B10 - GSM - QoS and Traffic Load

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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem
Introduction to Quality of Service
and Traffic Load Monitoring - B10
TRAINING MANUAL
3FL10491ADAAZZZZA
Edition 01
Copyright 2007 by Alcatel-Lucent - All rights reserved
Passing on and copying of this document, use and
communication of its contents not permitted without
written authorization from Alcatel-Lucent
EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring - B10
GSM QoS Monitoring Introduction
1 1 2
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!
1. GSM QoS Monitoring
1. Introduction
2. Global Indicators
3. Detailed Indicators
4. Handover Indicators
5. Directed Retry Indicators
6. Radio Measurement Statistics Indicators
7. Traffic Indicators
8. Case Studies
9. Annexes
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Table of Contents [cont.]
This page is left blank intentionally
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Course Objectives
Welcome to Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring - B10
After successful completion of this course, you should understand:
Global indicators, in order to assess the general quality of the network
Detailed indicators, in order to detect / identify / locate the main malfunctions
Handover indicators, in order to quantify efficiency and reason of HO
Directed retry indicators, in order to quantify efficiency of directed retry
RMS indicators to ease radio optimization and fault detection
Traffic indicators, in order to detect/predict overload and compute adequate cell dimensioning
as well as to understand how RTCH resources are used in the network
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Course Objectives [cont.]
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About this Student Guide
Conventions used in this guide
Where you can get further information
If you want further information you can refer to the following:
Technical Practices for the specific product
Technical support page on the Alcatel website: http://www.alcatel-lucent.com
Note
Provides you with additional information about the topic being discussed.
Although this information is not required knowledge, you might find it useful or
interesting.
Technical Reference
(1) 24.348.98 Points you to the exact section of Alcatel-Lucent Technical
Practices where you can find more information on the topic being discussed.
Warning
Alerts you to instances where non-compliance could result in equipment damage or
personal injury.
1 1 8
About this Student Guide [cont.]
1 1 9
Self-Assessment of Objectives
At the end of each section you will be asked to fill this questionnaire
Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training

Instructional objectives
Yes (or
globally
yes)
No (or
globally
no)
Comments

Contract number :
Course title :
Client (Company, Center) :
Language : Dates from : to :
Number of trainees : Location :
Surname, First name :
Did you meet the following objectives ?
Tick the corresponding box
Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
>
1 1 10
Self-Assessment of Objectives [cont.]
Instructional objectives
Yes (or
Globally
yes)
No (or
globally
no)
Comments

Thank you for your answers to this questionnaire
Other comments
>
Module 1
Introduction
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring - B10
3FL10491ADAAZZZZA Issue 01
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Blank Page
First edition Last name, first name YYYY-MM-DD 01
Remarks Author Date Edition
Document History
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Explain what is QoS and Traffic Load monitoring of the BSS
Explain what are the information sources available for that purpose
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
Page
1 Monitoring the QoS of the BSS 7
2 Monitoring the Traffic Load of the BSS 10
3 Information Sources Available 12
4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation 28
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1 Monitoring the QoS of the BSS
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Definition
"Monitor" "network" "quality"
monitor = measure or ensure?
network = BSS? BSS+NSS? BSS+NSS+PSTN
quality = service (end-user) and/or system (technical)
But also detect, localize, diagnose outages
detect (decide according to thresholds)
localize (which cell, BSC, etc.)
diagnose: radio, BSS, TC problems
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Usage
QoS Results
QoS Results
Management
network monitoring
comparison with competitor
comparison of manufacturers
contractual requirement: licence
quality responsible
Management
network monitoring
comparison with competitor
comparison of manufacturers
contractual requirement: licence
quality responsible
Radio optimization
cell radio quality survey
HO quality monitoring
assessment of tuning efficiency
Radio optimization
cell radio quality survey
HO quality monitoring
assessment of tuning efficiency
BSS maintenance
cell/BSC/TC problem detection
BSS maintenance
cell/BSC/TC problem detection
3 usages of QoS data 3 levels of QoS reports:
1. Management team: has to compare Network QoS with competitors' one and to plan Network evolutions.
needs to have a general view of the Network QoS on a monthly (and sometimes weekly) basis.
2. Radio Optimization team: has to detect bad QoS areas in the network and to implement and assess
modifications for QoS improvement.
needs to have a detailed status and evolution of the QoS at BSS and cell (and sometimes TRX) levels on a
weekly, daily (and sometimes hourly) basis.
3. Supervision and Maintenance team: has to detect dramatic QoS degradations and identify the responsible
Network Element (and if possible component).
needs to have the most detailed status of QoS at cell and TRX levels on an hourly basis.
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2 Monitoring the Traffic Load of the BSS
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2 Monitoring the Traffic Load of the BSS
Definition
Measure the "quantity" of traffic handled by:
the network
the BSCs
the cells
Analyze traffic characteristics
call, handover, location update, etc.
As input for dimensioning/architecture team
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3 Information Sources Available
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Observation Means
DIFFERENT WAYS TO OBSERVE/MEASURE the GSM network
External Interface Analysis
A interface: MSC/TC-BSC
Abis interface: BSC/BTS
Air MS/BTS
Counter browser
OMC Counters
BSC
(NSS)
Tektronix K1205
Gnnettest MPA
W&G NPA
QoS data can be built up from different and complementary kinds of information sources.
Usually post-processing applications will build up QoS indicators from:
OMC-R counters provided by the BSS system itself.
Signaling messages provided by a protocol acquisition tool on the different interfaces handled by the BSS:
Air, Abis, A (or Ater).
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A Interface Trace
INFORMATION SOURCE: EXTERNAL INTERFACE "A"
Capture/decode signaling between MSC and BSC-TC (A or Ater MUX)
with "protocol analyzer" (Wandel, Tektronix, Gnnettest, etc.)
+ GSM standard, can be used for arbitrage between manufacturers
+ Complete information (message contents, time-stamp)
+ Possible detection of User/MS/BSS/TC/NSS problems
- High cost of equipment
- Time consuming, "post mortem" (installation of tool, file analysis)
- Expertise needed for analysis
- Low coverage (K1103/MA10: 8 COCs, K1205/MPA: 32 COCs maximum!)
- Large amount of data (>> 10 Mbytes /hour/BSC)
The main advantage of the A interface is to allow the detection of Call Setup failures either due to the User
or to the NSS (or PSTN).
Some typical user failure causes are: Some typical NSS failure causes are:
IMSI Unknown in VLR Temporary Failure
IMSI Unknown in HLR Resource Unavailable
IMEI Not Accepted Switching Equipment Congestion
PLMN Not Allowed Normal Unspecified
Service Option Not Supported Recovery on Timer Expiry
Requested Service Not Supported Call Reject
Unassigned Number Interworking
Operator Determined Barring Protocol Error
User Alerting Network Failure
Facility Not Subscribed Congestion
No Route to Destination
Normal Call Clearing
User Busy
Invalid Number Format
Call Reject
Interworking
Normal Unspecified
CAUTION: In order to assess the QoS of a BSS or some cells of a BSS, all N7 links between this BSC and the MSC
must be traced. Indeed, as the N7 signaling load is spread over all N7 links, signaling messages relating to one
call can be conveyed on any of the active N7 links.
K1103 protocol analyzer can trace up to 8 COCs at the same time but on maximum 4 PCM physical links.
K1205 protocol analyzer can trace up to 32 COCs at the same time but on maximum 16 PCM physical links.
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Example of Trace
On a K1205 protocol analyzer
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Abis Interface Trace
INFORMATION SOURCE: EXTERNAL INTERFACE "Abis"
Capture/decode signaling between BSC and BTS with "protocol
analyzer" (Wandel, Tektronix, Gnnettest, etc.)
+ Complete information (message contents, time-stamp)
+ Possible detection of User/MS/BSS/TC/NSS problems
+ Complete radio information thanks to measurement messages
+ Downlink and uplink
- Time consuming, "post mortem" (installation of tool, file analysis)
- Important expertise needed for analysis
- Very low coverage (A few RSLs, a few cell(s))
- Very large amount of data (>> 10 Mbytes/hour/BTS)
The main advantage of the Abis trace is to allow a detailed and precise assessment of the radio quality of a
cell at TRX level. Both DownLink and UpLink paths can be observed and compared.
BUT from B7 release, the Radio Measurement Statistics (RMS) feature implemented in the BSS provides a good
level of information allowing to reduce the number of Abis traces to be done for radio network optimization.
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Air Interface Trace
INFORMATION SOURCE: EXTERNAL INTERFACE "Air"
Use trace MS to capture signaling and signal characteristics
+ Give precise location (x,y) of problems
+ Give downlink radio information
+ Only way to localize a lack of coverage
+ Only way to monitor competitor
- Very time-consuming
- Difficulty to perform a lot of calls
-> number of samples insufficient
-> only a few streets
- No uplink
The main advantage of the Air trace is to associate a radio quality measurement to a given geographical area
of the network.
Even if the RMS feature will allow to assess the radio quality as perceived by the end user, no location of the
radio problems is provided through the RMS.
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Performance Measurement Counters
SUB-SYSTEM COUNTERS
Count events seen by sub-system, value reported periodically
(1 hour)
+ Low cost: collected directly at OMC
+ Compact data: possibility to store counters for a complete network
- Raw information, having to be consolidated to be understandable
- Manufacturer's dependent: questionable/difficult to compare
- Weak to analyze other sub-systems
The main advantage of the BSS counters is to provide easily QoS data for permanent QoS monitoring.
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Exercise
Draw the BSS PM counters flow on the chart
In which sub-system are the BSS QoS indicators computed and stored?
BSC
BSC
BSC
OMC-R
OMC-R
OMC-R
NPA
RNO
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BSS Counters
Combined into significant formulae: indicators
Used to monitor BSS network quality
Over a complete network, with breakdown per cell/BSC
SPECIFIC DRAWBACK
NSS/PSTN/MS/USER problems not seen
As BSS PM counters are defined in order to provide information to assess the QoS of the BSS and help to detect
BSS misbehavior, there is no way to identify QoS problems due to NSS, PSTN or User.
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NSS Counters
Combined into significant formulas: indicators
Used to monitor NSS network quality
Over a complete network, with breakdown per BSC (maximum)
SPECIFIC DRAWBACKS
BSS problems usually not precisely identified
No breakdown per cell
The NSS QoS is provided through NSS PM counters and indicators. It is out of the scope ot this training course.
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Alcatel-Lucent BSS Counters
INFORMATION SOURCES: BSS Counters (1/2)
Performance Management implementation
Easy and cost-effective way to monitor network and carried traffic
Principle:
For a given duration (granularity period= typically 1 hour)
To count pre-defined events occurring on the Abis or A interface, or
internally.
Counters stored with breakdown per network component (i.e. cell)
In the BSS B9, around 1000 counters are available (without GPRS).
Alcatel-Lucent has chosen to implement PM counters in the BSC and to increment them mostly on Abis
interface signaling messages.
Other suppliers may have chosen to increment them on A interface signaling messages or to implement them
in the BTS.
Therefore caution should be taken when interpreting QoS indicators value since some discrepancies may be
observed due to these possible choices.
In order to provide the operators with an easy and cost-effective way to monitor their network and carried
traffic, BSS manufacturers have implemented specific software features, called performance management.
The principle is to count for a given duration called granularity period (typically 1 hour) pre-defined events
occurring on the Abis or A interface, or internally. These counters are stored for each duration, with
breakdown per network component (i.e. cell).
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Alcatel-Lucent BSS Counters [cont.]
INFORMATION SOURCES: BSS Counters (2/2)
In Alcatel-Lucent BSS (except GPRS), counters are computed by the BSC,
based mainly on Abis messages.
Every reporting period, counters values are sent to the OMC-R for
storage.
Several counters are reported to the OMC-R permanently every PM
granularity period:
Type 180: per cell adjacency
Type 110 per cell
Other Types: per TRX / N7 Link / BSC /
Millions of counters are collected every day
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BSS Counter Example
MC718:
counter number
NB_TCH_NOR_ASS_SUCC_TRX: counter name
Cumulative: method of computation
Type 110: BSS PM measurement type to which the counter belongs
Measured object: minimum object level for which the counter is
provided: TRX or CELL or BSC or N7 LINK or X25 LINK etc.
All counters are described in PM Counters and Indicators.
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BSS Counter Characteristics
Collection mechanism
Cumulative
The counter is incremented at the occurrence of a specific event.
Abis or A message, or internal event.
At the end of a collection period, the result is the sum of the events.
Inspection
Every 20 or 10 seconds, a task quantifies an internal resource status (usually
a table).
At the end of a collection period, the result is the mean value.
Observation
Set of recorded information about a telecom procedure (handover, channel
release, UL & DL measurements reporting).
Main counters are of cumulative type.
Inspection counters are of gauge type.
Observation counters are grouped in a Performance Measurement record associated to a particular GSM BSS
telecom procedure: SDCCH channel seizure, TCH channel seizure, internal handover, etc.
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BSS Performance Measurement Types
B10
N Type Name Type definition
1 Traffic Measurement Set of counters related to the traffic evaluation per telecom procedure
2 Resource Availability Measurement Set of counters related to the availability of the CCCH, SDCCH, or TCH channels
3 CCCH channel resource usage measurements Set of counters related to the usage of CCCH channel (PCH, AGCH, RACH)
4 SDCCH channel resource usage measurements Set of counters related to the usage of SDCCH channel
5 TCH channel resource usage measurements Set of counters related to the usage of TCH channel
6 TCH Handover Measurements Set of counters related to the TCH handover procedure
7 LAPD Measurement Set of counters related to the LapD logical links
8 X.25 Measurement Set of counters related to the X25 links OMC-BSC
9 N7 Measurement Set of counters related to the N7 Signaling Links
10 SDCCH Observations Observation counters on SDCCH channels allocated
11 TCH measurements observations Observation counters on 08.58 MEASUREMENT REPORT for a TCH
12 Internal Handover Observations Observation counters on internal intra-cell or inter-cell SDCCH or TCH handover
13 Incoming External Handover Observations Observation counters on incoming external SDCCH or TCH handover
14 Outgoing External Handover Observations Observation counters on outgoing external SDCCH or TCH handover
15 TCH Observation Observation counters on TCH channel allocated
18 A Interface measurements different causes of 08.08 CLEAR REQUEST and 08.08 ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
19 SMS PP Measurements Set of counters related to Short Message Service Point to Point
25 SCCP Measurements Set of counters related to SCCP Layer of the N7 signaling Links
26 TCH outgoing Handover per adjency Set of counters related to outgoing TCH handover provided per adjency
27 TCH incoming Handover per adjency Set of counters related to incoming TCH handover provided per adjency
28 SDCCH Handover Set of counter related to the SDCCH handover procedure
29 Directed Retry measurements Set of counter related to the directed retry handover procedure
30 SMS CB Measurements Set of counters related to Short Message Service Cell Broadcast
31 Radio Measurement Statistics Set of counters providing radio quality measurements for TRX/Cell
32 Change of frequency band measurements Set of counters related to handovers including a change of TCH Frequency band
33 BTS Power Measurement Average emitted power at the BTS antenna output
110 Overview measurements Set of key counters allowing to access Quality of Service of a given Cell/BSC/Network
180 Traffic Flow measurements Set of counters related to incoming inter-cell SDCCH/TCH handover performed per adjency
ANNEX 6
Modified B10
BSS Performance Measurement types (PM types) are split into two categories:
standard types (7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,110, 180)
detailed types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 26, 27)
The most important types for QoS monitoring and Radio Network Optimization are in bold.
A standard PM type can be activated for the whole network. It means that the related counters are reported
for all the Network Elements they are implemented on (TRX, CELL, N7 link, X25 link, LAPD link, Adjacency).
A detailed PM type can be activated only on a sub-set of the network. It means that the related counters are
reported only for a limited number of Network Elements:
40 cells per BSS for PM types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 26, 29
15 cells per BSS for PM types 10, 12, 13, 14, 15
1 cell per BSS for PM types 11, 27
Counter numbering rules:
Cyz: cumulative or inspection counters in PM types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 180
Ly.z: cumulative counters in PM type 7 (L stands for LAPD link)
Xy.z: cumulative counters in PM type 8 (X stands for X25 link)
Ny.z: cumulative counters in PM type 9 (N stands for N7 link)
Syz: observation counters in PM type 10 (S stands for SDCCH)
Ryz:: observation counters in PM type 11 (R stands for Radio measurements)
HOyz: observation counters in PM type 12, 13, 14 (HO stands for HandOver)
Tyz: observation counters in PM type 15 (T stands for TCH)
RMSyz: cumulative counters in PM type 31 (RMS stands for Radio Measurement Statistics)
MCyz or MNy.z: cumulative counters in PM type 110 (M stands for Major)
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Exercise
Observation Means: find the best source of information.
Observation to be done: Best source Why
6- history of network quality for several
weeks
8- discriminate problems between BSS/NSS.
BSS and NSS coming from different
providers
9- In a building, one is thinking that an
elevator is inducing PCM trouble, how to
confirm ?
10- Identify potential interfering cells of 1
Cells
5- localise abnormal cells in a network
7- compare networks quality
3- get average network quality
4- localise precise location of a radio pb
1- overall radio quality of 1 cell Counters Type 31: RMS
2- monitor user failures
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4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation
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Usage
The trace done with K1205 can be read:
Directly on K1205 itself
On any PC Windows NT
with dedicated emulation software

Practical exercises will be done during the course using this software
The following slides and exercises are here to teach you the basic skill
needed to operate the tool for A Interface decoding
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Measurement Scenarios Screen
To select binary
trace file
To select binary
trace file
To enter in
monitoring mode to
analyze the
A trace
To enter in
monitoring mode to
analyze the
A trace
To filter the main
GSM protocols and
messages
To filter the main
GSM protocols and
messages
1. Start the K1205 Protocol Tester application.
2. In the Recording File box: click on the Open button and select the "PAIB29.rec" file.
3. Select all displayed N7 logical links (corresponding to 4 PCMs in this case).
4. Click on the Browse button and select gsm2_A.stk in the gsm2 sub-directory (corresponding to the GSM
Phase 2 A interface protocol stack).
5. Click on OK.
6. Click on the Monitor box to display the content of the recorded trace.
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Filter Configuration
Configure your filter to remove some messages
and protocols => Bypass Protocol Filter
and select:
SCCP Except UDT
Keep all DTAP
BSSM Except PAGIN
Select also all
Logical Links
ANNEX 4
The ANNEX 4 introduces some basics on the GSM protocol layers that will be traced for the A interface
analysis.
UDT: Unit Data (for Signaling Control Point) Remove Paging information
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Monitor Screen
Short View
1 line / message
Short View
1 line / message
Frame View
Full decoding of
selected message
Frame View
Full decoding of
selected message
Packet view
Message content
in hexadecimal
Packet view
Message content
in hexadecimal
To extract 1 call
To extract 1 call
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Extract a Call
How to find a specific message?
Edit - Find (or ctrl + F3)
Select All Logical Links.
Choose the protocol.
Select the message studied.
Use F3 to find another same message.
How to extract a call from these traces?
Click on the Zoombutton.
Select CC message (Connection Confirm).
And UnZoom + Zoom to get:
SLR: Source Location Reference
LR: Destination Location Reference
At call setup, the first signaling message on the A interface is sent by the BSC to the MSC in order to set up a
logical link (called SCCP connection) between the BSS and the NSS.
Both BSS and NSS entities choose a unique reference which has to be used by the other party to identify the
SCCP connection on which the messages are conveyed. Both BSS reference (xxx) and NSS reference (yyy) are
exchanged during the SCCP Connection Request and Connection Confirm phases. After that only the reference
of the other party is used.
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Call Extraction
Then
Click on the Filter button and filter out all protocol layers and messages except:
all DTAP messages,
all BSSMAP messages except "Paging,
SCCP CR (Connection Request) and CC (Connection Confirm) messages.
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Exercise
Use the tool to extract a few calls from file PAIB29.REC
1) Zoom on a CC message:
Find the definition of all messages in the Frame View.
2) Zoom on a CR message with LUREQ.
How to extract the complete call?
3) Use Find to extract a call with an ALERTING message.
Can you see the CC message? If not, Why?
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
Please be reminded to fill in the form
Self-Assessment on the Objectives
for this module
The form can be found in the first part
of this course documentation
1 1 47
End of Module
Introduction
Module 2
Global Indicators
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
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Blank Page
Document History
1 1 50
Module Objectives
Explain what is a Global indicator and what are the main BSS indicators
regarding GSM services provided by the Alcatel-Lucent BSS
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1 1 52
Table of Contents
Page
1 Indicators Definition 7
2 Methodological Precautions 13
3 Typical Call Failures 20
4 Description of Global Indicators 83
5 Traps and Restrictions of Global Indicators 104
6 Global Indicators Interpretation 111
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Page
1 1 54
1 Indicators Definition
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BSS Indicators Definition (Alcatel-Lucent)
Global / Detailed
Numerical data providing information about network performance regarding:
The complete network: GLOBAL indicator
An element of the network: DETAILED indicator
O TS/TRX/CELL/BTS/BSC/TC
A formulae of several counters
Counters vs. Indicators
Counters: provided by the BSS equipment
Indicators: computed by BSS Monitoring equipment
The indicators computation can be performed from several counters or by a simple counter mapping.
Example:
call drop rate = Call Drop nb / Call nb = f(counters)
call drop = Call drop nb = 1 counter
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Global Indicators
Measure the performance of the complete network
Analyzed according to their trend and values
Usually every day (week, month)
Compared with:
Competitor results if available
Contractual requirements
Internal quality requirements
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Thresholds
EXAMPLE: Thresholds on Call Drop Rate indicator
Weekly CDR " GSM"
0,00%
0,50%
1,00%
1,50%
2,00%
2,50%
3,00%
3,50%
1 5 9
1
3
1
7
2
1
2
5
2
9
3
3
3
7
4
1
4
5
week number
C
D
R
weekly call drop rate
contractual call drop rate
quality CDR
Weekly CDR " GSM"
0,00%
0,50%
1,00%
1,50%
2,00%
2,50%
3,00%
3,50%
1 5 9
1
3
1
7
2
1
2
5
2
9
3
3
3
7
4
1
4
5
week number
C
D
R
weekly call drop rate
contractual call drop rate
quality CDR
The Call Drop rate at network level has to compared to:
Contractual threshold: can be requested by the operator management to the operational radio team, can be
requested by the operator to the provider on swap or network installation
Quality threshold: fixed internally by radio team management.
Quality thresholds are usually tighter than contractual ones.
1 1 58
Exercise
Are the indicators in the table below global ones?
INDICATOR DESCRIPTION G ?
average of call setup success rate for the network Yes
rate of call lost due to radio pb on cell CI=14, LAC=234 No
call drop rate in your capital
call drop rate of the cell covering a specific buidling
% of HO with the cause better cell (among other causes) for the network
average rate of TCH dropped for all TRX of the network carrying 1 SDCCH8
rate of SDCCH dropped on TRX1 of cell 12,24
call success of 1 PLMN
% of cells being congested today
INDICATOR DESCRIPTION G ?
average of call setup success rate for the network Yes
rate of call lost due to radio pb on cell CI=14, LAC=234 No
call drop rate in your capital
call drop rate of the cell covering a specific buidling
% of HO with the cause better cell (among other causes) for the network
average rate of TCH dropped for all TRX of the network carrying 1 SDCCH8
rate of SDCCH dropped on TRX1 of cell 12,24
call success of 1 PLMN
% of cells being congested today
1 1 59
Typical KPI of Radio Network
Example of KPI used on network:
KPI Parameter Source
Call Drop Rate OMC/Drive test
Congestion Rate OMC/Drive test
Handover Success Rate OMC/Drive test
Busy Hour Traffic OMC
TCH Utilization OMC
Call Setup success rate OMC/Drive test
Coverage Drive test
Quality Drive test
The KPI is a good way to measure the overall performance of the network. Several KPI parameters will be
defined in the network to enable the operator to monitor the network performance throughout important events,
new release, soft/hardware upgrades, etc.
Normally the formula of KPI are defined by the operator, and usually different operators may consider different
KPIs and use different formulas. The KPI can be derived from driving tests and OMC traffic statistics.
1 1 60
2 Methodological Precautions
1 1 61
Objective
Avoid typical errors regarding indicators interpretation
1 1 62
Global Indicator Value
A good value for a global indicator
All network components are OK regarding this indicator

Example:
A global call drop rate of 1% can hide some cells with 10% of call drop rate
1 1 63
Network Element Aggregation
The average value of an indicator for a Network:
Is not the average of cell results (or any sub-part of it)
BUT is the average weighted by the traffic
number of calls number of call drop call drop rate
cell 1 390 8 2,10%
cell 2 546 29 5,25%
cell 3 637 20 3,10%
cell 4 1029 12 1,14%
cell 5 536 3 0,50%
cell 6 2 1 50,00%
cell 7 3 1 33,00%
cell 8 210 4 2,11%
cell 9 432 5 1,20%
cell 10 321 4 1,11%
average of cell results 9,95%
total nb of drop/total number of calls 2,10%
1 1 64
Global Indicator Validity
To be reliable, an indicator must be based on a sufficient number of
events
Estimation theory (MR.Spiegel, theory and problems of probability and
statistics , SCHAUM):
if p is the probability of success for a complete population
if one is measuring the probability P based on a sample of size N
There is a probability of 95 % that p is between:
P +/- 1.96*[(p*(1-p))/n]
Example: for p = 90 % and N = 100 => [ 84,12% ; 95,88% ]
This law cannot be used directly for indicators (an hourly indicator is
not based on a random sample), but it is giving a rough estimate of
level of confidence one can apply regarding the size of the sample
If a sample (number of calls) is too small, one can take it for a longer
duration
On Alcatel-Lucent QoS monitoring tool (MPM application on OMC-R, NPA or RNO), NEs (BSS, Cell or TRX) are
highlighted with bad QoS indicator value if enough corresponding events have been observed (called Validity
threshold).
Examples:
Cells with bad Call Drop rate will be highlighted if CDR > CDR_threshold and if the Number of Calls is greater
than the CDR Validity threshold.
Cells with bad Outgoing handover success rate will be highlighted if OHOSUR > OHOSUR_threshold and if the
Number of Outgoing Handovers is greater than the OHO Validity threshold.
1 1 65
Time Period Aggregation
Take care of data consolidation
Example:
Mean cell congestion rate during busy hour:
Weighted average of cell congestion at the busy hour of the network?
Weighted average of cell congestion rate for its specific busy hour?
(definition of busy hour?)
Usually:
Cell Busy Hour = hour of the day where max TCH traffic (in erlang) is observed.
BSC Busy Hour = hour of the day where max TCH traffic (as the sum of the TCH traffic of all cells of the BSS) is
observed.
1 1 66
Exercise
Is the conclusion given for each indicator right?
INDICATOR Sample
(calls)
conclusion OK ?
call drop = 0.9% in your country 2456435 all the cells have a good call drop
NOK
call setup success for cell 15, 145 = 99.5% 2315 there is a good call setup success rate for
15, 145
In Paris: 2500 cells with 95% of call setup
success
In the rest of France: 5000 cells with
98%
3267872
for France
In France, call setup success = 97 %
call drop for BSS BSS_1 = 1% 4500 the call drop for BSS_1 is good
call drop for cell 156;13 = 5% 215 cell 156;13 has certainly a trouble
for BSS 1, call drop of 2.0%
for BSS 2, call drop of 3.0%
4000
2000
LA = BSS1 + BSS2 has a call drop of 2.3 %
MSC Stadium has a call setup success of
95 %
15346 BSS1 belonging to MSC Stadium has a call setup
success of 95%
1 1 67
3 Typical Call Failures
1 1 68
Objective
Description of the main call success and failures cases, with:
Main specific counters
Main protocol timers
Diagnose the main case of failures on A interface traces using the K1205
emulation software
1 1 69
Call Setup phasing
4 stages for a call establishment, 2 for a
location update:
1- Radio link establishment
2- "SDCCH phase
then only for "Circuit Switch call"
3- TCH assignment
4- "Alerting/connection" phase
Each phase has a specific utility and some
weaknesses
Radio Link Establishment
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
1 1 70
MS BTS BSC
MSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
-------------(RACH)------------> CHANNEL REQUIRED
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
CHANNEL ACTIVATION (SDCCH)
<---------------------------------------------- MC148
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK
---------------------------------------------->
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN <---------------------------------------------- start T3101
MC8B
<------------(AGCH)-------------
SABM (L3 info)
-------------(SDCCH)-----------> ESTABLISH IND (L3 info)
UA (L3 info) ----------------------------------------------> stop T3101
<-----------(SDCCH)------------- MC02
CR (COMPLETE L3 INFO)
---------------------------------->
CC
<----------------------------------
MSC
Radio Link Establishment - OC success
Originated Call: RLE success case
T3101: guard timer for SDCCH allocation (Default: 3 seconds)
CR/CC are used to exchange SCCP references
Any further message related to this call will have one (or 2) of these 2 references
K1205 can extract the call using these references (SLR, DLR!!)
Specific case of Call establishment
failure:
Loss of messages due to LapD congestion
can be followed with a counter (see notes)
LapD
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
The SDCCH resource allocation is performed by the BSC. Once allocated, the SDCCH channel is activated by the
BTS on BSC request.
T3101 is the guard timer for the SDCCH access from the MS. The Default value is 3 seconds.
MC8C counts the number of Channels Required received from the MS in a cell.
MC148 counts the number of SDCCH channels activated (therefore allocated) in a cell.
MC8B counts the number of times an MS is commanded to access an SDCCH channel in a cell.
MC02 counts the number of MSs which have successfully accessed an SDCCH in a cell as part of a Mobile
Originating (MO) call.
The SCCP Connection Request message is conveyed on an A interface PCM timeslot chosen by the BSC (called
COC).
The SCCP Connection Confirm message is conveyed on a COC chosen by the MSC which can be located on a
different PCM than the one of the COC used by the BSC to send signaling messages to the MSC.
Take care that, when the BSC is congested on the downlink, some messages are discarded. This may result for
example in call establishment failures, loss of paging messages or delay in handover procedures.
A LapD counter that indicates the time a LapD link is congested is created to analyze the cause of a degraded
quality of service. This counter is implemented in type 7 and thus be only available in a detailed measurement
campaign.
Counter: L1.18: TIME_LAPD_CONG
Definition: Time in seconds during which the LapD link is congested in transmission in the BSC.
Main counter- real code
Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Software Company,2005-2008
For Evaluation Only.
If TA > TA-filter: Reject call
( TA, TA-Filter = 63 bits)
Max coverage: 35- 40 km
1 bit TA ~ 550m ( 0.557ms sen 156.25 bits )
1 bits ~ 0,004ms x 300.000.00 ~ 534.7m
1 1 71
Radio Link Establishment - TC Success
Terminated Call: RLE success case
MS BTS BSC MSC
PAGING
PAGING COMMAND <----------------------------------
PAGING REQUEST <---------------------------------------------- start T3113
<------------- (PCH) -------------- MC8A
CHANNEL REQUEST
-------------(RACH) ------------> CHANNEL REQUIRED
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
<---------------------------------------------- MC148
---------------------------------------------->
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN <---------------------------------------------- Start T3101
<------------ (AGCH) ------------- MC8B
SABM (PAGING RESP)
-------------(SDCCH) -----------> ESTABLISH IND (PAGING RESP)
UA (PAGING RESP) ----------------------------------------------> Stop T3101
<----------- (SDCCH) ------------- MC01
CR (COMPLETE L3 INFO)
---------------------------------->
stop T3113
CC
<----------------------------------
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
A paging message is broadcast by the MSC to all BSCs controlling cells belonging to the same Location Area as the
one of the paged MS.
In case no MS is accessing the SDCCH channel (T3101 expiry) then the BSC does not repeat the Immediate
Assignment since the MS may have accessed an SDCCH in another BSS. It is up to the MSC to repeat Paging if
T3113 expires (usually around 7 seconds).
MC8A counts the number of Paging Command messages sent on a cell.
MC01 counts the number of MSs which have successfully accessed an SDCCH in a cell as part of a Mobile
Terminating (MT) call.
Caution:
A paging Request message sent on the Air interface by the BTS may contain several MS identities. 3 Paging
Request types can be used:
in Paging Request Type 1: up to 2 MSs (IMSI1,IMSI2) can be included.
in Paging Request Type 2: up to 3 MSs (IMSI1,TMSI1,TMSI2) can be included.
in Paging Request Type 3: up to 4 MSs (TMSI1,TMSI2,TMSI3,TMSI4) can be included.
On the other hand, a Paging message and a Paging Command message relate to only one MS identity.
Paging: Ask MS auto connect to network by itself
Only 6 counter in process of making and terminating
1 1 72
Radio Link Establishment - MO Success for DTM
Terminated Call: RLE success case
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MS BTS BSC MSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
-------------(RACH) ------------> CHANNEL REQUIRED
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
<---------------------------------------------- MC148
---------------------------------------------->
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN <---------------------------------------------- Start T3101
<------------ (AGCH) ------------- MC8B
-------------(SDCCH) -----------> ESTABLISH IND
(L3 info)
UA
(L3 info)
---------------------------------------------->
<----------- (SDCCH) -------------
MFS
Packet Idle Mode
SABM[L3 info]
<----------------------------------------------
Mult. SACCH info Modify [SI5, SI6]
COMMON ID
BSC Shared DTM Info Indication
SCCP Connection Req (Compt. L3 info)
SCCP Connection Confirm
Classmark Change
DI (Classmark Change)
Creation of DTM MS
context Class Mark update
B10
New B10
1 1 73
Radio Link Establishment - Paging
RLE > Paging: MC8A=C8A
Normally all cells of the same Location Area must have the same MC8A counter value since all these cells must be
paged for an MT call on an MS located in the Location Area they are included in.
If not: it means that a cell is not declared in the right LA at NSS level.
1 1 74
Radio Link Establishment - RACH Counter
RLE > RACH: MC8C=C8C
Caution: All Channels Required (therefore RACH) are counted in MC8C: valid and invalid causes (see later). Indeed ghost
RACHs are also counted.
The Channel Required content corresponds to the Channel Request message sent by the MS to the BTS.
This Channel Request message is made up of one byte with 2 Information Elements (IEs):
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+-----------------------------------------------+
ESTABLISHMENT RANDOM
+ - - - - - - - - +
CAUSE REFERENCE
+-----------------------------------------------+
ESTABLISHMENT CAUSE: This information field indicates the reason for requesting the establishment of a connection. This
field has a variable length (from 3 bits up to 6 bits).
RANDOM REFERENCE: This is an unformatted field with a variable length (from 5 bits down to 2 bits).
Due to the fact that the NECI bit is always set to 1 in Alcatel-Lucent BSS, Establishment causes can be divided into 2
categories:
Valid causes: 5 (6 if GPRS)
000: Location Update (Normal, Periodic, IMSI Attach)
100: Terminating call
101: Emergency call
110: Call Re-establishment
111: Originating call (not emergency)
011: if GPRS is implemented in the cell
Invalid causes: 3 (2 if GPRS)
001:
010:
011: if GPRS is not implemented in the cell
1 1 75
3 Typical Call Ffailures
Radio Link Establishment - OC Success Counters Split
RLE > success MO split: MC02x=C02x
MC02 =MC02A+MC02B+MC02C+.+MC02G+MC02H+MC02i
MC02A: LU
MC02B: SMS
MC02C: SS
MC02D: LU follow-on
MC02E: CR
MC02F: unknown
MC02G: IMSI Detach
MC02H: EC or NC
MC02i: LCS
MC02A = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized for Normal or Periodic LU request (IMSI Attach also counted).
MC02B = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized for Short Message Service.
MC02C = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized for Supplementary Service.
MC02D = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized for LU with follow-on bit set to 1 (means that the SDCCH phase
will be followed by a TCH assignment for speech call establishment).
MC02E = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized for Call Re-establishment.
MC02F = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized in case of L3 Info (within 08.58 ESTABLISH INDICATION) unknown
by the BSC but transferred to the MSC.
MC02G = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized for IMSI Detach.
MC02H = Number of SDCCHs successfully seized for Normal or Emergency call.
MC02i = Number of Mobile Originating SDCCH establishments for LCS purposes.
Also, Evaluation of the Mobiles location (see the next slides)
LCS: Location Services
Emergency call
Normal call
Location Update
Call reconnect
1 1 76
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Congestion Failure
Main failure cases for Radio Link Establishment
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
SDCCH
Access Failure
SDCCH
Congestion
SDCCH
Congestion
SDCCH
Radio Failure
SDCCH
Radio Failure
SDCCH
BSS Problem
SDCCH
BSS Problem
1 1 77
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Congestion
RLE > SDCCH congestion
The Immediate Assignment Reject mechanism can be disabled at OMC-R
level
It is not activated for answer to paging
If disabled, no answer to the MS
The MS will repeat automatically its request in case of congestion (next
slides)
Waiting for T3122 expiry in case of Immediate Assignment Reject
Waiting for T3120 expiry otherwise
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MS BTS BSC
MSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
No free SDCCH !!
MC04
<----------------------------------------------
IMM. ASS. REJ ECT (immediate assignment reject) MC8D, and MC8B
<-------------(AGCH)------------
MSC
In case of Immediate Assignment Reject: T3122 = value of Wait_Indication parameter sent by the BSC to the MS.
Otherwise T3120 is computed by the MS as a random number of slots between:
250 and 250+T-1 for a phase 1 MS where:
T=Tx_integer parameter (1 value per cell chosen between 3 to 50 slots)
S and T+S for a phase 2 MS where:
T=Tx_integer parameter (1 value per cell chosen between 3 to 50 slots)
S is a parameter depending on the CCCH configuration and on the value of Tx_integer as defined in the following
table:
TX_integer S(CCCH Not Comb) S(CCCH Combined)
3, 8, 14, 50 55 41
4, 9, 16 76 52
5, 10, 20 109 58
6, 11, 25 163 86
7, 12, 32 217 115
: MS random timer between 02 request
BSC assigned timer between 02 request of the MS
T3120
Max period
249 TS = 0.139s
(217 + 32)
Time line
1st REQ
2nd REQ
Congestion - means SDCCH use for traffic ( Average SDCCH
duration = 5s )
1st REQ
2nd REQ
BSC send IM REJ
Wait Indication ( 0-255s)
Follow the IM REJ
Start T3120
End T3120
Stet T3122 = Wait Indication
Long timer - T3122
MS
Time line
WI_OP use for SDCCH service like SMS, LU
( use for location update )
WI_OC: orginating call
WI_CR: call reconnect
WI_EC: emergency call
If MS run LU, then T3122 = WI_OP
: Congestion counter
IM REJ counter
1 1 78
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Congestion Counter
RLE > SDCCH congestion: MC04=C04
1 1 79
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Cong. Consequences
RLE > SDCCH congestion: MAIN CONSEQUENCES
The MS will try "max_retrans +1 " times before giving up
Immediately for phase 1 MS
After T3126 for phase 2 MS (still waiting for Immediate Assignment during this timer)
In case of "max_retrans+1" failures, the MS will:
Either try an automatic cell reselection
Or do nothing
In case of LU, the MS will attempt a new LU request
In case of Call establishment, the MS will not re-attempt automatically. It is up to the
subscriber to try to set up the call again
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Define in MS
SDCCH Cong rate ( 5% ) = MC04/MC08C
1. Find bad cell ( check with thresold)

Cell1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
2% 6% 20% 7%
SDCCH CR
2. Analysis related counter for causes

MC02A MC02B MC02D MC02H Main Causes Solution
Cell 2 0 21 0 120 Call Add SDC or TCH
Cell 3 12 430 0 11 SMS Add SDD
Cell 4 245 21 5 5 LU
A train with 1000 MS pass LA border
LU happen when MS reselect the new LA cell
Rule for select New LA cell
RxLev ( new LA ) > RxLev (serving) + CRH
Increase CRH - reduce reselect cell
Periodical LU - T3212 ( Normal: 30 x 6 minutes )
Increase WI_OP
Add more SDCCH ( 01 BCC with 88 SDCCH channel ( 11 SDCCH/TS) ;

01 BCC + CCH with 176 SDCCH )
Option 1: TCH high traffic - add SDC ( Static) or add TRX
Option 2: TCH free - add SDD
01 TS - 8 SDCCH Channel

Static: SDC
Dynamic: SDO ( SDCCH/TCH)
BCC = BCCH + CCCH
BCCH - TS0
CCH = CCCH
BCCH - TS2
1 1 80
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Cong. Causes/Solutions
RLE > SDCCH congestion: MAIN causes/solutions
Location area border results in excessive location update and SDCCH
attempt
Inadequate LA design (too many LUs)
Modify CRH (Cell Reselect Hysteresis)
Modify BSC period location update
Solve frequent handover problem between dual-band network
Excessive short messages
Add SDCCH channel
Enable dynamic SDCCH Dynamic Allocation function
Insufficient system capacity, lack of SDCCH channels
Expansion for more TCH and SDCCH channels
More SDCCHs should be added
Improper configuration of system parameters, RACH system parameter
Increase RACH access threshold (overcoming interference) with care!
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
SDCCH congestion can be too high because of the subscribers' traffic demand in terms of calls / LUs.
Solution = add a TRX or site / redesign the LA plan
High SDCCH congestion can be observed at peculiar period of the day due to a peak of LU requests generated by a
big group of subscribers entering a new LA at the same time (bus, train, plane).
Solution = redesign the LA plan or play on radio parameters (CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS, WI_OP)
High SDCCH congestion can be abnormally observed without real MS traffic in case a high level of noise or the
proximity of a non-GSM radio transmitter.
Solution = change the BCCH frequency or put an RX filter
High SDCCH congestion can also be abnormally observed in a cell in case one of its neighboring cell is barred.
Solution = Remove the barring
( Too many MS access )
1 1 81
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Cong. Causes/Solutions [cont.]
RLE > SDCCH congestion: MAIN causes/solutions
Board (TRX) fault and transmission fault result in SDCCH congestion
"Common Transport Effect"
Difficult to avoid for small cells
Abnormal SDCCH traffic
Phantom" channel requests (seen in SDCCH RF failure session)
Neighboring cell barred
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
SDCCH congestion can be too high because of the subscribers' traffic demand in terms of calls / LUs.
Solution = add a TRX or site / redesign the LA plan
High SDCCH congestion can be observed at peculiar period of the day due to a peak of LU requests generated by a
big group of subscribers entering a new LA at the same time (bus, train, plane).
Solution = redesign the LA plan or play on radio parameters (CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS, WI_OP)
High SDCCH congestion can be abnormally observed without real MS traffic in case a high level of noise or the
proximity of a non-GSM radio transmitter.
Solution = change the BCCH frequency or put an RX filter
High SDCCH congestion can also be abnormally observed in a cell in case one of its neighboring cell is barred.
Solution = Remove the barring
1 1 82
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Cong. Resolution?
RLE > SDCCH congestion
DYNAMIC SDCCH ALLOCATION
CHANNEL REQUEST
CHANNEL REQUIRED
MS BTS BSC
(RACH)
If No free SDCCH, then
run dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot allocation
algorithm. If allocation is successful, then
activate dynamic SDCCH sub-
channeland serve request
If allocation was unsuccessful, then reject SDCCH request (possibly
using the Immediate Assignment Reject procedure).
MC801a&b
MC802a&b
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
SPECIFIC COUNTERS (Type 110 / Cell Level):
MC800 Average number of available dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
MC801a Average number of busy dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots allocated as TCH (FR or HR).
MC801b Maximum number of busy dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots allocated as TCH (FR or HR).
MC802a Average number of busy SDCCH sub-channels allocated on the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
MC802b Maximum number of busy SDCCH sub-channels allocated on the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
These four previous counters are Inspection Counters; that means that the resource is checked regulary by the BSC and at the end of
the period, an average is done. Example: 3 physical channels are defined as Dyn SDCCH and the counter gives the following indication:
MC801a = 1.7 that means sometimes the 3 Dyn SD are allocated as TCH, sometimes only 2 of them, sometimes 1 or 0 and the average is
1.7.
The FOLLOWING COUNTERS ARE IMPACTED BY the Dynamic SDCCH Allocation feature:
MC28, MC29 The Number of busy radio timeslots in TCH usage takes into account the busy TCH timeslots and the dynamic SDCCH/8
timeslots allocated as TCH.
C30, MC31 The Number of busy SDCCH sub-channels takes into account the SDCCH sub-channels allocated on the static and dynamic
SDCCH/8 timeslots.
C370a, MC370a, C370b, MC370b The Number of times the radio timeslots are allocated for TCH usage (FR / HR) takes into account the
busy TCH timeslots and the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots allocated as TCH.
C/MC380a/b C/MC381a/b The Cumulated time (in second) the radio timeslots are allocated for TCH usage (FR or HR) does not take care
whether the TCHs are allocated on the TCH radio timeslot or on the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
C39, MC390, C40, MC400 The Number of times or the Cumulated time (in second) the SDCCH sub-channels are busy does not take care
whether the SDCCH sub-channels are allocated on the static or dynamic SDCCH/x timeslot.
C/MC34 C/MC380 The Cumulated time (in second) all TCHs / SDCCHs in the cell are busy does not take care whether the TCHs / SDCCHs
are allocated on the TCH radio timeslot /SDCCH/x timeslot or on the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
C/MC320a/b/c/d/e Free TCH radio timeslots count the free TCH timeslots and the free dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
1 1 83
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Radio Failure
SDCCH
Access Failure
SDCCH
Congestion
SDCCH
Congestion
SDCCH
Radio Failure
SDCCH
Radio Failure
SDCCH
BSS Problem
SDCCH
BSS Problem
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
1 1 84
Radio Link Establishment - SDCCH Radio Access Failure
RLE > SDCCH RF Failure
MS BTS BSC MSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
<---------------------------------------------- MC148
---------------------------------------------->
<------------(AGCH)------------- MC8B
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN
-------(SDCCH)-----X
T3101expiry->radio failure
MC149
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC149 counts the number of SDCCH access failures due to radio problems.
Failure due to timer expire
SDCCH Fail Rate = MC149/MC8B ( 3% )
1. Check Thresold, find bad cell
2. Check with TCH Failure rate
SDC Fail TCH Fail
Cell1 8% 4% Real radio Fault
Cell2 35% 1% System fault
3. Detect system fault
Case 1 : Process freezing ( sleeping cell )
Reset TCU (manage the cell), restart TRE/BTS, delete/create cell
Case 2: LapD Congestion
Active TYPE7 - Check counter: L1.18: TIME_LAPD_CONG/3600 - 5%
LapD is RSL
Normal load - 4 RSL --> 1 PCM TS
High load - 2 RSL --> 1 PCM TS Conf 2:
Conf 1:
Case 3: CCCH Congestion ( If > 88 SDCCH, must use CCH )
For < 88SDCCH, High SDCCH fail, check counter
ASSIGN REJ rate - MC925f / MC925(e+f) ; Pag REJ rate - MC925h/MC925(g+h)
If Assign REJ rate > 5%, or Pag REJ rate > 10% or both bad, then need add CCH
1 1 85
Radio Link Establishment - Real Radio Problems
Main causes > real radio problems
Unbalanced cell power budget
Bad coverage (for example a moving car)
Interference (for example downlink)
In case of radio failure, the MS will retry as for SDCCH congestion
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Unbalanced Power Budget:
Bad coverage:
Interference:
DL interference area
AGCH lost
RACH
building
BTS
Channel Request
Access Grant
Max Path Loss UL
Max Path Loss DL
AGCH
RACH
1 1 86
Radio Link Establishment - Ghost RACH
Main causes > "Phantom/Ghost/Spurious/Dummy ... RACH"
Channel request received but not sent: 3 causes
Noise decoding
Reception of channel request sent to a neighboring cell
Reception of HO_ACCESS sent to a neighboring cell
1 1 87
Radio Link Establishment - Ghost RACH Causes
Main causes > "Phantom/Ghost/Spurious/Dummy ... RACH"
Example of a channel required message
For this Channel Required, the establishment cause is valid (Call re-establishment) but the Access Delay
(corresponding to the distance between the MS and the BTS) is high.
Indeed the Access Delay being equal to the Timing Advance is coded in slot unit representing a distance of
550m. It can take values from 0 (0m) to 63 (35km).
Thus the Channel Required above is received from an MS located at 19km from the site. It may therefore be
rather a ghost RACH than a real MS which wants to re-establish a call.
In Alcatel-Lucent BSS, it is possible to filter the Channel Required received from a distance greater than a
distance defined as a parameter value: RACH_TA_FILTER tunable on a per-cell basis. Caution should be taken
since a too low value may reduce the network coverage.
1 1 88
Radio Link Establishment - Ghost RACH Causes [cont.]
Main causes > "Phantom RACH" > noise decoding
GSM 05.05: " 0.02 % of Rach Frame can be decoded without error
without real input signal" (No impact for the system)
BCCH not combined: 51 Rach/Multi Frame > (3600 * 1000) ms / 4.615 ms at
0.02 %: 156 dummy RACH/hour
BCCH combined: 27/51 RACH/Multi-Frame > 83 dummy RACH/hour
3/8 of causes (field of channel request, 5 valid causes over 8) will be unvalid
Example of induced SDCCH traffic:
(5/8*156*T3101 (3 sec))/3600 = 0.08 Erlang SDCCH
Some tips:
Dummy Rach load depends on minimum level for decoding configured in
Evolium BTS
During period with low real traffic (night), high rate of dummy RACH
For dummy RACH, the channel required has a random value of TA
STRUCTURE of the MULTIFRAME in "TIME SLOT" 0
-
R = RACH
DOWNLINK
f s b b b b C C C C
31 51 1 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 41
f s f s f s f s C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C -
(Multiframes of 51 frames)
f = FCCH s = SCH b = BCCH
f s
C C C C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH)
UPLINK
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
(Non-combined BCCH)
(Combined BCCH)
R = RACH
DOWNLINK
F = FCCH S = SCH B = BCCH C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH)
UPLINK
F S B C F S F S F S - F S C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
F S B C F S F S F S - F S C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
D3 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
D3 A0 A1 D0 D1 D2
Dn/An = SDCCH/SACCH/4
51 multiframe duration = 51 x 8 x 0,577 = 235ms
1 1 89
Main causes > "Phantom RACH" >noise decoding
No subscriber -> no impact for subscriber
But MC149 incremented -> SDCCH RF access failure is impacted
MS BTS BSC MSC
CHANNEL REQUIRED
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
<---------------------------------------------- MC148
---------------------------------------------->
<------------ (AGCH) ------------- MC8B
T3101expiry
->radio failure
MC149
1 1 90
Main causes > "Phantom RACH" > Channel Request
sent to the neighboring cell
Subscriber not impacted (real transaction performed elsewhere)
But MC149 incremented -> SDCCH RF access failure is impacted
Usual radio planning rules are sufficient to avoid the trouble
2 cells must not have the same (BCCH, BSIC) couple
MS BTS B SC MSC
CHANNEL REQUIRED
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
<---------------------------------------------- MC148
---------------------------------------------->
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN <---------------------------------------------- start T3101 MC8B
<------------(AGCH)-------------
T3101expiry MC149
->radio failure
BSIC = BCC (3 bit) + NCC (3 bit)
BCC: BTS Color Code
NCC: Network Color Code
1 1 91
Main causes > "Phantom RACH" > Channel Request due to handover
During HO, the first message sent to the target cell is HO Access
This message is an Access Burst like Channel Request
If received on BCCH, can be understood as a Channel Request (RACH)
A new case of "Phantom RACH"
1 1 92
Main causes > "Phantom RACH" > Channel Request due to handover
This case is the most dangerous
The MS usually sends a sequence of HO Access messages, every frame
In some cases, this can create a phantom RACH if the frequency of the
TCH is identical or adjacent to the one of interfered BCCH
Characteristics of such phantom RACH (Channel Required)
Subsequent frame number
Random, but stable timing advance
Can block very easily SDCCH
1 1 93
Radio Link Establishment - BSS Failure
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
SDCCH
Access Failure
SDCCH
Congestion
SDCCH
Congestion
SDCCH
Radio Failure
SDCCH
Radio Failure
SDCCH
BSS Problem
SDCCH
BSS Problem
1 1 94
Radio Link Establishment - BSS Problem
RLE > BSS problem
No specific counter
MS BTS BSC MSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
----------------------------------------------> MC8C
<---------------------------------------------- MC148
---------------------------------------------->
<------------(AGCH)------------- MC8B
SABM (L3 info)
------------(SDCCH)------------>
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
BSS Problems are difficult to specify a priori. It is better to deduce them from other counters which are
easier to implement and thus more reliable.
1 1 95
Radio Link Establishment - Counters
RLE counters
Request MC8C
GPRS causes P62C
GSM invalid causes unknown
Preparation GSM valid causes unknown
Congestion MC04
BSS Pb unknown
Execution Attempt MC148
Radio Access Failure MC149
BSS Pb MC148 - (MC01+MC02) - MC149
Success MC01+MC02
REQUEST
Congestion
ATTEMPT
Radio access
failure
SUCCESS
BSS problem
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
GPRS causes GSM/GPRS invalid causes GSM valid causes
BSS problem
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Statistically a ghost RACH can correspond to any kind of establishment cause: valid and invalid.
As ghost RACH which corresponds to a GSM valid cause will lead to an SDCCH allocation which will not be seized
by an MS, it will lead to the incrementation of the MC149 counter and therefore counted as an SDCCH access
failure due to radio.
1 1 96
Radio Link Establishment - Indicators
TYPICAL CALL FAILURES: RLE indicators
SDNAFLBN
SDNAFLRN
SDNACGN
SDNAFSUN
SDNAFLR
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > SDCCH > Assignment Phase
SDNAUR: SDCCH assignment unsuccess rate
SDNACGR: SDCCH assignment failure rate due to congestion (Global)
SDNAFLRR: SDCCH assignment failure rate due to radio
SDNAFLBR: SDCCH assignment failure rate due to BSS problem
An SDCCH radio access failure due to ghost RACH occurrence is easily observed during low traffic hour (night
time) since ghost RACHs are almost the only cause of failure.
1 1 97
SDCCH Phase - OC Success
Successful SDCCH phase: OC call
Transparent message: no dedicated counters
MS BTS BSC MSC
SDCCH Phase : Originating Call case
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CIPHERING MODE COMMAND
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
SETUP
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALL PROCEEDING
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Transparent messages (DTAP) are used in order the NSS performs control procedures to enable the MS to set up a
speech call.
Authentication: Checks that the Mobile Station is the required station and not an intruder.
Ciphering: All Information (signaling, Speech and Data) is sent in cipher mode, to avoid monitoring and intruders
(who could analyze signaling data).
Setup/Call Processing: call is being processed between the calling Party and the Called Party.
1 1 98
SDCCH Phase - TC Success
Successful SDCCH phase: TC call
MS BTS BSC MSC
SDCCH Phase : Termi nating Call case
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SETUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
CALL CONFIRM
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Setup/Call Confirm: the call is being processed between the Calling Party and the Called Party.
1 1 99
SDCCH Phase - LU Success
Successful SDCCH phase: Location Update
MS BTS BSC MSC
SDCCH Phase : Location Update Case (with TMSI reall ocati on)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
<-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOCATION UPDATE ACCEPT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
TMSI REALLOCATION COMPLETE
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Some transparent messages are also exchanged between the MS and the network in case of a Location Update
transaction.
1 1 100
SDCCH Phase - Drops
SDCCH phase
Loss of connection during SDCCH phase = "SDCCH drop"
3 origins of SDCCH drop:
Radio problems when connected on SDCCH
BSS problems
Call lost during an SDCCH HO (handover failure without reversion to old
channel)
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Generally SDCCH handovers are disabled in the network since the average SDCCH duration is only around 2 to 3
seconds.
1 1 101
SDCCH Phase - Radio Drop
SDCCH phase > drop Radio
Connection lost due to Radio problem
MS BTS BSC MSC
SDCCH Phase established
Radio connection lost
---------------------------------------------------- > MC138
CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION
(cause : radio link failure)
--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUEST
Cause : radio interface failure
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC138 counts the number of SDCCH channel drops due to radio problems.
Radio problems can be due to coverage, interference and sometimes BSS dysfunction which is not detected as a
system alarm by the O&M Fault Management application.
1 1 102
SDCCH Phase - BSS Drop
SDCCH phase > drop BSS
Connection lost due BSS problem
MS BTS BSC MSC
MC137
--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUEST
Cause : O&M intervention
Cause : radio interface failure
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC137 counts the number of SDCCH channel drops due to BSS problems.
A BSS problem can be a BTS/BSC hardware or software failure. It can also be due to a problem on the Abis
interface (due to Micro Wave transmission for instance).
Must with alarm
1 1 103
SDCCH Phase - HO drop
SDCCH phase > drop HO
Connection lost during Handover
MS BTS BSC MSC
HO FAILURE WITHOUT REVERSION MC07
--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUEST
Radio Interface Message Failure (Alcatel)
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC07 counts the number of SDCCH channel drops due to handover failure.
No SDCCH HO
1 1 104
SDCCH Phase - Counters
SDCCH phase counters
SDCCH connection MC01+MC02+MC10
SDCCH Drop Drop radio MC138
Drop BSS MC137
Drop HO MC07
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment phase SDCCH drop
SDCCH connection
Normal release
Drop radio
Drop BSS
Drop HO
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Don't need to take care due to now don't use this
SDCCH Drop Rate = (MC138 + MC07 + MC137)/(MC01 +MC02) -- 4%
1. Find bad cell 2. Find cause Cause
Drop rate SDCCH MC138 MC177
Cell 1: 2%
Cell 2: 7% 2 23 BSS Check alarm on OMC
Cell 3: 9% 45 1 Radio Do radio analysis
1 1 105
SDCCH Phase - Indicators
SDCCH phase indicators
SDCDBN
SDCDRN
SDCDHN
SDCDR
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > SDCCH > Established phase
SDCDR: SDCCH drop rate (Global)
SDCDRR: SDCCH drop rate due to radio problem
SDCDBR: SDCCH drop rate due to BSS Problem
SDCDHR: SDCCH drop rate due to HO failure
1 1 106
SDCCH Phase - Exercise
With K1205 (file PAIB29.REC)
1) Extract a location update (successful case)
2) Extract a transaction with an SDCCH drop.
What is the cause of the failure?
Is it possible to "guess" the type of transaction (OC, TC, LU, etc.)?
3) Extract an SDCCH drop for a different cause.
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
Time allowed:
15 minutes
1 1 107
TCH Assignment - Success
TCH assignment success case
T3107: guard timer for TCH assignment
MS BTS BSC MSC
TCH ASSIGNMENT PHASE (OC or TC)
< -----------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
< --------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQUEST
-------------------------------------------------------- >
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CONFIRM
< -------------------------------------------------------- MC703
CHANNEL ACTIVATION (TCH)
-------------------------------------------------------- >
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACKNOWLEDGE
< ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Start T3107
(SDCCH) ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
---------------------- >
TCH SABM -------------------------------------------------------- >
< ---------------------- ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Stop T3107
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE MC718
----------------------------------- >
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
MC140a
MC140b
MC460a
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC703 counts the number of TCH channels activated (therefore allocated) in a cell.
MC718 counts the number of MSs which have successfully accessed a TCH in a cell as part of a call establishment
(Normal Assignment).
Both counters are implemented at TRX level.
MC140a counts the number of normal assignment requests for TCH establishment.
MC140b counts the number of normal assignment commands for TCH establishment.
Both counters in order to discriminate BSS problems in Preparation and Execution phases.
MC460a is a counter for type 110: NB_TCH_EMERGENCY_HO_PRESERVATION:
Definition: Number of high priority TCH requests served when:
the number of free TCH timeslots is less than or equal to NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO.
the queue for this cell is not empty.
MC140a, MC140b and MC460 are given at Cell level.
1 1 108
TCH Assignment Success for DTM
TCH assignment success case
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MS BTS BSC MSC MFS
SDCCH
Assignment Request
Phys. Context Conf
Chan. Act. (TCH)
Chan. Act. ACK
DR[Assignt CMD]
Assignment CMD
SABM
Est. Indication
UA
Assign Complete
DI[Assignt CMP]
Assignment Complete
BSC Shared DTM Info Indication
Store TCH
location in DTM
MS context
B10
MC140a
MC703 MC460a
Start T3107 MC140b
Stop T3107
Start Trr1
Stop Trr1
New B10
BSCGP layer (B10), 07/04/2006 (ED 02 Proposal 01) (BSCGP) BSCDTM (= BSC Shared DTM Info Indication)
Multi Slot Information

10011111 Attribute Id Multi Slot Information
00000001 Attribute Length 1
000----- Spare 0
---1---- 8PSK UL 8-PSK UL supported
----10-- DTM EGPRS Multi Slot Class Sub-Class 9 supported
------10 DTM GPRS Multi Slot Class Sub-Class 9 supported
CS cause
10100001 Attribute Id CS cause
-----011 cause Normal assignment (TCH)
00000--- Spare 0
TCH Location
10010110 Attribute Id TCH Location
----0000 TRX ID 0
-111---- TN 7
0------- Spare 0
1 1 109
TCH Assignment - TCH Congestion
TCH assignment > congestion
4 causes of congestion 4 counters: C612A, B, C, Dwhenever
Queuing is not allowed
Queue is Full
T11 expires
RTCH request is removed from the queue due to a higher priority request to
be queued
MS BTS BSC MSC
< -----------------------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
No RTCH available on requested cell MC812
------------------------------------------------ >
ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
Cause No Radio Resource Available
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
C612E: Number of 08.08 ASSIGNMENT REQUEST for TCH normal assignment rejected due to congestion on the Abis
interface. (from B8)
Therefore B6 counter MC612 is replaced by MC812 from B7.
MC812 = C612A+C612B+C612C+C612D+C612E of PM Type 1.
But as C612E was in restriction in B8 (always = 0) then MC812(B7) = MC612(B6)
MC612A, MC612B, MC612C, MC612D also exist in PM Type 110.
A TCH request is attached a Priority Level from 1 (highest priority) to 14 (lowest priority).
TCH Congestion
Add TCH
Increase outgoing HO
Queue control - keep MS in the Queue list to wait the free TCH or do DR
Forced_QUEUEING : EN: start queueing MC612A 0
Dis: stop queueing MC612A N
T11_Forced Max waiting time in the Queue list ( <20s) MC612C
BTS_Queue_Length Max MS nbs in the Queue list ( <10) MC612B
Example:
MC612A MC612B Mc612C TCH Cong ( 5%) BTS_Q_L T11_Forced Forced_QU
Cell1: 0 12 3 6% Increase (INC) INC
Cell2: 0 0 8 6% INC
Cell3: 21 0 0 6% Enable
Cell4: 0 2 0 1%
1 1 110
TCH Assignment Exercise
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
TCH assignment > congestion
Causes of High TCH congestion Items to check
Incorrect configuration of trunk circuit data at A interface
Co-frequency and co-BSIC lead to TCH assignment failure in
handover
Board fault or unstable performance causes the high
congestion rate
BTS hardware is not properly installed, which causes
uplink/downlink signal level unbalance and TCH congestion.
The transmitting power of BCCH TRX is too much higher than
that of TCH TRX in the same cell.
Interference causes the congestion
TCH assignment failure due to isolated site and complicated
topography result in a high congestion rate
The causes of high TCH congestion can be checked using 2 different kinds of items:
Either analyze the causes of congestion remotely
Traffic statistics
Alarm information
BTS remote maintenance on OMC
Abis interface message analysis
Or check the BTS on-site
1 1 111
TCH Assignment - Radio Failure
TCH assignment > radio failure
Radio problem
MS BTS BSC MSC
< -----------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
< --------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- >
< -------------------------------------------------------- MC703
-------------------------------------------------------- >
< ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Start T3107
SABM
----(TCH)------X
T3107 Expiry
MC746B
----------------------------------- >
ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
Radio interface failure
MC140a
MC140b
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC746B counts the number of TCH access failures due to radio problems.
The MC746B counter is implemented at TRX level from B7.
In case of TCH access failure, the MS will try to revert back to the SDCCH channel. Whether it succeeds in
reverting to the SDCCH or not the call establishment fails. On the other hand, some MSCs may resend the
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST again.
MC746B and MC736 - Radio fault
1. Check both counter on TRX
( For BBH cell, need change to No Hopping cell )
1) 1 TRX fault --> Drop/ fault in frequency --> HW fault (TRE ) or interference --> change f or MAIO
2) n TRX on 1 ANT fault -> HW fault ( cable or atten..)
3) random TRX or all have fault --> must analysis again --> standard radio fault
1 1 112
TCH Assignment - BSS Problem
TCH assignment > BSS problem
BSS problem (Abis, BTS/BSC HW or SW)
MS BTS BSC MSC
< -----------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
< --------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- >
< -------------------------------------------------------- MC703
-------------------------------------------------------- >
< ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Start T3107
SABM
----(TCH)---- >
MC14B
MC140a
MC140b
No specific counter
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
The number of TCH Assignment failures due to BSS problem can be correctly deduced and distinguished for
preparation and execution phases from B8 with the 2 counters MC140a and MC140b.
(see the next slide)
B7 counter MC14b has been removed.
1 1 113
TCH Assignment - Counters
TCH assignment counters
Congestion
ATTEMPT
Radio access
failure
SUCCESS
BSS problem
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
REQUEST
BSS problem
TCH Assignment
Preparation Request MC140a
Congestion MC812
BSS Pb MC140a-MC140b-MC812
Execution Attempt MC140b
Radio Access Failure MC746b
BSS Pb MC140b-MC718-MC746b
Success MC718
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
1 1 114
TCH Assignment - Indicators
TCH Assignment indicators
TCNAFLBN
TCNAFLRN
TCNACGN
TCAHCAN
TCNAUR
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > RTCH > Assignment Phase
TCNAUR: TCH assignment unsuccess rate (Global)
TCNACGR: TCH assignment failure rate due to congestion
TCNAFLRR: TCH assignment failure rate due to radio problems
TCNAFLBR: TCH assignment failure rate due to BSS problems
From B7.2 some indicators can be provided on a per TRX basis due to the availability of counters provided per
TRX in Type 110:
TCNAEFR = RTCH_assign_efficiency_rate (RNO name) = MC718 / MC703
Rate of successful RTCH seizures in relation to all RTCHs allocated, during the TCH assignment procedure.
TCNAAFLRR = RTCH_assign_allocated_fail_radio_rate (RNO name) = MC746B / MC703
Rate of RTCH seizures failed during the normal assignment procedure because of radio problems in
relation to all RTCHs allocated for TCH assignment procedure.
This will help a lot detect bad QOS due to TRX hardware-related problem.
1 1 115
TCH Assignment - Exercise
TCH assignment failure and BSC
Shared DTM message
1) Find and extract a case of TCH congestion (if any).
2) Find and extract a case of Assignment Failure due to Radio Problem (if any).
3) In file 7, identify and give the content of the BSC Shared DTM Info Indication
message.
Time allowed:
15 minutes
B10
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
New B10
1 1 116
TCH Phase - Success
TCH phase:
OC
TC
Transparent messages for BSS, no specific counters
TCH DROP: any problem occurring after TCH assignment (during or after connection)
cannot be discriminated
MS BTS BSC MSC
Alerting Connection Phase (OC case) : ringing phase
< ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALERTING
< ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONNECT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
CONNECT ACK
MS BTS BSC MSC
Alerting Connection Phase : TC case
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
ALERTING
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >
CONNECT
< ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONNECT ACK
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MS BTS BSC MSC
< -----------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
< --------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- >
< --------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- >
< ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Start T3107
---------------------- >
TCH SABM -------------------------------------------------------- >
< ---------------------- ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Stop T3107
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
----------------------------------- >
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
< ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALERTING
< ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONNECT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
CONNECT ACK
Call Setup
Call phase
Call Setup
Call phase
The Call setup phase and the Stable call phase are not corresponding between the BSS and the NSS.
For the BSS, a call is established when the MS has successfully accessed a TCH channel on the Air interface.
For the NSS, a call is established when the speech data exchanged is started between end users.
Thus the Call setup phase is shorter and the Call phase is longer in the BSS.
Therefore the Call Setup Success rate is worse in the NSS and the Call Drop rate is worse in the BSS.
1 1 117
TCH Phase - Radio Drop
TCH phase > drop radio
Radio problem
MS BTS BSC MSC
Alerting Connection Phase or Communication : at any time
Radio problem
-------------------------------------------------------- > MC736
CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION --------------------------------------- >
Cause radio link failure CLEAR REQUEST
Cause radio interface failure
(alcatel)
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC736 counts the number of TCH channel drops due to radio problems.
The MC736 counter is implemented at TRX level.
Radio problems can be due to coverage, interference and sometimes BSS dysfunction which is not detected as a
system alarm by the O&M Fault Management application.
1 1 118
TCH Phase - Remote TC Drop
TCH phase > drop TC
Remote TransCoder problem
MS BTS BSC MSC
Radio problem
-------------------------------------------------------- > MC739
CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION --------------------------------------- >
Remote transcoder failure CLEAR REQUEST
Equipment failure
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC739 counts the number of TCH channel drops due to BSS problems reported as "remote TransCoder failure".
It can usually be a bad quality of the transmission on the Abis interface (Micro Wave) or a faulty hardware
component in the TransCoder or even sometimes BSS software/hardware problems.
1 1 119
TCH Phase - BSS Internal Drop
TCH phase > drop BSS internal
Other internal BSS problem (excluding TC)
MS BTS BSC MSC
MC14C
--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUEST
O&M intervention
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC14C counts the number of TCH channel drops due to BSS problems other than the ones reported by the
TransCoder.
A BSS problem can be a BTS/BSC hardware or software failure.
1 1 120
TCH Phase - HO Drop
TCH phase > drop HO
Handover failure
MS BTS BSC MSC
HO FAILURE WITHOUT REVERSION MC621
--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUEST
Radio Interface Message Failure (Alcatel)
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC621 counts the number of TCH channel drops due to Handover failure.
This event is also counted in the set of Handover counters as an Outgoing handover failure without reversion to
the old channel.
1 1 121
TCH Phase - Preemption Drop
TCH phase > drop preemption
TCH preempted
MS BTS BSC MSC
Alerting Connection Phase of a call
with priority level pl2 and preemption vulnerability indicator pvi=1
no TCH free
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
<---------------------------------------
Priority level pl1 > pl2
preemption capability indicator pci=1
MC921C
--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUEST
preemption
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC921C counts the number of TCH channel drops due to preemption for another call to be established.
The MC921C counter exists from B7 as linked to the feature Preemption.
TCH Drop
BSS MC14c Check and solve alarms
TC MC739
Abis Trans problems
A if Trans or units ( MSC or TC problems )
1. Check if Abis or A problems
Abis fault - linked BTS aways fault
A fault - any BTS can have fault
9:00 10:00 11:00
MC739 MC739 MC739 Abis
Cella
Cellb
Cellc1
Cellc2
Cellc3
Celld
a
b
c
c
c
d
4 3 2
1 0 0
1 0 2
0 1 0
0 0 3
0 0 3
Abis a fault
A fault
Abis c fault
Abis c fault
Abis c fault
A fault
2. A detect by TYPE 18
- pages 240 B10 Counter
LINK ID = 32*A if No (from 1 to N) + TS No, start with number 33
( TS0 --> 32 only for Trans control
TS1--> 33
TS2--> 34... )

C750 C751 C750/C751
104 2045 30 68.1667
105 1815 28
106 1120 0 invalid
107 320 100 3.2
(not use for traffic)
Fault ( < 10s )
---> LINK ID 107 fault
107 = 32 x 3 + 11 ---> TS 11 in E1 Fault
Time Nb
Time for MS
3. Get a fault ACH list, do following steps
1) check related TC Unit ( MT120 )
2) If TC Units are OK
then if a little ACHs fault, we need lock them both TC and MSC
if a lot ACH fault, need MSC engineer solve
1 1 122
TCH Phase - Counters
TYPICAL CALL FAILURES: TCH phase counters
TCH connection MC718+MC717A+MC717B
Outgoing HO success MC712
Call drop Drop radio MC736
Drop TC MC739
Drop internal BSS MC14C
Drop HO MC621
Drop preemption MC921C
Normal release unknown
NSS abnormal release unknown
TCH Phase
Outgoing HO success Call drop
TCH connection
Normal release
Call drop radio
Call drop BSS
Call drop HO
Call drop preemption
TC
BSS internal
NSS abnormal release
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
1 1 123
TCH Phase - Call Drop Rate
TYPICAL CALL FAILURES: TCH phase indicators
Call drop rate = call drop / RTCH success end
RTCH success end = RTCH assignment success
+ RTCH incoming (HO+DR) success
- RTCH outgoing HO
Incoming internal HO+DR
BSS1
BSS2
Incoming external HO+DR
outgoing HO
TCH assignment
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
QSCDN = call drop
= drop radio + drop TC + drop internal BSS + drop HO + drop Preemption
= MC736 + MC739 + MC14C + MC621 + MC921C
TCQHCCN = RTCH success end
= assignment success + incoming (HO+DR) success - outgoing HO
= MC718 + (MC717A+MC717B) - MC712
As MC718, MC717A, MC717B and MC712 are provided per TRX, the RTCH success end indicator (TCAHCCN) can
be computed per TRX.
But since only MC736 (drop radio), MC739 (drop TC) and MC621 (drop HO) are provided per TRX, the call drop
rate indicator (QSCDR) can be computed per CELL only.
On the other hand, the following call drop indicators can be computed per TRX:
call drop radio rate (QSCDRR) = call drop radio / RTCH success end
call drop HO rate (QSCDHR) = call drop HO / RTCH success end
call drop TC rate (QSCDBTR) = call drop TC / RTCH success end
Note:
MC718 counts the number of successful TCH assignments.
MC717A counts the number of successful internal DRs.
MC717B counts the number of successful incoming internal and external (HOs+DR) as well as the number of
intra cell HOs successfully performed.
MC712 counts the number of successful outgoing internal and external HOs as well as the number of intra cell
HOs successfully performed.
1 1 124
TCH Phase - RTCH Drop Rate
RTCH drop rate = call drop / RTCH success begin
RTCH success begin = RTCH assignment success
- RTCH intra cell HO success
BSS1
BSS2
TCH assignment
outgoing HO
Intra-cell HO
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
QSCDN = call drop
= MC736 + MC739 + MC14C + MC621 + MC921C
TCQHSUBN = RTCH success begin
= assignment success + incoming (HO+DR) success - intra cell HO
= MC718 + (MC717A+MC717B) - MC662
As MC662 is not provided per TRX, the RTCH success begin indicator (TCAHSUBN) cannot be computed per TRX
but per CELL only.
Therefore all RTCH drop rate indicators can be computed per CELL only.
Note:
MC662 counts the number of successful TCH intracell HOs.
1 1 125
TCH assignment
outgoing HO
BSS1
BSS2
TCH Phase - TRX TCH Drop Rate
TRX TCH drop rate = call drop / RTCH success
RTCH success = RTCH assignment success
Intra-cell HO
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
QSCDN = call drop
= MC736 + MC739 + MC14C + MC621 + MC921C
TCAHSUN = RTCH success
= assignment success + incoming (HO+DR) success
= MC718 + (MC717A+MC717B)
Whereas some call drop rate indicators are defined per TRX and per CELL, TRX RTCH drop rate indicators are
defined at TRX level only.
As MC718, MC717A, MC717B are provided per TRX, the RTCH success indicator (TCAHSUN) can be computed per
TRX.
But since only MC736 (drop radio), MC739 (drop TC) and MC621 (drop HO) are provided per TRX, a global TRX
RTCH drop rate indicator cannot be provided.
On the other hand, the following TRX RTCH drop indicators can be computed:
TRX_RTCH_drop_radio_rate (TCAHCDRTR) = call drop radio / RTCH success
TRX_RTCH_drop_HO_rate (TCHOCDTR) = call drop HO / RTCH success
TRX_RTCH_drop_BSS_remote_TC_rate (TCTRTCDTR) = call drop TC / RTCH success
CAUTION: Intra-cell HO being counted in MC717B and not deduced in the RTCH success computation in order
to provide the TRX RTCH drop indicators at TRX level then these indicators may be abnormally low (good)
if a large amount of intra-cell HOs are performed in the cell (concentric cell, multiband cell).
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS.
call drop indicators: all of them are available per CELL only and some of them per TRX
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > Call Statistics > Call drop
QSCDR: call drop rate (Global): CELL
QSCDRR: call drop rate due to radio: CELL + TRX
QSCDBIR: call drop rate due to BSS internal problem: CELL
QSCDBTR: call drop rate due to TransCoder reported problem: CELL + TRX
QSCDHR: call drop rate due to HO failure: CELL + TRX
QSCDPR: call drop rate due to preemption: CELL
RTCH drop indicators: all of them are available per CELL only
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > RTCH > Established phase
QSTCCDR: RTCH drop rate
TCAHCDRR: RTCH drop rate due to radio problem
TCTRICDBR: RTCH drop rate due to BSS internal problem
TCTRTCDR: RTCH drop rate due to TransCoder reported problem
TCHOCDR: RTCH drop rate due to HO failure
TCPPCDR: RTCH drop rate due to preemption
TRX TCH drop indicators: all of them are available per TRX only
TCAHCDRTR: TRX TCH drop rate due to radio problem
TCTRTCDTR: TRX TCH drop rate due to TransCoder reported problem
TCHOCDTR: TRX TCH drop rate due to HO failure
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS.
call drop indicators: all of them are available per CELL only and some of them per TRX
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > Call Statistics > Call drop
QSCDR: call drop rate (Global): CELL
QSCDRR: call drop rate due to radio: CELL + TRX
QSCDBIR: call drop rate due to BSS internal problem: CELL
QSCDBTR: call drop rate due to TransCoder reported problem: CELL + TRX
QSCDHR: call drop rate due to HO failure: CELL + TRX
QSCDPR: call drop rate due to preemption: CELL
RTCH drop indicators: all of them are available per CELL only
QSTCCDR: RTCH drop rate
TCAHCDRR: RTCH drop rate due to radio problem
TCTRICDBR: RTCH drop rate due to BSS internal problem
TCTRTCDR: RTCH drop rate due to TransCoder reported problem
TCHOCDR: RTCH drop rate due to HO failure
TCPPCDR: RTCH drop rate due to preemption
TRX TCH drop indicators: all of them are available per TRX only
TCAHCDRTR: TRX TCH drop rate due to radio problem
TCTRTCDTR: TRX TCH drop rate due to TransCoder reported problem
TCHOCDTR: TRX TCH drop rate due to HO failure
1 1 128
TCH Phase - Exercise
Alerting/Connection: TCH drop
1) For a Radio TCH drop, give the message and the cause. Extract a call with this cause.
Can you say if it is occurring during the communication phase?
2) Find a TCH drop due to Handover and extract the call.
3) Find a TCH drop due to TC problem and extract the call:
Can you identify PCM, CIC?
How many TC PBs are there in this Trace?
Any remark about PCM and CIC?
Time allowed:
15 minutes
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
1 1 129
Summary
TYPICAL CALL FAILURES: summary
Call stage A interface Cause field Related problem
radio link
establishment
no message - SDCCH congestion
- radio problem
- Dummy rach
SDCCH phase Clear Request - radio interface failure
- radio interface failure
- O&M intervention
- radio problem
- BSS system HW/SW pb
- recovery/operator
TCH assignment Assignment Failure - no radio resource avalaible
- Radio Interface Failure
- TCH congestion
- Radio problem
Alerting/connection
call established
Clear Request - radio interface failure
- radio interface message failure
-equipment failure
- O&M intervention
- radio interface failure
- preemption
- radio problem
- HO failure w/o reversion
- Transcoder failure
-operator action/recovery
- BSS system HW/SW pb
-preemption
LAPD counter to analyze the cause of call establishment failures
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
When the BSC is congested on the downlink, some messages are discarded. This may result for example in call
establishment failures, loss of paging messages or delay in handover procedures.
An LapD counter that indicates the time an LapD link is congested is created to analyze the cause of a degraded
quality of service. This counter is implemented in type 7 and thus is only available in a detailed measurement
campaign.
Counter: L1.18: TIME_LAPD_CONG
Definition: Time in seconds during which the LapD link is congested in transmission in the BSC.
1 1 130
4 Description of Global Indicators
1 1 131
Reminder
Global Indicators are
A set of indicators selected by Alcatel-Lucent
Useful to monitor the overall network
What are the user and or system impacts if a Global Indicator (GI) is
bad?
1 1 132
SDCCH Congestion Rate
SDCCH CONGESTION rate: may have impact for subscriber
Call setup failure only after 3 subsequent congestions
If not, only some extra delay for call establishment
(less than 1 second) without immediate_assign_reject
Can be longer with reject (but usually short values are used for call request)
I NDI CATOR
(G)
SDCCH ASSI GN CONG FAI L RATE
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of SDCCH not allocated during radio link establishment procedure due to congestion on the
Air interface
FORMULA
cell
(MC04) / SDCCH ASSIGN REQUESTS
THRESHOLD >5%
COMMENT Check SDCCH Erlang : if not critical, SDCCH availability/allocation problem, or HO access on a
nearby cell side effect or interference on the carrier handling SDCCH (the last 2 can lead to high
rate of phantom RACH )
REF NAME SDNACGR UNI T %
(G) means that the indicator is Global, i.e. it is important to provide it at Network level.
I NDI CATOR
SDCCH ASSIGN REQUESTS
DEFINITION Number of SDCCH seizure requests during radio link establishment procedure
FORMULA
cell
(MC148 + MC04)
THRESHOLD
COMMENT This includes requests rejected due to congestion on SDCCH
REF NAME SDNARQN UNIT Number
= MC04/MC8C
1 1 133
SDCCH Congestion Rate
SDCCH CONGESTION rate
SDNARQN
SDCGMR
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > SDCCH > Assignment phase
SDNACGR: SDCCH assignment failure rate due to congestion (Global)
1 1 134
SDCCH Drop Rate
I NDI CATOR
(G)
SDCCH DROP RATE
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of droppedSDCCH (SDCCH is establishedfor anytransaction OC, TC, LU,etc.)
FORMULA
cell
(MC138 +MC07 +MC137) / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
THRESHOLD >4%
COMMENT Drop radio +Drop HO +Drop BSS
REF NAME SDCDR UNI T %
In a dense network, SDCCH drop rate should be lower than 1%. Indeed the probablity to drop a radio link when
the MS is on SDCCH is less than on TCH since the SDCCH phase is shorter (less than 5 seconds) than TCH phase
(several tens of seconds).
I NDI CATOR
SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
DEFINITION Total number of SDCCHs successfully seized by mobile during radio link establishment
procedure
FORMULA
cell
(MC01 + MC02)
THRESHOLD
COMMENT
REF NAME SDNASUN UNIT Number
1 1 135
TCH Assign Unsuccess Rate
TCH ASSIGN UNSUCCESS rate:
congestion
radio problem
BSS problems
INDICATOR
(G)
TCH ASSI GN UNSUCCESS RATE
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of unsuccessful RTCH seizures for normal assignment purpose (congestion +HO&radio
failures)
FORMULA B7.2 (TCH ASSIGN REQUESTS TCH ASSIGN SUCCESS) / TCH ASSIGN REQUESTS
THRESHOLD >3%
COMMENT
REF NAME TCNAUR UNIT %
In a dense network, the TCH assignment unsuccess rate should be lower than 1%.

I NDI CATOR

TCH ASSI GN SUCCESS

DEFI NI TI ON Number of TCH successfully seized by MS for normal assignment procedure.
FORMULA B8
TRX
(MC718)
THRESHOLD
COMMENT
REF NAME TCNASUN UNI T Number

I N D I C A T O R T C H A SSI G N R E Q U E ST S
D E F I N I T I O N N umber of T C H sei zure requests f or normal assi gnment procedure.
F O R M U L A B 8 cell M C 140a
T H R E SH O L D
C O M M E N T M C 140a: new counter i ntroduced i n B 8 rel ease.
M C 140a (type 110): N B _ T C H _ N OR _ A SS_ R E Q that i ndi cates the number of normal assi gnment
requests f or T C H establ i shment (i n H R or F R usage)
R E F N A M E T C N A R QN U N I T N umber
I N D I C A T O R T C H A SSI G N R E Q U E ST S
D E F I N I T I O N N umber of T C H sei zure requests f or normal assi gnment procedure.
F O R M U L A B 8 cell M C 140a
T H R E SH O L D
C O M M E N T M C 140a: new counter i ntroduced i n B 8 rel ease.
R E F N A M E T C N A R QN U N I T N umber
I N D I C A T O R I N D I C A T O R T C H A SSI G N R E Q U E ST S T C H A SSI G N R E Q U E ST S T C H A SSI G N R E Q U E ST S
D E F I N I T I O N D E F I N I T I O N N umber of T C H sei zure requests f or normal assi gnment procedure. N umber of T C H sei zure requests f or normal assi gnment procedure.
F O R M U L A B 8 F O R M U L A B 8 cell M C 140a cell M C 140a
T H R E SH O L D T H R E SH O L D
C O M M E N T C O M M E N T M C 140a: new counter i ntroduced i n B 8 rel ease.
M C 140a: new counter i ntroduced i n B 8 rel ease.
R E F N A M E R E F N A M E T C N A R QN T C N A R QN U N I T U N I T N umber N umber
1 1 136
Global Radio Congestion Level
GLOBAL RADIO CONGESTION LEVEL (TCH congestion rate)
Subscriber impact: call setup failure
More a management indicator: % of network which has congestion
I NDI CATOR
(G)
GLOBAL RADI O CONGESTI ON LEVEL
DEFI NI TI ON Global radio congestion level : number or rate of cells recurrently congested
FORMULA COUNT_OF_CELLS (AVERAGE (MAX (TCH ASSIGN FAIL CONG RATE)) >2%))
THRESHOLD Accordingto operator
COMMENT This indicator reports the global radio congestion rate on the network. We definea specific
indicator countingthe number of cells that are in congestion in a recurrent manner.
MAX (TCH ASSI GN FAI L CONG RATE) : isthe peak of failuresdue to congestion observed
duringthe period(the day normally). Seethe definitionof TCH ASSIGN FAIL CONG RATE in the
Qualityof Service chapter)
AVERAGE : isan averaging functionof the blockingrate over the selected period, that isover BH
of daysfor a week, or over BH of weeksfor a month
COUNT_OF_CELL : isa function countingthe number of cellsfor whichcondition between() is
respected.
The number of cells can be usedas indicator, or the rate of cellsover the total number of cellsin the
network or area.
REF NAME QSCGR UNI T Number
This counter intends to give a measurement of the TCH congestion of the whole network.
It is implemented on the Alcatel-Lucent tools but other indicators can be defined.
1 1 137
Call Drop Rate
CALL DROP rate: The most important indicator
Used with call setup success rate to compare PLMN (GSM and other one)
Subscribers impact: call drop!!
INDICATOR
(G)
CALL DROP RATE
DEFINITION radio+ HO + Rate of dropped calls (system + preemption) over the total amount of calls with a
successful end
FORMULA S
cell
(MC621 + MC14c + MC736 + MC739 + MC921c) / TCH SUCCESS END
THRESHOLD > 4%
COMMENT Drop system + Drop radio + Drop HO + Drop preemption
TCH drops occurring after successful assignment but before speech connection are considered as
call drops even if from the customer point of view it is a call setup failure
MC739, MC736 and MC621 derive from B6 counters C139, C136 and C21. These new counters
are per TRX
MC921c was new in B7.2
REF NAME QSCDR UNIT %
In a dense network, the Call Drop Rate should be lower than 2%. It should even go down to 1% or less in case Slow
Frequency Hopping is used.
The RTCH drop rate is defined below:
The TRX TCH drop radio rate is defined below:
I NDI CATOR GLOBAL TCH DROP
DEFINITION Rate of TCHs dropped (system + radio + handover + preemption) over the total amount of
calls established in the cell
FORMULA
cell
(MC14c + MC739 + MC736 + MC621+ MC921c) / TCH SUCCESS BEGIN
THRESHOLD > 3%
COMMENT Drop System + Drop radio + Drop HO + Drop preemption
Indicator relevant at cell level mostly.
MC739, MC736 and MC621 derive from B6 counters C139, C136 and C21. These new
counters are per TRX
MC921c is new in B7.2
REF NAME QSTCCDR UNIT %
I NDI CATOR TRX TCH DROP RADIO RATE
DEFINITION Rate of TCHs dropped due to radio problems, per TRX
FORMULA (MC736) / TCH SUCCESS
THRESHOLD > 3%
COMMENT New from B7
MC736 derives from B6 counters C136. This new counter in B7 is per TRX.
Indicator only per TRX because intracell handovers are taken into account
REF NAME TCAHCDRTR UNIT %
1 1 138
Call Setup Success Rate
CALL SETUP SUCCESS rate: the second most important indicator
Used to compare PLMN
Subscriber: call not established at the first attempt
Beware: call setup failures due to a lack of coverage are not taken into
account in this indicator!!
No way to quantify them (as there is no initial access)
INDICATOR
(G)
CALL SETUP SUCCESS RATE (BSS view)
DEFINITION
Rate of calls going until TCH successful assignment, that is not interrupted by SDCCH DROP
neither by Assignment failures
FORMULA (1 ( SDCCH DROP / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS ) ) * (1 TCH ASSIGN UNSUCCESS RATE)
THRESHOLD > 95%
COMMENT SDCCH assignment failures are not considered in CSSR as :
ghost (spurious) RACH cannot be discriminated from a real access failure

effect of re-attempts performed autonomously by the MS cannot be quantified
REF NAME QSCSSR UNIT %
Ghost Racks which correspond to a valid establishment cause are not identified by the BSS. Therefore they can
lead to a high SDCCH assignment failure rate if they are too numerous.
As the end user is not impacted by this phenomenon if no SDCCH congestion is induced, the SDCCH assignment
phase is not considered in the computation of the Call Setup Success rate provided by Alcatel-Lucent tools.
In a dense network, the Call Setup Success Rate should be greater than 98%.
The SDCCH congestion rate should also be considered to have a complete picture of Call Setup efficiency.
1 1 139
Call Success Rate
CALL SUCCESS rate:
1 call success =
1 call successfully established
Without any call drop
I NDI CATOR
(G)
CALL SUCCESS RATE (BSS view)
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of calls going until normal release , that isnot interruptedby SDCCH DROP, neither by
Assignment Failures nor by CALL DROP
FORMULA (CALL SETUP SUCCESS RATE) * (1 CALL DROP RATE)
THRESHOLD <92%
COMMENT
REF NAME QSCCR UNI T %
In a dense network, the Call Setup Success Rate should be greater than 97%.
1 1 140
Call (Setup) Success Rate
CALL SETUP SUCCESS rate
CALL SUCCESS rate
TCAHSUN
QSCCR
QSCSSR
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > Call statistics > Call success
QSCSSR: Call setup success rate (Global)
QSCCR: Call success rate (Global)
1 1 141
Handover Cause Distribution
Indicator aiming at measuring the efficiency of planning /optimization
INDI CATOR
(G)
HO CAUSE DI STRI BUTI ON
DEFINI TI ON Distribution of Handover attempts by cause X : UL/DL Qual, UL/DL Lev, UL/DL Interference,
Distance, Better Cell, Interband, Micro cells HO, Concentric cell, Traffic, AMR, TFO causes.
FORMULA B7.2
cell
(MC67w or MC785x or MC586y or MC10zz or MC447 or MC461)
cell
(MC67all +MC785all +MC586all +MC10all +MC447 +MC461)
MC67all =MC671+MC672+MC673+MC674+MC675+MC676+MC677+MC678+MC679
+MC670
MC785all =MC785a +MC785d +MC785e +MC785f (microcell)
MC586all =MC586a +MC586b +MC586c (concentric)
MC10all =MC1040 +MC1044 +MC1050
THRESHOLD Quality DL >10%, Qual UL >10%, Level UL >20%, Level DL >20%
Interf UL >5%, Interf DL >5%, Better Cell <30%
COMMENT
REF NAME HCSTBPBR, HCCCELVDR, HCCCELVUR, HCCCBCPR,
HCSTEDIR, HCSTEIFDR, HCSTELVDR, HCSTEQLDR,
HCSTBDRR, HCMBBCPR, HCMCEBSR, HCMCELVDR,
HCMCBCPR, HCMCELVUR, HCSTEMIR, HCSTEIFUR,
HCSTELVUR, HCSTEQLUR, HCSTAMR, HCSTBTFR
UNI T %
1 1 142
Handover Standard Cause Distribution
Indicator aiming at measuring the efficiency of planning / optimization
Interesting for comparing HO distribution after concentric or micro cell
implementation
I NDI CATOR
(G)
DISTRI BUTI ON HO CAUSE STANDARD
DEFI NI TION Distribution of Handover attempts by standard cause : Power Budget, quality too low, level too low,
high interference and MS-BTS distance too long.
FORMULA B7.2

cell
( (MC67x) / GLOBAL HO CAUSE STANDARD)
MC67x =MC670 or MC672 or MC671 or MC673 or MC676 or MC677 or MC678 or MC674 or
(MC670+MC672) or (MC671+MC673) or (MC676+M677)
THRESHOLD
COMMENT
REF NAME HCSTEIFDSR, HCSTEIFUSR, HCSTEIFSR, HCSTELVDSR,
HCSTELVUSR, HCSTELVSR, HCSTEQLDSR,
HCSTEQLUSR, HCSTEQLSR, HCSTBPBSR, HCSTEDISR
UNI T %
The Global HO cause standard indicator is defined as below:
where:
MC670: Number of handover attempts cause 2: "uplink quality too low"
MC672: Number of handover attempts cause 4: downlink quality too low"
MC671: Number of handover attempts cause 3: "uplink level too low"
MC673: Number of handover attempts cause 5: "downlink level too low"
MC676: Number of handover attempts cause 15: "too high uplink interference level"
MC677: Number of handover attempts cause 16: "too high downlink interference level"
MC678: Number of handover attempts cause 12: "too low power budget"
MC674: Number of handover attempts cause 6: "MS-BTS distance too long"
1 1 143
Handover Cause Distribution
HANDOVER CAUSE rates
HCSTEIFR
HCSTEQLR
HCSTELVR
HCSTEDMR
HCSTBPBR
HCMCR
HCCC
TMHOSR
Handover statistics INDICATORS > Handover causes
HCXXYYYYR: Rate of specific HO cause xxyyyy versus all HO causes (Global)
where XX = ST (standard) or MC (micro cell) or CC (concentric cell) or MB (multi band)
and YYYY is specific to the cause
1 1 144
Outgoing Handover Success Rate
Global success rate of Outgoing HO
Success rate of execution of Outgoing HO
INDICATOR
(G)
OUTGOI NG HO SUCCESS RATE
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of successful outgoing external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH handovers
FORMULA B7.2
cell
(MC646 +MC656) /
cell
(MC645a +MC655a)
THRESHOLD <90%
COMMENT This indicator includes preparation and execution.
REF NAME HOORSUR UNIT %
I NDI CATOR
(G)
EFFI CI ENCY OF OUTGOI NG HANDOVER EXECUTI ON
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of successful outgoing external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH handovers
FORMULA
cell
(MC646 +MC656) /
cell
(MC650 +MC660)
THRESHOLD <90%
COMMENT This indicator takes into account HO execution only(not ho preparation).
REF NAME HOOREFR UNI T %
Global Outgoing HO success rate: represents the global efficiency of the outgoing handovers performed from one
cell to any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not).
Efficiency of Outgoing HO execution: represents the efficiency of the channel change procedure during outgoing
handovers performed from one cell to any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not). It does not take into account
the HO failures that can occur during the preparation phase when the new channel is being selected and
activated.
From B7 MC645A replaces MC645 of B6.
1 1 145
Incoming Handover Success Rate
Global success rate of Incoming HO
Success rate of execution of Incoming HO
I NDI CATOR
(G)
I NCOMI NG HANDOVER SUCCESS RATE
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of successful incoming external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH handovers.
FORMULA
cell
(MC642 +MC652) /
cell
(MC820 +MC830)
THRESHOLD <90%
COMMENT
REF NAME HOIRSUR UNI T %
I NDI CATOR
(G)
EFFI CI ENCY OF I NCOMI NG HANDOVERS
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of successful incoming external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH HOs
FORMULA
cell
(MC642 +MC652) /
cell
(MC821 +MC831)
THRESHOLD <90%
COMMENT Excludingcongestion failuresand BSS preparation failures from requests.
REF NAME HOIREFR UNI T %
Global Incoming HO success rate: represents the global efficiency of the incoming handovers performed to one
cell from any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not).
Efficiency of Incoming HO execution: represents the efficiency of the channel change procedure during incoming
handovers performed to one cell from any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not). It does not take into account
the HO failures that can occur during the preparation phase when the new channel is being selected and
activated.
1 1 146
Handover Failure Main Causes
Main Causes of handover failure
Bad handover parameters settings (check with the RFT
Training)
Hardware fault (TRX board fault)
Congestion
Interference
Coverage
Clock or timer mismatching
Coverage
Coverage hole
Coverage hole may exist when coverage areas of two BTSs do not overlap or there are some big obstacles in the
coverage area, this lead to no signal or very poor signal level.
Over shooting
In the actual network, the high BTS antenna can propagate far away along a road and serve in area which its not
suppose to serve in; which result in the "isolate Island" problem.
Interference
Interference usually occurs when more than one idle channel appear in the highest interference band. If the
interference is internal, it will usually increase with the growth of traffic. If the interference is external, it is
usually not related to traffic, but it may increase with the traffic growth if the interference is from the close
analog network.
There is also the possibility to work with the RMS (per TRX).
If there are high Rx_lev but bad quality, it indicates that co-channel and/or adjacent-channel interference exist.
Congestion: see previous case study
Timer mismatching: check with the NSS team whether BSS-NSS parameters are well set.
1 1 147
Call Quality Factor Absolute
The highest, the best is the cell
But the traffic handled is not taken into account
INDICATOR
(G)
CELL QUALITY FACTOR ABSOLUTE
DEFINITION
Indicator summarizing the cell behavior and allowing the operator to sort out cell for
investigation.This indicator is based on failure events. For each part of the indicator,
twothresholds are used: Topt and TQoS. TQoS is the QoS warning threshold (e.g. above or
belowthe threshold, a warning is generated on the cell. Topt + TQoS is the optimal value
that should be acheived. Each part as a weighting factor (WF) according to the
impact on the subscribers point of view.
FORMULA ((1 SDCCH CONGESTION rate) - T QoS)/ Topt * WF
+ (CALL SETUP SUCCESS rate - T QoS)/ Topt *WF
+ ((1 CALL DROP rate - T QoS)/ Topt * WF
+ (OUTGOING HO SUCCESS rate - T QoS)/ Topt * WF
+ ((1 HO QUALITY rate - T QoS)/ Topt * WF
THRESHOLD SDCCH CONGESTION rate : T QoS= 0.97, T opt = 0.03, WF = 0.1
CALL SETUP SUCCESS rate : TQoS= 0.9, Topt = 0.09, WF = 0.2
CALL DROP rate : TQoS= 0.96, T opt = 0.04, WF = 0.3
OUTGOING HO SUCCESS rate : T QoS= 0.85, T opt = 0.12, WF = 0.15
HO QUALITY rate : T QoS= 0.85, T opt = 0.1, WF = 0.25
COMMENT
REF NAME QSCQAR UNIT %
This counter intends to compute for every cell of the network a global indicator taking into account the major
causes of bad Quality of Service.
Each cause is weighted according to the impact on the end user.
1 1 148
Call Quality Factor Relative
For optimization
Try to improve cells with the worst CQFR
I NDI CATOR
(G)
CELL QUALI TY FACTOR RELATI VE
DEFI NI TI ON
This indicator isthe Cell QualityFactor Absolute weightedby the cell traffic. Investigation should
be donein priorityon the cell havinga highrate of failures with high traffic(the traffic isthe rate of
traffic handledby the cell over the total network traffic traffic isTCH seizure attempts)
FORMULA CQFA * ((MC15a +MC15b +MC703)
cell
/ (MC15a +MC15b +MC703)
network
)
THRESHOLD N/A
COMMENT
REF NAME QSCQRR UNI T %
Normalizing the previous Cell Quality Factor Absolute by the traffic of the cell will allow to compare the QoS of
the cell between each other and raise the list of top worst cells candidate for analysis.
From B7, MC703 replaces MC16 of B6.
1 1 149
Network TCH Availability
Management indicator, maintenance oriented, assessing
Quantity of stability problems
Reaction time to problems
I NDI CATOR
(G)
NETWORK (TCH) AVAI LABI LI TY
DEFI NI TI ON Rate of TCHsable to carry traffic(uponthe total number of traffic channels)
FORMULA (
cell
(MC250) / #AvailableTCH)
THRESHOLD <95%
COMMENT #Available TCH : accordingto channel configuration
REF NAME TCAVAR UNI T %
1 1 150
Exercise
Time allowed:
15 minutes
Indicator value OK ? Impact
1- SDCCH congestion 10% NOK difficulties to establish call
2- Call drop 5%
3- Call success 95%
4- Efficiency of outgoing HO 91%
5- Network TCH availability 94%
6- TCH assignment failure 2,4 %
7- Call drop 2,3 %
8- SDCCH drop 2%
9- HO cause distribution
(ratio of better cell)
45%
10- Call success 88%
11- SDCCH drop 1%
1 1 151
5 Traps and Restrictions of Global
Indicators
1 1 152
5 Traps and Restrictions of Global Indicators
Objective
Beware of traps and restrictions about some global indicators
So as to be able to provide a reliable interpretation
1 1 153
Call Set-Up Success Rate / Call Drop Rate
CALL SETUP SUCCESS
The radio link establishment failure is not taken into account, because:
most of failures during RLE are due to ghost RACH
the MS is attempting MAX_RETRANS+1 times before giving up
difficult to assess subscriber's impact, anyhow very low
CALL DROP
For BSS, the last stage is considered as established, although it is not the
cause from a user point of view
If a TCH drop occurs during this phase
for the user, it is a setup failure
for the OMC-R indicators, counted as a call drop
1 1 154
Call Duration
IMPACT OF CALL DURATION
The longest a call is, the highest the risk to have a drop is
If statistics are done on abnormally long or short calls, the result can be less
accurate
Typical case: drive test
Typical call duration: 80/90 seconds in most European countries
1 1 155
Mobility
IMPACT OF MOBILITY
Most of drop problems are due to mobility
Usually 2/3 of calls are static (no HO will be done)
For example, if 40 drops are observed for 1000 calls
O 40/1000 = 4% of global call drop
O but most of call drops are generated by "moving calls"
40/(1000*1/3) = 40/333 = 12 % of call drop rate for moving call
0 % for static call
Typical trap when comparing drive tests results with OMC-R statistics
1 1 156
Exercise
Time allowed:
15 minutes
Case conclusion OK ? why
In 1 BSS, some transcoders
are faulty: as soon as TCH
are established on these
TC, they are lost
The call setup success
rate indicator will be
increased due to this
problem
In 1 network, drive tests
are showing a general call
drop of 7 %.
OMC-R call drop indicator is
giving 2,1 %
OMC-R indicator is
erroneous (drive test is
the reality)
In 1 network, global call
setup success is 92 %
For moving call, call
setup success will be
about 76 %
In a pedestrian zone, 80 %
of call are static measured
call drop is 1,7 %
For taxi, call done in
Taxi in this zone will be
dropped at 5,1 %
call duration is more
than average
global call drop: 2% for 1 call of 20 mns,
risk of drop is 2 %
NOK
1 1 157
Steps to Take for Optimization
Flow Chart of Network Optimization
The Mobile Network is evaluated through Network Statistic (NPO), Drive Test (Agilent, TEMS, etc.) and Trouble
Ticket (Alarms, etc.).
Then the KPI Targets is set based on the consideration from all the data collected.
The Action Plan is proposed based on the studies of the network.
The Action Plan is based on Frequency, Cell Parameters/Configuration and Hardware Changes.
After the Action plan is done, the network statistic and Drive Test is performed again to determine the KPI
achieves the required Target. For the case where the KPI target is not achieved as requirements, the
optimization work is repeated again until the achievement of KPI targets.
An advanced improvement plan may be achieved thanks to the help of Alcatel-Lucent support.
1 1 158
6 Global Indicators Interpretation
1 1 159
Exercise 1
Is this network OK?
Time allowed:
5 minutes
Name value
SDCCH congesti on 1%
SDCCH drop 3%
TCH assi gnment fai l ure rate 2%
Cal l drop 1%
Cal l setup success rate 96%
Cal l success rate 94%
Effi ci ency of outgoi ng HO 92%
Effi ci ency of i ncomi ng HO 93%
HO cause di stri buti on better/l evel /qual i ty 70/20/10
Network TCH avai l abi l i ty 98%
Name value
SDCCH drop 3%
Cal l drop 1%
1 1 160
Exercise 2
Can one say that:
all indicators are OK?
the coverage of the network is 95%?
the call success of all the cells is 95% (minimum)?
Time allowed:
5 minutes
Name value
SDCCH drop 2%
Cal l drop 1%
Name value
SDCCH drop 2%
Cal l drop 1%
1 1 161
Exercise 2
Results of field tests on a network
Is the network better if QSCDR = 2%?
Time allowed:
5 minutes
Name value
SDCCH congesti on
SDCCH drop
TCH assi gnment fai l ure rate
Cal l drop 4.6%
Cal l success rate
Effi ci ency of outgoi ng HO
Effi ci ency of i ncomi ng HO
HO cause di stri buti on better/l evel /qual i ty
Network TCH avai l abi l i ty
Name value
SDCCH congesti on
SDCCH drop
TCH assi gnment fai l ure rate
Cal l drop 4.6%
Cal l success rate
Effi ci ency of outgoi ng HO
Effi ci ency of i ncomi ng HO
HO cause di stri buti on better/l evel /qual i ty
Network TCH avai l abi l i ty
1 1 162
for this module
1 1 163
End of Module
Global Indicators
Module 3
Detailed Indicators
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
1 1 165
Blank Page
Document History
1 1 166
Module Objectives
Explain what is a detailed indicator and what are the different classifications
of the detailed indicators provided by the Alcatel-Lucent BSS
1 1 167
1 1 168
Table of Contents
Page
1 Indicator Reference Name 7
2 Indicators Classification 9
1 1 169
1 1 170
1 Indicator Reference Name
1 1 171
1 Indicator Reference Name
Description
Each QOS indicator has a unique REFERENCE NAME of 10 characters.
Unit Family
Procedure Type Joker
Prefix Sub-type
mandatory
optional
1 1 172
2 Indicators Classification
1 1 173
Main Categories
Classification
Control Channels
SCCP
TCH
SDCCH
Traffic load
Call statistics
RTCH
SDCCH
Global QoS
Couple of cells
SDCCH /TCH
HO repartition
IntracellHO
Incoming HO
Outgoing HO
HO causes
Handover
statistics
Resource
availability
Multiband
Multilayer/Multiband
Network
Concentric cells
Directed retry
Densification
techniques
GSM
indicators
1 1 174
SDCCH Traffic
Traffic Load and Traffic Model
SDCCH traffic
Estab
SDCCH Traffic
Traffic
MT
Traffic
MO
Loc. Update
IMSI Detach
Sup. Service
Call
LU Follow on
SMS
Call
Re-Estab
Other
MS
Penetration Rate
Traffic
Dual Band
Resource
Occupancy
SDCCH
Erlang
SDCCH Mean
Holding Time
Global
Traffic
Global
Requests
Traffic
Model
Handover
Normal
Assignment
Normal
Assignment
Handover
The Traffic model section includes indicators for:
number of SDCCH connection requests and successes (Immediate Assignment, HO).
distribution of SDCCH connection success (MO and MT connections versus all MO+MT connections, type of MO
connections versus all MO connection types).
The MS penetration rate section includes the indicator for percentage of multiband MS SDCCH access (except
LU) versus all MS SDCCH accesses.
The Resource occupancy section includes indicators for:
SDCCH traffic in Erlang.
average duration in seconds of SDCCH channel usage.
1 1 175
TCH Traffic
Traffic Load and Traffic Model
TCH traffic RTCH Traffic
Resource
Occupancy
TCH
Erlang
Full Rate
Erlang
Full Rate
Allocated
Full Rate
Mean TCH
Time
Half Rate
Erlang
Half Rate
Allocated
Half Rate
Mean TCH
Time
Blocking Peak
Ratio of
HR Traffic
TCH
Multiband
Occupancy
Traffic Model
REQUESTS
Assign / HO / DR
SUCCESS
Assign/ HO/ DR
HO PER CALL
REQUESTS
FR, DR, DR/EFR, AMR, DATA
Speech Version
&
Channel Type
ALLOCATIONS
FR, HR, EFR, AMR, DATA
SUCCESS
AMR / TFO
The Speech Version and Channel Type section includes indicators for:
distribution of TCH allocation requests (FR/DR/DR+EFR/AMR/DATA).
distribution of TCH allocation successes (FR/DR/DR+EFR/AMR/DATA).
rate of TCH AMR allocation successes.
rate of TFO calls versus all speech calls.
The Traffic model section includes indicators for:
number of TCH connection requests and successes (Normal Assignment, HO, DR).
rate of TCH allocation successes for HO+DR versus all TCH allocations (NA+HO+DR).
number of HOs per call.
The Resource occupancy section includes indicators for:
RTCH traffic in Erlang (FR+HR, FR, HR, multiband).
average duration in seconds of RTCH channel usage (FR+HR, FR, HR).
number of TCH FR allocations and number of TCH HR allocations.
rate of TCH HR allocations versus all TCH allocations (FR+HR).
TCH peak of blocking (TCH congestion time).
1 1 176
QoS SDCCH
GLOBAL Quality of Service
SDCCH
SDCCH
Established
Phase
Drop Rate
Drop Radio Drop HO
Unsuccess
Congestion
Assignment Phase
/
Handover
Radio
Failure
BSS Failure
Access Reject
Dynamic Allocation
Drop BSS
1 1 177
QoS RTCH
GLOBAL Quality of service
RTCH
Directed
Retry
RTCH
Unsuccess
Assignment Phase
/
Handover
Global Radio
Congestion Level
Congestion
Radio
Failure
BSS
Failure
Established
Phase
Drop rate
Drop Radio
Drop BSS
Drop HO
Preemption
Preemption
Phase
PCI =1 PVI =1
Requests
Allocation
with / without
Preemption
Failure
Success
Success
Queuing
Phase
Queue Length
Assign
Queuing Fail
Assign
Queued
& Reject
Queued
Success
Queue Full
Higher
Priority
Timeout
Assign
Queued
Normal
Assign.
1 1 178
QoS Call Statistics
GLOBAL Quality of service
Call statistics
Call Statistics
Call Success
Call Setup
Success Rate
Call
Success Rate
Cell Quality
Factor Absolute
Cell Quality
Factor Relative
Call Drop
Call Drop Rate
Drop Radio Drop BSS Drop HO
Transcoder
Failure
BSS Internal Failure
Call Drop
End User Rate
Preemption
1 1 179
Handover Causes
Handover STATISTICS
Handover causes
Handover causes
HO causes
All
HO
cause
distribution
Outgoing HO Incoming HO
HO standard
cause
distribution
HO cause
category
distribution
HO causes per Adjacency
HO cause
category
distribution
Fast traffic HO taken into account type of counter for dual band HO
1 1 180
Outgoing Handovers
Handover STATISTICS
Outgoing handovers
Failure With Reversion
Call Drop Rate
Efficiency
Preparation Success Rate
Intra-BSC
Call Drop Rate
Efficiency
External
Call Drop Rate
Efficiency
Success Rate
Intra-BSC & External
Outgoing HO
LAPD counter to analyze the cause of delay in HO procedures
1 1 181
Incoming Handovers
Handover STATISTICS
Incoming handovers
Failure BSS
Failure Radio
Congestion
Efficiency
Intra-BSC
Failure BSS
Failure Radio
Failure No CIC
Congestion
Efficiency
External
Efficiency
Intra-BSC & External
Incoming HO
Incoming external HO 3G - > 2G
Incoming external HO 2G - > 2G only
1 1 182
Incoming Handovers [cont.]
More counters for UMTS to GSM handover monitoring. The new counters
were introduced in the MC922 family:
MC922e (type110): NB_INC_EXT_TCH_3G_2G_HO_EMERGENCY_REQ that
indicates the number 3G to 2G external inter-cell TCH (in HR or FR) handover
requests, with emergency cause.
MC922f (type 110): NB_INC_EXT_TCH_3G_2G_HO_REQ that indicates the
number of 3G to 2G external inter-cell TCH (in HR or FR) handover requests.
This counter differs from MC922d by the fact it just counts TCH handovers.
MC922g (type 110): NB_INC_EXT_TCH_3G_2G_HO_PREP_FAIL_3GCONG that
indicates the number of 3G to 2G handover failures in preparation phase due
to 3G high load in target cell.
MC922h (type 110): TIME_3G_HOReject_HL that indicates the cumulative
time (in seconds) during which the cell is in 3G high load state.
1 1 183
Intracell Handovers
Handover STATISTICS
Intracell handovers
New B9 counters: HO Cause 30
NB_TCH_HO_REQ_30_ReturnCSZone
=MC480 (Type 110)
NB_TCH_HO_ATPT_30_ReturnCSZone
=MC481 (Type 110)
CDR Radio CDR BSS
Failure BSS
Call Drop Rate
Congestion
Efficiency
Intracell HO
1 1 184
Handover Statistics per Couple of Cells
Handover STATISTICS
Handover statistics per couple of cell
HO Success Distribution
Success Rate
Efficiency
HO statistics
per Couple of Cell
1 1 185
for this module
1 1 186
End of Module
Detailed Indicators
Module 4
Handover Indicators
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
1 1 188
Blank Page
Document History
1 1 189
Module Objectives
Explain what are the main Handover counters and indicators provided by the
Alcatel-Lucent BSS in order to monitor the quality of handovers
1 1 190
1 1 191
Table of Contents
Page
1 Intra-Cell Handover Indicators per Cell 7
2 Internal Handover Indicators per Cell 17
3 External Handover Indicators per Cell 31
4 Handover Indicators per Couple of Cells 46
1 1 192
1 1 193
1 Intra-Cell Handover Indicators per Cell
1 1 194
Handover Types
HO FAIL. CASES > HO Reminder
Intra-Cell: Handover between two
TCHs of the same cell
Internal
between two cells of the same BSC
also called intra BSC
and not using the forced external
handover mode
External
between two cells of different BSCs
also called inter BSC
or between two cells of the same BSC
when using the forced external
handover mode
TCH/(SDCCH) Handover
Synchronous
between 2 cells
sharing the same clocks
collocated
usually 2 sectors of the same BTS
O tunable at OMC-R level
Asynchronous
not synchronous for any reason
no dedicated monitoring for
synchronous/asynchronous HO
Incoming
as considering the target cell
Outgoing
as considering the serving cell
1 1 195
Intracell HO - Success
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO > successful case
MS BTS BSC MSC
MEAS REPORT
-----------------------------> MEASUREMENT RESULT
--------------------------------------------------------------> MC870
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQUEST (old channel)
<--------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CONFIRM (old channel)
-------------------------------------------------------------->
CHANNEL ACTIVATION (new channel)
<--------------------------------------------------------------
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK (new channel)
-------------------------------------------------------------->
ASSIGNMENT CMD ASSIGNMENT COMMAND (old channel) MC871
<----------------------------- <-------------------------------------------------------------- start T3107
SABM
-----------------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION (new channel)
UA -------------------------------------------------------------->
<-----------------------------
ASSIGNMENT CMP ASSIGNMENT COMPLET(new channel)
-----------------------------> --------------------------------------------------------------> stop T3107
MC662
HANDOVER
PERFORMED
RF CHANNEL RELEASE (old channel)
RF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK (old channel)
<--------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------->
-------------------------------------
>
MFS
------------------>
BSC Shared DTM Information Indication
B10
Case of a DTM capable MS in
dedicated mode
New B10
Both SDCCH and TCH are counted together.
The T3107 timer is also used as the guard timer of the channel change procedure during an intra cell handover.
The default value for T3107 is 14 seconds.
The BSC will send BSC Shared DTM INFO Indication to inform the MFS the successful end of the procedure if the
conditions below are fulfilled:
EN_DTM = enabled
The MS is DTM capable
HandOver Counter Internal External
Intra cell TCH (T110-T28) Outgoing Incoming Out In
REQUEST TCH+ SD MC870 MC870-C360 MC655A MC830 MC645A MC820
congestion Radio MC561 MC551 MC541A
congestion A if MC41B
ASSIG ( Attempt) TCH+SD MC871 MC660 MC831 MC650 MC821
reversion to old Ch. MC667 MC657 MC647
drop ratio (MC621 - All ) MC663 MC658 MC648
Incoming HO failed MC653 MC643
OCCUPY TCH+SD MC662 MC656 MC652 MC646 MC642
MC621: All drop of Inter and Intra
Incoming HO - Check HO congestion
Outgoing HO - CHeck HO fail to drop or reverse
TCH Cong. ( No H.O): Normal Cong.
- add TCH
- Queue
- More outgoing H.O
TCH Cong.( H.O ) ( due to IN. HO)
- Less Incoming H.O
- add TCH
1 1 196
Intracell HO Success Case of a MS in DTM Mode
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO > successful case
MS BTS BSC MSC
MEAS REPORT
--------------------------------------------------------------> MC870
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQUEST (old channel)
<--------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CONFIRM (old channel)
-------------------------------------------------------------->
CHANNEL ACTIVATION (new channel)
<--------------------------------------------------------------
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK (new channel)
-------------------------------------------------------------->
ASSIGNMENT CMD ASSIGNMENT COMMAND (old channel) MC871
<----------------------------- <-------------------------------------------------------------- start T3107
SABM
UA -------------------------------------------------------------->
<-----------------------------
ASSIGNMENT CMP ASSIGNMENT COMPLET(new channel)
-----------------------------> --------------------------------------------------------------> stop T3107
MC662
HANDOVER
PERFORMED
RF CHANNEL RELEASE (old channel)
RF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK (old channel)
<--------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------->
------------------------------------->
MFS
------------------>
BSC Shared DTM Information Indication
B10
Case of a DTM capable MS
in DTM mode
<-----------------------
MFS Shared DTM Information Indication
------------------>
MFS Shared DTM Information Indication ACK
New B10
The T3107 timer is also used as the guard timer of the channel change procedure during an intra cell handover.
The dDefault value for T3107 is 14 seconds.
The BSC will send BSC Shared DTM INFO Indication to inform the MFS the successful end of the procedure if the
conditions below are fulfilled:
EN_DTM = enabled
The MS is DTM capable
HO Congestion - TYPE 180 or all cells
Reduce INC HO or add TCH
need to find MAX INC REQ cells
1 1 197
Intracell HO - Failures
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO Failures
Handover Preparation:
congestion
BSS problem (no specific counter)
Handover Execution:
reversion to old channel
drop radio
1 1 198
Intracell HO - Congestion
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO Failure: Congestion
MC561TCH+MC101SDCCH
MS Serving BTS Serving BSC MSC
MEAS REPORT
--------------------------------------------------------------> MC870
No free TCH
MC561
From B7, MC561 replaces MC61of B6.
As the counting of the Abis-TCH congestion case was in restriction in B8: MC61(B6) = MC561(B7)
1 1 199
Intracell HO - Radio Failure ROC
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO failure: Reversion Old Channel
Serving Serving
MS BTS BSC MSC
MC871
ASSIGNMENT CMD ASSIGNMENT COMMAND (old channel)
<----------------------------- <----------------------------------------------------------------- start T3107 (=T10)
start T200
SABM (new channel)
----------------------------------------------------------------->
UA (new channel)
X- - - - - --------------------
SABM (new channel)
----------------------------->
UA (new channel)
X- - - - - --------------------
SABM (old channel)
-----------------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION (old channel)
UA (old channel) ----------------------------------------------------------------->
<-----------------------------
ASSIGNMENT FAIL ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
-----------------------------> -----------------------------------------------------------------> stop T3107
MC667
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQUEST (new channel)
<-----------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CONFIRM (new channel)
----------------------------------------------------------------->
RF CHANNEL RELEASE (new channel)
<-----------------------------------------------------------------
RF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK (new channel)
----------------------------------------------------------------->
1 1 200
Intracell HO - Radio Failure Drop
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO failure: Radio drop
MC663=C63TCH+C103SDCCH
Serving Serving
MS BTS BSC MSC
MC871
<----------------------------- <----------------------------------------------------------------- start T3107 (=T10)
MC663
Release of old and new channels T3107 expiry
1 1 201
Intracell HO - BSS Problem
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO failure: BSS drop
no specific counter
Serving Serving
MS BTS BSC MSC
MC871
<----------------------------- <----------------------------------------------------------------- start T3107 (=T10)
--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUEST
O&M intervention
Intra cell HO failures due to BSS problems are deduced from other counters.
1 1 202
Intracell HO - Counters
HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO counters
Request MC870
Congestion MC561+MC101
BSS Pb MC870-MC871-(MC561+MC101)
Attempt MC871
Reversion old channel MC667
Drop radio MC663
BSS Pb MC871-MC662-MC667-MC663
Success MC662
Preparation
Execution
INTRACELL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
REVERSION OLD CHANNEL
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
1 1 203
2 Internal Handover Indicators per Cell
1 1 204
Internal HO - Success
HO FAIL. CASES > internal HO > success case
The same inter-cell
handover procedure
leads to an
incrementation of two
sets of counters:
incoming HO counters
for the target cell:
MC830, MC831, MC652,
etc.
outgoing HO counters
for the serving cell:
MC655A, MC660, MC656,
etc.
In HO_PERFORMED MESSAGE
>Target cell (CI,LAC)
>"cause" of HO
MS serving cell target cell BSC MSC
MEAS REP
-----------------------> MEASUREMENT RESULT
------------------------------------------------------------------------>MC830, MC655A
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
<----------------------------------
CHAN ACTIV ACK
---------------------------------->
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------start T3103
MC831, MC660
start T3124
HANDOVER ACCESS
------------------------------------------------------------->
-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
PHYSICAL INFORMATION ---------------------------------->
<------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
stop T3124
start T200
------------------------ SABM ---------------------------> stop T3105
<-------------------------- UA ----------------------------- ESTABLISH INDICATION
stop T200 ---------------------------------->
HANDOVER COMPLETE HO CMP stop T3103
-------------------------------------------------------------> ----------------------------------> HO PERFORMED
Release of old TCH MC652, MC656
--------------->
BSC Shared DTM Information Indication (old cell)
----------------------------->
MFS
<-------------------------------------------------------------
DTM Information (new cell)
BSC Shared DTM Information Indication (new
cell)
--------------->
B10
in dedicated mode
New B10
After the HO PERFORMED is sent to the MSC.
if DTM is enabled in the old cell, it sends a BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication (CS_Flag = 0) to the MFS.
if DTM is enabled in the new cell, it send a BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication (CS_flag = 1) to the MFS.
The MFS in the old cell deletes the MS context and creates an MS context according to the information received
in the BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication.
1 1 205
Internal HO Success Case of an MS in DTM Mode
HO FAIL. CASES > internal HO > success case
MEAS REP
------------------------------------------------------------------------>MC830, MC655A
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
<----------------------------------
CHAN ACTIV ACK
---------------------------------->
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------start T3103
MC831, MC660
-------------------------------------------------------------> ---------------------------------->
HO PERFORMED
MC652, MC656
----------------------------->
MFS
B10
.
SGSN
DTM Information
DTM Information
MFS Shared DTM Info Ind
MFS Shared DTM Info Ind ACK
BSC Shared DTM Info Ind (old cell)
BSC Shared DTM Info Ind (new cell)
Release of old TCH
------------------------------------------------------------->
GPRS Information (cell update)
-------------------------------------------------
>
BSCGP DTM GPRS Information UL (cell update)
Cell update
Flush LL
Flush LL ack
New B10
After the HO PERFORMED is sent to the MSC.
if DTM is enabled in the old cell, it sends a BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication (CS_Flag = 0) to the MFS.
if DTM is enabled in the new cell, it send a BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication (CS_flag = 1) to the MFS.
The MFS in the old cell deletes the MS context and creates an MS context according to the information received
in the BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication.
1 1 206
Incoming Internal HO - Failures
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal HO failures:
Handover procedure from the target cell point of view
congestion: no RTCH available in the target cell
O does not concern the outgoing side (serving cell point of view)
Handover Execution:
radio problem: the MS fails to access the new channel
O the reversion/drop discrimination concerns only the serving cell
1 1 207
Incoming Internal HO - Congestion
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal HO fail: congestion
MC551TCH+MC91SDCCH
MS Serving Cell Serving BSC MSC
MEAS REPORT
--------------------------------------------------------------> MC830
No free TCH
MC551
From B7, MC551 replaces MC51of B6.
As the counting of the Abis-TCH congestion case was in restriction in B8: MC51(B6) = MC551(B7)
1 1 208
Incoming Internal HO - Radio Failure
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal HO fail: MS access problem
MEAS REP
------------------------------------------------------------------------>
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
<----------------------------------
CHANNEL ACTIV ACK
---------------------------------->
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
MC660
SABM
-----------x T3103 expi ry
MC653
MS Serving cell Target Cell BSC
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
HANDOVER ACCESS MC660
------------------------------------------------------------->
-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
<------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
SABM
-------------------------------------------------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ---------------------------------->
<------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105
HANDOVER COMPLETE
----------------------------------------------------- - - - -X
SABM
-----------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------>
<-----------------------
HO FAILURE HANDOVER FAILURE
-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> MC653
Release of new channel
All incoming internal HO failures due to radio problems are counted in the same counter MC653.
Both radio failures with Reversion Old Channel and radio drop are counted together.
1 1 209
Incoming Internal HO - Counters
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal HO counters
Request MC830
Congesti on MC551+MC91
Attempt MC831
Radi o (MS access probl em) MC653
BSS Pb MC831-MC652-MC653
Success MC652
Executi on
Preparati on
INCOMING INTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
MS ACCESS PB
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
1 1 210
Incoming Internal HO - Indicators
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal HO indicators
HOIBFLBN
HOIBFLRN
HOIBCGN
HOIBSUN
HOIBFLR
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Incoming handover > Incoming Intra BSC
HOIBEFR: efficiency of the incoming internal HO execution
HOIBCGR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to congestion
HOIBPFR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to BSS during the preparation phase
HOIBFLRR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to radio problems
HOIBFLBR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to BSS during the execution phase
1 1 211
Outgoing Internal HO - Failures
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal HO failures
Handover procedure from the serving cell point of view
congestion on the target cell (no specific counter on the serving cell)
Handover Execution:
radio problem: the MS reverts to the old channel
radio problem: the MS drops
1 1 212
Outgoing Internal HO - Radio Failure ROC
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal HO fail: Reversion old channel
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
HANDOVER ACCESS MC660
------------------------------------------------------------->
-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
<------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
SABM
UA ---------------------------------->
<------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105
HANDOVER COMPLETE
----------------------------------------------------- - - - -X
SABM
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------>
<-----------------------
-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> MC657
1 1 213
Outgoing Internal HO - Radio Failure Drop
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal HO fail: drop
clear_request: ask the MSC to release the connection
In case of call drop due to HO, the cause is "radio interface message failure"
(for Alcatel-Lucent)
MEAS REP
------------------------------------------------------------------------> MC655A
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
<----------------------------------
CHAN ACTIV ACK
---------------------------------->
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
MC660
SABM
----------x
T3103 expiry
MC658
Clear_request
------------------------>
Clear_command
Release of old and new TCH <------------------------
1 1 214
Outgoing Internal HO - Counters
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal HO counters
Preparation Request MC655A
Any preparation failure MC655A-MC660
Attempt MC660
Drop radio MC658
Success MC656
Execution
OUTGOING INTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
1 1 215
Outgoing Internal HO - Indicators
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal HO indicators
HOOBSUN
HOOBCDRN
HOOBCDBN
HOOBOCN
HOOBCDR
HOOBOCR
SUCCESS
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Outgoing handover > Outgoing Intra BSC
HOOBRQR: efficiency of the outgoing internal HO preparation
HOOBEFR: efficiency of the outgoing internal HO execution
HOOBOCR: rate of outgoing internal HO failures due to radio problems with Reversion Old Channel
HOOBCDRR: rate of outgoing internal HO failures due to radio problems with drop
HOOBCDR: rate of incoming internal HO failures with drop (radio + BSS)
1 1 216
Intra-Cell HO / Internal HO - Exercise
With K1205, find in the PAIB29.REC file:
1) One case of intra-cell failure with reversion
2) One case of Internal handover success
Identify the target cell
Identify the serving cell (in CR for call establishment)
3) One case of Internal handover failure with reversion
4) One case of Internal handover failure without reversion
Find in trace 7:
1) The identity of the new TCH assigned while MS in DTM mode
B10
New B10
Time allowed:
15 minutes
1 1 217
3 External Handover Indicators per Cell
1 1 218
External HO - Success
HO FAIL. CASES > External HO > successful case
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
MC645A ------ HO_REQUIRED ---------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
<--------- CC ------------------------ ---- CHANNEL_ACTIVATION ------>
<- CHANNEL_ACT_ACK-------------
<----- HO_REQUEST_ACK -------- Start T9113
(HO_COMMAND) MC821
<------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------------ <---- HO_ACCESS -----
MC650 Start T8 <---- HO_ACCESS -----
<------ HO_DETECTION--------------
<-- HO_DETECTION -------------- --- PHYSICAL_INFO -->
<--- SABM ---------------
<----- ESTABLISH_INDICATION ---- ----- UA -------------->
<----------- HO_COMPLETE ----------------------------------------
<--- HO_COMPLETE --------------- Stop T9113
<---- CLEAR_COMMAND ------
MC642
MC646 Cause : HO_SUCCESSFUL
Release of TCH Stop T8
MC462A
MC462B
MC462C
MC463A
MC463B
MC463C
MFS
BSC shared DTM info indication
DTM information
B10
in dedicated mode
New B10
From B7, MC645A replaces MC645 of B6.
MC645a is only counting HANDOVER REQUIRED messages that are linked to a handover trial and not those that are linked to the
update of the candidate cell list for handover / directed retry. This is leading to a more accurate computation of the External
outgoing HO success rate.
Only Outgoing inter PLMN HO is allowed.
6 counters provide information for "Inter-PLMN HO" (Incoming and Outgoing) (From B8)
MC462a (equivalent of MC645A for intra PLMN external HO)
Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry requests:
HANDOVER REQUIRED sent to the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards a cell belonging to a PLMN
different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
MC462b (equivalent of MC650 for intra PLMN external HO)
Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry attempts:
HANDOVER COMMAND sent to the MS on Abis for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards a cell belonging to a
PLMN different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
MC462c (equivalent of MC646 for intra PLMN external HO)
Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry successes:
CLEAR COMMAND with Cause "Handover successful" received from the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered
towards a cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
MC463a (equivalent of MC820 for intra PLMN external HO)
Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry requests:
HANDOVER REQUEST received from the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards the target cell from a
serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry attempts:
HANDOVER REQUEST ACK sent by the target BSC containing the HANDOVER COMMAND for an external TCH HO or an external DR
triggered towards the target cell from a serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry successes:
HANDOVER COMPLETE received from the MS on Abis for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards the target cell
from a serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
Note than all other (previous) counters related to HO continue to be based on Intra PLMN only.
1 1 219
External HO Success Case of an MS in DTM Mode
HO FAIL. CASES > External HO > successful case
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
MC645A ------ HO_REQUIRED ---------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
(HO_COMMAND) MC821
MC650 Start T8 <---- HO_ACCESS -----
<------ HO_DETECTION--------------
<--- SABM ---------------
<----------- HO_COMPLETE ----------------------------------------
<---- CLEAR_COMMAND ------
MC642
MC646
Cause : HO_SUCCESSFUL
Release of TCH
Stop T8
MC462A
MC462B
MC462C
MC463A
MC463B
MC463C
MFS SGSN
DTM information
B10
MFS shared DTM info indication
MFS shared DTM info indication ack
GPRS Information (cell update)
BSCGP DTM GPRS Information UL (cell update)
Cell update
Flush LL
Flush LL ack
New B10
From B7, MC645A replaces MC645 of B6.
MC645a is only counting HANDOVER REQUIRED messages that are linked to a handover trial and not those that are linked to the
update of the candidate cell list for handover / directed retry. This is leading to a more accurate computation of the External
outgoing HO success rate.
Only Outgoing inter PLMN HO is allowed.
6 counters provide information for "Inter-PLMN HO" (Incoming and Outgoing) (From B8)
MC462a (equivalent of MC645A for intra PLMN external HO)
Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry requests:
HANDOVER REQUIRED sent to the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards a cell belonging to a PLMN
different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry attempts:
HANDOVER COMMAND sent to the MS on Abis for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards a cell belonging to a
PLMN different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry successes:
CLEAR COMMAND with Cause "Handover successful" received from the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered
towards a cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
MC463a (equivalent of MC820 for intra PLMN external HO)
Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry requests:
HANDOVER REQUEST received from the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards the target cell from a
serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry attempts:
HANDOVER REQUEST ACK sent by the target BSC containing the HANDOVER COMMAND for an external TCH HO or an external DR
triggered towards the target cell from a serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry successes:
HANDOVER COMPLETE received from the MS on Abis for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards the target cell
from a serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
Note than all other (previous) counters related to HO continue to be based on Intra PLMN only.
1 1 220
External HO - Failures
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming external HO failures
Handover procedure from the target cell point of view
congestion: no RTCH available in the target cell OR no TTCH available on the A
interface
Handover Execution:
1 1 221
Incoming External HO - RTCH Congestion
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming external HO fail: Air/Abis cong.
MC541ATCH+MC81SDCCH
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
MC645A ------ HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
<----- HO_FAILURE --------------- MC541A
( <-HO_REQUIRED_REJECT-) Cause: no radio resource available
From B7, MC541A replaces MC41A of B6.
As the counting of the Abis-TCH congestion case was in restriction in B8: MC41A(B6) = MC541A(B7)
1 1 222
Incoming External HO - TTCH Congestion
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming external HO fail: A int. cong.
MC41B
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
MC645A ------ HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
<----- HO_FAILURE --------------- MC41B
Cause: terrestrial circuit already allocated
Requested terrestrial resource unaivalable
BSS not equiopoed
( <-HO_REQUIRED_REJECT-)
1 1 223
Incoming External HO - Radio Failure
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming external HO fail: MS access problem
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
MC645A ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -------------------> MC820
<-------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
<--- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
Start T9113
<----- HO_REQUEST_ACK----------------------- Start T9113
<-------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------ HO-COMMAND) included MC821
Start T8 X --- HO_ACCESS -----
X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
T9113 expiry
MC643
Release of connection
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -------------------> MC820
<-------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
<--- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
(HO-COMMAND) included MC821
<-------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------
X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM -------->
<--- UA ------------- -- ESTABLISH_INDICATION->
----- HO_FAILURE (reversion to old channel) ------------------------------------------>
----- CLEAR_COMMAND ----------------------> MC643
Radio interface fail : Reversion to old channel
All incoming external HO failures due to radio problems are counted in the same counter MC643.
Both radio failures with Reversion Old Channel and radio drop are counted together.
1 1 224
Incoming External HO - Counters
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming external HO counters
Inter PLMN HO Intra PLMN HO
Request MC820
Congesti on MC541+MC81
Attempt MC821
Radi o (MS access probl em) MC643
BSS Pb MC821-MC642-MC643
Success MC642
Executi on
Preparati on
INCOMING EXTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
MS ACCESS PB
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
ATTEMPT SUCCESS
REQUEST
RATIO
1 1 225
Incoming External HO - Indicators
HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming external HO indicators
HOIMFLBN
HOIMFLRN
HOIMCGN
HOIMSUN
HOIMFLR
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Incoming handover > Incoming Inter BSC
HOIMEFR: efficiency of the incoming external HO execution
HOIMCGR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to radio congestion (Air or Abis TCH)
HOIMAMR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to CIC congestion (A TCH)
HOIMPFR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to BSS during the preparation phase
HOIMFLRR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to radio problems
HOIMFLBR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to BSS during the execution phase
Inter PLMN Incoming External HO Indicators (from B8)
An indicator is created for each counter:
REQUESTS
ATTEMPTS
SUCCESS
In addition, these indicators show:
the success rate of incoming inter-PLMN HOs,
the ratio of incoming inter-PLMN HO to incoming intra-PLMN and inter-PLMN HO.
1 1 226
Outgoing External HO - Failures
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external HO failures
Handover procedure from the serving cell point of view
Handover Execution:
1 1 227
Outgoing External HO - Radio Failure ROC
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external HO fail: reversion old channel
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->
<-------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
<--- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
(HO-COMMAND) included
<-------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------
MC650 X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM -------->
MC647 ----- CLEAR_COMMAND ---------------------->
1 1 228
Outgoing External HO - Radio Failure Drop
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external HO fail: drop
- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->
<-------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
<--- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
<-------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------
MC650 X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
T8 expiry ----- CLEAR_REQUEST ->
MC648 Radio interface message fail
1 1 229
Outgoing External HO - Counters
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external HO counters
Inter PLMN HO Intra PLMN HO
Preparation Request MC645A
Any preparation failure MC645A-MC650
Attempt MC650
Drop radio MC648
Success MC646
Execution
OUTGOING EXTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
ATTEMPT SUCCESS
REQUEST
RATIO
1 1 230
Outgoing External HO - Indicators
HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external HO indicators
HOOMSUN
HOOMCDRN
HOOMCDBN
HOOMOCN
HOOMCDR
HOOMOCR
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS RELEASE:
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Outgoing handover > Outgoing Inter BSC
HOOMRQR: efficiency of the outgoing external HO preparation
HOOMEFR: efficiency of the outgoing external HO execution
HOOMOCR: rate of outgoing external HO failures due to radio problems with Reversion Old Channel
HOOMCDRR: rate of outgoing external HO failures due to radio problems with drop
HOOMCDR: rate of incoming external HO failures with drop (radio + BSS)
Inter PLMN Outgoing External HO Indicators (From B8)
An indicator is created for each counter:
REQUESTS
ATTEMPTS
SUCCESS
In addition, these indicators show:
the success rate of outgoing inter-PLMN HOs,
the ratio of outgoing inter-PLMN HO to outgoing intra-PLMN and inter-PLMN HO.
1 1 231
External HO - Exercise
In PAIB29.REC, extract (if available):
1) 1 incoming external HO success
2) 1 outgoing external HO success
3) 1 incoming external HO failure
4) 1 outgoing external HO failure
In trace 11, extract (if available):
1) 1 intra BSC inter-cell HO success while in DTM
B10
New B10
Time allowed:
15 minutes
1 1 232
4 Handover Indicators per Couple of
Cells
1 1 233
4 Handover Indicators per Couple of Cells
Type 180 Counters
Some handover indicators available per couple of (serving, target)
cells permanently through PM type 180 counters
3 counters for each (Serving,Target) adjacency:
- C400(S,T): Incoming handovers requested
to cell T from cell S
- C401(S,T): Incoming handovers attempted
to cell T from cell S
- C402(S,T): Incoming handovers successfully
performed to cell T from cell S
both internal and external inter cell handovers are counted
both SDCCH and TCH handovers are counted
a
e
d
c
b
f
C40i(f,d)
C40i(a,b)
C40i(c,b)
C40i(c,d)
According to the definition of C40i counters:
C400(Sn,T) = MC820(T) + MC830(T)
C401(Sn,T) = MC821(T) +MC831(T)
C402(Sn,T) = MC642(T) + MC652(T)
where
Sn are the serving cells considering the incoming adjacencies to cell T.
MC820(T), MC821(T), MC642(T) are the counters relating to the incoming external handovers requested,
attempted and successfully performed to cell T.
MC830(T), MC831(T), MC646(T) are the counters relating to the incoming internal handovers requested,
attempted and successfully performed to cell T.
1 1 234
Type 180 Indicators
The following indicators can be computed from PM Type 180 counters
in order to:
Detect the most important neighboring cells as per their traffic
Distribution of incoming handovers performed to cell T from serving cells Sn =
C402(Sx,T) / C402(Sn,T)
Ease the diagnosis of the bad handover performance of a cell
Global efficiency of incoming handovers to cell T from cell S
HOOASUR = C402(S,T) / C400(S,T)
Efficiency of the incoming handover preparation to cell T from cell S
HOOACAR = C401(S,T) / C400(S,T)
Efficiency of the incoming handover execution to cell T from cell S
HOOAEFR = C402(S,T) / C401(S,T)
n
Handover Statistics > HO Statistics per couple of cells > Indicators with counter type 180
These indicators can also be used to check if a recently handover relationship is generating handover as
expected.
They will also allow to identify the handover relationships which should be deleted since no (or very few)
handover is observed.
1 1 235
Type 26 Counters
Some handover indicators are available per couple of (serving, target)
cells on demand for all outgoing adjacencies of a serving cell through
PM type 26 (40 cells since B8)
Counters for each (Serving,Target x) adjacency:
- C720(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers attempted
from cell S to cell Tx
- C721(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers successfully
performed from cell S to cell Tx
- C722(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers failed from
cell S to cell Tx with Reversion Old Channel
- C723(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers failed from
cell S to cell Tx with drop
Target a
Te
Serving
Tc
Tb
Tf
C72i(S,Te)
C72i(S,Tc)
Other counters are provided:
C724(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers attempted from S to Tx for an emergency cause.
C725(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers attempted from S to Tx for a better cell cause.
C727(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers attempted from S to Tx for a traffic cause.
C728(S,Tx): Outgoing handovers attempted from S to Tx for a forced directed retry cause.
Previously the set of Type 26 counters could be retrieved for only one cell per BSS at once.
40 cells at the same time since B8.
1 1 236
Type 26 Indicators
The following indicators can be computed from PM Type 26 counters
(40 cells since B8) in order to ease the diagnosis of the bad outgoing
handover performance of a cell:
Efficiency of the outgoing handover execution from cell S to cell Tx
HOOXSUR = C721(S,Tx) / C720(S,Tx)
Rate of outgoing ho execution failures due to radio problems from S to
Tx with drop
HOOXCDRR = C723(S,Tx) / C720(S,Tx)
Rate of outgoing ho execution failures due to radio problems from S to
Tx with Reversion Old Channel
HOOXOCR = C722(S,Tx) / C720(S,Tx)
Rate of outgoing ho execution failures due to BSS problems from S to Tx
HOOXCDBR = [C720(S,Tx)-C721(S,Tx)-C722(S,Tx)-C723(S,Tx)] / C720(S,Tx)
Handover Statistics > HO Statistics per couple of cells > Indicators with counter type 26.
From B8, these type 26 counters are available for several cells at once (40 cells).
1 1 237
Type 27 Counters
Some handover indicators are available per couple of (serving, target)
cells on demand for all incoming adjacencies of a target cell through
PM type 27.
Counters for each (Serving,Target x) adjacency:
- C730(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted
to cell T from cell Sx
- C731(Sx,T): Incoming handovers successfully
performed to cell T from cell Sx
- C733(S,Tx): Incoming handovers failed due to
MS radio access problems to cell T from cell Sx
Serving a
Se
Target
Sc
Sb
Sf
C73i(Se,T)
C73i(Sc,T)
Other counters are provided:
C734(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for an emergency cause.
C735(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for a better cell cause.
C737(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for a traffic cause.
C738(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for a forced directed retry cause.
The set of Type 27 counters can be retrieved for only one cell per BSS at once.
1 1 238
Type 27 Indicators
The following indicators can be computed from PM Type 27 counters in
order to ease the diagnosis of the bad incoming handover performance
of a cell:
Efficiency of the incoming handover execution to cell T from cell Sx
HOIXSUR = C731(Sx,T) / C730(Sx,T)
Rate of incoming ho execution failures due to MS radio access problems to
cell T from cell Sx
HOIXCDRR = C733(Sx,T) / C730(Sx,T)
Rate of incoming ho execution failures due to BSS problems to cell T from cell
Sx
HOIXCDBR= [C730(Sx,T)-C731(Sx,T)-C733(Sx,T)] / C730(Sx,T)
1 1 239
Summary for handover failure analysis using Type 180, 26 and 27
Usage of Indicators per Couple of Cells
1 1 240
for this module
1 1 241
End of Module
Handover Indicators
Module 5
Directed Retry Indicators
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
1 1 243
Blank Page
Document History
1 1 244
Module Objectives
Describe the counters and indicators used for monitoring the efficiency of the
directed retry feature
1 1 245
1 1 246
Table of Contents
Page
1 Directed Retry Definition 7
1 1 247
1 1 248
1 Directed Retry Definition
1 1 249
Queuing Is Mandatory
When there is no TCH available in a cell for TCH normal assignment
Queuing: TCH request is put in a queue, waiting for a TCH to be
released in this cell
With default BSS tuning: the call establishment fails if no TCH has been
freed after T11 seconds
but an optional mechanism can be activated
The queuing of TCH requests is also performed for incoming external TCH handovers but not for incoming
internal TCH handovers.
1 1 250
Normal and Forced Directed Retry
Directed Retry (DR): When a TCH request is in queue, the BSC tries to
establish the TCH connection on a neighboring cell if:
the normal handover condition is met (Normal DR)
specific directed retry conditions are met (Forced DR):
the MS receives a sufficient signal level from a neighboring cell
the number of free TCHs in this neighboring cell is sufficient
1 1 251
Directed Retry Rules
DR FAIL. CASES > DR Reminder
DR as an SDCCH to TCH handover
can be
Internal
between two cells of the same BSC
also called intra BSC
External
between two cells of different
BSCs
also called inter BSC
Incoming
as considering the target cell
Outgoing
as considering the serving cell
Synchronous
between 2 cells
sharing the same clocks
collocated
usually 2 sectors of the same BTS
tunable at OMC-R level
Asynchronous
not synchronous for any reason
no dedicated monitoring for
synchronous/asynchronous HO
ANNEX 3
There is no Intracell Directed Retry contrary to HO:
An Intracell Directed is a Call Setup !! !-)
Please refer to Annexes for Directed Retry counters details.
1 1 252
for this module
1 1 253
End of Module
Directed Retry Indicators
Module 6
Radio Measurement Statistics Indicators
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
1 1 255
Blank Page
Document History
1 1 256
Module Objectives
Describe the RMS indicators used for radio quality assessment of a TRX or cell
and to use them in the detection of some typical radio problems
1 1 257
1 1 258
Table of Contents
Page
1 Radio Measurement Statistics Objectives 7
2 RMS Implementation in the BSS 10
3 RMS Data 16
4 Call Quality Statistics per TRX 18
4.1 Generalities 19
4.2 Call Quality Parameters 22
4.2 Call Quality Counters 24
5 Radio Quality Statistics per TRX 28
5.1 Generalities 29
5.2 Radio Quality Parameters 32
5.3 Radio Quality Counters 35
6 C/I Statistics 49
6.1 C/I Generalities 50
6.2 C/I Parameters 51
6.3 C/I Counters 52
7 Call Drop with Specific Radio Causes 54
7.1 Generalities 55
7.2 Thresholds for Detection 56
7.3 Counters 57
8 RMS Indicators Usage 58
8.1 Suspecting a Voice Quality Problem 59
8.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem 60
8.3 Suspecting a Cell Interference Problem 64
9 Additional Information 69
1 1 259
Page
1 1 260
1 Radio Measurement Statistics
Objectives
1 1 261
1 Radio Measurement Statistics Objectives
RMS Objectives
Assess the quality of cell coverage
Assess the radio link quality of a TRX / a cell
Assess Carrier/Interference ratio of a TRX / a cell
Estimate the voice quality of a TRX / a cell
In order to:
Optimize the neighborhood & frequency planning
Improve the network coverage
Detect faulty hardware components responsible for bad QoS
Help logical parameters fine tuning
The RMS feature provides statistics on Voice Quality. VQ data are now needed since the Call Drop rate is not
sufficient to have a clear picture of the QoS in a network using Slow Frequency Hopping as a densification
technique.
The RMS feature is a "plus" providing additional information to help radio engineer in their Fault detection and
Network optimization tasks.
1 1 262
1 Radio Measurement Statistics Objectives
RMS Objectives [cont.]
Provide Radio Measurement Statistics
On all the network elements (all TRXs/cells)
Permanently through the PM type 31
RMS results available every day (after a specific period)
In order to reduce the cost of Radio Network Optimization
Today's solutions for Radio Measurements are limited and very expensive:
drive tests: provide a mobile user with the perception of the network but cannot be done on the whole
network and on an every day basis since:
they are costly (tool+car+manpower).
they need to be post-processed.
they are limited to part of the network.
they are available on the DownLink path only.
Abis interface traces: provide a complete Uplink and Downlink radio quality assessment of a cell but cannot
be done on the whole network and on an every day basis since:
they are costly (protocol analyzer+manpower).
they need to be post-processed.
they are limited to a few cells at once per analyzer.
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2 RMS Implementation in the BSS
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RMS Management
RMS results are reported permanently (once a day) by the BSS as a PM
Type 31 counters to the OMC-R
The RMS job is defined and activated on a per BSS basis
RMS job parameters are managed through RMS templates
RMS templates provide means to tune RMS parameters according to Cell
Planning (cell profile, cell class)
The cell profile can be: micro, indoor, multiband, etc.
The cell class can be: rural, urban, rural rapid (covering express railway), etc.
Templates parameters define the intervals or Received level, Consecutive frame erasure, Radio link counter,
Path balance, C/I for which RMS counters are provided.
T110: from 10:00 ~ 14:00. Duration 1 hour --> 5 reports
T31: from 10:99 ~ 14:00 --> Report
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RMS Configuration in the OMC-R
RMS with OMC-R only
Templates are defined on the
OMC-R
RMS results are retrieved once
a day from the BSC
Binary files can be exported for
post-processing
PM
RMS in binary files
Templates
Templates
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RMS Configuration in RNO
RMS with OMC-R, NPA
& RNO
Templates are defined on
RNO
RMS results are retrieved
once a day from the BSC
Binary files are transferred
to NPA
RMS warnings on NPA
RMS QoS reports on RNO
RMS reports used in RNO
Check
QoS follow-up
Diagnosis
Tuning
The Experience matrix can
be generated for network
planning
Excel export is adapted to
RMS
Benefit to whole RNO
Templates
PM Compute
experience
matrix
The cell profile can be: micro, indoor, multiband, etc.
The cell class can be: rural, urban, rural rapid (covering express railway), etc.
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RMS Data Flow
1. RNO defines and sends
RMS templates to the
OMC-R
2. The OMC-R activates an
RMS campaign in the BSS
3. RMS counters are
transferred to
the OMC
4. RMS counters are stored
in NPA
5. RMS indicators requested
by RNO
6. RMS QOS report displayed
7. RNO calculates and
exports the Experience
matrix to RNP
A9156 RNO
NPA
RNP
OMC-R
BSS
Template
1
Experience matrix
7
PM
4
2
PM
3
5
QOS
6
QOS
The tuning function of RNO defines a preferred RMS template depending on cell characteristics (type, class,
capacity, etc.).
RNO manages the frequencies to monitor through MAFA jobs depending on the neighborhood and the
frequency bands.
RNO is a reference for RMS templates:
16 templates stored in the RNO database,
Reference values for templates available,
Extra editor in the administration tool to modify templates: a given value or a reference one.
NPA
NPA stores RMS jobs measurements, at Cell & TRX levels (15 days).
NPA makes some consolidations (voice quality, averages, etc.).
NPA manages some warnings on RMS indicators (path balance).
The Experience Matrix generated by RNO is an interference matrix computed from C/I measurements
provided through RMS counters.
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RMS Data Presentation
In all this chapter
System parameters (user tuneable or not) will always be written in BLUE
BOLD FONT
Indicators and counters will be typed
in ITALIC and underline
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3 RMS Data
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RMS Data Presentation
The main RMS statistics types:
Call Quality Statistics which qualify calls according to coverage/interference
criteria
based on samples corresponding to measurement results averaged over a number of
SACCH multi-frames
Radio Quality Statistics:
UL/DL level, UL/DL qual
CFE
AMR (Analyze the coded values)
Timing Advance
C/I Statistics on neighboring freq/MAFA freq
last 2 statistics types based on samples corresponding to measurement results
Call Drop with specific radio causes
UL/DL level, UL/DL qual
Too long/short MS-BS distance
Too high interference UL/DL
Annex 1
B10
B10
The first RMS Statistics type is based on calls.
The two others are based on TRX/Cell.
Additional information: Measurement results, TRX, BS/MS max power
MAFA = Mobile Assisted Frequency Allocation is a GSM Phase 2+ feature allowing to request a mobile to
measure and report through Extended Measurement Report message a C/I value for each frequency specified
in an Extended Measurement Order message.
CFE: Consecutive Frame Erasure
1 SACCH multi-frame (SACCH mfr) corresponds to 4 consecutive sequences of 26 TDMA frames during which, in
the uplink, a measurement report message is received by the BTS from the MS.
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4 Call Quality Statistics per TRX
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4.1 Generalities
Suspecting a Voice Quality problem
Percentage of Noisy calls
The fact that FER measurements are more reliable than RXQUAL ones to assess the VQ is even more true when
using Slow Frequency Hopping. In this case RXQUAL values are not anymore correlated to Voice Quality as
perceived by the end user.
FER measurements are available for the uplink path only.
These RMS indicators are provided on the RNO tool per TRX, per Cell:
Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQULVN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_bad_coverage
Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference on the uplink path
RMVQUIFN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_interference
Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference and bad coverage considered together on the
uplink path
RMVQUUKN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_undefined
Rate of Noisy calls suffering from problems of interference or/and bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQUNOR = RMS_call_noisy_UL_rate
Note: The 4 indicators above can be provided for Noisy calls suffering from VQ problems on the dowlink path.
Rate of Noisy calls but with good FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEGR = RMS_call_noisy_good_FER_rate
Rate of Noisy calls and also with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEBR = RMS_call_noisy_bad_FER_rate
Rate of calls with fair quality measurements but with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEAR = RMS_call_abnormal_bad_FER_rate
This last indicator can be used in order to tune the RMS VQ parameters used to characterize a call as Noisy.
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4.1 Generalities [cont.]
Call Quality Measurements
SACCH meas.
begin end
CALL
480ms
CQS
1
CQS
2
CQS
3
CQS
4
CQS
5
CQS
6
CQS
7
CQS
8
CQS
9
CQS
10
CQS
11
CQS
12 CQS
13
CQS
14
CQS
15
CQS
16
CQS
375
1 measurement report
1 SACCH mfr
VQ_AVERAGE = 4 SACCH
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ = (RxlevUL1+RxlevUL2+RxlevUL3+RxlevUL4) / 4
AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ = (RxlevDL1+RxlevDL2+RxlevDL3+RxlevDL4) / 4
AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ = (RxqualUL1+RxqualUL2+RxqualUL3+RxqualUL4) / 4
AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ = (RxqualDL1+RxqualDL2+RxqualDL3+RxqualDL4) / 4
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ = (Nb of speech frames wrongly decoded (BFI=1)
/ Total nb of speech frames of the CQS)
Average level, quality and FER of a Call Quality Sample
CQS: Call Quality Sample
VQ_AVERAGE = Number of consecutive SACCH measurements from which the reported Level and Quality notes
(UL and DL) are averaged. The resulting averages represent the level and quality of the corresponding Call
Quality Sample, i.e. the portion of the call over which level and quality have been measured.
AV_RXLEV_xx_VQ = Average xx level measured over a Call Quality Sample (VQ_AVERAGE SACCH)
AV_RXQUAL_xx_VQ = Average xx quality measured over a Call Quality Sample (VQ_AVERAGE SACCH)
RxQual: from 0 -- 7
0: BER<0.27
7: BER > 12.87
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Classification of a CQS and Noisy Call identification
How to qualify the quality of a call? By looking at the repartition of the CQS!
quality
Level (dBm)
7
0
-110 -47 VQ_RXLEV
bad quality + good level
-
interfered CQS
bad quality & level
-
bad coverage CQS
VQ_RXQUAL
CQS
VQ_RXLEV = radio level threshold to classify a CQS as bad coverage CQS.
VQ_RXQUAL = radio quality threshold to classify a CQS as bad coverage CQS.
VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD = Ratio of bad CQS (interference or bad coverage) to classify a Call as Noisy.
A call is classified as:
Noisy xx Interference if Ratio of xx interfered CQS > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
Noisy xx Coverage if Ratio of xx bad coverage CQS > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
Noisy xx Undefined if Ratio of (xx interfered CQS + xx bad coverage CQS) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
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4.2 Call Quality Parameters
RMS parameters: Call Quality Statistics
Parameters used to determine if a call is noisy (according to RXQUAL)
and of bad voice quality (according to FER)
VQ_AVERAGE: averaging window size on measurement results to obtain Call
Quality Samples (CQSs) (0 SACCH mfr to 128 Smf)
VQ_RXLEV: radio level threshold to specify a bad coverage CQS for noisy call
statistics (-110 to -65 dBm)
VQ_RXQUAL: radio quality threshold to specify a bad quality (RXQUAL) CQS
for noisy call statistics (0 to 7)
VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER: radio quality threshold to specify a bad or a good
quality CQS correlated to bad or good FER measurements for noisy call
statistics (0 to 7)
All these parameters are included in the RMS PM Type 31 result files as RMS counters:
RMSpc = PAR_VQ_AVERAGE
RMSpd = PAR_VQ_RXLEV
RMSpe = PAR_VQ_RXQUAL
RMSpf = PAR_VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER
Call Quality Sample (A CQS) will be qualified as of bad level if the Average RxLevel is lower than VQ_RXLEV.
A CQS will be qualified as of bad quality if the Average RxQuality is greater than VQ_RXQUAL.
For FER counters, VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER is used instead of VQ_RXQUAL to qualify a CQS as of bad quality if
the Average FER is also checked (compared to VQ_xx_RXFER).
Note: For CQS, the averaging process is non-sliding.
1 1 276
4.2 Call Quality Parameters [cont.]
RMS parameters: Call Quality Statistics
VQ_GOOD_RXFER: Frame Erasure Rate threshold to specify a good FER CQS
for noisy call statistics (0 to 20%)
VQ_BAD_RXFER: FER threshold to specify a bad FER CQS for noisy call
statistics (0 to 20%)
VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD: Call Quality Samples threshold to characterize a call
as noisy (0 to 100%)
VQ_FER_THRESHOLD: Call Quality Samples threshold to characterize a call
as of bad or good voice quality (0 to 100%)
RMSpg = PAR_VQ_GOOD_RXFER
RMSph = PAR_VQ_ BAD_RXFER
RMSpi = PAR_VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
RMSpj = PAR_VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
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4.2 Call Quality Counters
RMS counters
VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE = RMS10
Number of calls suffering from interference problem on the uplink path
VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times where AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ>VQ_RXLEV
Call Quality Statistics counters are related only to speech channels.
Considering:
AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXQUAL_UL
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXLEV_UL
NUM_UL_SAMPLES: total number of averages calculated on UL measurements during the call on the
considered TRX
1 1 278
4.2 Call Quality Counters [cont.]
RMS counters
VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE = RMS10
Number of calls suffering from interference problem on the uplink path
VQ_NOISY_DL_INTERFERENCE = RMS11
Number of calls suffering from interference problem on the downlink path
VQ_NOISY_UL_COVERAGE = RMS12
Number of calls suffering from bad coverage problem on the uplink path
VQ_NOISY_DL_COVERAGE = RMS13
Number of calls suffering from bad coverage problem on the downlink path
RMS10 = VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ>VQ_RXLEV
considering
AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXQUAL_UL
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXLEV_UL
NUM_UL_SAMPLES: total number of averages calculated on UL measurements during the call on the considered TRX
RMS11 = VQ_NOISY_DL_INTERFERENCE is incremented whenever a call verifies: 100*(INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES /
NUM_DL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ>VQ_RXLEV
considering
AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXQUAL_DL
AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXLEV_DL
NUM_DL_SAMPLES: total number of averages calculated on DL measurements during the call on the considered TRX
RMS12 = VQ_NOISY_UL_COVERAGE is incremented whenever a call verifies: 100*(BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES /
NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL and
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
RMS13 = VQ_NOISY_DL_COVERAGE is incremented whenever a call verifies: 100*(BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES /
NUM_DL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL and
AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
1 1 279
RMS counters
VQ_NOISY_UL_UNDEFINED = RMS14
Number of calls suffering from both problems of interference and bad
coverage on the uplink path
These calls are not counted in VQ_NOISY_UL_COVERAGE or
VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE
VQ_NOISY_DL_UNDEFINED = RMS15
Number of calls suffering from both problems of interference and bad
coverage on the downlink path
These calls are not counted in VQ_NOISY_DL_COVERAGE or
VQ_NOISY_DL_INTERFERENCE
RMS14 = VQ_NOISY_UL_UNDEFINED is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL and
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ > VQ_RXLEV
BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES = INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES + BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES
= nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
RMS15 = VQ_NOISY_DL_UNDEFINED is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES / NUM_DL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES / NUM_DL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUALITY_DL_SAMPLES / NUM_DL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ > VQ_RXLEV
BAD_QUALITY_DL_SAMPLES = INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES + BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES
= nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
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RMS counters
VQ_NOISY_UL_BAD_FER = RMS16
Number of calls with bad quality measurements and with bad FER
measurements on the uplink path
Bad quality means bad RXQUAL whatever RXLEV is
VQ_NOISY_UL_GOOD_FER = RMS17
Number of calls with bad quality measurements but with good FER
VQ_ABNORMAL_BAD_FER = RMS18
Number of calls with fair quality measurements but with bad FER
RMS16 = VQ_NOISY_UL_BAD_FER is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES / BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER and
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ > VQ_BAD_RXFER
considering
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of FER
RMS17 = VQ_NOISY_UL_GOOD_FER is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUAL_GOOD_FER_UL_SAMPLES / BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_QUAL_GOOD_FER_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER and
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ <= VQ_GOOD_RXFER
RMS18 = VQ_ABNORMAL_BAD_FER is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(FAIR_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES / FAIR_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
with
FAIR_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ < VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER
FAIR_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ<VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER and
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ>VQ_BAD_RXFER
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5 Radio Quality Statistics per TRX
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5.1 Generalities
Suspecting a TRX hardware problem
Average path balance
Vector of the Number of Measurement Results per Path Balance band
RMPBV = RMS_PathBalance_sample
Average Path Balance value
RMPBAN = RMS_PathBalance_avg
A Templates modification is needed to have more details.
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Vector Counter
RMS7a=TPR_PATH_BALANCE RMS7b=MAX_PATH_BALANCE
The real number of Measurement Results in which Path balance is in
PATH BALANCE band j is equal to:
S(PATH BALANCE band j) x Max / 254
TPR_PATH_BALANCE(j) x MAX_PATH_BALANCE / 254
The vector counter system is used to provide:
Path balance repartition
Radio Link counter (Consecutive Frame Erasure) repartition
C/I repartition
AMR FR/HR/DL/UL usage repartition
TA repartition (improved)
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TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL
This counter RMS3a=TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL is a matrix (represented on the left side).
This counter RMS3b=TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL is a vector (represented on the right side).
The real number of Measurement Results in which UL RxQual is equal to i and UL RxLev is in RXLEV band j,
is equal to:
S(RXQUAL i, RXLEV band j) x Max j / 254
TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(i,j) x TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(j) / 254
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5.2 Radio Quality Parameters
RMS Parameters
Parameters used to define intervals for RXLEV, Path Balance, Radio Link
Counter and Consecutive Frame Erasure, TA statistics
No parameters needed for AMR measurements (counters, see later)
MEAS_STAT_LEV1 to MEAS_STAT_LEV9:
9 thresholds on the received radio level value defining 10 RXLEV bands
-110 MEAS_STAT_LEV(i+1) MEAS_STAT_LEV(i) < -47 dBm
MEAS_STAT_PATH_BAL1 to MEAS_STAT_PATH_BAL9:
9 thresholds on the radio signal propagation loss difference between UL and
DL defining 10 Path Balance bands
-110< MEAS_STAT_PATHBAL(i) MEAS_STAT_PATHBAL(i+1) +110 dB
RMSpt5 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_LEV = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_LEVi
RMSpt4 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_PATH_BALANCE = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_PATH_BALi
The Path Balance is computed by the BTS from each Measurement Result message as the difference between:
Path loss on the uplink: received level by the BTS - MS power level
Path loss on the downlink: received level by the MS - BS power level
where the BTS power level is computed as the BTS nominal power minus by the BTS power relative
level.
Therefore the Path balance is computed as follows:
Path Balance = (RXLEV_UL - MS_TXPWR) - (RXLEV_DL - [BTS_MAX_OUTPUT_POWER - abs(BS_TXPWR)])
where
O RXLEV_UL is the received signal levels measured by the BTS on the uplink path (in dBm).
O MS_TXPWR is the MS transmitted power converted by the BTS from the MS power level into dBm
value according to the frequency band of the TRX.
O BS_TXPWR is the BTS transmitted power offset defined relatively to the maximum absolute
output power of the BTS (negative value in dB).
O BTS_MAX_OUTPUT_POWER is the maximum power of the BTS after Combiner (in dBm).
O RXLEV_DL is the received signal levels measured by the MS on the downlink path (in dBm).
NOTE: Additional asymetric DL loss (external combiner) or UL gain (TMA) are not taken into account in the
computation, so they must be considered when interpreting the RMS results.
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5.2 Radio Quality Parameters [cont.]
RMS Parameters
TA_STAT: threshold on the timing advance value defining a priori the range
of the cell (0 to 64 bits)
MEAS_STAT_TA1 to MEAS_STAT_ TA9:
9 thresholds for the timing advance to define 10 TA Bands
MEAS_STAT_S1 to MEAS_STAT_S9:
9 thresholds on the BTS Radio Link Counter S value defining 10 S bands
0 < MEAS_STAT_S(i) MEAS_STAT_S(i+1) 128 SACCH mfr
S: counter managed by the BTS on a per call basis
S = RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS if good radio conditions
S decremented if bad radio conditions
The BSS triggers a call drop when S = 0
RMSpt3 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_S = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_Si
RMSpb = PAR_TA_STAT
RMSpt6 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_TA = Table of value for 9 parameters: MEAS_STAT_TA1 to TA9
a threshold on Timing Advance measurement to define bands used for RMS
Reminder on the Uplink Radio Link Supervision procedure:
For each active dedicated radio channel in a cell, a counter S called Radio Link Counter is:
decremented by 1 by the BTS each time an SACCH measurement from the mobile cannot be decoded
(SACCH_BFI=1).
incremented by 2 by the BTS each time a valid SACCH measurement is received from the mobile
(SACCH_BFI=0).
Initial value of S = RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS (cell parameter)
if S reaches N_BSTXPWR_M, a radio link recovery is triggered (BTS and MS power increased at their
maximum).
if S reaches 0, a Radio Link Failure is triggered (channel drop).
Therefore the value of S gives a measure of the quality of the radio uplink.
1 1 287
5.2 Radio Quality Parameters [cont.]
RMS Parameters
MEAS_STAT_BFI1 to MEAS_STAT_BFI9:
9 thresholds on the number of consecutive speech frames with BFI set to 1
defining 10 BFI bands
0 < MEAS_STAT_BFI(i) MEAS_STAT_BFI(i+1) 25 speech frame
The BTS decodes 24 speech frames (sf) from 1 uplink SACCH multi-frame:
and 1 SACCH frame (or block)
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T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
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C
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C
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C
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C
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C
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T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
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S
A
C
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
T
C
H
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C
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T
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C
H
Sf 1 Sf 2 Sf 3 Sf 4 Sf 5 Sf 6 Sf 7 Sf 8 Sf 9 Sf 10 Sf 11 Sf 12 Sf 13 Sf 14 Sf 15 Sf 16 Sf 17 Sf 18 Sf 19 Sf 20 Sf 21 Sf 22 Sf 23 Sf 24
RMSpt2 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_BFI = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_BFIi
Consecutive Frame Erasure (CFE)
MEAS_STAT_BFIi parameters define 9 intervals of cumulated numbers of consecutive speech frames which
have a Bad Frame Indicator value set to 1 (it means that the speech frame is considered as erroneous by the
BTS).
As the TC will erase speech frames for which a Bad Frame Indicator flag (BFI) has been set to the value 1 by
the BTS, a BFI is used in the RMS counters description whereas the CFE is used in the RMS indicators defined in
the RNO tool.
Note: By default, a BFI relates to a speech frame. When considering SACCH measurement, SACCH_BFI should
be used.
1 1 288
5.3 Radio Quality Counters
RMS Counters
Radio Quality Statistics
TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL: matrix of 8x10 elements UL(RXQUAL i, RXLEV
band j), each element is made up of:
Samplesij: norm of number of measurement result samples in which UL RxQual is
equal to i and UL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
MS PWR levelij: average value of MS power (in dBm) from pwr levels reported in
these samples
Timing Advanceij: average value of TAs reported in these samples
TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL: vector of 10 elements ULRXQUAL(RXLEV band
j), each element is made up of:
the maximum value of the 8 real numbers of samples in which UL RxQual is equal to i
(i=0 to 7) and UL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
RMS3a=TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL RMS3b=TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL
The real number of Measurement Results in which UL RxQual is equal to i and UL RxLev is in
RXLEV band j, is equal to:
TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(i,j) x TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(j) / 254
1 1 289
5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
RMS Counters
TPR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL: matrix of 8x10 elements DL(RXQUAL i, RXLEV
band j), each element is made up of:
Samplesij: norm of number of measurement result samples in which DL RxQual is
equal to i and DL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
BS PWR levelij: average value of BS power (in dBm) from pwr levels reported in these
samples
Timing Advanceij: average value of TAs reported in these samples
TMR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL: vector of 10 elements DLRXQUAL(RXLEV band j),
each element is made up of:
the maximum value of the 8 real numbers of samples in which DL RxQual is equal to i
(i=0 to 7) and DL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
RMS4a=TPR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL RMS4b=TMR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL
The real number of Measurement Results in which DL RxQual is equal to i and DL RxLev is in
RXLEV band j, is equal to:
TPR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL(i,j) x TMR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL(j) / 254
1 1 290
RMS Counters
TPR_PATH_BALANCE: vector of 10 elements UL/DL(PATH BALANCE band j),
each element is made up of:
the norm of number of measurement result samples for which the computed Path
Balance is in PATH BALANCE band j
MAX_PATH_BALANCE:
the maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the computed Path
Balance is in PATH BALANCE band j (j=1 to 10)
RMS7a=TPR_PATH_BALANCE RMS7b=MAX_PATH_BALANCE
The real number of Measurement Results in which Path balance is in PATH BALANCE
band j, is equal to:
S(PATH BALANCE band j) x Max / 254
TPR_PATH_BALANCE(j) x MAX_PATH_BALANCE / 254
1 1 291
RMS Counters
TPR_RADIO_LINK: vector of 10 elements UL(S band j), each element is made
up of:
the norm of number of measurement result samples for which the Uplink Radio Link
Counter is in S band j
MAX_RADIO_LINK:
the maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the Uplink Radio
Link Counter is in S band j (j=1 to 10)
RMS6a=TPR_RADIO_LINK RMS6b=MAX_RADIO_LINK
The real number of Measurement Results in which Uplink Radio Link Counter is in S
band j, is equal to:
S(S band j) x Max / 254
TPR_RADIO_LINK(j) x MAX_RADIO_LINK / 254
1 1 292
RMS Counters
TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL: matrix of 10x10 elements UL(BFI i, RXLEV band j), each
element is made up of:
the norm of number of SACCH multi-frames in which the number of consecutive
speech frames with BFIs set to 1 is in BFI band i and UL RxLev reported in the
corresponding measurement results is in RXLEV band j
TMR_BFI_RXLEV_UL: vector of 10 elements ULBFI(RXLEV band j), each
element is made up of:
the maximum value of the 10 real numbers of SACCH multi-frames in which the
number of consecutive speech frames with BFIs set to 1 is in BFI band i (i=0 to 9) and
UL RxLev reported in the corresponding measurement results is in RXLEV band j
RMS5a=TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL RMS5b= TPM_BFI_RXLEV_UL
The real number of Measurement Results in which the number of consecutive speech frames
with BFIs set to 1 is in BFI band i and UL RxLev is in RXLEV band j, is equal to:
S(BFI i, RXLEV band j) x Max j / 254
TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL(i,j) x TMR_BFI_RXLEV_UL(j) / 254
1 1 293
RMS Counters
The BTS increments the BFI (or CFE) counter as soon as consecutive
speech frames cannot be decoded
isolated speech frames with BFIs set to 1 are not counted
sequences of not decoded speech frames are cumulated
SACCH mfr
CFE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
BFI
Sf 1 Sf 2 Sf 3 Sf 4 Sf 5 Sf 6 Sf 7 Sf 8 Sf 9 Sf 10 Sf 11 Sf 12 Sf 13 Sf 14 Sf 15 Sf 16 Sf 17 Sf 18 Sf 19 Sf 20 Sf 21 Sf 22 Sf 23 Sf 24 SACCH f.
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
RxLev UL
10 11 9 12 12 11 11 10 3 2 0 8 9 5 3 7 2 1 2 7 3 8 2 3 5
Av_RxLev_UL= - 110 + INT[(10+11+9+12+12+11+11+10+3+2+0+8+9+5+3+7+2+1+2+7+3+8+2+3+5)/25]
= -104 dBm
1 1 294
RMS Counters for AMR Monitoring
To provide a better tool to dimension the AMR thresholds, B9
introduces a new set of RMS counters to verify the use of different
speech codecs: For Full Rate and Uplink:
AMR_FR_UL_BAD= RMS44a that has 8 cells (1 for each FR codec) with the
relative number of bad speech frames received in uplink.
MAX_AMR_FR_UL_BAD= RMS44b that indicates the maximum number of bad
speech frames received in uplink in one FR codec.
AMR FR codec used in uplink (TRX based)
1 1 295
AMR thresholds; different speech codecs:
For Half Rate and Uplink:
AMR_HR_UL_BAD= RMS45a that has 8 cells (1 for each HR codec) with the
relative number of bad speech frames received in uplink.
MAX_AMR_HR_UL_BAD= RMS45b that indicates the maximum number of bad
speech frames received in uplink in one HR codec.
AMR HR codec used in uplink (TRX based)
1 1 296
AMR Table; different speech codecs:
For Full Rate, UL & DL
AMR_FR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS46a that has a table (8x10) with relative number
of correct speech frames received in uplink in each AMR FR codec (8 codecs)
and each level band (10 level bands).
MAX_AMR_FR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS46b that has the 10 maximum results. Each
cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i given in
RMS46a.
AMR_FR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS47a that has a table (8x10) with relative number
of correct speech frames received in downlink in each AMR FR codec (8
codecs) and each level band (10 level bands).
MAX_AMR_FR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS47b that has a table of 10 maximum results.
Each cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i given in
RMS47a.
AMR-FR codec usage compared to RXLEV
RXLEV UL bands are defined as follows:
1 1 297
AMR Table; different speech codecs:
For Half Rate, UL & DL
AMR_HR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS48a that has a table (5x10) with relative number
of correct speech frames received in uplink in each AMR HR codec (5 codecs)
and each level band (10 level bands).
MAX_AMR_HR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS48b that has a table of 10 maximum
results. Each cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i
given in RMS48a.
AMR_HR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS49a that has a table (5x10) with relative number
of correct speech frames received in downlink in each AMR HR codec (5
codecs) and each level band (10 level bands).
MAX_AMR_HR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS49b that has a table of 10 maximum
results. Each cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i
given in RMS49a.
AMR-HR codec usage compared to RXLEV
RXLEV UL bands are defined as follows:
1 1 298
RMS Counters for Timing Advance
PERC_TA_GT_TA_STAT:
percentage of measurement results reported with a Timing Advance value > TA_STAT
parameter
MAX_TA:
maximum value of Timing Advance among all TA values reported in the measurement
results used for RMS
Corresponding RMS counter numbers:
RMS36 = PERC_TA_GT_TA_STAT
RMS37 = MAX_TA
The distribution of number of measurement reports for which the value of timing advance is in TA band X is
described below:
There are 10 TA bands which are defined through 9 thresholds parameters, tunable on a cell basis, using the
RMS_parameters_template:
TA band 1 is defined by: 0 <= TA < Meas_STAT_TA_1
TA band 2 is defined by: MEAS_STAT_TA_1 <= TA < MEAS_STAT_TA_2
TA band 10 is defined by: MEAS_STAT_TA_9 <= TA < 63

The TRE counts for each TA band the number of measurement results, N1 to N10. To save on the memory
resources, these counters are sent to the BSC in a coded format.
1 1 299
A new set of RMS counters related with timing advance analysis.
TRX Based. (Rxlev for UL and DL)
TPR_TIMING_ADVANCE= RMS50a that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance
band) with relative number of measurements in each Timing advance band.
MAX_TIMING_ADVANCE = RMS50b that has the greatest number of
measurements in one Timing advance band.
TPR_UL_RXLEV_TA_BAND= RMS51 that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance
band) with average of uplink rxlev in corresponding timing advance band.
TPR_DL_RXLEV_TA_BAND= RMS52 that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance
band) with average of downlink rxlev in corresponding timing advance band.
TPR_UL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND= RMS53
Table of 10 results; Each cell (i) of the table contains the average value of UpLink Rxqual of reports in TA
band i.
Averaged Rxqual is given with a precision of 2 digits after the comma (step size for coding = 0.01, 0 coded 0,
0.01 coded 1, ...).
i = 1...10
TA band i is defined by MEAS_STAT_TA_ (i-1)<= Timing Advance < MEAS_STAT_TA_i
MEAS_STAT_TA_0 = 0 bper, MEAS_STAT_LEV_10 = 63 bper.
TPR_DL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND= RMS54
Table of 10 results (same for Downlink).
1 1 300
A new set of RMS counters related with timing advance analysis.
Uplink:
TPR_UL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND= RMS53: Table of 10 results
that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance band) with average of uplink
rxqual in corresponding timing advance band.
Downlink:
TPR_DL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND= RMS54 Table of 10 results
that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance band) with average of uplink
rxqual in corresponding timing advance band.
MAX_POWER_PER_TRX= RMSPw3
Maximum GMSK TRX power level applied at the BTS antenna output connector in dBm.
The power takes into account the different losses (cables, internal combiners) and the internal/ external
leveling but it does not take into account the BS-TXPWR-MAX, attenuation required by the OMC_R.
If the feature unbalancing TRX output power per BTS sector" is activated (parameter En-Unbalanced-
Output-Power set to 1), the counter is set by the BTS to the power required by the BSC for the corresponding
TRE (i.e. for the TRE on which is mapped that TRX).
1 1 301
MAX_POWER_PER_TRX
Maximum GMSK TRX power level applied at the BTS antenna output
connector in dBm.
The power takes into account the different losses
(cables, internal combiners)
TRX Based
1 1 302
6 C/I Statistics
1 1 303
6 C/I Statistics
6.1 C/I Generalities
Storage and Computation Methods
In order to provide an efficient storage, the "vector method" already
seen for previous RMS statistics will be used for C/I counters
C/I expressed in logarithmic scale (dB)
(C/I)dB = CdBm - IdBm = 10 log10(CmW) - 10 log10(ImW)
= 10 log10(C/I)mW
1 1 304
6 C/I Statistics
6.2 C/I Parameters
RMS Parameters
C/I statistics:
parameters defining intervals for C/I statistics
MEAS_STAT_C_I1 to MEAS_STAT_C_I9: 9 thresholds on the
Carrier/Interference ratio defining 10 C/I bands
-63 < MEAS_STAT_C_I(i) MEAS_STAT_C_I(i+1) +63 dB
EN_BALANCED_CI: boolean indicating if the C/I value reported by the BTS is
balanced or not
NEIGB_CELL_ID: (BCCH,BSIC) of the neighboring cell for which the C/I
statistics per neighboring cell are reported
Frequency ARFCN: ARFCN of the frequency for which the C/I statistics per
MAFA frequency are reported
Annex 2
RMSpt1 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_C/I = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_C_Ii
RMSp80 = NEIGB_CELL_ID
RMSp90 = Frequency ARFCN
For C/I statistics per neighboring cell:
The C/I ratio is computed by the BTS from each Measurement Result message as the difference between:
the downlink signal level measured by the MS on the serving TCH channel = C (dBm)
the downlink signal level measured by the MS on the neighboring BCCH channel = I (dBm)
Two computation formulae may be used taking into account a corrective factor in case DL Power Control is
used in the serving cell:
If EN_BALANCED_CI = False
O then C/I (dB) = RXLEV_DL (dBm) - RXLEV_NCELL (dBm)
O else C/I (dB) = RXLEV_DL + abs(BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX) - RXLEV_NCELL
The expression (RXLEV_DL + abs(BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX)) can be seen as a kind of normalized
received power level in case the BTS would always have used the maximum allowed transmit power
level on the TCH channel.
For C/I statistics per MAFA frequency:
The C/I ratio is computed by the BTS from each Extended Measurement Report message in the same way as
the C/I ratio per neighboring cell.
1 1 305
6 C/I Statistics
6.3 C/I Counters
RMS Counters
C/I statistics per neighboring cell
TPR_CIN: vector of 10 elements C/In(C/I band j), each element is made up
of:
the norm of number of measurement result samples for which the computed
Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j
MR_CIN:
maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the computed
Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j (j=1 to 10)
TPR_CIN and MR_CIN counters are provided for up to 42 neighboring cells
For each reported neighboring cell (BCCH/BSIC):
the Real number of Measurement Results for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band
j, is equal to:
S(C/I band j) x Max / 254
TPR_CIN(j) x TMR_CIN / 254
For each declared/reported neighboring cell, the identification of this cell shall be done as follows:
BCCH_ARFCN and BSIC.
The BCCH ARFCN is deduced in the BTS from the BCCH frequency index and the list of indexed frequencies
(sent by the BSC at the beginning of the RMS job).
The RMS results report shall include all reported neighboring cells. Some of them correspond to known cells at
the BSS level (i.e. their BSIC matches what is expected at the BSC side) but some of them are unknown (their
BSIC does not match). However, the BTS will handle the same for both cases.
The list of frequencies to be monitored by the mobile is limited to 33 but due to resurgence, the same
frequency can be reported several times (each time with a different BSIC). If the number of reported cells is
above the dimensioning limit (maximum 42 CI-vectors are reported), the extra new reported frequencies are
not taken into account anymore. In the result report, the related overflow indicator is set accordingly.
RMS8a=TPR_CIN RMS8b=TMR_CIN
1 1 306
6 C/I Statistics
6.3 C/I Counters [cont.]
RMS Counters
C/I statistics per MAFA Frequency
TPR_CIF: vector of 10 elements C/If(C/I band j), each element is made up of:
the norm of number of Extended Measurement Results samples for which the
computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j
MR_CIF:
maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the computed
Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j (j=1 to 10)
TPR_CIF and MR_CIF counters are provided for up to 21 frequencies (serving cell
BCCH + 20 MAFA frequencies)
For each reported MAFA frequency (ARFCN):
the Real number of Extended Measurement Results for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is
in C/I band j, is equal to:
TPR_CIF(j) x TMR_CIF / 254
For each reported MAFA frequency, the identification of this frequency shall be done as follows: Frequency
ARFCN.
In case of a frequency reported via an Extended Measurement Reporting, no BSIC is required: the frequency
ARFCN is not directly linked to a BCCH frequency. The ARFCN value of the frequency is deduced in the BTS
from the place of the measurement in the EXTENDED_ MEASUREMENT_REPORT and from the ordered
frequency list in the Extended Measurement Order. This list is built by the OMC-R and passed via BSC to BTS at
the beginning of the RMS job.
The maximum number of frequencies in the order (EMO) is the maximum defined in GSM (=21). Hence the
maximum in the report is 21 too. When in exceptional cases, more results are available (future expansion in
GSM), only the first 21 are reported.
The BCCH frequency of the serving cell shall always be part of the EMO-frequency list.
RMS9a=TPR_CIF RMS9b=TMR_CIF
1 1 307
7 Call Drop with Specific Radio Causes
1 1 308
7.1 Generalities
The objective is to associate a specific radio cause (too low level, too
bad quality, etc.) to each call drop, in the RMS statistics.
Each time a BSS triggered call release happens, the BSC shall use the
last measurements received for this MS to compute what is the
probable cause of the drop
According to some thresholds
If several causes are eligible, only the one with the highest priority shall be
reported.
Could then be used to increment counters
B10
The Real number of Extended Measurement Results for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is
ARFCN.
1 1 309
7.2 Thresholds for Detection
Condition to trigger a reported HO cause
B10
Condition verified by last MS measurements Cause to be
reported in
counters
Priority
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO >L_RXQUAL_UL_H +OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
And
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO <=RXLEV_UL_IH
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO >L_RXQUAL_DL_H +OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
And
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO <=RXLEV_DL_IH
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO <=L_RXQUAL_UL_H +OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
And
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO <L_RXLEV_UL_H
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO <=L_RXQUAL_DL_H +OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
And
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO <L_RXLEV_DL_H
AV_RANGE_HO >U_TIME_ADVANCE Too long MS-BS distance 5
AV_RANGE_HO L_TIME_ADVANCE Too short MS-BS 6
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO >THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 +
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
And
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO >RXLEV_UL_IH
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO >THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_16 +
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
And
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO >RXLEV_DL_IH
Too high interference in
the uplink
7
Too high interference in
the downlink
8
Too low level in UL 3
Too low level in DL 4
Too low quality in UL 1
Too low quality in DL 2
For each reported MAFA frequency (ARFCN):
ARFCN.
1 1 310
7.3 Counters
Counters for each Handover cause detected
B10
Short Name Name Definition
MC928a
NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_LOW_QUALITY_
UL
Number of TCH drops due to Cause 2 (Too low
quality in UL).
MC928b NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_LOW_LEVEL_UL
level in UL).
MC928c
NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_LOW_QUALITY_
DL
quality on the downlink).
MC928d NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_LOW_LEVEL_DL
level in DL).
MC928e
NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_LONG_MS_BS_D
ISTANCE
Number of TCH drops due to Cause 6 (Too long
MS-BS distance).
MC928f
NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_SHORT_MS_BS_
DISTANCE
Number of TCH drops due to Cause 22 (Too short
MS-BS distance).
MC928g
NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_HIGH_INTERFER
ENCE_UPLINK
Number of TCH drops due to Cause 15 (Too high
interference level on the uplink).
MC928h
NB_TCH_DROP_CAUSE_TOO_HIGH_INTERFER
ENCE_DOWNLINK
Number of TCH drops due to Cause 16 (Too high
interference level on the downlink).
MC928i NB_TCH_DROP_OTHER_CAUSES
Number of TCH drops due to other causes than
Cause 2 (Too low quality in UL), Cause 3 (Too low
level in UL), Cause 4 (Too low quality on the
downlink), Cause 5 (Too low level in DL), Cause 6
(Too long MS-BS distance), Cause 15 (Too high
interference level
ARFCN.
Don't need
to take care
1 1 311
8 RMS Indicators Usage
1 1 312
8.1 Suspecting a Voice Quality Problem
Percentage of Noisy calls
FER is more reliable than RXQUAL to assess VQ
Noisy calls indicators can also be computed from FER measurements
Noisy calls with bad or good FER
Calls not detected as noisy but with bad FER
Voice Quality indicators
are based on calls
Noisy calls are associated
with a cause of
bad coverage,
interference or with an
undefined cause
The fact that FER measurements are more reliable than RXQUAL ones to assess the VQ is even more true when
using Slow Frequency Hopping. In this case, RXQUAL values are not anymore correlated to Voice Quality as
perceived by the end user.
FER measurements are available for the uplink path only.
Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQULVN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_bad_coverage
Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference on the uplink path
RMVQUIFN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_interference
Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference and bad coverage considered together on the
uplink path
RMVQUUKN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_undefined
Rate of Noisy calls suffering from problems of interference or/and bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQUNOR = RMS_call_noisy_UL_rate
Note: The 4 indicators above can be provided for Noisy calls suffering of VQ problems on the dowlink path.
Rate of Noisy calls but with good FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEGR = RMS_call_noisy_good_FER_rate
Rate of Noisy calls and also with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEBR = RMS_call_noisy_bad_FER_rate
Rate of calls with fair quality measurements but with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEAR = RMS_call_abnormal_bad_FER_rate
This last indicator can be used in order to tune the RMS VQ parameters used to characterize a call as Noisy.
1 1 313
8.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem
Distribution of samples per RxQual value and RxLev band
Distribution of samples per RxLev band
Not acceptable
coverage limit:
Too low level
Too bad quality
A coverage problem is observed when a significant amount of the traffic of a cell is suffering from both low
level and bad quality (RxQual).
To confirm the distribution of samples per RXLEV band, should be also considered to know the proportion of
calls which are experiencing a low signal level.
If a lot of samples of low level and bad quality are observed for only a sub-part of the TRXs (can be one only)
then a BTS hardware problem or a problem on the aerials should be suspected.
If all the TRXs are experiencing a lot of samples of low level and bad quality then a coverage problem shall be
suspected.
Matrix of Number of Measurement Results per DL RxQual value and per DL RxLev band
RMQLDSAM = RMS_DL_RxQuality_RxLevel_sample
Vector of Percentage of Samples per DL RxLev band
RMQLDLVDV = RMS_DL_RxLevel_distrib
Vector of Percentage of Samples per DL RxQual band
RMQLDQUDV = RMS_DL_RxQuality_distrib
1 1 314
8.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem [cont.]
Average TA values per RxQual value and RxLev band
Not acceptable
coverage limit:
Too low level
Too bad quality
Acceptable coverage limit:
Sufficient level and good quality
% of TA value over TA
threshold has also to be
considered
In order to know if the coverage problem is due to a big amount of traffic at the cell border or rather to
indoor calls, the average TA value per RXQUAL value and RXLEV band as well as the Percentage of TA values
over the TA threshold should be observed.
Matrix of Average TA per UL RxQual value and per UL RxLev band
RMQLUTAM = RMS_UL_RxQuality_RxLevel_TimingAdvance
Rate of Measurements Results whose TA is greater than the TA threshold
RMTAGTR = RMS_TimingAdvance_greater_threshold_rate
Maximum TA value of all values reported in Measurement Results
RMTAMXN = RMS_TimingAdvance_max
1 1 315
Exercise 1
Give the list of the RMS counters and parameters used in the 3 previous
slides.
Time allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 316
Exercise 2
Interpret this
graph.
Time allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 317
8.3 Suspecting a Cell Interference Problem
Number of samples per RxQual value and RxLev band
Average DL RxQuality = 0.34
RMS results show no problem
of radio link quality in this cell
Average RxQual value per
RxLev band has also to be
considered
Matrix of Number of Measurement Results per DL RxQual value and per DL RxLev band
RMQLDSAM = RMS_DL_RxQuality_RxLevel_sample
Vector of Average DL RxQual per RxLev band
RMQLDQUAV = RMS_DL_RxQuality_avg_per_RxLevel
Average DL RxQuality
RMQLDQUAN = RMS_DL_RxQuality_avg
1 1 318
Exercise 3
Interpret this
graph.
Average RxQual value per
RxLev band has also to be
considered
Average DL RxQuality =
2.81
1 1 319
Exercise 4
Interpret this
graph.
Time allowed:
15 minutes
1 1 320
Exercise 5
Interpret
this graph.
Time allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 321
Exercise 6
Compute the RMS counters and indicators in the file.
Time allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 322
9 Additional Information
1 1 323
RMS Counters
Counters used for post-processing the RMS results provided per TRX
TOT_SEIZ_TCH: number of TCH channels successfully seized by the MS
TOT_MEAS: number of Measurement Results used for RMS
TOT_MEAS_L1INFO_NOL3INFO: number of Measurement Results used for RMS
statistics for which Layer 1 info is present but Layer 3 is missing
TOT_MEAS_DTX_UL: number of Measurement Results used for RMS statistics
for which DTX UL was used in the corresponding SACCH mfr
TOT_MEAS_DTX_DL: number of Measurement Results used for RMS statistics
for which DTX DL was used in the corresponding SACCH mfr
TOT_EMR: number of Extended Measurement Results used for RMS statistics
RMS31 = TOT_SEIZ_TCH
RMS32 = TOT_MEAS
RMS33 = TOT_MEAS_L1INFO_NOL3INFO
RMS34 = TOT_MEAS_DTX_UL
RMS35 = TOT_MEAS_DTX_DL
RMS38 = TOT_EMR
Note:
If during an SACCH measurement, DTX is applied on the uplink path (DTX_UL =1), the counters on
consecutive BFIs (RMS5a, RMS5b) shall not be incremented and the corresponding measurement result shall
not be taken into account in these RMS counters.
If during an SACCH measurement, DTX is applied on the uplink path (DTX_UL = 1), the FER measurement
does not take place.
1 1 324
RMS Counters [cont.]
Counters used for interpreting the RMS results provided per TRX:
TRE_BAND: frequency band of the TRX
BS_TX_PWRMAX: effective maximum output power of the BTS on any channel
of the TRX as an offset from the maximum absolute output power (in dB)
MS_TX_PWRMAX: effective maximum output power of the MS using any
channel of the TRX (in dBm)
IND_TRE_OVERLOAD: boolean indicating if the TRE handling the TRX function
has experienced a data loss due to a processor overload during the RMS
campaign
IND_RMS_RESTARTED: boolean indicating if the RMS job has been restarted on
the concerned TRE during the RMS campaign due to a modification of the RMS
parameter values or a TRE reset
Corresponding RMS counter numbers: RMS20 = TRE_BAND
RMSpw1 = BS_TX_PWRMAX
RMSpw2 = MS_TX_PWRMAX
RMS21 = IND_TRE_OVERLOAD
RMS22 = IND_RMS_RESTARTED
1 1 325
RMS Counters [cont.]
Counters used for interpreting the C/I RMS results provided per TRX:
IND_CI_PARTIAL_OBSERVATION: made up of 2 booleans indicating that:
C/In computation has been restarted due to the modification of the list of
neighboring cells during the RMS campaign
C/If computation has been restarted due to the modification of the list of MAFA
frequencies during the RMS campaign
IND_CI_OVERFLOW: boolean indicating that the upper limit of 42 C/I sets of
counters has been exceeded (each new reported neighboring cell (BCCH,
BSIC) has not been taken into account in RMS statistics)
RMS23 = IND_CI_PARTIAL_OBSERVATION
RMS24 = IND_CI_OVERFLOW
1 1 326
for this module
1 1 327
End of Module
Radio Measurement Statistics Indicators
Module 7
Traffic Indicators
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
1 1 329
Blank Page
Document History
1 1 330
Module Objectives
Describe BSS traffic indicators used for radio resource dimensioning
1 1 331
1 1 332
Table of Contents
Page
1 Call Mix Definition 7
2 Basis of Traffic Theory 15
3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators 29
4 Resource Occupancy Indicators 34
5 Traffic Model Indicators 37
6 Preemption Indicators 40
1 1 333
1 1 334
1 Call Mix Definition
1 1 335
GSM Transactions
In a GSM Network, there are a lot of different transactions:
location update: periodic, new updating, ~imsi_attach, ~imsi_detach
Hand Over (intra-cell, internal, external, etc.)
SMS (Short Message Service, originating or terminating)
SS (Supplementary Service) (i.e: number presentation)
Paging
and also Originating and Terminating calls, etc.
and so on (data, SMS-CB, etc.)
In a GSM network, telecom procedures involve different kinds of resource in the BSS:
Location Update: RACH, AGCH, SDCCH and SCCP
Originated Call: RACH, AGCH, SDCCH, TCH and SCCP
Terminated Call: PCH, RACH, AGCH, SDCCH, TCH and SCCP
Handover: TCH, SCCP
etc.
1 1 336
GSM Transactions [cont.]
One can quantify the number of each transaction per hour
For example, for one cell, one can measure:
900 calls (600 TCs, 300 OCs)
3600 LUs (any type)
1350 HOs (900 internal, 450 external)
100 SMSs
5 SSs
6000 pagings
With the following characteristics
mean call duration on TCH: 50 seconds
mean SDCCH duration: 3.2 seconds
A Call mix can be defined through:
data given by the Marketing team.
data measured from the living network.
Before network design, a Call Mix is assessed from Marketing Studies or observations from other networks.
After commercial opening, a Call Mix is measured from the real traffic.
Caution: Call duration means here TCH duration. The duration of a call from call setup to call release is an NSS
notion.
1 1 337
Example
Set of such measurements is called "call mix"
sometimes improperly called "traffic model"
Usually presented in the following way:
Calls /hour : 900 (2/3 TC)
LU/call : 4
HO/Call : 1.5 (2/3 internal, 1/3 external)
SMS/Call : 11 %
SS/call : 5 %
Paging/hour : 6000
mean call duration on TCH : 50 seconds
mean SDCCH duration : 3.2 seconds
After commercial opening, the number of calls per hour will be measured from traffic counters.
Usually the Marketing team will provide:
on a per geographical area or morphostructure basis:
the traffic per km
2
(in Erlang),
the traffic per subscriber (in mErl).
the number of calls per hour.
1 1 338
Variation
A call mix is varying a lot:
from a cell to another
TCH traffic (induced by subscribers)
number of LU/call and HO/call (induced by network design)
from one hour to another
by default: busy hour
from one year to another
modification of traffic intensity and distribution
On some university campus, an SMS/call is often higher than the average.
1 1 339
Usage
Interests of call mix: Input data for dimensioning
Cell and BSC resources dimensioning
RTCH, SDCCH, TTCH, BTS, BSC and MSC CPU processor
Some examples of "risky" call mix
too many LU/Calls: SDCCH congestion, TCU load, MSC overload
too many HO/calls: speech quality, call drop, DTC load
too many calls: TCH congestion
too many paging: DTC processor load, PCH congestion
A Call Mix will be used at Radio Network Design and Radio Network Planning stages in order to define the capacity
of the network (number of sites, TRXs per site, radio configuration, number of Abis-PCM, A-PCM).
When the network is in operation, a Call Mix is used in order to anticipate network extension or re-dimensioning.
1 1 340
Advises
Some advises
LU/CALL: 1 is "good", 2 is "bad", 4 and more can be dangerous
beware of the Network or BSC averages which can hide critical cells
HO/Call: less critical (1 is good)
2 or 3 is not a direct problem, but the trend has to be monitored
Call: to be checked with an Erlang table (seen in next session)
1 1 341
Exercise
Compute the call mix of a cell according the following information:
256 calls/hour
1300 LUs/hour
450 HOs/hour
Is it complete?
What are the risks of such a call mix?
Time allowed:
15 minutes
1 1 342
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
1 1 343
Erlang Definition
ERLANG: unit used to quantify traffic (intensity)
T = (resource usage duration) / (total observation duration) [ERLANG]
Example:
For 1 TCH, observed during 1 hour
one can observe 2 calls: 1 of 80 seconds and 1 of 100 seconds
T = (80+100)/3600 = 0.05 ERLANG
1 1 344
Erlang from Call Mix
Call mix example:
350 calls/hour
3 LUs/call
TCH mean call duration: 85 seconds
SDCCH mean duration: 4.5 seconds
Computation of Carried Erlang
TCH = (350*85)/3600: 8.26 ERLANGS
SDCCH = [ (350+350*3) * 4.5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 Erlang
1 1 345
Erlang B Law
In a Telecom system, the call arrival frequency is ruled by the POISSON
law
Erlang B law: relationship between:
offered traffic
number of resources
blocking rate
1 1 346
Erlang B Law [cont.]
The call request arrival rate (and leaving) is not stable
number of resources = average number of requests * mean duration
is sometimes not sufficient => probability of blocking
=> Erlang B law
Pblock: blocking probability
N: number of resources
E: offered traffic [Erlang]
Good approximation when the blocking rate
is low (< 5 %)
Telecom system
Offered
Carried
Rejected
Pblock
N
k
N
k
k
N
E
E
=
=
!
! 0
The Erlang B law is not fully accurate since it assumes that:
the subscriber requests are not queued which is not always the case (TCH queued in the BSC),
the subscriber does not repeat his call request if rejected, which is almost never the case.
Therefore the higher the blocking rate the worse is the approximation of the Erlang B law.
The Erlang C law modelizes better the TCH resource usage of the BSS since it takes into account the queuing.
However the Erlang C law is never used since parameters like size of the queue and time spent into the queue
have to be tuned.
1 1 347
Erlang B Formulae
There are two different ways to use this law
Using Abacus
Using SW (here Excel)
Pblock = f (T, Nc)
Offered = f (Nc, Pblock)
Channels = f (T, Pblock)
1 1 348
Erlang B Abacus
1 1 349
Erlang B Example
Example:
1 cell with 8 TRXs, with 60 TCH channels
Maximum blocking rate: 2 %
Erlang law: 50 Offered Erlang
83 % of TCH resources used to reach 2% of blocking
1 1 350
Non Linearity of Erlang B
But be careful, the Erlang B law is not linear:
If we use for example a combined BCCH with a micro BTS.
4 SDCCHs, Pblock = 2% => T = 1.1 E
25% resources used to reach 2% blocking
if we decide to provide SMSCB (Cell Broadcast information),
1 SDCCH stolen for CBCH
3 SDCCHs, Pblock = 2% => T = 0.6 E
25% resources less => 50% Traffic less!!
1 1 351
Cell Dimensioning
Given an Offered traffic, compute the number of TRXs (and SDCCH)
needed to carry it => What is the accepted blocking rate?
Default blocking rate
RTCH: 2 %
SDCCH: 0.5 %
(for BSC TTCH: 0.1%)
The Erlang B law is less relevant for SDCCH dimensioning since SDCCH traffic cannot be modelized like TCH traffic.
Indeed SDCCH is not only due to subscriber traffic but also to Location Update, SMS, IMSI Detach, etc.
For SDCCH dimensioning, some typical configurations are used according to the number of TRXs in the cell, the LA
plan.
1 1 352
Dimensioning "a Priori"
Cell dimensioning from call mix (bid, architecture)
to handle an offered traffic of 12 Erlangs (RTCH), compute the number of
channels, then the number of TRXs
Channels (12;2%) = 19
example: 3 TRXs, 21 TCHs, 1 BCCH, 2 SDCCHs/8
1 1 353
Dimensioning "a Posteriori"
Cell dimensioning from measurement (re-planning)
one is measuring a traffic of 15 Erlangs, with a blocking rate of 10%
how to dimension the cell?
Offered traffic = 15 / (1-10%) = 16.7 Erlangs!!!!
Channels (16.7;2%) -> 25 TCHs -> 4 TRXs needed
1 1 354
Forecast / Critical Traffic
Forecast traffic
traffic forecasting must be computed according to the offered traffic
not directly on the measured traffic
In order to plan the necessary actions soon enough, one must compute
regularly the date when the traffic of a cell will become critical
Critical traffic
critical traffic: when the offered traffic will induce 2% of blocking
traffic capacity of a cell = critical traffic of this cell
1 1 355
Exercise
Complete the form to get less than 2% of blocking.
cell call mix info Erlang TCH
Offered traffic
traffic forecast proposed config
12, 743 450 call/hour
mean TCH call duration : 80
sec
blocking rate TCH : 0.8%
10,08 Erlang TCH 30 % offered traffic
increase
13,1 Erlang TCH - > 20 TCH
3 TRX
12,675 330 call/hour
mean TCH call duration 129
sec
blocking rate 4%
30 % offered traffic
increase
12,865 600 call/hour
mean TCH call duration 96
sec
blocking rate 8 %
30 % offered traffic
increase
1 1 356
3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators
1 1 357
Radio Allocation and Management
Radio resource allocation and management (RAM) aims at:
Managing pools of TCH radio resources by:
defining TCH radio timeslots as a function of the cell radio configuration from the
operator
sorting these TCH TSs according to their radio capabilities (FR or DR, frequency band
(G1 or GSM/DCS))
Allocating dedicated TCH radio resources by:
selecting the TCH pool in which the TCH should be chosen according to:
O the requested channel rate (FR or HR)
O the radio capability of the mobile
O the TRE DR capability and the TRE band
selecting the best TCH resource among the available TCH channels of this pool
according to several criteria
1 1 358
MS Access
MS access types distribution (NA only)
Accessibility in type 110 since B8
TCH requests from FR only MS
TCNARQMN= MC701A
TCH requests from DR MS
TCNARQBN= MC701B
TCH requests from DR+EFR MS
TCNARQTN= MC701C
TCH requests from AMR MS
TCNA3RQTN= MC701D
TCH requests from Data calls
TCNARQDN= MC701E
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Speech version and Channel type
These indicators can only be computed if PM Type 1 is activated in B7. From B8, the counters needed for these indicators are
added to type 110.
The following indicators are also computed:
Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from FR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile types
= TCNARQMTO = MC701A / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from DR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile types
= TCNARQBTO = MC701B / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from DR+EFR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile
types
= TCNARQTTO = MC701C / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from AMR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile types
= TCNA3RQTTO = MC701D / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests for Data calls over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile types
= TCNARQDTO = MC701E / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
Number of handover intracell attempts with cause 27: "FR to HR channel adaptation due to a good radio quality" on a TCH
channel
= HCSTAMFN = MC448B
Number of handover intracell attempts with cause 26: "HR to FR channel adaptation due to a bad radio quality" on a TCH
channel
= HCSTAMHN = MC448A
1 1 359
Speech Coding Version
Speech coding Version capabilities distribution (NA only)
Accessibility in type 110 since B8
TCH allocations with FR SV1
TCNACAFN= MC702A
TCH allocations with HR SV1
TCNACAHN= MC702B
TCH allocations with FR SV2 (EFR)
TCNACAEN= MC702C
TCH allocations with FR SV3 (AMR FR)
TCNA3CAFN= MC704A
TCH allocations with HR SV3 (AMR HR)
TCNA3CAHN= MC704B
TCH allocations for data call
TCNACADN= MC705
These indicators can only be computed if PM Type 1 is activated in B7. From B8, the counters needed for these
Indicators are added to type 110.
The following indicators are also computed:
Ratio of TCH allocations with FR SV1 over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACAFTO = MC702A / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
Ratio of TCH allocations with HR SV1 over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACAHTO = MC702B / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
Ratio of TCH allocations with EFR over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACAETO = MC702C / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
Ratio of TCH allocations with AMR FR over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNA3CAFTO = MC704A / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
Ratio of TCH allocations with AMR HR over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNA3CAHTO = MC704A / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
Ratio of TCH allocations for Data calls over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACADTO = MC705 / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
Rate of successful TCH allocations with AMR SV over all AMR MS requests
= TCNA3SUR = (MC704A+MC704B) / MC701D
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Distributions
FR/HR calls distribution (NA+HO)
FR TCH allocation ratio
TCAHCAFO = MC370A / (MC370A+MC370B)
HR TCH allocation ratio
TCAHCAHO = MC370B / (MC370A+MC370B)
NA/HO distribution
Normal Assignment TCH allocation ratio
TCNACAO = MC703 / (MC703 + [MC15A+MC15B])
Handover TCH allocation ratio
TCHOCAO = [MC15A+MC15B] / (MC703 + [MC15A+MC15B])
TCH allocation distribution per TRX
Number of TCH allocations for Normal Assignment
TCNACAN = MC703
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Resource occupancy
MC370A = Number of FR TCH allocations (FR+EFR+AMR FR)
MC370B = Number of HR TCH allocations (HR+AMR HR)
MC703 = Number of TCH allocations for Normal Assignment
MC15A = Number of TCH allocations for Internal Directed Retry
MC15B = Number of TCH allocations for Handover (intra cell, internal, external)
TCNACAN indicator is also available as the MAX value of the day on the A9156 RNO tool.
Some of these indicators are also available for SDCCH:
SDCCH allocation distribution per TRX through the number of SDCCH allocations
SDAHCAN = MC390
SDCCH Assignment/HO distribution through the ratio of SDCCH allocations for Assignment
SDNACAO = MC148 / MC390
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4 Resource Occupancy Indicators
1 1 362
TCH Resource
TCH resource occupancy
TCH traffic in Erlang
TCTRE= (MC380A+MC380B) / 3600
TCH mean holding time (TCH average duration)
TCTRMHT= (MC380A+MC380B) / (MC370A+MC370B)
FR TCH traffic in Erlang
TCTRE= MC380A / 3600
FR TCH mean holding time
TCTRFMHT= MC380A/ MC370A
HR TCH traffic in Erlang
TCTRE= MC380B / 3600
HR TCH mean holding time
TCTRHMHT= MC380B/ MC370B
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Resource occupancy
MC380A = Cumulated FR TCH duration per TRX
MC380B = Cumulated HR TCH duration per TRX
The following indicators can also be computed:
TCTRME = Multiband MS TCH traffic in Erlang = MC381 / 3600
TCTRSE = Single band MS TCH traffic in Erlang = ([MC380A+MC380B] - MC381) / 3600
MC381 = Cumulated (FR+HR) TCH duration of Multiband mobiles per TRX
A split of counters (MC380a and MC380b) is added, in B8, to make the distinction between traffic in different
frequency bands: here after the corresponding stored indicators (type 110):
TCTRFTTGT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the GSM
frequency band is busy in FR usage = MC380C
TCTRHTTGT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the GSM
frequency band is busy in HR usage = MC380D
TCTRFTTDT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
DCS/PCS frequency band is busy in FR usage = MC380E
TCTRHTTDT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
DCS/PCS frequency band is busy in HR usage = MC380F
1 1 363
SDCCH / ACH Resource
SDCCH resource occupancy
SDCCH traffic in Erlang
SDTRE= MC400 / 3600
SDCCH mean holding time (SDCCH average duration)
SDTRMHT= MC400 / MC390
ACH resource occupancy
ACH traffic in Erlang
C750 / 3600
ACH mean holding time (ACH average duration)
QSTRN =C750 / C751
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > SDCCH traffic > Resource occupancy
MC400 = Cumulated SDCCH duration per TRX
MC380 = Number of SDCCH allocations per TRX
C750 and C751 are 2 counters introduced from B7 in type 18. Both are provided per TTCH (A channel):
C750 = TIME_A_CHANNEL_BUSY: Time (in seconds) during which the A channel is busy (allocated)
C751 = NB_A_CHANNEL_ALLOC: Number of allocations of the A channel
1 1 364
5 Traffic Model Indicators
1 1 365
SDCCH Establishment
SDCCH establishment cause distribution
Ratio of MT calls
TMMTO= MC01 / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Ratio of MO normal and emergency calls
TMMTO= MC02H / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Ratio of LU normal (resp. follow-on)
TMMOLUR = MC02A (resp. MC02D) / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Ratio of IMSI detach
TMMOLUDR= MC02G / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Ratio of Short Message Service
TMMOSMSR= MC02B / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Ratio of Supplementary Service
TMMOSSR= MC02C / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Ratio of Call re-establishment
TMMOCRR= MC02E / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > SDCCH traffic > Traffic model
SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS = Total number of SDCCH establishments for network access = MC01 + MC02
These indicators allow to get call mix data from the network.
1 1 366
Mobiles Penetration
E-GSM mobiles penetration
Ratio of E-GSM MS access over all MS accesses (except LU)
TMMSEGR = MC706 / ([MC01+MC02]-[MC02A+MC02D+MC02G])
Multiband mobiles penetration
Ratio of Multiband MS access over all MS accesses (except LU)
TMMSMBR = MC850 / ([MC01+MC02]-[MC02A+MC02D+MC02G])
AMR mobiles penetration
Ratio of TCH allocation for AMR MS over all TCH allocations
TCTR3CATTO = MC704A+ MC704B / MC703
TFO calls ratio
Ratio of successful TFO establishment over all TCH allocations
QSTRCCTR = MC170 / MC703
Handover per Call
Number of Handovers (intra cell, internal, external) per Normal Assignment
TMHOCO = (MC717A+MC717B) / MC718
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > SDCCH traffic > MS penetration rate
[MC01+MC02]-[MC02A+MC02D+MC02G] = Total number of initial accesses for call establishment (except location
update)
MC706 = Number of initial accesses for call establishment (except location update) of MS supporting the E-GSM
band
MC850 = Number of initial accesses for call establishment (except location update) of MS supporting two
frequency bands (ex: GSM900 and DCS1800)
MC703 = Total number of TCH allocations (FR+HR) for Normal Assignment
MC704A = Number of TCH allocations (FR) for Normal Assignment of AMR mobiles only
MC704B = Number of TCH allocations (HR) for Normal Assignment of AMR mobiles only
MC704 (Allocation AMR FR+HR) is removed in B8
MC170 = Number of TCH calls for which a TFO has been successfully established
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6 Preemption Indicators
1 1 368
Preemption Principle
Preemption attributes (in Assignment or HO Request):
pci: preemption capability indication
indicates if the call can preempt another call (pci=1) or not
pvi: preemption vulnerability indication
indicates if the call is preemptable (pvi=1) or not
priority level: 1=highest priority / 14=lowest priority
Preemption rules:
A TCH request with pci=1 and priority level=p1 will preempt an on-going
call with pvi=1 and priority level=p2, p2 lower than p1 (whatever pci
value)
the on-going call with the lowest priority level value shall be elected
first and if several calls have the same lowest p2 value, one of them
with pci bit set to 0 is preferred
On Preemption capable TCH Request occurrence:
1. The TCH is established through Preemption if a lower priority level on-going call is preemptable. In this case,
the on-going call is released and the freed TCH is served to the new request.
2. If no preemption is possible:
If queuing is possible: the TCH request is queued and either a Directed Retry or a Fast Traffic HO can be
performed.
If queuing is not possible: the TCH request is rejected and an ASSIGNMENT or HANDOVER FAILURE "no radio
resource available" message is sent to the MSC.
1 1 369
Preemption Counters
MC921A = Number of TCH Requests with the capability to preempt
another call with lower priority (pci=1)
MC921B = Number of preemption capable TCH Requests (pci=1) served
with TCH resource (with or without using the preemption feature).
MC921C = Number of preempted calls
MC921D = Number of preemption capable TCH Request (pci=1)
successfully served in a neighboring cell with the help of the directed
retry procedure
MC921E = Number of preemptable calls successfully established (pvi=1)
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS> RTCH > Preemption feature
1 1 370
Preemption Feature
Preemption capable TCH Request rejection rate
TCPPFLCR = (MC921A-MC921B-MC921D) / MC921A
Ratio of preemption capable TCH Request which led to a successful
Directed Retry
TCPPDSUCR = MC921D / MC921A
Ratio of preemptable calls established over all calls
TCPPSUVO = MC921E / (MC718+MC717A+MC717B)
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS> RTCH > Preemption feature
1 1 371
for this module
1 1 372
End of Module
Traffic Indicators
Module 8
Case Studies
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
1 1 374
Blank Page
Document History
1 1 375
Module Objectives
Analyze with the KPI QoS some typical problems
1 1 376
1 1 377
Table of Contents
Page
1 Congestion 7
2 Sector Problem 9
3 QSCSSR 11
4 Quality 13
5 RMS Level 15
6 Interference 17
7 BSS Problem 19
1 1 378
1 1 379
1 Congestion
1 1 380
1 Congestion
Congestion Analysis
From this RNO table: What is the worst SDCCH congested cell?
Choose 2 other interesting indicators to continue your analysis:
Call Drop %
SDCCH Assignment Failure %
Outgoing Handover Success %
SDCCH Drop %
Downlink TBF drop %
RTCH assign fail %
1 1 381
2 Sector Problem
1 1 382
2 Sector Problem
Scetor Problem Analysis
In this trisectorised site,
give the worst sector.
What can you propose to
do?
1 1 383
3 QSCSSR
1 1 384
3 QSCSSR
QSCSSR Analysis
Write the formula using the reference name (MCx) and compute the
CSSR for these 2 cells:
(1 - SDCCH_drop_%) * ( 1 - RTCH_assign_unsuccess_%)
With:
SDCCH_drop_% = SDCCH_drop / SDCCH_assign_success
RTCH_ass_Un_%= RTCH_assign_unsuccess / RTCH_assign_request
1430 84 TCH normal assignment successes (HR or FR) MC718
QSCSSR=?
0 0 SDCCH drops during any outgoing SDCCH handover MC07
1455 88 normal assignment requests for TCH establishment (HR or FR) MC140a
1352 663 SDCCH assign success for Mobile Originating procedure MC02
924 43 SDCCH assign success for Mobile Terminating procedure MC01
2 1 SDCCH drops in SDCCH established phase due to BSS problem MC137
4 9 SDCCH drops on SDCCH established phase due to Radio Link Fail. MC138
Paris_City_S3 Paris_Tower_S1 Definition Counter
1 1 385
4 Quality
1 1 386
4 Quality
Quality Analysis
Analyze the table below.
Does it seem to be a good HO causes repartition?
What can we check to analyze the problem?
Repartition HO Quality 22/01/2003 23/01/2003 24/01/2003 25/01/2003 27/01/2003 28/01/2003 29/01/2003 30/01/2003
DL_QUAL 64 63 69 58 26 36 32 34
% DL_QUAL 3.12% 2.76% 3.27% 3.22% 1.30% 1.94% 1.69% 2.64%
UL_QUAL 55 51 433 263 338 466 1053 348
% UL_QUAL 2.68% 2.23% 20.54% 14.59% 16.93% 25.09% 55.68% 27.00%
Nber of HO 2054 2286 2108 1802 1996 1857 1891 1289
1 1 387
5 RMS Level
1 1 388
5 RMS Level
RMS Level Analysis
Find the 2 worst cells in the table. Try to propose a solution!
1 1 389
6 Interference
1 1 390
6 Interference
Interference Analysis
Find 1 bad cell with some HO problem.
What can you propose to do?
1 1 391
7 BSS Problem
1 1 392
7 BSS Problem
BSS Problem Analysis
What is the worst cell?
Propose some probable solutions.
1 1 393
for this module
1 1 394
End of Module
Case Studies
Module 9
Annexes
3JK11051AAAAWBZ Issue 01
Section 1
GSM QoS Monitoring
1 1 396
Blank Page
Document History
1 1 397
Module Objectives
Describe
List
Explain
Identify ...
1 1 398
1 1 399
Table of Contents
Page
1 Radio Measurement Reporting 7
2 Extended Measurement Reporting (MAFA) 11
3 Directed Retry Indicators 14
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks 32
5 LCS 42
6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission (EME) 65
7 B8 Improvements 69
8 B9 Improvements 71
9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation 73
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells 83
1 1 400
Page
1 1 401
1 Radio Measurement Reporting
1 1 402
Radio Measurement Mechanisms
MS connected (TCH or SDCCH)
The serving cell gives to the MS the list of the neighboring cells to listen
Every SACCH, the MS reports to the serving cell: measurement report
message
Received level of 6 best cells (which can change)
DL level and quality of serving cell
Meas
t
Report
1 1 403
Radio Measurement Mechanisms [cont.]
For each MS connected to the BTS (TCH or SDCCH)
BSC
DL measurements UL+DL measurements
The UL received level and quality are measured every SACCH
The Timing advance (TA) is computed
The UL information is gathered into a measurement report
This is the message result sent by the BTS to the BSC
Meas
t
Report
Meas
t
Result
1 1 404
Measurement Result Message
L1 Info
L3 Info
Measurement
Report
From the MS
Back
Basically, the MEASUREMENT RESULT message is composed of:
L1 info: SACCH Layer 1 header containing MS_TXPWR_CONF and TOA.
L3 info: MEASUREMENT REPORT from the MS. This message contains the downlink measurements and
neighboring cell measurements.
Uplink measurements performed by the BTS.
BTS power level used.
SUB frames correspond to the use of DTX:
if the mobile is in DTX, the rxlevsub or rxqualsub is used to avoid measuring the TS where there is nothing to
transmit in order not to false measurements.
else rxlevfull is used that is to say all TSs are measured.
MS TXPOWER CONF: what is the actual power emitted by the MS.
TOA is the timing advance.
SACCH BFI: bad frame indicator; 2 values 0 or 1; 0 means that the BTS succeeded in decoding the measurement
report from the MS.
How are the neighboring cells coded?
BCCH1 index in BA list /BSIC1; BCCH2 index in BA list/BSIC2. Why? Because when the mobile is connecting to a
new cell, it does not receive LAC/CI (too long) but the list of BCCH frequencies of the neighboring cells (in Band
Allocation: BA list). When it reports the radio measurements, it gives the index of the BCCH frequency in the BA
list instead of BCCH ARFCN due to the length in case of 1800 frequency coding. Besides the mobile may report a
BCCH index / BSIC which does not correspond to a neighboring cell. Of course the BSC will not trigger any
handover except if this BCCH index / BSIC couple corresponds to a neighboring cell.
1 1 405
2 Extended Measurement Reporting
(MAFA)
1 1 406
2 Extended Measurement Reporting (MAFA)
Definition
The Extended Measurement Reporting is a feature allowing the BSS to
request an MS to measure and report up to 21 frequencies of the band
that are not included in its BA list
Such phase 2+ mobiles must support the optional Mobile Assisted
Frequency Allocation (MAFA) feature
1 1 407
MS BTS BSC MSC
< -----------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
< --------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- >
< --------------------------------------------------------
(EMO included)
-------------------------------------------------------- >
.
.
TCH establishment.
--------TCH---------> .
ASSIGNT COMPLETE ------------------------------------------------------- >
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE ----------------------------------- >
<------SACCH-------- ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
--------SACCH------>
<------SACCH--------
--------SACCH------>
<-------SACCH--------
EMO
(MAFA freq. List)
--------SACCH------>
EMR
(MAFA freq. RxLev)
<------SACCH--------
--------SACCH------>
2 Extended Measurement Reporting (MAFA)
Extended Measurement Reporting Mechanisms
The Extended
Measurement Order
includes the MAFA
frequencies the MS is
asked to measure
EMO sent once to the MS
on SACCH after TCH
seizure
Extended Measurement
Results include the
average signal level
measured on each MAFA
frequency over one SACCH
mf duration
EMR received once per call
on SACCH
Back
When the BTS receives a CHANNEL ACTIVATION with the Extended Measurement Order (EMO) included, it shall
send this information on the SACCH to the corresponding mobile only once.
When the BTS has to send this information, it shall replace the sending of system information 5, 5bis, 5ter or 6
by this information. At the next SACCH multi-frame, the BTS shall resume the sending of this system
information by the replaced one.
The EMO shall be sent after 2 complete sets of SYS_INFO5 and 6, i.e. after the 2
nd
SYSINFO 6 after the
reception of SABM. This guarantees the MS has received a complete set.
Then, the BTS normally receives from the MS an EXTENDED MEASUREMENT RESULT with the level of the
frequencies to monitor. The BTS shall make the correlation between these levels and the frequencies
contained in the latest EMO information, after having decoded them, according to the order of the ARFCN. The
EXTENDED_MEASUREMENT_RESULT is NOT forwarded to the BSC, instead a MEASUREMENT_RESULT with
indication no_MS_results is sent to the BSC.
In particular, the BTS shall identify the level of the BCCH frequency of the serving cell (which shall always be
part of the frequencies to monitor) and apply it as the RXLEV_DL in the Radio Measurement Statistics. The
other frequencies will be considered in the same way as BCCH frequency of neighboring cells: they will be
linked to the neighboring level and C/I statistics.
1 1 408
3 Directed Retry Indicators
1 1 409
Internal DR - Success Case
DR FAIL. CASES > internal DR >
success case
The same internal DR procedure
leads to an incrementation of
two sets of counters:
incoming DR counters for the
target cell: MC153, MC151,
etc.
outgoing DR counters for the
serving cell: MC144E, MC142E,
etc.
MCx counters belong to
Standard Type 110 reported
permanently
Cx counters belong to Detailed
Type 29 reported on demand
Standard type from B8
< -----------------------
ASSIGNMENT
REQUEST
No free TCH
TCH request queued
Queuing allowed
Start T11 ----------------------- >
QUEUING_INDIC.
MC13A
IDR condition met MC153, MC144e,
CHANNEL ACTIV. (TCH)
<---------------------------------- MC15A
CHAN ACTIV ACK
---------------------------------->
<----------------------
(SDCCH)
<------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
C154, MC607
start T3124 C145A+C145C
HANDOVER ACCESS
------------------------(TCH)---------------------------->
-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
<------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
stop T3124
start T200
------------------------ SABM --------------------------> stop T3105
<-------------------------- UA ----------------------------- ESTABLISH INDICATION
stop T200 ---------------------------------->
-------------------------------------------------------------> ----------------------------------> ASSIGNMENT
COMPLETE
------------------------>
Release of old SDCCH MC151,MC717A,
MC142e
The following DR counters are provided in Type 110
MC13A: TCH requests for Normal Assignment that are put into the queue,
MC153: incoming internal DR requests,
MC15A: TCH allocations for incoming internal DR,
MC151: incoming internal DR successes per cell,
MC717A: incoming internal DR successes per TRX.
MC144E: outgoing internal DR requests,
MC142E: outgoing internal DR successes,
MC607: outgoing internal+external DR attempts.
The following DR counters are provided in Type 29 (this type becomes a standard type in B8)
C153: incoming internal DR requests,
C154: incoming internal DR attempts,
C151: incoming internal DR successes.
C144A: forced outgoing internal DR requests,
C144C: normal outgoing internal DR requests,
C145A: forced outgoing internal DR attempts,
C145C: normal outgoing internal DR attempts,
C142A: forced outgoing internal DR successes,
C142C: normal outgoing internal DR successes.
All the counters here and in the next slides concerning directed retry and relative to type 29 can be activated for all cells of
the BSC at once from B8. (Type 29 becomes a standard type in B8):
C142a, C142b, C142c, C142d, C143a, C143b, C143c, C143d, C143e, C143f, C143g, C143h, C144a, C144b, C144c, C144d,
C145a, C145b, C145c, C145d, C151, C152,C153, C154, C555
1 1 410
Incoming Internal DR - Failures
DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR failures:
Directed Retry procedure from the target cell point of view
DR Preparation:
congestion: no RTCH available in the target cell
DR Execution:
1 1 411
Incoming Internal DR - Congestion
DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR fail: congestion
MC555=C155
Standard Type
< ----------------------------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
No free TCH
In serving cell
Queuing allowed
Start T11 --------------------------------------------------- >
QUEUING_INDIC.
MC13A
IDR condition met MC153, MC144e,MC607
No free TCH
In target cell
MC555
C155 is available in Type 29.
1 1 412
Incoming Internal DR - Radio Failure
DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR fail: MS access problem
MEAS REP
------------------------------------------------------------------------>
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
<----------------------------------
CHANNEL ACTIV ACK
---------------------------------->
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
C154
SABM
-----------x T3103 expiry
C152
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
HANDOVER ACCESS C154
------------------------------------------------------------->
-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
<------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
SABM
UA ---------------------------------->
<------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105
HANDOVER COMPLETE
----------------------------------------------------- - - - -X
SABM
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------>
<-----------------------
-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> C152
All incoming internal DR failures due to radio problems are counted in the same counter C152.
This counter is provided in Type 29
Both radio failures with Reversion Old SDCCH Channel and radio drop are counted together.
1 1 413
Incoming Internal DR - Counters
DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR counters
Request MC153, C153
Congesti on MC555, C155
BSS Pb C153-C154-C155
Attempt C154
Radi o (MS access probl em) C152
BSS Pb C154-C151-C152
Success MC151, C151
Executi on
Preparati on
INCOMING INTERNAL Di rected Retry
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
MS ACCESS PB
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
Type 29 counters become a standard (PMC)
All MCxxx counters are available in Type 110.
All Cxxx counters are available in Type 29.
Type 29 counter becomes a standard in B8.
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS
Specific indicators for densification techniques > Directed Retry > Incoming DR
DRIBCAR: efficiency of the incoming internal DR preparation = MC15A/MC153
DRIBCNR: rate of incoming internal DR failures due to congestion = MC155/MC153
DRIBEFR: efficiency of the incoming internal DR execution = MC717A/MC153
Other indicators can be computed:
from Type 110 counters:
DRIBSUR: global efficiency of incoming internal DR
= MC717A/MC153 = MC151/MC153
from Type 29 counters
rate of incoming internal DR preparation failures due to BSS problems
= (C153-C154-C155)/C153
rate of incoming internal DR execution failures due to BSS problems
= (C154-C151-C152)/C154
rate of incoming internal DR execution failures due to radio access problems
= C152/C154
1 1 415
Outgoing Internal DR - Failures
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR failures
Directed Retry procedure from the serving cell point of view
DR Preparation:
DR Execution:
1 1 416
Outgoing Internal DR - Radio Failure ROC
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR fail: reversion old channel
C144A, C143A:
Forced DR
C144C,C143E:
Normal DR
<-------SDCCH----- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
HANDOVER ACCESS MC144E
----------------------TCH--------------------------------> C144A or C144C
-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
<------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
SABM
UA ---------------------------------->
<------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105
HANDOVER COMPLETE
----------------------------------------------------- - - - -X
SABM
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------>
<-----------------------
-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> C143A or C143E
1 1 417
Outgoing Internal DR - Radio Failure Drop
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR fail: drop
C144A,C143B:
Forced DR
C144C,C143F:
Normal DR
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ st ar t T3103
MC144E
SABM C144A or C144C
----------x
T3103 expi r y
C143B or C143F
------------------------>
ASSIGNMENT
FAILURE
Radio interface
message failure
Rel ease of SDCCH and TCH
Counters C144A, C143B, C144C, C143F are type 29.
1 1 418
Outgoing Internal DR - Counters
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR counters
Preparation Request MC144E, C144A+C144C
Any preparation failure (C144A+C144C) - (C145A+C145C)
Attempt C145A+C145C
Reversion old channel C143A+C143E
Drop radio C143B+C143F
BSS Pb (C145A+C145C) - (C143A+C143E+C143B+C143F)
Success MC142E, C142A+C142C
Execution
OUTGOING INTERNAL Directed Retry
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
Specific indicators for densification techniques > Directed Retry > Outgoing DR
DROBSUR: global efficiency of outgoing internal DR = MC142E/MC144E
Other indicators can be computed
efficiency of the outgoing internal DR preparation
= (C145A+C145C)/(C144A+C144C)
efficiency of the outgoing internal DR execution
= (C142A+C142C)/(C145A+C145C)
rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to BSS problems
= [(C145A+C145C) - (C143A+C143E+C143B+C143F)] / (C145A+C145C)
rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with reversion old channel
= (C143A+C143E) / (C145A+C145C)
rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with drop
= (C143B+C143F) / (C145A+C145C)
type 29 counters are defined:
O DRFOSUIN C142a NB_OUT_FORCED_IDR_SUCC
O DRFOSUEN C142b NB_OUT_FORCED_EDR_SUCC
O DROBSUIN C142c NB_OUT_NOR_IDR_SUCC
O DROMSUEN C142d NB_OUT_NOR_EDR_SUCC
O DRFORDIN C144a NB_OUT_FORCED_IDR_REQ
O DRFORDEN C144b NB_OUT_FORCED_EDR_REQ
O DROBRDIN C144c NB_OUT_NOR_IDR_REQ
O DROMRDEN C144d NB_OUT_NOR_EDR_REQ
O DROBRQIN C145c NB_OUT_NOR_IDR_ATPT
O DROMRQEN C145d NB_OUT_NOR_EDR_ATPT
1 1 420
External DR - Success
DR FAIL. CASES > External DR > successful case
The same external DR procedure leads to an incrementation of two sets of
counters:
incoming external HO counters for the target cell: MC820, MC821, etc.
outgoing external DR counters for the serving cell: MC144F, MC142F, etc.
TCH request queued
<------ASSIGNT REQUEST-------
EDR condition met ------ HO_REQUIRED ---------->
MC144F ----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
(HO_COMMAND) MC821
C145B+C145D Start T8 <---- HO_ACCESS -----
<------ HO_DETECTION--------------
<--- SABM ---------------
<----------- HO_COMPLETE ----------------------------------------
<---- CLEAR_COMMAND ------ MC642
MC142F Cause : HO_SUCCESSFUL
Release of SDCCH Stop T8
The following DR counters are provided in Type 110 for the serving cell:
MC144F: outgoing external DR requests,
MC142F: outgoing external DR successes.
The following DR counters are provided in Type 29 for the serving cell:
C144B: forced outgoing external DR requests,
C144D: normal outgoing external DR requests,
C145B: forced outgoing external DR attempts,
C145D: normal outgoing external DR attempts,
C142B: forced outgoing external DR successes,
C142D: normal outgoing external DR successes.
As for internal DR, external DR Counters are available permanently
No counter is provided for the target cell for an external DR since an incoming DR cannot always be discriminated
from an incoming external HO. Therefore incoming external DRs are counted together with incoming external HOs
in the related counters.
1 1 421
Outgoing External DR - Failures
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR failures
Directed Retry procedure from the serving cell point of view
DR Preparation:
DR Execution:
1 1 422
Outgoing External DR - Radio Failure ROC
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR fail: reversion old channel
C145B,C143C: Forced DR
C145D,C143G: Normal DR
ASSIGNT REQUEST
---------------------> TCH request queued
EDR condition met ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->
MC144F ----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->
<-------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
<--- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
<-------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------
C145B+C145D X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM -------->
C143C+C143G ----- CLEAR_COMMAND ---------------------->
1 1 423
Outgoing External DR - Radio Failure Drop
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR fail: drop
C145B,C143D: Forced DR
C145D,C143H: Normal DR
ASSIGNT REQUEST
---------------------> TCH request queued
EDR condition met ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->
MC144F ----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->
<-------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
<--- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
<-------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------
C145B+C145D X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
T8 expiry ----- CLEAR_REQUEST ->
C143D+C143H Radio interface message fail
1 1 424
Outgoing External DR - Counters
DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR counters
Preparation Request MC144F, C144B+C144D
Any preparation failure (C144B+C144D) - (C145B+C145D)
Attempt C145B+C145D
Reversion old channel C143C+C143G
Drop radio C143D+C143H
BSS Pb (C145+C145D) - (C143C+C143G+C143D+C143H)
Success MC142F, C142B+C142D
Execution
OUTGOING EXTERNAL Directed Retry
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
Specific indicators for densification techniques > Directed Retry > Outgoing DR
DROMSUR: global efficiency of outgoing external DR = MC142F/MC144F
Other indicators can be computed
efficiency of the outgoing internal DR preparation
= (C145B+C145D)/(C144B+C144D)
efficiency of the outgoing internal DR execution
= (C142B+C142D)/(C145B+C145D)
rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to BSS problems
= [(C145B+C145D) - (C143C+C143G+C143D+C143H)] / (C145B+C145D)
rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with reversion old channel
= (C143C+C143G) / (C145B+C145D)
rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with drop
= (C143D+C143H) / (C145B+C145D)
Interesting indicator:
TCQUSUDSR: rate of outgoing internal and external directed retries (forced + normal) successfully
performed over all RTCH requests queued during normal assignment.
1 1 426
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
1 1 427
Signaling Links
A-Interface MT-Link signaling #7 System with SCCP
MSC BSC
BSC
BTS
Abis Interface RSL with LAPD Protocol
BTS
MS
Air-Interface (CCCH/SACCH/FACCH) with LAPDm Protocol
BSC OMC-R
OML Link with X25 connection LAPB Protocol
1 1 428
The Reference Model
7 Application
6 Presentation
4 Transport
5 Session
2 Data Link
3 Network
1 Physical
User of Transport Service
Transport Service Network
Service
1 1 429
The Reference Model [cont.]
Layer 1
Physical; Responsible for the transparent transmission of information across
the physical medium (HDB3, PCM, AMI)
Layer 2
Data Link; Responsible for providing a reliable transfer between the terminal
and the network (#7, LAPD,etc.)
Layer 3
Network; responsible for setting up and maintaining the connection across a
network (CM, MM, RR, Message routing, etc.)
1 1 430
The Reference Model [cont.]
Layer 4
Transport; responsible for the control of quality of service (Layer of
information)
Layer 5
Session; Handles the coordination between the user processes (Set up
transfer of information)
Layer 6
Presentation; responsible for ensuring that the information is presented to
the eventual user in a meaningful way (Type format. Ex. ASCII)
Layer 7
Application; provides lower levels with user interface (Operating System)
1 1 431
BSS Protocol Stacks
BTS
PSTN
ISDN
Air Intfc Abis Intfc A Intfc B .. F Intfc
MS
BSC MSC
CM
MM
RR
LAPDm
digit
radio
RR BSSAP
LAPDm LAPD
digit
radio
64 kb/s 64 kb/s 64 kb/s 64 kb/s
LAPD
RR
BTSM
BSSAP
CM
MM
BSSAP
SCCP
MTP
SCCP
MTP
LAYER 2
LAYER 1
LAYER 3
1 1 432
BSS Protocol Stacks [cont.]
(detailed)
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
SSGT
MAP
SSGT
MAP
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
PCM TS
DTAP
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
PCM TS
DTAP
LAPD LAPDm LAPD
SS (SMS) SS (SMS)
BSS
MAP
MM
CC
BSS
MAP
RR
RR
RR' BTSM BTSM
LAPDm
(SMS)
SS
CC
MM
(Relay)
MS BTS BSC MSC / VLR
NSS
(ex. : HLR)
Um A bis A (D)
1
2
3
(Relay
64 kbit/s
or PCM TS
64 kbit/s
or PCM TS
PCM TS PCM TS
Phycal
Layer
Phycal
Layer
1 1 433
Signaling on the A Interface
Uses #7 with Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) with a new
Application Base Station Application Part (BSSAP). BSSAP is divided into
Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP) and Base Station Subsystem
Management Application Part (BSSMAP)
DTAP
BSSMAP
SCCP
MTP 1-3
User Data
Layer 1-3
BSSAP
1 1 434
GSM BSS Protocols
BSSMAP
Contains the messages, which are exchanged between the BSC and the MSC
and which are evaluated from the BSC
In fact all the messages which are exchanged as RR (Radio Resource
Management Services between the MSC, BSC and MS). Also control
Information concerning the MSC and BSC
Example: Paging, HND_CMD, Reset
DTAP
Messages which are exchanged between an NSS and an MS transparent. In this
case, the BSC transfers the messages without evaluation transparent. Mainly
Messages from Mobility Management (MM) and Call Control (CC)
1 1 435
GSM BSS Protocols [cont.]
Relationship between DTAP, CC, MM, BSSMAP, RR
MS
BSS
MSC
Call Control (CC) DTAP
Radio Resource (RR)
BSSMAP
Back
1 1 436
5 LCS
1 1 437
5 LCS
LCS Function
LCS function (linked to MC02i) and other counters
LCS allows to access the MS location provided by the BSS.
On MS request to know its own location (MC02 impacted, see the previous
slide)
On network request (especially during Emergency calls)
On external request (LCS Client)
Positioning methods provided can be:
Cell-ID or Cell-ID + TA (Timing Advance)
Conventional (standalone) GPS
Assisted GPS (with the help of A-GPS server to compute location)
MS based (MB): MS is able to perform a pre-computation
MS assisted (MA): MS sends info, Network computes
Assisted GPS Method:
Mobile-based: The MS performs OTD signal measurements and computes its own location estimate. In this case
the network provides the MS with the additional information such as BTS coordinates and the RTD values. These
assistance data can be either broadcast on the CBCH (using SMSCB function) or provided by the BSS in a point to
point connection (either spontaneously or on request from the MS).
Mobile-assisted: The MS performs and reports OTD signal measurements to the network and the network
computes the MS location estimate.
With
OTD: Observed Time Difference: the time interval that is observed by an MS between the receptions of
signals (bursts) from two different BTSs.
RTD: Real Time Difference: This means the relative synchronization difference in the network between
two BTSs.
Finally, 4 methods are possible for positioning:
Cell ID+ TA
Conventional (MS equipped with GPS System)
A-GPS MS Based
A-GPS MS Assisted
These 4 Methods induce a set of counters (2 per method) to give the average latitude and longitude of mobiles
in the cell.
These counters are located in the MFS and can be used in RNO (cartographic part).
1 1 438
5 LCS
LCS Function: Architecture
SMLC
BTS
BTS
MS
BSC
MSC
HLR
GMLC
OSP
Lg
Lh
External
LCS client
Le
A
Abis
Abis
Lb
SMLC function integrated in MFS:
- receives the loc. Request from the GMLC through the
MSC/BSC
- Schedules all the necessary actions to get MS location
- Computes MS location
- Provides the result back to the GMLC
MFS
A-GPS
server
SAGI
GPS
reference
network
LCS: Location Services
SMLC: Serving Mobile Location Center
GMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Center
A-GPS: Assisted GPS
Where is my son?
Where is the accident?
Emergency call
2
Where am I?
1
3
MS Request
Network Request
External Request 3
2
1
In case of MS requests for its location, MC02 is impacted:
MC02i = Number of Mobile Originating SDCCH establishments for LCS purposes.
In all cases, some counters related to LCS provide specific information (attempts, success, failures)
See the next slide.
1 1 439
5 LCS
Example
Mobile terminated location request failure / success (External request)
SMLC
MS
BSC BTS LCS Client MSC
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Request
.
GMLC
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Response
BSSMAP Clear Command and Release
Adequat positionning method chosen by SMLC
HLR
Paging
Authentication + Ciphering
LCS Service Response
LCS Service Request
Send_Routing_Info rqst
Send_Routing_Info resp
Provide_Subscriber_Location
Provide_Subscriber_Location Result
MC923a
MC923b
MC923d
MC923c
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response (failure)
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Response (failure)
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Abort
Failure
Success
Four counters
MC923a NB_LCS_REQ Number of location requests received from the MSC in CS domain.
MC923b NB_LCS_SUCC Number of successful location requests performed in a BSS.
MC923c NB_LCS_FAIL_LB Number of location requests rejected by the SMLC.
MC923d NB_LCS_ABORT Number of location aborts received from the MSC in CS domain.
Calculated indicators based on BSC counters:
Number of failures on LCS requests due to BSS problem,
Rate of LCS requests aborted,
Rate of successes on LCS requests,
Rate of failures on LCS requests,
Rate of SDCCH seizures for Location Services.
Other counters in SMLC (MFS) provide details by type of positioning (CI+TA, Conventional GPS, MS-Assisted A-GPS,
MS-Based A-GPS) and for different Error causes.
See the next slide.
LCS Counters in MFS:
QOS FOLLOW UP:
P800: NB_LOC_REQ Number of received LCS requests for MS positioning received from the
BSC
P801: NB_ASSIST_DATA_REQ Number of received LCS requests for GPS assistance data (initially
requested by the MS) received from the BSC.
P802: NB_ASSIST_DATA_SUCC Number of successful GPS assistance data delivery (initially requested
by the MS) responses sent to the BSC.
P803: NB_LOC_TA_SUCC Number of successful location responses sent to the BSC using TA
positioning method.
P804: NB_LOC_CONV_GPS_SUCC Number of successful location responses sent to the BSC using
Conventional GPS positioning method.
P805: NB_LOC_MA_AGPS_SUCC Number of successful location responses sent to the BSC using MS-
Assisted A-GPS positioning method.
P806: NB_LOC_MB_AGPS_SUCC Number of successful location response sent to the BSC using MS-Based
A-GPS positioning method.
P807: NB_LOC_TA_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with TA positioning PCF.
P808: NB_LOC_TA_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with TA
positioning PCF.
P809: NB_LOC_CONV_GPS_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with Conventional GPS PCF.
P810: NB_LOC_MA_AGPS_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with MS-Assisted A-GPS PCF.
P811: NB_LOC_MA_AGPS_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with MS
Assisted A-GPS PCF.
P812: NB_LOC_MB_AGPS_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with MS-Based A-GPS PCF.
P813: NB_LOC_MB_AGPS_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with MS-Based
A-GPS.
P814: NB_LCS_PROTOCOL_ERROR Number of failed LCS procedures due to LCS protocol error.
P815: NB_LCS_INTERRUPTED_INTRA_BSC_HO Number of failed LCS procedures due to intra-BSC handover.
P816: NB_LCS_INTERRUPTED_INTER_BSC_HO Number of failed LCS procedures due to inter-BSC handover.
P817: NB_LCS_FAILURE_RRLP Number of failed LCS procedures due to RRLP problem.
P818: NB_LCS_FAILURE_TIMER_EXPIRY Number of failed LCS procedures due to LCS guard timer expiry.
P819: NB_LCS_FAILURE_INTERNAL Number of failed LCS procedures due internal problem detected by
the MFS/SMLC.
P820: NB_UNKNOWN_LCS_REQ Number of LCS requests rejected because not supported by the SMLC.
P821: NB_LOC_CONV_GPS_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with
Conventional GPS PCF.
PCF: Positioning Calculation Function
POSITION AVERAGE USED ON RNO: Values are given in minutes
LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES:
P822: AV_TA_LAT Average of latitudes for TA Method
P823: AV_TA_LONG Average of longitudes for TA Method
P824: AV_CONV_GPS_LAT Average of latitudes for Conventional GPS Method
P825: AV_CONV_GPS_LONG Average of latitudes for Conventional GPS Method
P826: AV_MA_AGPS_LAT Average of latitudes for MS-Assisted A-GPS Method
P827: AV_MA_AGPS_LONG Average of longitudes for MS-Assisted A-GPS Method
P828: AV_MB_AGPS_LAT Average of latitudes for MS-Assisted A-GPS Method
P829: AV_MB_AGPS_LONG Average of longitudes for MS-Based A-GPS Method
STANDARD DEVIATION:
standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion around the average point
P830: ST_DEV_TA_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with TA Method
P831: ST_DEV_TA_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with TA Method
P832: ST_DEV_CONV_GPS_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with Conventional
GPS Method
P833: ST_DEV_CONV_GPS_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with
Conventional GPS Method
P834: ST_DEV_MA_AGPS_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with MS Assisted
A-GPS Method
P835: ST_DEV_MA_AGPS_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with MS Assisted
A-GPS Method
P836: ST_DEV_MB_AGPS_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with MS Assisted
A-GPS Method
P837: ST_DEV_MB_AGPS_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with MS Assisted
A-GPS Method
1 1 442
5 LCS
Definitions
New end-user services which provide the geographical location of an
MS:
On MS request to know its own location
On network request (especially during Emergency calls)
On external request (LCS Client)
Several positioning methods:
Cell-ID or Cell-ID + TA (Timing Advance)
Conventional (standalone) GPS
Assisted GPS (with A-GPS server help to compute location)
MS-based (MB): the MS is able to perform a pre-computation
MS-assisted (MA): the MS sends info, Network computes
Assisted GPS Method:
Mobile-based: The MS performs OTD signal measurements and computes its own location estimate. In this case,
the network provides the MS with the additional information such as BTS coordinates and the RTD values. These
assistance data can be either broadcast on the CBCH (using SMSCB function) or provided by the BSS in a point-to-
point connection (either spontaneously or on request from the MS).
Mobile-assisted: The MS performs and reports OTD signal measurements to the network and the network
computes the MSs location estimate.
With
OTD: Observed Time Difference: the time interval that is observed by an MS between the receptions of signals
(bursts) from two different BTSs.
RTD: Real Time Difference: This means the relative synchronization difference in the network between two
BTSs.
Finally, 4 methods are possible for positioning:
Cell ID+ TA,
This is the simplest method for determining the location of a mobile. It relies on the hypothesis that the
geographical coverage of a cell corresponds to that predicted by radio coverage studies. When an active mobile
is connected to a base station, the mobile is assumed to be located geographically within the area predicted to
be best served by this base station
Conventional (MS equipped with GPS System),
MS-based Assisted GPS,
MS-Assisted GPS.
1 1 443
5 LCS
LCS Architecture
MS Request 1
Network Request 2
External Request 3
A-GPS
GMLC
LCS
SMLC
: Assisted GPS
: Gateway Mobile Location Center
: Location Services
: Serving Mobile Location Center
BTS
Abis
MFS
BTS
OSP
SMLC
A-GPS
server
GPS receivers
reference network
GMLC
External
LCS client
MSC
BSC
HLR
Abis
A Lg Le
Lh
Lb
Emergency call
2 3
SAGI
Where is
the accident?
Where is
my son?
Where
am I?
1
SMLC function integrated in MFS:
- receives the location request from
the GMLC through the MSC/BSC
- schedules all the necessary actions
to get MS location
- computes MS location
- provides the result back to the GMLC
1 1 444
5 LCS
LCS Positioning Procedure
BTS
MFS
BTS
OSP
SMLC
GMLC
MSC
BSC
HLR
Location
request
1
Routing
information
2
Provide
subscriber
location
3
Paging,
authentication,
ciphering,
notification
4
Provide
subscriber location
5
Individual
positioning
6
Location report
7 7
Location
response
8
If the MS is in idle mode, the MSC first performs a CS paging, authentication and ciphering in order to establish
an SDCCH with the MS. The MS subscriber is not aware of it, i.e. no ringing tone, except towards GPRS MS in
Packet Transfer Mode which may suspend its GPRS traffic in order to answer to the CS Paging (i.e. not fully
transparent for the subscriber).
When the MS is in dedicated mode (after a specific SDCCH establishment for location, or during an on-going
call), the MSC sends the location request to BSC in the existing SCCP connection for the current call, which
forwards it to the SMLC.
1 1 445
5 LCS
LCS Protocol
BSC
SMLC
(MFS)
Um Lb
L1-GSL
L2-GSL
BSSLAP
L2-GSL
BSSAP-LE
L1-GSL L1
L2
(LAPDm)
RR
Relay
RRLP
(04.31)
BSSLAP
(08.71)
BSSAP-LE
(09.31)
Target MS
L1
RR
(04.18)
L2
(LAPDm)
RRLP
(04.31)
Signal ing Protocols between the MS (CS domain) and the SMLC
1 1 446
5 LCS
LCS Protocol [cont.]
Example: Mobile terminated location request success (External request)
MS BTS BSC SMLC MSC GMLC HLR
Adequate positioning method
chosen by SMLC with
optional additional scenario
Starts
T_Location
Stop
T_Location
LCS Service Request
Send_Routing_Info request
Send_Routing_Info response
Provi de_Subscriber_Location
Authentication + Cipheri ng
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Response
Provi de_Subscriber_Location Result
LCS Service Response
MSSMAP Clear Command and Release
LCS client
Paging
T_location_Longer used in case of optional additional scenario (see graph):
Upon receipt of the MS POSITION COMMAND message from the SMLC (optional additional scenario), the BSC stops the
T_Location timer, and starts instead the T_Location_Longer timer. This timer is stopped only at the end of the location
procedure in the BSC, i.e. when an 08.08 PERFORM LOCATION RESPONSE message is sent back to the MSC.
Aborts:
Abort by MSC
Depending on the location procedure and its current state of execution, upon PERFORM LOCATION ABORT message receipt,
the BSC sends immediately to the MSC a PERFORM LOCATION RESPONSE message (when no exchange on the Lb interface is
on-going), or to the SMLC either a PERFORM LOCATION ABORT or an ABORT message. The BSC starts the timer T_Loc_abort
to supervise the SMLC response.
Abort by BSS
The BSC must send either a PERFORM LOCATION ABORT message or a ABORT message to the SMLC and starts the timer
T_Loc_abort if an ongoing location request is interrupted at the BSC level for the following reasons:
by an inter-BSC handover, or
if the main signaling link to the target MS is lost or released, or
the SCCP connection on the A interface is released, or
if the timer T_Location expires.
The useful B8 content of the received PERFORM LOCATION REQUEST message is:
Location type,
Classmark information 3,
Requested QoS: provides service requirement concerning geographic positioning and response time
accuracy, the response time category (Low Delay or Delay Tolerant),
Current Cell Id + TA information are always provided to the SMLC.
The time of transfer of the assitance data on the SDCCH is estimated about 14s for a 1000 octets information.
1 1 447
5 LCS
Positioning Methods: CI+TA Positioning
Principles of CI + TA Positioning Method
LCS_LONGITUDE
LCS_LATITUDE
LCS_AZIMUTH
(Main Beam Direction
given by the azimuth)
HAL
F
P
W
R
_
B
E
A
M
_
W
I
D
T
H
S
e
r
v
i
n
g

c
e
l
l

(
C
I
)
TA
3dB point
given by the azimuth
and the HPBW
3dB point
given by the azimuth
and the HPBW
5
5
3
m
MS
estimated location
With the TA positioning method, no signaling exchange is required between the SMLC and the MS (i.e. RRLP protocol is not
required). The TA positioning method is applicable to all the MSs (supporting LCS or not).
Based on:
Cell Identity (CI) of the serving cell.
Timing Advance (TA) value reported by MS:
intersection point of a line from the BTS antenna in their main direction with a circle which radius is corresponding
with the propagation delay (timing advance) is the MS estimated position.
Omni-directional cells: MS position = site position.
Parameters:
EN_LCS flag to enable/disable the Location Services per BSS
0 = Enabled; 1= Disabled; Default = 0
IF EN_LCS=1, CI+TA method is enabled in all the BSS cells
LCS_LATITUDE: Latitude of the BTS supporting the cell
LCS_LONGITUDE: Longitude of the BTS supporting the cell
LCS_AZIMUTH: Antenna direction orientation for the sector supporting the cell
HALFPWR_BEAM_WIDTH: Antenna half power beamwidth for the sector supporting the cell
Optimization parameters:
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when
computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS
when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR :Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS
when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
1 1 448
5 LCS
Positioning Methods: Conventional GPS
Conventional GPS location procedure
This optional location procedure is chosen by the SMLC (if the MS supports
it) upon reception of a Perform Location Request message from the BSC
Perform
Location
Request
MS BTS BSC SMLC
Measurement Position Request
Measurement Position Response (X,Y)
Perform
Location
Response (X,Y)
(X,Y):
computed position
(X,Y)
Location
Request
Location
Response
The MS continuously computes its position
The terminal searches for satellites, acquires all the GPS data, computes its own position and finally provides the
location estimation to the SMLC
1 1 449
5 LCS
Positioning Method: Assisted GPS Positioning
Assisted GPS Positioning Method (A-GPS)
Assistance GPS Positioning Method is split into:
MS Based A-GPS method
MS Assisted A-GPS method
- GPS acquisition assistance
- Navigation model
(almanac, ephemeris)
- Ionospheric model
- Time integrity
GPS MS A-GPS
server
GPS receivers
reference network
Assistance data on request
Assistance data gathered from a GPS reference network receiver is broadcast to the GPS MS.
Flags/Parameters
EN_LCS = 1
EN_MS_BASED_AGPS enables/disables the positioning method MS Based A-GPS per CELL
0 = disabled; 1 = enabled; default = 0
EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS enables/disables the positioning method MS Assisted A-GPS per CELL
0 = disabled; 1 = enabled; default = 0
1 1 450
5 LCS
Positioning Method: Assisted GPS Positioning [cont.]
A-GPS location procedure / MS Based A-GPS
Perform
Location
Request
MS BTS BSC SMLC
Location
Request
A-GPS
Server
GPS info
Request
GPS info
Response
Assistance Data
Assistance Data Acknowledge
Measurement Position Response (X,Y)
Perform
Location
Response (X,Y)
Location
Response
Position
Request
Position
Response
Assistance
Data
(X,Y)
(X,Y):
computed position
Positioning calculation:
latitude, longitude
and altitude
Using assistance data, the MS computes by itself the position and sends it back to the SMLC.
1 1 451
5 LCS
Positioning Method: Assisted GPS Positioning [cont.]
A-GPS location procedure / MS Assisted A-GPS
(X,Y):
computed position
Pseudo-range
measurements (M)
Position
Response
Perform
Location
Request
MS BTS BSC SMLC
Location
Request
A-GPS
Server
GPS info
Request
GPS info
Response
Assistance Data
Assistance Data Acknowledge
Perform
Location
Response (X,Y)
Location
Response
Position
Request
Assistance
Data
(X,Y)
Measurement Position Response (M)
GPS Locati on
Request (M)
GPS Locati on
Response (X,Y)
Using a reduced set of assistance data, the MS makes pseudorange measurements and sends the result to the
A-GPS server, which fixes the position in the end.
1 1 452
5 LCS
LCS Impact on HO
HO preparation
Inhibition of better cell handovers
Other HO
Starts
T_Location
Emergency
HO
detection
LCS Service Request
Send_Routing_Info request
Send_Routing_Info response
Provi de_Subscriber_Location
Authentication + Cipheri ng
LCS client
Paging
BSSLAP - Reset
HO needed during LCS procedure.
1 1 453
5 LCS
LCS Impact on HO [cont.]
HO management
Internal HO
HO
complete
LCS cl ient
BSSLAP - Reset
Intra BSC
HO
on going
BSSMAP perform location response (cause = " Intra-BSC Handover Complete)
Mobile in communication
1 1 454
5 LCS
LCS Impact on HO [cont.]
HO management
External HO
MS BTS Serving BSC SMLC MSC GMLC HLR
External
BSC HO
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Abort
LCS client
BSSMAP HO required
1 1 455
5 LCS
BSS Parameters
Timers
T_Location
T_Location_longer
T_Loc_Abort
T_LCS_delay_tolerant
T_LCS_LowDelay
T_RRLP_low_delay
T_RRLP_delay_tolerant
FLAGS
EN_LCS
EN_SAGI
OPTIMIZATION DATA
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
BSS PARAMETERS
EN_LCS (BSC): Flag which enables or disables the LCS feature in the BSS.
EN_SAGI: Flag indicating whether SAGI is configured or not for this BSS.
T_Location: BSC timer on a per call basis to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Request,
when no RRLP exchange is triggered with the MS.
T_Location_longer: BSC timer on a per call basis to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location
Request, when an RRLP exchange is triggered with the MS. Replace T_Location timer in case of Conventional
GPS, MS-Assisted A-GPS, MS-Based A-GPS.
T_Loc_Abort: BSC timer to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Abort.
T_LCS_LowDelay: SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message
exchange with the target MS) in case of a Low Delay Location Request.
T_LCS_DelayTolerant: SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message
exchange with the target MS) in case of a Delay Tolerant Location Request.
T_LCS_LowDelay: SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message
exchange with the target MS) in case of a Low Delay Location Request.
T_RRLP_Low_delay: Timer to guard the RRLP exchange between the SMLC and the MS .
T_RRLP_delay_tolerant: Timer to guard the RRLP exchange between the SMLC and the MS.
Optimization data:
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the
MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by
the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by
the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
1 1 456
5 LCS
Cell Parameters
SITE DATA
LCS_LATITUDE
LCS_LONGITUDE
LCS_SIGNIFICANT_GC
LCS_AZIMUTH
HALF_POWER_BANDWIDTH
EN_CONV_GPS
EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS
EN_MS_BASED_AGPS
FLAGS
CELL PARAMETERS
EN_CONV_GPS: Flag to enable/disable the Conventional GPS positioning method.
EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS: Flag to enable/disable the MS Assisted A-GPS positioning method.
EN_MS_BASED_AGPS: Flag to enable/disable the MS Based A-GPS positioning method.
LCS_LATITUDE: Latitude of the BTS supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate based on
TA positioning method).
LCS_LONGITUDE: Longitude of the BTS supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate based
on TA positioning method).
LCS_SIGNIFICANT_GC: Indicates whether latitude and longitude are significant or not
LCS_AZIMUTH: Antenna direction orientation for the sector supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute
location estimate based on TA positioning method).
HALF_POWER_BANDWIDTH: Half power beam width of the antenna for the sector supporting the cell (used by
the MFS to compute location estimate based on TA positioning method).
Remark: To have LCS supported for a cell, the operator must activate LCS on the BSS handling this cell but he
must also activate GPRS for this cell (i.e. setting of MAX_PDCH to a value > 0, the cell being kept locked for GPRS
if the operator does not want to have GPRS running on this cell) and configure all the required transmission
resources (Ater and Gb resources) on the GPU(s) connected to this BSC.
1 1 457
5 LCS
Exercise
Where is implemented the SMLC function?
What are the LCS impacts on cell dimensioning?
Time allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 458
5 LCS
Positioning Methods: CI+TA Positioning
Ellipsoid arc definition:
Point (O)= serving BTS site coordinate
= serving cell antenna azimuth - /2
=A*width of serving cell sector in [],
calculated from bisector angles
of co-sited antenna azimuths
r1= inner radius of
TA ring-(B-0.5)*554 in [m]
R2=(B+C)*554 in [m]
A: ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
B: MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
C: MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
Back
S
e
r
v
i
n
g

c
e
l
l

(
C
I )
E
North
S
W

r1
r2
Point (O)
An ellipsoid arc is a shape characterized by the co-ordinates of an ellipsoid point o (the origin), inner radius r1,
uncertainty radius r2, both radii being geodesic distances over the surface of the ellipsoid, the offset angle ()
between the first defining radius of the ellipsoid arc and North, and the included angle () being the angle
between the first and second defining radii. The offset angle is within the range of 0 to 359,999 while the
included angle is within the range from 0,0001 to 360. This is to be able to describe a full circle, 0 to 360
For CI+TA method which is default one, the answer is given by description of "ellipsoid arc".
Optimization parameters:
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by
the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by
the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned
by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
1 1 459
6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission
(EME)
1 1 460
6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission (EME)
Characteristics of the Feature
The goal of this feature is to make easier evaluating power issues in
BTSs
Recording of power emission of BTS per cell and frequency band
Triggering of warning reports based on threshold fixed by the operator
to get the real emission of antennas (at BTS antenna output port)
Take care of Environmental regulations
BSC
BTS
OMC-R
1 1 461
Characteristics of the Feature [cont.]
GSM antennas are widely in living and working places
Lack of information provided to people on their exposure to EM fields
and the risks they are running
People concerned about their health, risk of complaints
Some European directives/recommendations
are already applicable or will be very soon
1 1 462
Characteristics of the Feature [cont.]
2 new counters (Hourly from NPA for RNO reports)
EME_PWR_GSM (850/900) (Short Name: E01)
EME_PWR_DCS (1800/1900) (Short Name: E02)
Power with 0.1 Watt steps
Performance Measurement type
New Type: Type 33
Permanent type (PMC) with a fixed accumulation period: 1 hour
Counters available in MPM and NPA
Back
Measurements:
Only with Evolium BTS
DL power data are collected by each TRE for each band (2 considered bands: 850/900 and 1800/1900)
Recording of power effectively transmitted to the antenna in Watt
Power control, DTX and unused TS are taken into account
Loss due to stages (Any, AN) and cables between TRE output and BTS antenna output connector taken into
account
Measurements averaged every hour per cell and per frequency band
2 new cell parameters: threshold values
EME_PWR_MAX_GSM (frequency band 850/900)
EME_PWR_MAX_DCS (frequency band 1800/1900)
Possible massively updated through an OMC Java script
1 1 463
7 B8 Improvements
1 1 464
7 B8 Improvements
Summary
Location Services (LCS)
SDDCH Dynamic allocation
Counters Improvement
Inter PLMN HO
3G to 2G HO (and 2G to 2G only)
Dual band HO (New type: 32)
LapD congestion counter
QOS Follow-up
TCH assignment failure BSS PB now detailed
HO Attempts for Fast Traffic added in type 110
AMR counters added in type 110
MS penetration (per speech version and channel type) was type 1 counters now available in type
110
HO Causes: type 26 extended from 1 to 40 cells
Directed retry: type 29 becomes a standard (for PMC)
1 1 465
8 B9 Improvements
1 1 466
8 B9 Improvements
Summary
Type 31: New RMS counters
For AMR monitoring
For Timing Advance analysis
For BTS Power level
Type 33: Power at the BTS for Electromagnetic Environment
Monitoring (EME) (Annex 6)
Type 110: more counters for UMTS to GSM handover monitoring
The new counters were introduced in MC922 family
2 New counters for HO Cause 30: PS return to CS Zone
1 1 467
9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
1 1 468
Purpose
SDCCH/8 time slots can be dynamically allocated on demand on a cell-
by-cell basis.
Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots.
Static SDCCH time slots
Min
Max
Static SDCCH
ti meslots
Allocated
Dynamic SDCCH/8
ti meslots
0
TCH Capacity
Definitions
A Static SDCCH timeslot is a physical timeslot fixed allocated on the air interface. It contains 3, 4, 7 or 8 SDCCH
sub-channels depending on whether the timeslot is an SDCCH/3, SDCCH/4, SDCCH/7, or SDCCH/8 timeslot.
1 1 469
Principle
Principles
Too few SDCCH time slots could result in high blocking rate on SDCCH
(Configuration 1)
Too many SDCCH time slots could lead to a lack of TCH resources
(Configuration 2)
SDCCH
ti me slots
T
C
H
CAPAC
IT
Y
SDCCH
ti me slots
TCH Capacity TCH Capacity
Configuration 1 Configuration 2
Low signaling capacity
More TCH capacity
High signaling capacity
Less TCH capacity
Definition
An SDCCH is a logical SDCCH sub-channel mapped on a Static SDCCH timeslot or a Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot.
Signaling Load Cases
Timeslot split between signaling and traffic channels depends on the network signaling load. The main cases are:
Normal signaling load cells: Rural area cells in center of Location Areas (e.g. 1 SDCCH timeslot for a 3-TRX cell)
High signaling load cells:
Urban or suburban area cells in the center of a Location Area
Rural area cells at the border of Location Areas
(e.g. 2 SDCCH time slots for a 3-TRX cell)
Very high signaling load cells:
Urban or suburban area cells at the border of a Location Area
Cells with high SMS load (more than one SMS per call)
(e.g. 3 SDCCH time slots for a 3-TRX cell)
1 1 470
Principle [cont.]
Allocation and de-allocation of Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots
An additional dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is allocated by the BSC if there is no
SDCCH sub-channel free in the cell.
A dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is de-allocated by the BSC after
T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD (10s) delay if all of its SDCCH sub-channels become free
BCC SDC TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH Cel l
Allocation of
Dynamic SDCCH/8
times slots
BCC SDC
SDD TCH
TCH TCH
BCC SDC
SDD TCH
SDD TCH
BCC
SDC
SDD
: BCCH
: Static SDCCH
: Dynamic SDCCH
The location of the Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots are fixed by O&M configuration.
1 1 471
TIMESLOT Types
NEW TIMESLOT TYPES
SDCCH
Pure SDCCH or static SDCCH
TCH
Pure TCH
TCH/SDCCH
dynamic SDCCH
TCH/SPDCH
MPDCH
The OMC-R provides the BSC with the following O&M type of radio timeslots:
Main BCCH timeslot (BCC): It is a timeslot carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH.
Main combined BCCH timeslot (CBC): It is a timeslot carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4.
Static SDCCH timeslot (SDC): It is a timeslot carrying SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8.
Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot (SDD): It is a timeslot carrying TCH + SACCH or SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
TCH timeslot (TCH): It is a timeslot carrying TCH + SACCH or PDCH
From RAM point of view, a radio timeslot can be defined as:
Pure BCCH timeslot: The BCCH timeslot is the radio timeslot configured as BCC by O&M. Such a timeslot only carries common CS
signalling.
Pure SDCCH timeslot: A pure SDCCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as a CBC or SDC by O&M. Such a timeslot can carry SDCCH
traffic.
Pure TCH timeslot: A pure TCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot only carries TCH traffic.
TCH/SDCCH timeslot: A TCH/SDCCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as SDD by O&M. Such a timeslot is dynamically allocated as
TCH or as SDCCH depending on the usage of the timeslot. It can carry TCH traffic or SDCCH traffic.
TCH/SPDCH timeslot: A TCH/SPDCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot is dynamically allocated as
TCH or as SPDCH depending on the usage of the timeslot. It can carry TCH traffic or PS traffic.
MPDCH timeslot: A MPDCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot can only carry common PS signalling.
A pure SDCCH timeslot can carry x SDCCH sub-channels where x equal to:
4 in case of combined CCCH and when CBCH is not configured on the timeslot,
7 in case of non-combined CCCH and when CBCH is configured on the timeslot,
3 in case of combined CCCH and when CBCH is configured on the timeslot,
8 for a normal SDCCH timeslot.
When allocated as SDCCH, a TCH/SDCCH timeslot can carry up to 8 SDCCH sub-channels.
1 1 472
Allocation Algorithm
SDCCH Request
SDCCH mapped on " TCU very high load state" removal
Are they any free SDCCH sub-channel
among Static SDCCH timesl ots?
Selection of one
SDCCH sub-channel
Yes No
Are they any free SDCCH sub-channel
among Dynamic SDCCH/8 already allocated?
Selection one
SDCCH sub-channel
Yes
Are they any Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots
available and free in the cell ?
No
Al locate one Dynamic
SDCCH/8 ti meslot
Yes No
SDCCH Request
rejected!!!
Principle 1: Preference is given to pure SDCCH timeslots
Principle 2: Balance TCU processor load between different TCUs
In fact before entering in this algorithm (see slide) the first step is: Removal of all the SDCCH subchannels
mapped on TCU in Very High Overload state
Principle 3: FR TRX preference
1 1 473
SDCCH Sub-Channel Selection
Pure SDCCH Timeslot
TS with LOWEST TCU LOAD
TS with MAXIMUM FREE SDCCH Sub channels
TS with lowest index on TRX with lowest TRX_ID
TCH/SDCCH TS allocated as SDCCH
TS on FR TRX
TCH/SDCCH TS allocated as TCH
TS with LOWEST TCU LOAD
TS on FR TRX
Note that an SDCCH request can not access the timeslots reserved by NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO. If all
remaining TCH/SDCCH timeslots are reserved by NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO, then the SDCCH request shall be
rejected.
1 1 474
Deallocation Algorithm
GENERAL CASE:
all SDCCH sub-channels of a TCH/SDCCH timeslot become back free.
the T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD timer (10s, not tunable) is started.
If the timeslot is still free of SDCCH sub-channel when the timer expires, it is
de-allocated (it becomes back TCH).
SPECIAL CASE:
several TCH/SDCCH timeslots are allocated as SDCCH
one of them becomes free of SDCCH sub-channels. Its timer starts.
a subsequent one becomes free of SDCCH sub-channels too before expiration
of the first ones timer (10s).
one of them is immediately de-allocated (the one with lowest priority: see
previous slide in reverse order) and becomes back TCH.
For the last one, its timer is restarted (it will be de-allocated in 10s)
The de-allocation algorithm ensures that:
TCH/SDCCH timeslots are not allocated too fast to TCH after de-allocating them
TCH/SDCCH timeslots are not re-allocated too frequently to SDCCH
Note: while T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is running:
the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot marked as HOLDis still considered as allocated to SDCCH (and can not
be allocated to TCH);
if a subsequent dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot (used as SDCCH and in the same cell) becomes free:
a) If this just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot has a higher priority, T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is re-
started and precedent dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in HOLDstate is de-allocated immediately;
b) If this just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot has lower priority, and T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is re-
started and the just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is de-allocated immediately.
1 1 475
O&M Configuration
Massive modification by
script
10 templates
Template customization
Template launched through
PRC
Selection of static or dynamic
SDCCH
Timeslot configuration menu
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
2
4
7
3
1
10
9
6
12
8
5
11
Dynamic SDCCH Rules
The CBCH must be configured on a static SDCCH/8 or SDCCH/4 timeslot.
Combined SDCCHs (SDCCH/4 + BCCH) are always static.
To avoid incoherent allocation strategy between SDCCH and PDCH, a dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot cannot
have the characteristic of being a PDCH (it cannot carry GPRS traffic).
The operator must configure at least one static SDCCH/8 or SDCCH/4 timeslot on BCCH TRX in a cell.
In cells with E-GSM, only the TRX, which does not belong to the G1 band, can support dynamic and static
SDCCHs.
In multiband and concentric cells, only the TRX, which belongs to the outer zone, can support dynamic
and static SDCCHs.
Up to 24 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels can be configured per TRX.
1 1 476
O&M configuration [cont.]
Default configuration for a cell which has only Full rate TRX
Number of TRX
in the cell
Number of
Static SDCCH
Number of
Dynamic SDCCH
Total number
of SDCCH
Maximum
SDCCH/TRX
ratio
Is BCCH/CCCH
combined with
SDCCH?
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
24
24
24
8
8
16
16
24
24
24
24
24
32
32
32
40
40
40
48
48
12
12
24
24
32
32
32
40
40
48
48
48
56
56
64
72
72
12.0 (note 1)
6.0
12.0
8.0
8.0
6.4
5.3
5.7
5.0
5.3
4.8
4.4
4.7
4.3
4.6
4.8
4.5
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Note1: For one TRX, dynamic SDCCHs are over-dimensioned because of the granularity of 8. According to
the Alcatel-Lucent traffic model, all dynamic SDCCHs will not be used.
Note2: An additional dynamic SDCCH/8 must be provided for each DR TRX (these are expected mainly on
small cells).
Rules
At least one static SDCCH/4 or SDCCH/8 on BCCH TRX:
Up to 24 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per TRX.
Up to 32 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per TCU.
Up to 88 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per CELL.
1 1 477
10 Handover Detection for Concentric
Cells
1 1 478
Emergency handovers specific to concentric cells
Intracell handovers from inner to outer zone
cause 10: too low level on the uplink in inner zone
cause 11: too low level on the downlink in inner zone
May be triggered
From inner zone of a concentric cell
Towards outer zone, same cell
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Algorithms
C
o
n
c
e
n t r i c

c
e
l
l
I
n
n
e
r z
o
n
e
O
u
t er zo
n
e
1 1 479
CAUSE 10: too low level on the uplink in the inner zone
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO < RXLEV_UL_ZONE
and MS_TXPWR = min (P, MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
Handover Algorithm Cause 10
1 1 480
CAUSE 11: too low level on the downlink in the inner zone
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO < RXLEV_DL_ZONE
and BS_TXPWR = BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER
Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
Handover Algorithm Cause 11
1 1 481
CAUSE 13: too high level on UL and DL in the outer zone
Better condition intracell handover
If the cell is a multi-band cell, cause 13 is checked only for multi-band MSs
May be triggered
From outer zone of a concentric cell
Towards inner zone, same cell
Handover Algorithms Cause 13
C
o
n
c
e
n t r i c

c
e
l
l
I
n
n
e
r z
o
n
e
O
u
t er zo
n
e
1 1 482
CAUSE 13: too high level on UL and DL in the outer zone
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO > RXLEV_UL_ZONE +
+ ZONE_HO_HYST_UL +
+ (MS_TXPWR - MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) +
+ PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
and AV_RXLEV_DL_HO > RXLEV_DL_ZONE +
+ ZONE_HO_HYST_DL +
+ (BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) +
+ PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
and AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n) <= neighbour_RXLEV(0,n)
and EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE (B7)
and EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO = ENABLE
Averaging windows: A_LEV_HO and A_PBGT_HO (for n)
Handover Algorithms Cause 13 [cont.]
1 1 483
ZONE_HO_HYST_UL
UL static hysteresis for interzone HO from outer to inner
In case of multi-band cell, should take into account the difference of
propagation between GSM and DCS
Added to cause 10 threshold RXLEV_UL_ZONE
ZONE_HO_HYST_DL
DL static hysteresis for interzone HO from outer to inner
In case of multi-band cell, should take into account the difference of
propagation between GSM and DCS and the difference of BTS transmission
power in the two bands
Added to cause 11 threshold RXLEV_DL_ZONE
1 1 484
PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
Penalty PING_PONG_HCP put on cause 13 if
The immediately preceding zone in which the call
has been is the inner zone of the serving cell
And the last handover was not external intracell
And T_HCP is still running
PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) = 0
If the call was not previously in the serving inner
zone
Or T_HCP has expired
C
o
n
c
e
n t r i c

c
e
l
l
I
n
n
e
r z
o
n
e
O
u
t er zo
n
e
1 1 485
neighbour_RXLEV(0,n)
Concentric cells are designed to create an INNER zone
protected from external interferers
and creating no interferences on other cells
to be able to face more aggressive frequency reuse in INNER zone
TRXs
neighbour_RXLEV(0,n) tuning enables to avoid handovers if the MS position
will lead to interferences
the condition is checked towards all neighbor cells belonging to the same
layer and band as the serving cell
C
o
nc en t r i c c e
l l
Outer zone
?
Inner zone
interferer 1
Inner zone
interferer 2
In
ner zone
1 1 486
EN_CAUSE_13
Load balance between inner and outer zones may be allowed by setting
EN_LOAD_BALANCE = ENABLE
If EN_LOAD_BALANCE = ENABLE
If INNER zone is less loaded than OUTER,
EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE
If INNER zone is more loaded than OUTER,
EN_CAUSE_13 = DISABLE
If EN_LOAD_BALANCE = DISABLE
EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE
1 1 487
Outgoing intercell handovers
from concentric cells
As explained here before, the MS
located in a concentric cell can
make intercell, emergency or
better condition HO regardless
their current zone
For example, an MS located
in the INNER zone of a
concentric cell can make
directly an HO cause 12
towards another cell,
WITHOUT having to
trigger any cause 10 or 11
to the OUTER zone before
Outgoing Intercell Handovers from Concentric Cell
C
onc ent r i c c e
l l
Outer zone
In
ner zone
C
o
nc ent r i c c e
l l
Outer zone
In
ner zone
C
onc ent r i c c el l
Outer zone
Inner zone
The only restrictions are linked to EN_MULTI-BAND_PBGT_HO and EN_BI-BAND_MS parameters.
1 1 488
Incoming intercell handovers towards a concentric cell
In case an MS makes an incoming handover towards a concentric cell (due
to outer PBGT measurements,etc.), a TCH may be allocated
either in the INNER or in the OUTER zone, as for call setup
depending on radio conditions
In case of a multi-band cell, if the MS is not multi-band, it will always be
sent to the OUTER zone
Incoming Intercell Handovers towards Concentric Cell
C
o
nc ent r i c c e
l l
Outer zone
In
ner zone
Cel l
?
?
1 1 489
Use part of Handover cause 13 algorithm on each potential target
IF Cell(n) is external
The MS is directed to the OUTER zone of (n)
ELSE (cell(n) is internal)
IF
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_DL_ZONE + ZONE_HO_HYST_DL +
+ (BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
and EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO = ENABLE
The MS is directed towards the INNER zone
ELSE
The MS is directed towards the OUTER zone
Incoming Intercell Handovers towards Concentric Cell [cont.]
1 1 490
for this module
1 1 491
End of Module
Annexes

B10 - GSM - QoS and Traffic Load

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Section 1 Module 1 Page 1

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Switch to notes view!

with dedicated emulation software

All network components are OK regarding this indicator

Multi Slot Information

ghost (spurious) RACH cannot be discriminated from a real access failure

TA band 10 is defined by: MEAS_STAT_TA_9 <= TA < 63

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