Study and Implementation of a Single-Phase Isolated AC-DC Converter

Lung-Sheng Yang Chia-Ching Lin Ming-Rong Lee Department of Electrical Engineering, Far East University, Tainan City, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail: yanglungsheng@yahoo.com.tw
Abstract A single-phase isolated AC-DC converter is presented in this paper. The front semi-stage, which is a modified buck-boost converter, is used for power factor correction and is operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to achieve high power factor and low total harmonic distortion of input current. The rear semi-stage, which is a forward converter, is operated in DCM for step-down voltage conversion. The proposed converter is suitable for universal input voltage (90~264 Vrms) and wide output-power range. This converter has the merits of low voltage stress on the DC-link capacitor and electrical isolation. Also, the operating principle and steady-state analysis is discussed. Finally, a prototype circuit is implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed converter.

II. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER Fig. 1 shows the proposed converter, which integrates a modified AC-DC converter in the front semi-stage with a DCDC forward converter in the rear semi-stage. The two semistage are both operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) with a fixed duty ratio by using a simple pulse-width modulation controller. Switches, S1 and S2, are triggered using same control signal. A coupled inductor with same winding turns in the primary and secondary sides is employed in the proposed converter. The primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are charged in series from the line source during the switch-on period and are discharged in parallel during the switch-off period. The discharged time will be shortened. Namely, the duty ratio can be extended. Thus, the front semi-stage of the proposed converter can be operated with larger duty-ratio range than the conventional buck-boost converter with DCM operation. Therefore, the proposed converter can be applied for universal input voltage and wide output-power range. Fig. 2 shows some typical waveforms in a half line source period. Due to the symmetrical characteristics of the single-phase system, the following operating principle is analyzed for 0 < t < , where is the line angular frequency. (I) Mode 1: The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 3(a). When the switches, S1 and S2, are turned on during time interval [hTs, th1], the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are charged by series from line source and the energy stored in the DC-link capacitor C1 is discharged to output inductor Lo, output capacitor Co, and the load via the transformer Tr. (II) Mode 2: The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 3(b). While the switches, S1 and S2, are turned off during time interval [th1, th2], the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor release their energies by parallel to the DC-link capacitor C1 and the energy stored in output inductor Lo is released to output capacitor Co and the load. (III) Mode 3: The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 3(c). While the switches, S1 and S2, are still turned off during time interval [th2, th3]. The coupled-inductor currents, iL1 and iL2, are equal to zero at t = th2. The energy stored in

I. INTRODUCTION Traditionally, the diode bridge rectifier is used for AC-DC power conversion. It possesses the advantage of simple structure and low cost. However, this rectifier has some drawbacks, such as pulsating input current, high total harmonic distortion of input current (THDi), and low power factor. In order to improve these problems, many power factor correction circuits are presented. The two-stage converters can achieve high power factor, low voltage stress on the DC-link capacitor, and regulated output voltage. However, it has the disadvantages of control complexity and high cost. The AC-DC buck converters are utilized for power factor correction [1], [2]. Nevertheless, the power factor is low and the THDi is rather high. Some single-stage PFC converters, including CUK type, SEPIC type, boost-forward type, boost-flyback type, are developed [3]-[7]. Since the DC-link voltage varies with the variation of the input voltage and the load, the DC-link capacitor must bear high voltage stress for universal input voltage (90~264 Vrms). In order to reduce high voltage stress on the DC-link capacitor, some topologies are presented [8]-[9]. However, it causes poor THDi. A buck-boost converter integrated with a flyback converter is researched to achieve high power factor and low THDi [10]. However, it is not suitable for universal input voltage and wide output-power range. This paper researches a single-phase isolated AC-DC converter, which integrates a modified AC-DC buck-boost converter with a DC-DC forward converter. The proposed converter has the merits, such as high power factor, low THDi, low DC-link voltage.

978-1-4673-0158-9/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

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output inductor Lo is still transferred to output capacitor Co and the load. (IV) Mode 4: The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 3(d). While the switches, S1 and S2, are still turned off during time interval [th3, (h+1)Ts], the energy stored in output inductor Lo is released to empty at t = th3. The load is supplied from output capacitor Co.

(a) Mode 1

Fig. 1 Circuit configuration of the proposed converter.

es

vgs1 vgs2 is'

(b) Mode 2

iL1p,h(=iL2p,h)

iL1 iL2
0

iL1p,h(=iL2p,h)

ic1

2iL1p,h
(c) Mode 3

-iLop,h/n
iLop,h

iLo
0

ico
0
hTs th1 th2 th3 (h+1)Ts

iLop,h-io

ton tr1,h tr2,h ts1,h ts2,h

Ts

(d) Mode 4 Fig. 3 Current-flow path of the proposed converter for 0 < t < .

Fig. 2 Some typical waveforms of the proposed converter for 0 < t < .

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III. STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER Due to the symmetrical characteristics of the single-phase system, the following analysis is discussed for 0 < t < . For simplicity, the effect of the input filter is neglected. The line voltage is given as
es (t ) = vs (t ) = 2Vrms sin t = Vm sin t,

iL1 (t ) = iL 2 (t ) =

es (th ) (t hTs ), 2(1 + k ) L

hTs t th1.

(10)

From (8), the following equation is found to be

vc1 vo diLo (t ) n , = dt Lo hTs t th1.

(1)

(11)

where Vrms and Vm are the root-mean-square value and the amplitude of the line voltage. Since the switching frequency fs (fs = 1/Ts) is much larger than the line frequency f1, the line voltage can be considered as a piecewise constant during each switching period. Assuming m is the switching number within the time interval [0, /], thus m is equal to fs/2f1. The following analysis is considered during the switching period [hTs, (h+1)Ts], where h = 0, 1, .., m-1. Since the primary and secondary winding turns of the coupled inductor is same, the inductance of the coupled inductor in the primary and secondary sides are expressed as
L1 = L2 = L.

At t = th1, the peak values of iL1, iL2, and iLo are given by
iL1 p,h = iL 2 p,h = es (th ) ton , 2(1 + k ) L

(12)

iLop,h

vc1 vo = n ton , Lo

(13)

(2)

where ton is equal to dTs and d is the duty ratio. While the switches, S1 and S2, are turned off, the voltages across the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are obtained as
vL1 = vL 2 = vc1 , vLo = vo , th1 t th 2 .

Thus, the mutual inductance M of the coupled inductor is given by

M = k L1L2 = kL,

(14) (15)

(3)

th1 t th3.

Substituting (4) and (5) into (14), yielding

diL1 (t ) diL 2 (t ) vc1 = = , dt dt (1 + k ) L th1 t th 2 .

where k is the coupling coefficient of the coupled inductor. The voltages across the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are as follows:
vL1 = L1 diL1 di di di + M L 2 = L L1 + kL L 2 , dt dt dt dt

(16)

(4) (5)

Therefore, iL1 and iL2 are found to be

iL1 (t ) = iL 2 (t ) = vc1 (t th1 ) + iL1 p ,h , (1 + k ) L th1 t th 2 .

(17)

di di di di vL 2 = M L1 + L2 L 2 = kL L1 + L L 2 . dt dt dt dt

From (15), the following equation is derived as

diLo v = o , dt Lo th1 t th3.

When the switches, S1 and S2, are turned on, the following equations are obtained as
iL1 = iL 2 , hTs t th1 , hTs t th1 , hTs t th1 ,

(18)

(6) (7) (8)

Thus,
iLo (t ) = vo (t th1 ) + iLop,h , Lo th1 t th3.

vL1 + vL 2 = es (th ) ,

(19)

vc1 di (t ) = vLo + vo = Lo Lo + vo , n dt

where n is the turns ratio (N1/N2) of the transformer Tr. Substituting (4)(6) into (7), yielding
e (t ) diL1 (t ) diL 2 (t ) = = s h , dt dt 2(1 + k ) L hTs t th1.

As iL1(th2) = iL2(th2) = 0 and iLo(th3) = 0, the peak values of iL1, iL2, and iLo are obtained from (17) and (19).
iL1 p,h = iL 2 p,h = vc1 tr1,h , (1 + k ) L

(20)

(9)
iLop,h = vo tr 2,h , Lo

Then, the coupled-inductor currents, iL1 and iL2, are derived as

(21)

where tr1,h = th2 th1 and tr2,h = th3 th1.

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From (12), (13), (20), and (21), the time durations, tr1,h and tr2,h, are obtained as follows:
tr1,h = es (th ) dTs , 2vc1

Thus, the following equations of the DC model can be derived from (30) and (31).
2 Vm V nV = c1 2 o , n Lo 4(1 + k ) LVc1

(22)

(32) (33)

tr 2,h

vc1 vo = n dTs . vo

(23)

D2TsVc1 (Vc1 nVo ) Vo = , 2n2 LoVo R

From Fig. 2, the average values of ic1 and ico during the time interval [hTs, (h+1)Ts] can be computed as
ic1,h i 1 1 i (2iL1 p,h )tr1,h Lop,h ton iL1 p,htr1,h Lop,h ton 2 n 2n =2 = . Ts Ts 1 iLop,h (ton + tr 2,h ) ioTs =2 . Ts

where Vc1, Vo, and D are the DC quantities of vc1, vo, and d, respectively. The normalized inductor time constant of the two semi-stage are defined as follows:

(24)

L Lo

L Lf = s, RTs R Lo L f = o s, RTs R

(34) (35)

ico,h

(25)

Substituting (1), (12), (13), (22), and (23) into (24) and (25) yields
ic1,h = ico,h =
2 d 2TsVm d 2Ts (vc1 nvo ) sin 2 th , 4(1 + k ) Lvc1 2n2 Lo

where fs is the switching frequency. Substituting (34) and (35) into (32) and (33), the voltage gain of the proposed converter can be found to be
G= Vo = G1G2 , Vm

(26) (27) where

(36)

d 2Ts vc1 (vc1 nvo ) io . 2n2 Lovo

Thus, the average value of ic1 during a half of the line-source period [0, /] is written as follows:
ic1,avg = d 2T (v nv ) m1 d 2TsVm2 4(1 + k )Lv sin 2 th s2nc21L o Ts . h =0 c1 o

G1 =

Vc1 n2 Lo = , 4(1 + k ) L (1 nG2 ) Vm

2 4 2 Vo D + D + 8D Lo = . Vc1 4n Lo

(28)

G2 =

Due to m >> 1, the above equation can be approximated as

ic1,avg
2 d 2Ts (vc1 nvo ) d 2TsVm = sin 2 t dt 2n2 Lo 0 4(1 + k ) Lvc1

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS In order to verify the feasibility for the proposed converter, a prototype circuit is implemented in the laboratory. The electrical specifications and circuit parameters are selected to be Vrms = 90~264 V (Vm = 127~373 V), Vo = 48 V, Po = 40~200 W (R = 11.52~57.6 ), f1 = 60 Hz, fs = 36 kHz, L1 = L2 = 34.1 H, C1 = 1640 F, Lo = 54.6 H, Co = 1000 F, Lf = 1.46 mH, Cf = 650 nF, and n = 1. Figs. 4~6 show some experimental results under Vrms = 110 V, Vo = 48 V, and Po = 200 W. The input current is in phase with the input voltage, as shown in Fig. 4. Figs. 5 and 6 show the currents of the coupled inductor and output inductor, iL1, iL2, and iLo. It is clear that the two semi-stage of the proposed converter are both operated in DCM. Moreover, the measured power factor, THDi, efficiency, and DC-link voltage Vc1 under various input voltage and output power are shown in Figs. 7~10. From Fig. 7, one can see that high power factor can be achieved. The

2 d 2TsVm d 2Ts (vc1 nvo ) . 8(1 + k ) Lvc1 2n2 Lo

(29)

Then, the differential equation of vc1 is given by

dvc1 d 2Ts = 2C1 dt
2 Vm v nv c1 2 o . 4(1 + k ) Lvc1 n Lo

(30)

From (27), the differential equation of vo during one switching period is obtained as follows:
dvo 1 d 2Ts vc1 (vc1 nvo ) vo = . dt Co 2n2 Lovo R

(31)

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THDi is less than 6.8% as shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 9 shows the experimental efficiency, it is seen that the efficiency is 82.9%~85.2% under the full-load condition. It is seen from Fig. 10 that the Vc1 is varied with the input voltage, and the maximum of Vc1 is equal to 189 V at Vrms = 264 V.

Fig. 7 Measured Power factor under various input voltage and output power.

Fig. 4 Waveforms of input voltage and input current

Fig. 8 Measured THDi under various input voltage and output power.

Fig. 5 Waveforms of coupled-inductor currents iL1 and iL2.

Fig. 9 Measured efficiency under various input voltage and output power.

Fig. 6 Waveform of output-inductor current iLo.

Fig. 10 Measured Vc1 under various input voltage and output power.

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V. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a single-phase isolated AC-DC converter, which integrating a modified buck-boost converter with a forward converter. The proposed converter can achieve high power factor, low THDi, low DC-link voltage and adjustable output voltage. This converter can be used for universal input voltage and wide output power range. A prototype circuit of the proposed converter is implemented in the laboratory. Under various input voltage and output power, high power factor, low THDi, low Vc1 are achieved. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Science Council of Taiwan under project NSC 992218-E-269-001. REFERENCES
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