduces the control accuracy.
Therefore, in this paper, an improved current controller,
which combines a PI and a resonant controller (PIR) devel-
oped in many applications [24][30], is proposed to control a
stand-alone DFIG under unbalanced and nonlinear loads. The
proposed control strategy is developed in both the LSC and
the rotor-side converter (RSC) so as to compensate unbalanced
and harmonic components of the stator current and stator
voltage at the PCC. The control scheme is implemented in
the positive synchronous reference frame in which the positive
and negative sequence components under unbalanced loads are
precisely regulated by a single PIR controller tuned at double
synchronous frequency. Meanwhile, the positive component
and a pair of harmonics 6n 1 under nonlinear loads are
controlled by a single PIR controller tuned at 6n multiple of
synchronous frequency. The main contributions of this paper
are the following.
The whole control system including the RSC and LSC is
fully investigated to enhance control performance of the
stand-alone DFIG under unbalanced/nonlinear loads.
Unbalanced and distorted stator current is compensated by
a control scheme developed in the LSC, whereas unbal-
anced and distorted stator output voltage at the PCC is to-
tally compensated by a rotor current controller developed
in the RSC.
The novelty of the proposed PIR current controller im-
plemented in the positive synchronous reference frame
is that: 1) No sequential sequence decomposition for the
rotor current in the RSC is required. 2) One single PIR
controller is capable of compensating both positive and
negative sequence components or one pair of harmonics
6n 1.
The proposed control scheme is validated by means of exper-
imental results presented in the paper.
II. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Fig. 1 shows a general conguration of a stand-alone DFIG
supplying unbalanced loads or nonlinear loads. The control
scheme includes a back-to-back converter composed of the
RSCand the LSC, which are controlled by DSP controllers. The
LSC is connected to the stator side via a transformer to match
two voltage levels between the PCC and the dc-link voltage.
The purpose of the LSC is to control the dc-link voltage regard-
less of power owdirection through the RSCand to compensate
for unbalanced and distorted stator currents caused by loads. In
this situation, the LSC plays a fundamental role as an active
power lter in the system. Meanwhile, the RSC is connected
to the rotor side of the DFIG to control the rotor current so as
to fully eliminate unbalanced and harmonic component in the
PHAN AND LEE: PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF DFIG SYSTEMS WITH CONTROL OF ROTOR AND LOAD SIDE CONVERTERS 201
Fig. 2. Connection interface between the DFIG and various load conditions.
(a) With unbalanced loads. (b) With nonlinear loads.
DFIG stator voltage at the PCC. The control philosophy of the
RSC will be explained in detail in the Section II.
In addition, a ltering capacitor C (50 F each phase) is
equipped with the stator terminals for the following functions:
1) reducing stator output voltage ripples; 2) providing a part
of excitation current for the DFIG; 3) ltering high-frequency
components produced by the rotor PWM inverter due to the
commutation noise. Three inductors L (2mH each phase) are
connected between the LSC and the PCC.
A. Impact of Unbalanced Loads and Nonlinear Loads on
Stand-Alone DFIG Performance
The unbalanced load tested with the control scheme is a
Y-connected three-phase load. When connected to the PCC of
the DFIG (shown in Fig. 1), this load type regularly causes
unbalanced stator current and unbalanced stator voltage at the
PCC. This is due to the effect of unbalanced load current (i
U
)
drawn by the unbalance load. Fig. 2(a) shows the connection
interface between the stator side of a DFIG and various loads,
including an unbalanced load. R
s
and L
s
are stator resistance
and inductance of the DFIG and are considered as the internal
stator impedance of the machine. The relationship between
induced stator voltage (v
s
), unbalanced voltage drop (v
U
), and
PCC voltage (v
P
) is determined based on Fig. 2(a) as
v
P
= v
s
v
U
= v
s
R
s
i
s
L
s
di
s
dt
. (1)
This voltage is composed of the positive and negative se-
quence components, presented by
v
P
=
_
v
s
R
s
i
s+
L
s
di
s+
dt
_
. .
Positive voltage

_
R
s
i
s
+ L
s
di
s
dt
_
. .
Negative voltage
.
(2)
Due to the negative sequence component (i
s
), the stator
current of DFIG becomes unbalanced. This current is also the
main reason to cause the negative voltage component of PCC
stator voltage, described in (2).
On the other hand, nonlinear loads under consideration are
diode front-end rectiers, which are widely used in power
converters and ac machine drives with a dc-link capacitor. As
mentioned above, such a nonlinear load causes a distorted
voltage waveform (v
P
) at the PCC due to the nonlinear load
current (i
N
). These voltages include odd harmonics with or-
der 6n 1(n = 1, 2, . . .) multiples of synchronous frequency
(
s
). Among these odd harmonics, however, fth and seventh
harmonic components are the most severe ones that need to
be rejected. Similar to unbalanced load condition, the voltage
relationship at the PCC in Fig. 2(b) is presented as
v
P
= v
s
v
NS
= v
s
R
s
i
s
L
s
di
s
dt
. (3)
Considering both synchronous and harmonic components of
stator current (i
s
), (3) yields
v
P
=
_
v
s
R
s
i
s1
L
s
di
s1
dt
_
. .
Fundamental voltage

R
s

h=1
i
sh
+L
s

h=1
di
sh
dt

. .
Harmonic voltages
.
(4)
Based on the analysis above, the proposed control scheme
has two main targets.
1) The unbalanced/distorted stator current in (3) and (4) is
compensated by using a control algorithm in the LSC
2) The stator current after compensating partly eliminates
the negative voltage and harmonic voltages of the PCC
voltage in (3) and (4). However, due to the limited control
variables of the LSC, it is not straightforward to simul-
taneously control the dc-link voltage and compensate
the stator current. Therefore, to enhance compensation
performance, a proposed rotor current control scheme is
developed in the RSC so as to produce a proper induced
stator voltage (v
s
) that compensates unbalanced (v
U
) or
nonlinear (v
NS
) voltage drops. As a result, a balanced
and pure sinusoidal stator voltage at the PCC is totally
obtained despite the effect of such severe load conditions.
B. Relationship of Control Variables in Various
Reference Frames
The proposed control scheme in the RSC and LSC is im-
plemented in the positive synchronous reference frame. Con-
sequently, it is necessary to show the relationship of control
variables in various reference frames. Fig. 3 presents a block
diagram that represents the spatial relationship between var-
ious reference frames including a stationary reference frame
(
s

s
), a rotor reference frame (
r

r
), a positive synchronous
reference frame (dq
+
) rotating with an angular speed of
s
, a
negative synchronous reference frame (dq

) rotating with an
angular speed of
s
, a positive seventh harmonic reference
frame (dq
7
) rotating with an angular speed of 7
s
, and a
202 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012
Fig. 3. Relationship of control variable vector F in various reference frames.
negative fth harmonic reference frame (dq
5
) rotating with an
angular speed 5
s
. The vector F stands for voltage, current,
torque, power, or ux of an electric generator. The relationship
between the vector F in various reference frames in Fig. 3 is
shown as
F

s
=F
7
dq
e
j7
s
t
= F
5
dq
e
j5
s
t
F
+
dq
=F

s
e
j
s
t
= F

dq
e
j2
s
t
. (5)
Under unbalanced loads, the vector F in the positive refer-
ence frame is composed of both positive and negative sequence
components, expressed as
F
+
dq
= F
+
dq+
+ F
+
dq
= F
+
dq+
+ F

dq
e
j2
s
t
. (6)
While for nonlinear loads, the vector F in the positive
synchronous reference frame is composed of the fundamental,
fth, and seventh harmonic components, determined as
F
+
dq
=F
+
dq1
+ F
+
dq5
+ F
+
dq7
=F
+
dq1
+ F
5
dq5
e
j6
s
t
+ F
7
dq7
e
j6
s
t
.
(7)
It can be observed in (6) and (7) that under unbalanced or
nonlinear loads, all control variables used in the positive syn-
chronous reference frame consist of both dc and ac components
with double and six multiples of synchronous frequency. To
obtain highly accurate control, the PIR is employed in the
control scheme to regulate ac control variables instead of a
conventional PI controller. The following sections will inves-
tigate the control and operation of the RSC and LSC employing
a PIR current controller to obtain the control purpose, i.e.,
improving output performance of the DFIG under unbalanced
and nonlinear loads.
III. CONTROL OF THE RSC
The main objective of the RSC is to compensate for unbal-
anced and harmonic stator voltage of the DFIG at the PCC. The
compensation method is subject to the control of rotor current in
the positive synchronous reference frame with a PIR controller.
A proper rotor current induces a proper stator voltage in the ma-
chine, which helps compensate unbalanced or harmonic voltage
drop on the stator internal impedance. The selection of resonant
frequency for each PIR controller is dependent on which kind
of load to be used. The following content is detailed description
of the proposed control scheme corresponding to unbalanced
loads or nonlinear loads. Before that, dynamic DFIG model in
the positive synchronous reference frame is described as
v
+
sdq
=R
s
i
+
sdq
+
d
+
sdq
dt
+ j
s

+
sdq
(8)
v
+
rdq
=R
r
i
+
rdq
+
d
+
rdq
dt
+ j(
s

r
)
+
rdq
(9)

+
sdq
=L
s
i
+
sdq
+ L
m
i
+
rdq
(10)

+
rdq
=L
r
i
+
rdq
+ L
m
i
+
sdq
. (11)
The RSC is a current-controlled PWM voltage source con-
verter where the rotor current is controlled by a reference
rotor voltage. From (8)(11), the rotor voltage in the positive
synchronous reference frame can be expressed with various
components as
v
+
rdq
= R
r
i
+
rdq
+ L
r
di
+
rdq
dt
+
L
m
L
s
d
+
sdq
dt
+ j
+
sl
_
L
m
L
s

+
sdq
+ L
r
i
+
rdq
_
(12)
where = 1 (L
2
m
/L
r
L
s
),
+
sl
=
s

r
.
For grid-connected applications, the stator magnetizing cur-
rent is supplied from either the RSC or the grid, whereas in
stand-alone DFIG applications the stator magnetizing current
(i
ms
) is supplied directly from the RSC by a d-axis rotor
current (i
+
rd+
). Consequently, the magnitude of stator voltage
can be regulated by controlling by this current. The equations
expressing the dynamic and the steady-state behavior of the
magnetizing current of the DFIG are given as

s
di
ms
dt
+ i
ms
=i
+
rd+
+
(1 +
s
)
R
s
v
+
sd+
i
ms
=i
+
rd+
+ (1 +
s
)i
+
sd+
(13)
where
s
= L
s
/R
s
and
s
= L
s
/L
m
1 are the electrical time
constant of stator circuit and stator leakage factor, respectively.
Based on the DFIG model above, a proposed compensation
method for unbalanced and nonlinear loads connected to the
DFIG should be easily developed. The control philosophy of
control scheme in the RSC is as follows:
detecting the negative or harmonic components of the PCC
stator voltage and driving them to zero;
generating a proper reference rotor current (ac control
variable) to be controlled in the RSC;
adopting a PIR controller to regulate the rotor current in
the positive synchronous reference frame.
A. With Unbalanced Loads
1) Reference Rotor Current Generation Strategy: In order
to compensate unbalanced stator voltages at the PCC, the
negative components of the PCC voltage are extracted from
voltage measurements by using notch lters and driven to zero
with a conventional PI controller. This task is shown in Fig. 4.
Two PI controllers in which the reference value is set zero are
PHAN AND LEE: PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF DFIG SYSTEMS WITH CONTROL OF ROTOR AND LOAD SIDE CONVERTERS 203
Fig. 4. Voltage controllers to eliminate negative sequence components of the
PCC stator voltage.
used to obtain two reference rotor currents. These rotor currents
are dc components in the negative reference frame, which is
then transformed to the positive synchronous reference frame
by using a difference angle of 2
s
. As a result, they become
ac components with double synchronous frequency. Since the
total reference rotor current contains dc and ac components
because of rotational transformation, an appropriate control
scheme with a PIR controller is adopted to accurately regulate
these rotor currents. The reference rotor current is calculated as
i
+

rdq
= i
+

rdq+
+ i
+

rdq
= i
+

rdq+
+ i

rdq
e
j2
s
t
. (14)
Once the rotor current in (14) is adequately controlled by
the proposed PIR rotor current controller, a proper induced
stator voltage is generated in the DFIG, which effectively
compensates the unbalanced voltage drop. Thus, unbalanced
stator voltage at the PCC becomes a balanced voltage.
2) Proposed PIR-based Control Scheme: The whole control
scheme implemented in the RSC with a PIR controller is
shown in Fig. 5. There are three main control loops in this
block diagram: 1) PCC voltage control loop that controls the
magnitude of stator output voltage. 2) Negative voltage control
loop that eliminates the negative component of stator voltage
and obtains the reference rotor current. 3) PIRcurrent controller
that regulates the rotor current presented in (14). The PCC
voltage control loop is implemented by using a PI controller in
order to regulate the voltage magnitude in a stable manner. The
purpose of this control loop is to reject voltage variations caused
by electric loads or speed changes. To assess performance of the
PIR current controller, a closed-loop current control scheme is
described in Fig. 6. The open-loop transfer function (TF) of the
PIR controller is given as
G
o
(s) = K
p
+
K
i
s
+
K
r
s
s
2
+ (2
s
)
2
(15)
where K
p
is the proportional gain, K
i
is integral gain, and K
r
denotes the resonant gain that provides the innite gain for ac
component tracking. From Fig. 6, the closed-loop TF of the PIR
can be expressed as
G
c
(s) =
i
+
rdq
(s)
i
+

rdq
(s)
=
G
o
(s)L(s)
1 + G
o
(s)L(s)
=
M(s)
(L
r
s + R
r
)s (s
2
+
2
0
) + M(s)
(16)
where
0
= 2
s
is the resonant frequency,
L(s) =
1
L
r
s + R
r
M(s) =K
p
s
_
s
2
+
2
0
_
+ K
i
_
s
2
+
2
0
_
+ K
r
s
2
.
Substituting s = j2
s
into (15), gain and phase error of the
closed-loop TF of the PIR controller is obtained as
G
c
(s)|
s=j2
s
=
M(j2
s
)
(j2
s
L
r
+ R
r
) (j2
s
) 0 + M(j2
s
)
= 1 (17)
G
c
(s)|
s=j2
s
= 0. (18)
This result ensures a zero steady-state error when regulating
the 2
s
ac component of the negative rotor current. Further,
this also indicates that the accuracy of the proposed PIR is
not dependent on other parameters of the DFIG. However, in
practical implementation, a modied resonant controller with a
cut-off frequency (
c
) described in Fig. 6 is employed in the
control scheme to avoid instability in control due to innite
gain.
The reference rotor voltage, which is applied to the RSC to
regulate the rotor current, is the output of PIR controller in
Fig. 6, given as
v
+

rdq
= L
r
v
+

rdq
+ E
+
rdq
(19)
where E
+
rdq
is the rotor back-emf disturbance and
v
+

rdq
=
_
K
p
+
K
i
s
+
K
r

c
s
s
2
+ 2
c
s + (2
s
)
2
_
_
i
+

rdq
i
+
rdq
_
.
(20)
B. With Nonlinear Loads
1) Reference Rotor Current Generation Strategy: As ana-
lyzed in Section I, the stator voltage at the PCC of DFIG
under nonlinear loads contains fth and seventh harmonic
components, which are needed to reject. Using the same con-
trol philosophy of previously developed control scheme with
unbalanced loads, it is totally possible to eliminate these voltage
harmonics by using a PIR controller in the RSC. Fig. 7 shows
four PI voltage control loops to determine the reference rotor
current, given by
i
+

rdq
=i
+

rdq1
+i
+

rdq5
+i
+

rdq7
=i
+

rdq1
+i
5

rdq5
e
j6
s
t
+i
7

rdq7
e
j6
s
t
.
(21)
This reference rotor current is composed of a fundamental
and two harmonic components (fth and seventh) having the
same frequency of 6
s
when expressed in the positive synchro-
nous reference frame. Thus, a resonant controller tuned at this
frequency can be used to compensate for both of harmonics
simultaneously.
2) Proposed PIR-Based Control Scheme: The objective of
the proposed PIR-based control scheme in this section is to
204 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012
Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed unbalanced voltage compensation method in the RSC of a stand-alone DFIG with an unbalanced load.
Fig. 6. Proposed PIR current controller for unbalanced loads.
Fig. 7. Voltage controllers to eliminate fth and seventh harmonic compo-
nents of the PCC stator voltage.
develop a rotor current controller that is capable of fully elim-
inating harmonic voltages at the PCC. To accurately control
the reference rotor current in (21), a block diagram of the
closed-loop current controller is developed in Fig. 8. The main
difference between two current controllers in Figs. 6 and 8 is
the resonant frequency selected. In this case, the resonant fre-
quency of the PIR controller is 6
s
. According to analytical
investigation in (16)(18), this PIR controller is also able to
obtain unity gain and zero phase error at the selected frequency,
evidenced by
G
c
(s)|
s=j6
s
=
M(j6
s
)
(j6
s
L
r
+R
r
)(j6
s
)0+M(j6
s
)
=1 (22)
G
c
(s)|
s=j6
s
=0. (23)
A block diagram of the RSC in the positive synchronous
reference frame is shown in Fig. 9. Like unbalanced conditions,
there are also three control loops in the control scheme in which
harmonic voltage control loops are replaced with the negative
voltage control loop in Fig. 5. The reference rotor voltage is
determined as
v
+

rdq
=
_
K
p
+
K
i
s
+
K
r

c
s
s
2
+ 2
c
s + (6
s
)
2
_
_
i
+

rdq
i
+
rdq
_
.
(24)
If an unbalanced nonlinear load is used in the stand-alone
DFIG, both of PIR controllers described in previous sections
can be employed to simultaneously compensate for unbalance
and distortion in the PCC stator voltage.
IV. CONTROL OF THE LSC
The LSC plays an important role as an active power lter
to compensate for unbalanced or harmonic stator currents of a
DFIG under unbalanced loads or nonlinear loads. The control
PHAN AND LEE: PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF DFIG SYSTEMS WITH CONTROL OF ROTOR AND LOAD SIDE CONVERTERS 205
Fig. 8. Proposed PIR current controller for nonlinear loads.
Fig. 9. Block diagram of the proposed harmonic compensation method in the RSC of a stand-alone DFIG with a nonlinear load.
scheme in the LSC is responsible for producing a proper
current, which has the same magnitude but opposite phase in
order to inject into the unbalanced or nonlinear load current.
To this end, the stator current containing a negative sequence
component or harmonic components is controlled by using a
resonant controller as analyzed previously. The reference value
for these components is set zero. As a result, the compensated
stator current becomes purely balanced and sinusoidal wave-
forms despite the presence of such load conditions. The vector
control scheme is developed in the fundamental reference frame
rotating at a regular speed
s
synchronous with the stator
voltage vector.
A. With Nonlinear Loads
First, the control of the LSC with a nonlinear load is de-
scribed because the structure of harmonic current control is
more complicated than that of negative current control under
unbalanced loads. The proposed block diagram to compensate
harmonic components of the stator current is presented in
Fig. 10. The control scheme consists of a dc-link voltage control
loop that keeps a stable dc voltage and current controllers
that employ resonant regulators tuned at selective harmonic
frequencies to control harmonic currents. A conventional PI
controller is used in dc voltage control loop in which the
output is the reference fundamental direct current (i

Ld1
) of
the LSC. Meanwhile, the resonant controllers are adopted
to compensate 6n 1(n = 1, 2, . . .) harmonics in the stator
current. All current controllers are developed in the positive
fundamental reference frame rotating at a regular speed of

s
. In this frame, 6n 1 harmonics become 6n(n = 1, 2, . . .).
Consequently, both positive (6n + 1) and negative (6n 1)
harmonic components can simultaneously be eliminated by
using one single resonant controller with a resonant frequency
of 6n
s
.
In [23], the nonlinear load current is measured to detect
harmonic components, which are then injected into the control
scheme. However, the authors in that study used a conventional
PI controller to control these harmonic currents, which does not
guarantee zero steady-state errors. Thus, in this control scheme,
206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012
Fig. 10. Proposed control scheme of the LSC to compensate harmonic components of the stator current of the DFIG under a nonlinear load.
the stator current is directly measured, and its harmonics are
rejected by resonant controllers if the commanded harmonic
current is set to zero. A high-pass lter is realized to ex-
tract high-frequency harmonic components to be compensated,
which become ac components in the positive synchronous
reference frame. The harmonic detector and stator harmonic
current control loop are also described in the dashed box of
Fig. 10. The reference voltage to be realized in the RSC is
the sum of both fundamental and harmonic current controller
outputs, given as
v

Ld
=
_
K
p
+
K
i
s
_
(i

Ld1
i
Ld1
)
. .
Fundamental component
+
s
Li
Lq1
+ v
Pd
. .
Decoupling voltage
component
+ v

Ldh
..
Harmonic
component
(25)
v

Lq
=
_
K
p
+
K
i
s
_
_
i

Lq1
i
Lq1
_
. .
Fundamental component
+ (
s
Li
Ld
)
. .
Decoupling voltage
component
+ v

Lqh
..
Harmonic
component
. (26)
It can be seen that the reference voltage of the LSC contains
three components: the fundamental components that are the
output of the PI controller of the lter current, decoupling
voltage components, and the harmonic components that are the
output of resonant controllers. These reference voltages are ap-
plied to the LSC using a space vector modulation method. The
number of resonant controllers is dependent on the number of
harmonic pairs to be compensated. In this paper, four harmonic
pairs are taken into account in harmonic elimination process.
B. With Unbalanced Loads
Using the same control strategy, the negative sequence com-
ponent of the stator current caused by an unbalanced load
can completely be eliminated with the control scheme in the
LSC. Fig. 11 shows a block diagram of the proposed con-
trol structure in the LSC under unbalanced load conditions.
Compared to Fig. 10, the main differences between two con-
trol schemes are that notch lters are replaced to extract the
negative sequence component of stator current, and only one
single resonant controller tuned at 2
s
is adopted for the stator
current control loop. The control algorithm is also performed
in the positive synchronous reference frame. In this frame, the
negative sequence component becomes the ac component with
the frequency of 2
s
. The reference voltage to be applied to the
LSC is determined as
v

Ld
=
_
K
p
+
K
i
s
_
_
i

Ld+
i
Ld+
_
. .
Positive component
+
s
Li
Lq+
+ v
Pd
. .
Decoupling voltage
component
+ v

Ld
..
Negative
component
(27)
v

Lq
=
_
K
p
+
K
i
s
_
_
i

Lq+
i
Lq+
_
. .
Positive component
+ (
s
Li
Ld
)
. .
Decoupling voltage
component
+ v

Lq
..
Negative
component
. (28)
PHAN AND LEE: PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF DFIG SYSTEMS WITH CONTROL OF ROTOR AND LOAD SIDE CONVERTERS 207
Fig. 11. Proposed control scheme of the LSC to eliminate negative sequence components of the stator current of the DFIG under an unbalanced load.
Fig. 12. Experimental setup of 2.2-kW stand-alone DFIG.
Three components of these reference voltages can be seen
in (27) and (28) where the negative voltage component is
responsible for eliminating the negative sequence component
of the stator current. As a result, a balanced stator current can
be obtained despite the effect of an unbalanced load.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The experimental setup of a 2.2-kW stand-alone DFIG sup-
plying a nonlinear load or an unbalanced load is shown in
Fig. 12. The control system is composed of the following
components and parameters.
The DFIG is rotated by a dc machine controlled in torque
and speed modes
Two DSP controllers are used for separate control of the
RSC and LSC. The switching frequency of each converter
is 5 kHz
The dc-link voltage is controlled at 60 V.
Three-phase unbalanced load 30 , 40 , 50 ; nonlinear
load is a three-phase diode rectier supplying a RL load.
First, the proposed control method is tested with a nonlinear
load. Fig. 13 shows experimental results of voltage performance
at the PCC of the DFIG with and without the compensa-
tion method. Due to the effect of nonlinear load current, the
PCC stator voltage is distorted and becomes nonsinusoidal
waveforms containing fth and seventh harmonic components,
as seen in Fig. 13(a) where no compensation methods are
applied in either the RSC or the LSC. After compensating
with the proposed control scheme, fth and seventh harmonic
components at the PCC voltage are totally rejected, and the
stator voltage quality is signicantly improved. This result is
shown in Fig. 13(b). In addition, the nonlinear load current
in both cases is also presented in this gure. Fig. 14 shows
steady-state performance of the conventional control method
with a PI controller and the proposed control method with
the PIR controller in the RSC. In this gure, experimental
measurements of rotor current, nonlinear load current, and the
PCC stator voltage are presented. It can be observed that the
demanded direct rotor current consists of the dc component and
the ac component of 6
s
. With the PI controller in Fig. 14(a), it
is impossible to obtain accurate control for this rotor current
due to its insufcient control bandwidth. This explains why
the steady-state error of direct rotor current is not zero and
the nonsinusoidal stator voltage still exists. Meanwhile, the
control performance of the proposed PIR controller is obtained
better with the zero current error and the well-compensated
stator voltage waveform, which can be seen in Fig. 14(b).
Fig. 15 shows the steady-state performance of three phase
rotor currents and compensated stator voltage with the PIR
current controller applied in the RSC. These rotor currents are
208 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012
Fig. 13. Experimental results of the PCC stator voltage and the load current
under a nonlinear load. (a) Before compensation. (b) After compensation.
not sinusoidal waveforms because of harmonic components
injected into to compensate for the stator voltage. To test
dynamic performance of the proposed PIR current controller
in the RSC, the rotor speed is controlled from subsynchronous
speed to supersynchronous speed. This behavior is shown in
Fig. 16 in which good transient performance of the rotor current
throughout the synchronous speed point can be seen. It is
conclusive that the precise and adequate control can be achieved
with the proposed PIR controller.
The steady-state performance of the stator current with the
control of the LSC is shown in Fig. 17. Harmonic stator
currents are fully compensated by using the resonant controllers
in the positive synchronous reference frame. As mentioned
previously, the LSC is considered as an active power lter that
produces the lter current (i
La
). As a result, a sinusoidal stator
current (i
sa
) is obtained in the stator despite the presence of the
nonlinear load.
Then, the test is performed with an unbalanced load. Fig. 18
shows the steady-state performance of the direct rotor current
and the PCC stator voltage. According to analysis above, the
PCC stator voltage should be an unbalanced voltage if an un-
balanced load is used. However, using the same compensation
method in case of nonlinear loads, the stator voltage at the PCC
can be compensated well. In this gure, due to the presence
of the negative sequence component, the direct rotor current
contains the ac component of 2
s
. With the proposed PIR
Fig. 14. Comparative results between the conventional PI controller and the
proposed PIR rotor current controller in the RSC under a nonlinear load. (a) PI
controller. (b) PIR controller.
Fig. 15. Steady-state performance of three-phase rotor current and the stator
voltage after compensation under a nonlinear load.
current controller, this rotor current is regulated accurately,
which can be observed with the zero steady-state error in
Fig. 18. Fig. 19 shows experimental waveforms of the stator
currents with and without the control of the LSC. In Fig. 19(a),
due to the effect of the unbalanced load, the stator currents
become unbalanced waveforms. When the stator current control
loop taking into account the negative sequence component
elimination is applied in the LSC, the balanced stator currents
can be achieved, as presented in Fig. 19(b).
PHAN AND LEE: PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF DFIG SYSTEMS WITH CONTROL OF ROTOR AND LOAD SIDE CONVERTERS 209
Fig. 16. Dynamic performance of three-phase rotor current when rotor speed
changes from subsynchronous speed to supersynchronous speed.
Fig. 17. Experimental waveforms of currents with the control of the LSC
under a nonlinear load: stator current (i
sa
), lter current (i
La
), and load
current (i
Na
).
Fig. 18. Steady-state performance of rotor current controller in the RSC and
the stator voltage at the PCC after compensating in case of an unbalanced load.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed a control method to enhance the
performance of stator current and voltage of a stand-alone
DFIG system under unbalanced or nonlinear loads. The impact
of these load types on the output performance of the DFIG is
also investigated in the paper. Two control schemes are devel-
oped in the RSC and LSC to eliminate the negative sequence
component and to reject harmonic components in the stator
current and voltage. The resonant controller is employed in the
current control loops so as to accurately regulate the demanded
Fig. 19. Stator currents with the control of the LSC under an unbalanced load.
(a) Before compensation. (b) After compensation.
ac currents. Realized in the positive synchronous reference
frame, one resonant controller is capable of compensating
one pair of harmonics, which results in a reduced number of
controllers compared to a control scheme developed in other
reference frames. The proposed control scheme provides very
good performance in stator current and voltage waveforms,
which are veried by a series of experimental results presented
in the paper.
APPENDIX
RATINGS AND PARAMETERS OF THE DFIG
Rated power: 2.2 kW.
Number of poles: 6.
Stator voltage: 440 V/6.5A60 Hz.
Rotor voltage: 40 V/34 A.
Rotor resistance: R
r
= 0.56 .
Stator resistance: R
s
= 2.14 .
Rotor inductance: L
r
= 0.052953 H.
Stator inductance: L
s
= 0.052953 H.
Mutual inductance: L
m
= 0.04847 H.
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Van-Tung Phan (S07M11) received the M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Uni-
versity of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea, in 2007 and 2010,
respectively.
He is currently a Research Fellow in the School
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore. He has been
involved in industrial projects related to cooling
systems of electric machines used in marine applica-
tions. His current research interests include magne-
tocaloric cooling systems, optimization techniques,
iron losses in electric machines, and power electronics applications in renew-
able energy resources.
Hong-Hee Lee (M91SM11) received the B.S.,
M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in
1980, 1982, and 1990, respectively.
From 1994 to 1995, he was a Visiting Professor
at Texas A&M University, College Station. Since
1985, he has been at the Department of Electri-
cal Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea,
where he is currently a Professor in the School of
Electrical Engineering. He is also the Director of the
Network-based Automation Research Center, which
is sponsored by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy. His research interests are
power electronics, network-based motor control, and control networks.
Dr. Lee is a member of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics, the Korean
Institute of Electrical Engineers, and the Institute of Control, Robotics, and
Systems.