CHAPTER # 3 Transformers

Introduction
Static device Transfer electrical power from one circuit to another at same frequency Used to step up or step down voltage Used in AC circuit not in DC Faradays law of electromagnetic induction

Operation

Construction
2 coils with mutual inductance Laminated core/strips Suitable container Suitable insulating medium Suitable bushing

Laminated strips
Less losses Minimum air gap Continuous magnetic path For 50Hz (o.35mm) For 25Hz(0.5mm) Comes in shape of E,U,I and L

Classification of transformers
1. Construction
Core type Shell type

2. Cooling method
Oil filled self cooled Oil filled water cooled Air blast type

3. Voltage
Step up Step down

Classification by construction

Shell type and core type transformers

Transformer
1st transformer made by Michael faraday

Classification by cooling method

Step up and Step down

Ideal Transformer
Losses in Transformers An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structure which are considered as losses.

Voltage induced in the coil

E = V = effective voltage induced [ V ] F = frequency of the flux [ Hz ] N = number of turns on the coil [ turns ] = peak value of the flux [ Wb ] 4.44 = constant [ ]

Turns Ratio
The ratio of secondary number of turns to the primary number of turns is known as turns ratio. Given by:

Losses in transformers
Iron losses / core losses
Eddy current loss Hysteresis loss (iron core losses can be minimized by laminated strips)

Winding losses / copper loss

Equivalent circuit of transformer

Equivalent circuit of the transformer shows the electrical characteristics of the transformer.

Types of tests in transformers

1. Short Circuit Test
Performed to calculate the iron losses or core losses of the transformer.

2. Open Circuit Test

Performed to calculate the winding losses or copper losses.

Flux Density - (symbol; B, unit; Teslas (T)) is simply the total flux divided by the effective area of the magnetic circuit through which it flows. Magnetomotive Force - MMF can be thought of as the magnetic equivalent of electromotive force. It is the product of the current flowing in a coil and the number of turns that make up the coil. Magnetic Field Strength - (symbol: H, unit; ampere metres when current flows in a conductor, it is always accompanied by a magnetic field. The strength, or intensity, of this field is proportional to the amount of current and inversely proportional to the distance from the conductor. Magnetic Flux - (unit: Webers (Wb)) we refer to magnetism in terms of lines of force or flux, which is a measure of the total amount of magnetism.

Example
A coil posses 4000 turns and links an ac flux having a peak value of 2 mWb. If the frequency is 60 Hz, calculate the effective value and frequency of the induced voltage.

Example
A not quite ideal transformer having 90 turns on the primary and 2250 turns on the secondary is connected to a 120 V, 60 Hz source. The coupling between the primary and secondary is perfect, but the magnetizing current is 4 A. Calculate: a. The effective Voltage across the secondary b. The peak voltage across the secondary terminals. c. The instantaneous voltage across the secondary when the instantaneous voltage across primary is 37 V.

Example 3.1
A single phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross sectional area of the core is 60 cm2. if the primary winding is connected to 50Hz supply at 520V, calculate (a). The peak value of flux density in the core (b). The voltage induced in the secondary winding

Example 3.2
A single phase transformer has 200 turns on the primary and 100 turns on secondary. The load draws a current of 20A from the secondary. If the primary winding is connected to a 200V supply determine (a). Primary current (b). Secondary voltage

Example 3.3
A single phase 50Hz transformer is required to step down from 2200V to 250V. The cross sectional area of the core is 36cm2 and the maximum value of the flux density is 6wb/m2. Determine the number of turns of the primary and secondary winding and also the turns ratio.

Example 3.4
A coil having 90 turns is connected to a 120V, 60Hz source. If the effective value of magnetizing current is 4A. Calculate following (a). The peak value of flux (b). The peak value of the mmf (c). The inductive reactance (d). The inductance of the coil

Example 3.5
An ideal transformer having 90 turns on the primary and 2250 turns on the secondary is connected to a 200V, 50Hz source. The load across the secondary draws a current of 2 A at a lagging power factor of 0.8, Calculate, (a). The effective value of the primary current (b). The instantaneous current in the primary when the instantaneous current the secondary is 100A. (c). The peak flux linked by the secondary winding (d). Draw the phasor diagram

Example 3.6
During a short circuit test on a transformer rated 500kVA, 69kV/4.16kV, 60Hz the following voltage, current and power measurements were made. Vsc = 2600V Isc = 4A Psc = 2400W Calculate value of reactance and resistance of the transformer referred to High Voltage (HV) side.

Example 3.7
The secondary winding of a transformer possesses 180 turns. When the transformer is under load the secondary current has an effective value of 18A at 60Hz. Furthermore the mutual flux m has a peak value of 20mwb. The secondary leakage flux f2 has a peak value of 3mwb. Calculate, (a). the voltage induced in the secondary winding by leakage flux. (b). the value of V2 induced by the mutual flux m.

Example 3.8
A 75kVA transformer has a step down ratio of 12:1, with 2400 primary turns and a primary voltage of 3.3kV. Calculate, (a). the number of secondary turns (b). the secondary voltage (c). the volts per turn (d). the full load primary and secondary currents

Example 3.9
A single phase transformer with a ratio of 440/110V takes a no load current of 5A at 0.2 power factor lagging. If the secondary supplies a current of 120A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging, estimate the current taken by the primary winding.

Example 3.10
A 30kVA, 6000/230V single phase transformer has the following parameters. Primary winding resistance = 10 Secondary winding resistance referred to primary = 10.8 Primary winding leakage reactance 16 Secondary winding leakage reactance referred to primary 18 Neglecting no load current, calculate the voltage to be applied to the primary to circulate full load current when the secondary is short circuited what is the power factor on short circuit?