Chemistry Ch. 3; Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 3.

1 Balancing Chemical Equations Chemical equations are always written so that they are balance The number and kinds of atoms on both sides of the reaction arrow are the same Balancing of a chemical equation involves finding out how many formula units of each different substance take part in the reaction. A formula unit, as its name implies, is one unit whether atom, ion, or molecule corresponding to a given formula. Simpler equation can often be balanced using a mixture of common sense and trialand-error. 1. Write the unbalanced equation using the correct chemical formula for each reacted and product. 2. Find suitable coefficient - the numbers place before formulas to indicate how many formula units of each substance are required to balance the equation. Only these coefficients can be changed when balancing and equation; the formulas themselves can't be changed. 3. Reduce the coefficients to the smallest whole-number values, if necessary, by dividing them all by a common divisor. 4. Check your answer by making sure that the numbers and kinds of iPhones are the same on both sides of the equation. 3.2 Representing Chemistry on Different Levels On the microscopic level, chemical symbols represent the behavior of individual atoms and molecules. On the macroscopic level, formulas and equations represent the large-scale behaviors of atoms and molecules that give rise to visible properties 3.3 Chemical Arithmetic and Stoichiometry The designations (g) for gas, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, and (aq) for aqueous solutions are often appended for the symbols of reactants and products to show their physical state. Molecular mass Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule Formula mass Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of any compound, molecular or ionic

Chemistry Ch. 3; Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions One mole of any chemical compound is numerically equal to the compounds molecular mass (or formula mass) in grounds and contains Avogadros number of formula units (6.022 x 1023) In any balanced chemical equation, the coefficients tell the number of formula units, and that's the number of moles, of each substance in the reaction. You can then use molar masses as conversion factors to calculate reactant masses. Moles numbers of molecules or formula units Grams mass 3.4 Yields of Chemical Reactions A large majority of molecules react as expected, but other processes, or side reactions, also occur. Best, the amount of product actually formed, called the yield of the reaction, is usually less than the amount predicted by calculations. Percent yield = (actual yield of product/theoretical yield of product)X 100% 3.5 Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants Many reactions are carried out using an access a lot of one reactant - more then is actually needed according to stoichiometry. Whenever the ratios of reactant molecules used in an experiment are different from those given by the coefficient of the balanced equation, a surplus of one reactant is left over after the reaction is finished. Thus, the extent to which a chemical reaction takes place depends on the reactant that is present in limiting amount - the limiting reactant. The other reactant is said to be that excess reactant. 3.6 Concentrations of Reactants and Solution: Molarity Molarity (M), the number of moles of a substance, or solute, dissolved in enough solvent to make 1 L of solution

Molarity (M) = Moles of solute/Liters of solution referenced in class

The final volume of the solution is important, not just starting volume of the solvent used Molarity can be used as a conversion factor extremely a solution falling to the number of moles of solute. If we know similarity in volume of the solution, we can calculate the volume of moles of solute Moles of solute = molarity X Volume of solution

Chemistry Ch. 3; Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Volume of solution = moles of solute/molarity

3.7 Diluting Concentrated Solutions For convenience, chemicals or sometimes bought and stored as concentrated solution, which is then diluted before use. Concentrated solution + Solvent diluted solution The main thing to remember when diluting a concentrated solution is that the number of moles of solvent is constant; only the volume of the solution is changed by adding more solvent Moles of solvent (constant) = Molarity X volume = Mi X Vi = Mf X Vf Where Mi is the initial molarity, Vi is the initial volume, Mf is the final molarity, and Vf is the final volume after dilution Mf = Mi X Vi/Vf 3.8 Solution Stoichiometry Molarity makes it possible to calculate the volume of one solution needed to react with a given volume of another solution Remember: Volume of solution of A moles of A moles of B volume of solution of B 3.9 Titration Titration is a procedure for determining the concentration of a solution by allowing a measured volume of that solution to react with a second solution of another substance (the standard solution) whose concentration is known. By finding the volume of the standard solution that reacts with the measure volume of the first solution, the concentration the first solution can be calculated. Example: NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) NaCI(aq) + H2O(L) Well begin the titration by measuring out a known volume of the HCI solution by adding a small amount of an indicator, a compound that undergoes a color change during the course of the reaction Next, we fill a calibrated glass to called a buret with an NaOH Standard solution of known concentration and slowly add the NaOH to the HCI

Chemistry Ch. 3; Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Given Find Volume of NaOH moles of NaOH moles of HCI molarity of HCI 3.10 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas When a new compound is made in the laboratory or found in nature, its formula must be experimentally determined Determining the formula every new compound begins with analyzing the substance to final elements it contains and how much of each element is present that is, to find its composition. The percent composition of a compound is expressed by identifying the elements present in giving the mass percent of each Knowing a compounds present composition makes it possible to calculate the compounds chemical formula Multiplying the subscripts by small integers in a trial-and-error procedure until whole numbers are found then gives the empirical formula, which tells the smallest whole-number ratios of atoms in the compound. An empirical formula determined from percent composition tells only the ratios of atoms in the compound. The molecular formula, which tells the actual numbers of atoms in a molecule, can be either the same as empirical formulas or a multiple of it Multiple = Molecule mass/Empirical formula mass 3.11 Determining Empirical Formulas: Elemental Analysis One of the most common methods used to determine percent composition and empirical formulas, particularly for organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, is combustion analysis. In this method, a compound of unknown composition is burn with oxygen to produce the volatile combustion products CO2 and H2O, which are separated and have their amounts determined by an automated instrument The strategy is to calculate the number of moles of carbon and hydrogen in the products, from which we can find the C:H mole ratio of the starting compound Elemental analysis provides only in empirical formula. To determine the molecular formula, it's also necessary to know the substances molecular mass. 3.2 Determining Molecular Masses: Mass Spectrometry

Chemistry Ch. 3; Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions The most common method of determining both atomic and molecular masses is with an instrument called a mass spectrometer. In this instrument, the sample is vaporized and injected as a dilute gas into an evacuated chamber, where it is bombarded with a beam of high-energy electrons. The radius of deflection of a charged ion M+ as it passes between the magnet poles depends on its mass, with lighter ions deflected more strongly then heavier one The mass spectrum that results is plotted as a graph of ion masses versus intensity. By measuring the mass of this molecular ion, the molecular mass of the molecule can be determined