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Electromagne7c
Waves
Wireless
signals
propagate
in
the
air
in
form
of
electromagne7c
waves
Electromagne7c
Field
Electric
eld
E(x, y, z, t) Magne7c
eld
B(x, y, z, t) If
either
E
or
B
are
7me
dependent,
then
both
elds
must
be
considered
together
as
a
coupled
electromagne7c
eld
using
Maxwells
equa7ons
B = 0 0
E t
Radio Spectrum
Radio Spectrum
What Happens When an EM Wave Encounters a New Media Reec7on Dirac7on ScaVering Absorp7on
Reec7on
Wave
hits
an
object
with
dimension
much
larger
than
the
radio
wavelength
will
be
par7ally
reected
o
the
surface
of
the
object
Amount
of
reec7on
depends
on
the
incident
angle,
materials,
etc.
Dirac7on
Apparent
bending
of
waves
around
small
obstacles
and
the
spreading
out
of
waves
past
small
openings
The
eect
of
dirac7on
is
most
pronounced
when
the
wavelength
is
roughly
similar
to
the
dimensions
of
the
dirac7ng
objects
ScaVering
Waves
are
forced
to
deviate
from
a
straight
trajectory
by
one
or
more
localized
non- uniformi7es
in
the
propaga7on
medium
Rayleigh
ScaVering:
EM
wave
scaVered
by
par7cles
that
are
much
smaller
in
diameter
than
the
wavelength
Absorp7on
The
absorp7on
of
EM
wave
is
o[en
called
aVenua7on
The
energy
of
EM
wave
is
taken
up
by
some
maVer
and
transformed
to
other
forms
of
energy,
e.g.,
heat
Update
We
have
learned
how
radio
waves
propagate
in
the
open
air
We
now
discuss
Antennas:
to
convert
EM
waves
in
a
wired
circuit
to
EM
waves
radiated
in
the
open
air
and
vice
versa
Antenna
Radia7on PaVerns
Omni-direc7onal
Direc7onal
Direc7onal
Direc7onal
Antenna
Parameters
Eciency:
the
ra7o
of
power
actually
radiated
by
an
antenna
to
the
electrical
power
it
receives
Bandwidth:
the
range
of
frequency
within
which
the
performance
of
the
antenna
conforms
to
a
specied
standard
Direc7vity:
the
ra7o
between
the
maximum
radia7on
intensity
radiated
by
the
antenna
in
the
maximum
direc7on
and
the
intensity
radiated
by
a
hypothe7cal
isotropic
antenna
radia7ng
the
same
total
power