International Journal of INTERNATIONALComputer EngineeringCOMPUTER ENGINEERING JOURNAL OF and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 09766367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume

e 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)

ISSN 0976 6367(Print) ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 229-243 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijcet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.9580 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJCET
IAEME

BIDIRECTIONAL SEARCH ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

M. Ahmed, S. Yousef, and Sattar J Aboud Telecommunications Engineering Research Group (TERG) Faculty of Science and Technology Anglia Ruskin University, UK ABSTRACT Ad hoc Network is self-configurable, infrastructure-less multi-hop wireless networks, characterized by their frequent topology changes and the need for dynamic routing protocols capable of coping with these characteristics. A new reactive ad hoc routing protocol is proposed in this paper, which relies on the Artificial Intelligence Bidirectional Search Algorithm in discovering routes from source to destination of communication process in a balanced and mutual search mechanism. This allows both source and destination to simultaneously discover the routes to each other reducing the discovery time of reactive routing strategy up to 53% in small and medium scale networks, while this value starts to decrease by increasing the size of the network. The new Bidirectional Search Routing protocol then is compared to both Dynamic Source Routing and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing in terms of performance metrics of reactive routing strategy such route discovery time and average delay showing promising results. Keywords: Routing, Communication system routing, Protocols, MANET. I. INTRODUCTION Unlike infrastructure-oriented wireless networks, wherein the wireless devices internetwork through relying on fixed network infrastructure to bypass, process or route data packets across the wireless network. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are multi-hop and self-organized infrastructure-less wireless networks. This means that each network node should act as both host and router at the same time traversing data packets across the network. One of the major challenges facing the designers of MANETs is the routing dilemma. Recently, developing a dynamic routing protocol that can cope with the dynamic nature of MANETs and simplifies the finding of feasible routes between the communicating
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nodes is the goal behind the extensive research in this field. Such protocol should be able to handle the shifting characteristics of MANET such as scalability and mobility. Many routing protocols have been designed and categorized into different categories mainly according to their working mechanisms [1]. Each of these categories provides partial solutions to one or more MANET problems. For instance, reactive routing protocols [2] help in minimizing the bandwidth consumption through their idle behavior until a data packet is needed to be transmitted over the network, and then the protocol starts its route discovery process ondemand to find a route to the data packets destination. This process which can cause delay before starting data transmission is solved in proactive routing strategy [3] where the network nodes keep up to date view of the network topology through exchanging routing information periodically, which is mostly considered as bandwidth consumer. Most of the enhancements on routing strategies are carried out as either expansions of the existing mechanisms or changing of the protocols parameters to adapt in new working environments. The goal of this article is to propose a core-level improvement on the reactive routing strategy, in particular on the DSR [4]. The Bidirectional Search Routing protocol (BSR) is introduced in this article. Namely, it relies on using the bidirectional search algorithm in discovering routes through initiating two simultaneous route discovery processes from both source and destination nodes that meet in most cases somewhere in the middle of the distance between these nodes. The bidirectional searchs computational complexity is low compared to unidirectional search algorithm [5] which makes the former the best candidate to be a partial solution to the initialization delay in reactive routing strategy. In order to utilize this search mechanism in MANET routing process, a new approach is proposed to trigger the destination and inform it to start the backward discovery at the same time of initiating the forward one. This approach theoretically guarantees big reduction in route discovery time compared to other reactive routing protocols which decreases an end-to-end delay. The theoretical model and working mechanism of BSR are introduced. Then the protocol is compared to both DSR and AODV [6] in terms of performance metrics of reactive routing strategy such as route discovery time and average delay, while it is compared to the Optimizer Link-State Routing (OLSR) as a proactive protocol, in addition to the DSR and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) as a hybrid routing protocol in terms of throughput utilization. The rest of the article is organized as follows. In the following section, the time and space (Scalability of the algorithm) computational complexity of bidirectional search algorithm is briefly discussed, followed by implicit delay factors in DSR. The BSR algorithm is described, and results of performance comparisons to both DSR and AODV are shown. Finally, conclusions are drawn pinpointing the new features of BSR protocol and its ability to outperform other routing protocols from the same routing strategy. II. TIME AND SPACE COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF BIDIRECTIONAL SEARCH ALGORITHM The main idea behind bidirectional search is to simultaneously search both forward from the initial state (i.e. Source) towards goal and backward from the goal (i.e. Destination) towards initial state and stop when the two searches meet in or close to - the middle. For problems where the branching factor (which is the number of children of each node) is b in both directions, bidirectional search can make a big difference. Assuming that there is a solution of depth d, and then the solution will be found in O(2b d / 2 ) = O(b d / 2 ) steps, because
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the forward and backward searches each have to go only half way. For example: let b = 10 and d = 8, breadth-first search[7] spawns O(b d ) nodes , and accordingly, the maximum

number of nodes expanded before finding the solution can be given as a result of: 1+ b1 + b2 + b3 +... + bd = 111,111,111 nodes. Whereas bidirectional search succeeds when each direction is at depth 4 giving the result 2 (1+ b1 + b2+ ... + bd/2), at which point 22,222 nodes have been produced.
120000 Maximuma number of branches 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Depth of search (O(b^d ((2O(b^(d/

Figure 1 Computational Complexity of Unidirectional Search vs. Bidirectional Search. III. IMPLICIT CACHE MANAGEMENT AND ROUTE RECORDING DELAYS IN DSR The source routing protocols (such as DSR) experience initialization delay caused by the time the source node has to wait until it receives a reply from destination -or any intermediate node holding an up to date route to destinationconfirming that an available route to destination is found. In addition to the delay added before starting data communications in reactive routing protocols, particularly in source routing ones, some additional delay values are neglected in most of the related research works due to the slight effect of these values compared to overall endto-end delay (i.e. Request-Reply cycle time). Cache Management Delay (Time-to-Read TTR and Time-to-Check TTC) Caching schemes have only been applied to DSR [8]. There are three main characteristics of the caching scheme to cope with time aspects of caching: read policy, write policy, and delete policy. These policies add extra little time during request-reply cycle. Request-reply cycle time of DSR using cache is compared to the discovery time of DSR with disabling the cache scheme. This has been done by building 2 simulation scenarios containing 50 MANET nodes and running DSR protocol, once with cache enabled, and another disabled. One may argue that the cache is proposed to decrease the request-reply time if routes to destination exist in the cache rather than increasing it. However, in the first simulation scenario, the cache is
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partially enabled, i.e. reading entries and checking for cached routes are enabled, while using cached routes to initiate Route Replies (RREP) is disabled. As a result, time reduction through using cache is put out of action. A timer is set to 0 when a node starts destinations discovery and stopped when the node receives a reply from destination. While in the second scenario, route caching is disabled and the requests are propagated directly towards the destination without any cache management processes. Route Recording Delay (Time-to-Record TTR) In DSR, when the destination node receives a Route Request (RREQ), it initiates a RREP back to the source node the intermediate nodes will record route information included in the traversed packet overhead. Simulation has been performed in order to validate this theory by building two network scenarios. First scenario is a 50 MANET nodes network running DSR protocol, and with cache enabled for all nodes. Conversely, similar to time calculation of round-trip, the second scenario is a simple Flood-Reply network in which the source node broadcast beacons to all network nodes requesting a reply from a certain node (a same destination in a first scenario). Any intermediate node role is only to check if it is the desired destination or not by comparing its IP address with the one indexing the destination tag of the traversed packet. Neither route recording, nor cache management are involved in the Flood-Reply mechanism. IV. THEORETICAL MODEL OF BSR Originating and Processing Propagating Triggers Similar to DSR, when a MANET node originates an application packet to be sent over the network to a destination, the former have to check its own cache for available routes to destination and it will use them if there are any. Otherwise it will broadcast the Propagating Triggers (PT). The PTs are simple beacons that contain only addresses of source, final target, and broadcast address (255.255.255.255) in addition to Time-To-live (TTL) value to prevent the PTs from travelling infinitely across the network. That is, In order to engage the destination of communication process into the route discovery formula for a balanced bidirectional search, the destination must be informed in one way or another to start searching backwards. Specifically, on the way to achieve a mutual search mechanism, the source and destination nodes have to find a route over which they have to meet and start communication. Therefore, if no route to destination is found in the route cache, the source must broadcast PTs to all over the network. These PT packets are propagated across the network hop-by-hop checking the intermediate nodes address if it is equal to the Destination Address value stored in the header of the PT packet, as a result Figure (2) shows the possible procedures processing the PT afterwards. The PTs have some characteristics to prevent flooding and to ensure fast network coverage, such as:
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1) The PTs packet option has 4 fields to be filled prior to broadcast, Source Node Address, Final Destination Address, Broadcast Address (255.255.255.255), and TTL. 2) The PTs do not record route, nor do they modify or get modified while travelling across the network except the fact that their TTL decreases by propagating through the network. As a result, no implicit factors can delay the PTs other than the time required to check a traversed nodes on a Boolean manner. 3) TTL is statically set for PTs as a constant value, this is vital since the absence of TTL for PTs might cause the PT packets to travel infinitely across the network. The same node that initiated the PT should wait certain amount of time known as Forward Route Request (FRREQ) Jitter before starting the forward route discovery process, this delay value is optimally chosen according to the network size, mobility and in a way that assures the BSR in its worst performance to show as no more delay than in the case of DSR (section V explains the way the jitter is optimally set). Originating and Processing FRREQ After sending the PT packets by the source node to trigger the destinations RRREQ, the former has to wait for FRREQ Jitter which at most - should be less than half the time needed for average source-destination discovery time - before broadcasting FRREQ en route for the destination. The choice of this waiting time value ensures that even if it was exactly equal to half of the average source-destination discovery time, the overall discovery time of BSR is guaranteed to be equal to the discovery time of DSR. The optimal value of FRREQ Jitter according to MANET size is described later in this paper. FRREQ has some characteristics that can distinguish it from both PTs and Reverse Route Requests (RRREQ): 1) In the BSR protocol the non-propagating requests which are used in DSR are not employed, although sometimes this could be inexpensive way to get routes to destination IF the destination is within the direct neighbors of the source, however this cannot always be guaranteed in dynamic networks like MANETs. Therefore, the BSR uses only propagating FRREQ for any kind of destination (direct neighbors or not), and builds-up the source route in the FRREQ while traversing across the MANET. Thus it is one-step process for the FRREQ. 2) The FRREQ traverse is delayed each time it passes through an intermediate node due to the explicit and implicit delay factors mentioned earlier. This will help us to differentiate between the time needed for FRREQ and PT to travel across the network between a certain source and destination. Thus it will help in validating the BSR theory. 3) The BSRs FRREQ option is encoded in Type-Length- Value (TLV) format. 4) A timer is associated with the transmission process of the propagating FRREQ after which the source node has to retransmit a FRREQ if it did not receive a RREP from either the destination node or any other BSRs supportive node in a mechanism that will be discussed later in this article.
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Originating Application

Generate Propagating

Wait for FRREQ tter

A
Generate Forward Route Request

PT

Addresse s

No

FRREQ

Yes
Initiate RRREQ,Destroy PT

Retransmit

Address of S?

Yes

Discard

No Done

RRREQ

Route in Cache?

C
Address of D?

Yes

Discard Yes

No

No No Reached S? Yes Pop out the Destination

Change Status to RP

Reached D?

No

Done

Yes Initiate Yes Node is RP? No Append Address +

Invert Source Route and Start Data Comm. Done

Proceed to the next hop

Start Data

Done

S: Source node D: Destination node

Figure.2 Working Flowchart

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Originating and Processing RRREQ As described earlier, in the case of matching the addresses of the receiving node with the target node in the PT header, the receiving node will instantly use the PT originators address as a target address, and its address as a source address to start backward route discovery towards the original source of communication. The main task of RRREQ is not only to search for the source node, but also to create meeting points (Named as Rendezvous Points or RP) where at the FRREQ and the RRREQ may connect. Explicitly, when a node receives a PT informing it to start reverse discovery, the node proceeds as follows: 1) It first checks the addresses field in the PT header and copy the addresses to be: --The Target Address in the received PT becomes Source Address. --The Source Address in the received PT becomes Target Address. --The destination address stays as it is, i.e. the broadcast address (255.255.255.255) 2) After processing the addresses field, it instantaneously originates reverse discovery packets with RRREQ option, this option is identical to the one used for FRREQ except that in the RRREQ, the Target Address is the Source Address in the FRREQ, while the Source Address in the RRREQ is the Target Address in the RREQ. 3) The RRREQ packets start traversing across the MANET searching for its target (The source of the RREQ and PT). On their way: They build up the Destination Route (Similar to Source Route in the FRREQ). In other words, the traversed nodes starting from the initiator of the RRREQ until the current node are being added to the destination route in order to be used whenever both the FRREQ and the RRREQ meet. The addition mechanism is important for RRREQ as the destination route should be built up using a stack, the reason behind using stacks is the push and pop order. That is, instead of reversing the destination route when the FRREQ meets the RRREQ, the destination route gets popped out so that the last traversed node using RRREQ (the last pushed entry) becomes the first in the route to destination just after the Rendezvous Point. As a result, this mechanism will omit the time needed for inversion of the route in case if First-In-First-Out (FIFO) is used like the case of source route. Change the status of each traversed node from Normal node to RP. Any intermediate node that receives a RRREQ changes its own attribute to become a RP which expands the destination territory towards the source. More details about the characteristics of the RP will be discussed in the next subsection. If the RRREQ found the source node while the FRREQ still searching, the source node will use the destination route contained within the RRREQ header to start data communication. Finally, the destination node in this case will be ready to originate RREP even though it has initiated RRREQ. The reason behind this is to guarantee as exact as DSRs discovery time in cases where the coverage of the RP took place on another direction rather than the sources direction. Apart from the similarities between processing a packet containing a FRREQ option and another containing RRREQ option, the latter generally differs in the way it processes the receiving node since the receiving nodes attributes get modified the moment it receives a RRREQ packet, although the checking mechanism for the target node (The source of the FRREQ) is identical.
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Therefore, 1) If the address of the receiving node is listed in the RRREQ route then discard the packet to prevent infinite loops. Processing a packet with self address means that the receiving node has processed this packet previously. 2) If the address of the receiving node matches the address of the source node (The Target according to the RRREQ) contained in the routing header, this means that the RRREQ has reached the source node directly providing a destination route which by popping out if the stack can be used by the source node to send application packets through. 3) Otherwise, the status of receiving node will be changed to be a RP and holding the to the point destination route to be ready whenever it gets contacted by a FRREQ. After that the RRREQ proceeds to the next hop repeating the same procedure. 4. Rendezvous Points The RP is a normal intermediate MANET node which has been passed trough by a packet containing RRREQ option. Namely, if a RRREQ passes through a MANET node on its way towards destination it checks the status of the intermediate node, if it is a RP node, it will leave it unchanged, and otherwise it will change the status to RP. Accordingly, during its TTL, if the RP was found by the FRREQ the RP will initiate a RREP back to the source node carrying the inverted destination route. This is considered as the core of time reduction mechanism of BSR. Instead of reaching the destination itself to initiate a RREP, it could be half the distance when reaching an intermediate RP, thus approximately half the time. On the other hand, the other possibility is to initiate a RREP is from any RP that contains the route to the Final Target. In this case, the addresses from the RP to the Source node in addition to the Addresses from the RP to the Destination form the whole route from source to destination. That is, (Address [Target], Address [Target-1]... Address [RP]) + (Address [RP-1], Address [RP2]... Address [Source]) V. OPTIMAL FRREQ JITTER There are different situations wherein the timing of initiating the FRREQ after broadcasting the PTs plays an effective role in reducing discovery time between a source and its destination and also in the scalability of MANETs. Although these delay values in small to medium scale network with 5 m/s mobility speed for example may vary between 0.01 and 0.3 milliseconds respectively, therefore, choosing the right delay value for a certain network size and mobility model is an important issue that guarantees the best performance of the BSR. In addition to that, the wrong choice of the delay value will show how the protocol would collapse to the DSR if the delay value was set around 0.01 or 0.3 milliseconds in the same example. In order to investigate the way through which the delay should be set, simulations have been performed on the 3 possibilities below through choosing 3 time intervals for the FRREQ Jitter statically: in the first case (the immediate FRREQ initiating), the delay is set to uniform distribution between 0 and 0.01 milliseconds. The second case where the bounds of the uniform distribution are between 3-4 milliseconds is considered the late FRREQ originating. Lastly, according to that, the bounds of the distribution are set to be between 0.01 and 3 milliseconds for optimal delay value for medium size networks as a case study of the investigation.
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Immediate FRREQ Initiating The smallest the FRREQ Jitter, the closer to destination the connecting RP will be. That is, if the delay values between initiating the PT and the FRREQ are statically set as small as 0-0.01 milliseconds in a medium size MANET (200 nodes) with a 5 m/s speed of mobile nodes, the FRREQ will be directly following the PT towards the destination shortening the path the RRREQ should use to create a balanced bidirectional search. In this case, the delay times are very similar to the case of source routing because in most cases, the RRREQ does not spread enough to form a bidirectional search while the FRREQ is the dominator in the search process, the result is that the BSR will collapse to DSR in its working mechanism. Late FRREQ Initiating In this case, the source node waits more time before originating the FRREQ which causes the PT to arrive to the destination and initiates the RRREQ before the FRREQ leaves the source node. This makes the rendezvous points to spread further than the previous case, and since the RRREQ does not use route cache as in the case of FRREQ, the destination node has to do route discovery towards the source which takes more time than FRREQ cycle due to the time added for the PT to arrive to destination, and thus more delay than in the previous case. In this case, the BSR will collapse to DSR with more delay added for the process of initiating the RRREQ. Optimal FRREQ Jitter Considering the scale of the network and the mobility of its nodes as key factors in determining the delay value that must be set as waiting time between originating the PTs and then the FRREQ, the effect of this waiting time has been investigated. The simulation runs show that the bidirectional mechanism is optimized when the value of the FRREQ Jitter is between 0.01 and 3 milliseconds for a medium size network with a 5 m/s speed of network nodes, therefore, this attributes default value for BSR is set to uniform distribution of lower bound of value 0.01 milliseconds, and upper of value 3 milliseconds. Figure 3: Shows the effect of FRREQ Jitter on the scalability of MANETs through the relation between the FRREQ Jitter and the average End-to-End Delay while varying the network density, increasing the mobile nodes pause time, and using relatively fixed number of traffic sources for each scenario. The number of traffic sources started as 5 sources per 50 nodes in the first scenario, then 10 in the second, 15 for the third and finally 20 traffic sources per 200 MANET nodes in the forth scenario. The percentage will be always 10% of the network size to keep a relatively fixed number of sources for all scenarios. It is obvious from the example that increasing the number of nodes within a medium scale MANET is less effective when the FRREQ Jitter is 0.01-3 milliseconds as the increasing percentage of the average value of all the end-to-end delay values from the 50 nodes MANET case to the 200 nodes case is 272.8%, while it is 523.3% for the immediate FRREQ initiating, and 579.8% for the late FRREQ initiating. This makes the uniform distribution of 0.01-3 milliseconds the optimal value of the FRREQ Jitter for BSR in in the above example. 3. 2.

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Figure 3: Delay Increasing Percentage for different network sizes Setting the FRREQ jitter statically will result either collapsing the BSR to become a source routing protocol if the jitter is below a certain threshold, or collapsing to destination routing protocol if the jitter is above a certain threshold. In order to avoid setting the jitter value statically, self-configurable jitter setting is used. In [10], the way through which the configurable Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) sets its own attributes dynamically relying on the network environment was used. Similarly, we have utilized this successful method in setting the FRREQ jitter dynamically, by measuring certain attributes such as network size and mobility , model, the more the network size, the longer the FRREQ jitter and vice versa. The following simulation scenarios concluded the relation between the network size and the FRREQ jitter in the the form of: FRREQ Jitter = 1/m x (Network Size / C), (where C is constant). m is the mobility represented by the speed of nodes in the network, and varying form 0.1-20 , 0.1 m/s. The mobility plays a vital role in determining how long the delay should be for the reason that the faster the nodes move in the network, the shorter the delay should be and vice versa. VI. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON Simulation Model Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) has been used in designing and (OPNET) testing BSR, in addition to performing all the experiments and comparisons in this paper. Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic sources have been used for all the simulation scenarios with 512-byte data packets and 3 packets/second packet rate. For mobility scenarios, Random Way ckets Point (RWP) mobility model is used with different specifications in each experiment such as varying ground speed of nodes and changing the pause time of moving nodes. This means that the nodes travel at the speed on which the nodes were configured to travel, and then t when they reach their destinations, they stop for pause time. After the pause times the nodes start to travel again towards a random destination and on the same ground speed and so on. A speed rectangular field with 2000m x 500m configuration is used and the number of nodes in fixed network sizes is 100 nodes, while this number varies in the networks where altering the number of network nodes is part of the experiment.
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Observations Key performance metrics of BSR protocol are examined through a set of simulation runs in different scenarios and different MANET environments. Some of the performance metrics which have been evaluated are scalability, adaptability to mobility and traffic intensity, and comparability to other routing protocols. 2.1 Discovery Time for Different Size Networks Generally, the time to discover a route to a specific destination is the time when a route request was sent out to discover a route to that destination until the time a RREP is received with a route to that destination. This term is only used by reactive routing protocols as they should discover the available routes to destinations on demand. Theoretically, the BSR aims to reduce the discovery time in reactive routing strategies up to 50%-60% of the time consumed in other protocols such as DSR and AODV. This can be achieved by distributing the route discovery load on the source and destination simultaneously instead of relying on the source only to find its route to the destination as in the case of DSR. On the other hand, 4 network scenarios have been designed to examine the BSR algorithms ability in reducing the discovery time compared both DSR and AODV in different size MANETs and 8% CBR traffic sources of the overall number of nodes.

2.

Figure 4-A. Average Route Discovery Time for Different MANET sizes As the traffic starts to flow (i.e. after 100 simulation seconds) the protocols according to the reactive strategy start to discover the routes to destinations to which the application packets should be transmitted. The BSR shows promising performance in the chosen network intensities and close to what it is supposed to be theoretically. Figure 4-A describes the low discovery time of BSR compared to both DSR and AODV where average discovery time of BSR reaches 53.3% of the DSRs over 700 seconds of simulation time. This is due to the bidirectional mechanism which guarantees a simultaneous route discovery from both source towards destination and vice versa. Additionally, the reasons that prevent the BSR of achieving exactly half of DSRs discovery times are because of the time needed to initiate and traverse the PTs, and the FRREQ Jitter which at its maximum must not exceed 10 milliseconds as described later in this article. As the network intensity all the values of discovery time shift up which is logical because the RREQs need to travel further and discover more nodes. In the case of BSR, its discovery time similarly increases as the number of nodes increases where the discovery time in the case of 100 nodes network is 60.1% of it for DSR. The discovery time value keeps linearly increasing as we increase the number of nodes in the network for all protocols including BSR as shown in Figure. 6-A therefore the BSRs discovery time value reaches 72.4% of it for DSR in the case of 150 nodes, and finally 65.5% in the case of 200 nodes MANET.
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Average End-to-End Delay for Different Mobility Patterns The MANETs are known by their dynamic and stochastic nature that is caused by the mobility of nodes under unexpected conditions and to uncertain destinations in addition to their limited wireless coverage. These factors affect the overall performance of MANET in a way that makes it difficult for routing protocols the reactive ones in particular - to handle the basic control overhead needed for reactive routing management in addition to the overhead needed to maintain the routes in high mobility scenarios. This experiment is to examine the stability of BSR in different mobility scenarios, compared to DSR only as the AODV reacts to link breakage by initiating new RREQ since it originally has at most one route per destination in its routing table, therefore it is affected by mobility more than DSR which tends to check its cache for routes in case of link breakage instead of initiating RREQs which makes DSR more stable than AODV in most of the mobility scenarios. In this experiment two factors are used to determine the stability of the protocols which are the speed of moving nodes and the pause times. These factors can take different values to control the mobility of nodes as the more the pause time value and the lower speed of nodes value the lower the mobility of nodes is. Four scenarios of 100 nodes are designed to measure the average delay of BSR and DSR with respect to increasing the nodes speed every time, and in each time the pause time will be varied from 0 (constant mobility) to 750 simulation seconds (low mobility).

2.2

Figure 4-B Average delay for different mobility patterns At low ground speed (0.1-5 m/s), the DSR and BSR perform very similarly with maximum average delay of around 0.99 seconds when the traffic sources start to flow, then it decreases slightly with increasing the pause time with a gap of 5.8% between the average delay values of DSR and BSR in favor of the latter. This gap starts to increase while increasing the ground speed of nodes to become 13.6% in the case of 8 m/s ground speed, then it becomes 14.6% in the case of 12 m/s, and finally it gets smaller to 11.2% in the case of 16 m/s ground speed. This means that the average delay of both protocols increases almost equally by increasing the mobility of nodes as shown in Figure.4-B. However, the increasing ratio of the average delay of BSR in the 16 m/s case to it in the 4 m/s case is 160% while this value in the case of DSR is 170% which means that the DSR is more to get affected by mobility changes than BSR.
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VII. CONCLUSION Motivated by the accelerated research and development of MANET routing protocols and inspired by DSR. A new reactive MANET protocol has been proposed which utilizes the AIs bidirectional search algorithm to reduce the route discovery time and therefore reduce the end-to-end delay in MANETs. BSR uses a new approach in order to inform the destination of communication process to start its backward search (RRREQ) towards the source at the same time of the forward search towards the destination through broadcasting small packets called Propagating Triggers which travel across the network check for destination only. After a small jitter called FRREQ jitter, the source has to start its normal forward discovery process (FRRREQ) searching either the destination itself or any Rendezvous Point created by the RRREQ. This work shows that there are some implicit delay values in DSR that have been neglected due to their slightness compared to the overall route discovery time. These values have been shown to explain the way in which the PTs travel faster than normal route requests across the network. By guaranteeing the faster network coverage by the PTs followed by the FRREQs, both FRREQ and RRREQ should meet at around the middle of the distance between the source and the destination. The BSR is compared to both DSR and AODV in different simulation scenarios by varying traffic sources, mobility patterns, and network intensity. BSR shows promising performance compared to other reactive routing protocols such as DSR and AODV in terms of route discovery time, average end-to-end delay and other performance metrics which will be presented in future work such as packet delivery fraction, routing load, and others. The BSR shows up to 47% reduction in discovery time compared to DSR in small to medium scale networks. This is due to the bidirectional mechanism which guarantees a simultaneous route discovery from both source towards destination and vice versa. Additionally, the reasons that prevent the BSR of achieving exactly half of DSRs discovery times are because of the time needed to initiate and traverse the PTs, and the FRREQ Jitter which at its maximum must not exceed 10 milliseconds. The BSR then shows less reaction to changing the mobility patterns through changing the ground speed and pause time of moving nodes than DSR. Both protocols show similar average delay on low node speeds with a gap of 5.8% between the average delay values of DSR and BSR in favor of the latter. This gap starts to increase slightly as we increase the ground speed of nodes to reach 11.2% in favor of BSR. REFERENCES
[1]

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AUTHORS INFORMATION M. AHMED (M08) Assistant professor at the Middle East University (MEU) Maamoun received his BSc in Computer Engineering from Mutah University, Jordan in 2004; he started his career right after that and worked for the Jordans e-Government as a core system administrator assistant for a year. In 2005 he has joined the TERG at Anglia Ruskin University in UK and in 2009 he received his PhD degree in computer engineering. His research interests are in designing routing protocols for Ad-hoc networks, modeling and simulation, and Artificial Intelligence applications. Ahmed is a member of IEEE and the British Computer Society (BCS) since early 2008. S. YOUSEF Graduated in 1978 as Electrical Engineer. Worked for 18 Years in the Telecommunication Corporation of Jordan as Operation & Maintenance engineer, and then as head of Transmission. He moved to Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) in 1993 to gain his MSc in Telecommunication Systems Management. In 1994 he was Offered studentship from EPSRC to complete his PhD at ARU on ATM modeling and queuing which has been achieved in 1998. He worked as a research fellow at ARU from 1998 until 2002 and then promoted to a senior lecturer. He established and headed the Telecommunication Engineering Research Group (TERG) since year 2003 which currently hoists 28 MPhil/PhD students. His main theme of expertise is telecommunication networks in their wired and wireless status. Most of the research is performed recently on mobile communications at different generations through considering quality of service, security, physical layer measurements of fading, modulation techniques, noise cancellation, coding theory, Ad Hoc mobile networks, knowledge transfer management, 4th generation mobile networks issues and all electronic engineering relevant designs. Dr. Yousef has published around 80 papers covering all the aforementioned fields and he is a member of editorial committees of many journals, keynote speaker and chair in many conferences around the globe and external examiner to PhD students and postgraduate degrees in many universities. TERG has to become a research centre of excellence in Mobile and security research. TERG has wide international links through the European consortium for bidding to FP7 fund and to Tempus Fund. SATTAR J ABOUD is currently a visitor professor in Telecommunications Engineering Research Group at Anglia Ruskin University in Britain. He received his education (PhD and Master) in 1982 and 1988 respectively from Britain. He worked in various academic places and research centres cross the continents. During this long period he has gathered wide and very rich experiences in both teaching, researching fields and in quality assurance in university education areas. Thus, he awarded the Quality Assurance Certificate of Philadelphia University, Faculty of Information Technology in 2002, and also the Iraqi Council of Representatives medal, for organizing the first International Conference for Iraqi Expatriates Scientists & Qualifiers, Baghdad-Iraq in 2008. His research interests include the areas of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, area of verification and validation, and performance evaluation.

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