United Arab Emirates University College of Engineering Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Project 2

Water Quality Parameters

* Group Number: * Members:

* Instructor:

(1) * ID Number :

Section: (

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**Contents :

Title 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cover Page Index Abstract Experimental Procedure Result and Discussions Conclusion Recommendations Reference Appendix A: (Sample Caculation) Appendix B: (Original Data)

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1 2 3 4-7 8-10 11-12 13 14 15-18 19-20

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** Abstract:

Water is one of the most important elements in this planet. It covers 70.9% of the Earth. There are several types of water, these types are determined by knowing some water properties called parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, and hardness. In this project, we aim to know the quality of water by determining these parameters for four different water samples (sea, mineral, tap and distilled). This experiment has been divided into three parts. Starting with total dissolved solids (TDS), weight solid was formed. Then, the total alkalinity of a water sample has been found by titration using a strong acid (H2SO4). Finally , the total hardness has been measured using the (Na2(EDTA)) solution. At the end, the result shown that the highest total alkalinity was found in the sea water, but it was the smallest in the distilled water. Also the highest total hardness was found in the sea water, while the smallest was found in the distilled water.

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** Experimental Procedure: Measurement of the Total Distilled Water (TDS) :* Equipments:4 types of water (sea, mineral, tap and distilled). 50-ml beaker. Graduated cylinder. Heating Plate. Balance.

* Experiment Procedure:A dry 50-ml beaker was placed on the balance to record its weight. A 25 ml from each sample of water (sea, mineral, tap and distilled )

was measured by flasks and added to the dry 50-ml beaker and its weight was recorded again. The 50-ml beakers were placed on a heating plate and left to dry

completely. Then the solid weights were measured again using the balance.

The total dissolved solids (TDS) for each sample was then calculated (see appendix A).

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 Measurement of the Total Alkalinity (ANC) :* Equipments:0.001 M Sulfuric acid. Bromcresol green indicator (this indicator becomes green at pH=4.5). Burette. Graduated cylinder. 250-ml flasks. pH meter. 150-ml flasks.

* Experiment Procedure:Step 1: Burette preparation: The burette was prepared by filling it to the top of the graduated area with standard 0.001M sulfuric acid. Step 2: Initial reading of the burette was recorded. Step 3: Preparation of the water samples and pH measurement: For each sample of water we took 50 ml (except for Sea water which was 10 ml) then they were put into a 150-ml capacity flask using a graduated cylinder. Each flask was then labelled according to its different type of water source. The pH of all raw water samples was measured using the pH meter. Step 4: Addition of the indicator: Three drops of the Bromcresol green indicator were added into each flasks. The samples colour were changed.
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Step 5: Titration process: Each sample was then titrated with the standard 0.001 M sulfuric acid while it was gently swirled. The titration process stopped when the samples changed to green which indicated that the pH is 4.5. Step 6: final reading of the burette: The volume of the acid in the burette was recorded, and same steps were repeated for all samples. Step 7: Calculations: The total alkalinity for each sample was then calculated. (See Appendix A)

Measurement of the Total Hardness :* Equipments:Distilled water Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator pH 10 buffer ( 2 ml ammonia-ammonium buffer for each sample) 0.005 M Standard EDTA solution (by dissolving Na2(EDTA) in

distilled water) Burette Graduated cylinder 250-ml flasks and test tubes

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* Experiment Procedure:Step 1: Addition of the buffer and the indicator to water samples 50 ml were taken from the 3 water samples (mineral, tap and distilled ), but 1 ml was taken from the sea water. Then, the pH 10 buffer and the indicator (EBT) were added to the water samples. All samples color was changed to purple, except for the distilled water which was blue. Step 2: Preparation of the burette. The burettes were prepared by filling with 0.005 M EDTA solution and record the initial volume. Step 3: Titration process. The titration was begun smoothly. When the solution color changes from raspberry red to blue, the titrations were stopped and record the final volume. That was repeated again for each sample. Step 5: Calculations. The total hardness for each sample was then calculated (see appendix A).

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** Results and Discussion:

pH values for different samples:

Table 1: PH values of different samples Water Sample Sea Water Distilled Water Tap Water Mineral Water pH 8.41 5.83 8.64 7.38

Table (1) shows the values of pH. As we can see, the pH of the sea water was 8.41 and the pH of the tap water was 8.64 which were more 7, so they act as the base and they are a proton acceptor. However, the pH of the distilled water was 5.83; therefore the distilled water can acts as an acid. Finally, we can see the pH of the mineral water was 7.38 which almost neutral.

Finding the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):

Table 2: TDS values of different samples with their classifications

Water Sample Water Volume mL TDS (mg/L) ppm Water classification

Sea Water Distilled Water Tap Water Mineral Water

25 25 25 25

52400 14800 9600 17200

Saline Saline Saline Saline

As we can see, table (2) shows the total dissolved solids of different samples of water. The TDS of all samples was above 5000 mg/L however the sea water was the higher one; therefore we can classify them as saline water which can be used for crop production, irrigation and also in some industries.

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 Finding the Total Alkalinity (ANC ):

Table 3: The Total Alkalinity of different samples

Water Sample Water Volume mL Total Alkalinity mg/L

Sea Water Distilled Water Tap Water Mineral Water

10 50 50 50

114 2 50.8 25.4

Table (3) shows the total alkalinity for each water sample. All samples changed from blue to green after the titration. Sea water was the most interesting result; its alkalinity was 114 mg/L which was the largest. This is because it has large amounts of mineral salts, so it has more ability to neutralize the acids. The distilled water had the lowest alkalinity which was 2 mg/L. This indicates that distilled water has the smallest amounts of mineral salts. Finding the Total Hardness:

Table 4: The total hardness of different samples

Water Sample Volume of Water mL Hardness mg/L Degree of Hardness

Sea Water Distilled Water Tap Water Mineral Water

1 50 50 50

11500 0 69 130

Very hard soft soft Hard

In Table (4) we can see the hardness of the four samples. The hardness of the sea water is the highest. The reason is because it contains a large quantity of calcium and magnesium cations; therefore it was classified as very hard water. The hard water cannot be used for anything and even for washing. The hardness of distilled water sample

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was 0 mg/L which indicates that it doesn't contains any cations that cause the hardness, so its color remains blue. The distilled was classified as soft water because it had less than 75 mg/L of the hardness. The tap water classified also as soft which indicates using it in washing. Finally, the hardness for the mineral water 130 mg/L, because it contains many elements including sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The colour of these samples ( tap sea mineral ) changed from Raspberry red to blue.

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** Conclusion:
1- In this experiment, we have successfully found out the quality of four samples of water ( sea tap distilled mineral ) and compare between them using the water parameter ( pH, TDS, ANC, Hardness ). 2- In the case of sea water, our results showed that it acts like a base because it has a number of pH greater than 7. Also, it considers as saline water according to the TDS parameter. In addition, sea water has the biggest ability to neutralize acid because its containing a large quantity of mineral salts. However, this large amount contains Mg2+ and Ca2+ which make the sea water very hard water. So, we cant use it in washing. 3- In the case of distilled water, our results showed that it acts like an acid because its pH is less than 7. Its also considered to be saline water because TDS was above 5000. The distilled water has neither cations nor anions, so it has the lowest ability to neutralize the added acid and also it classified as soft water. 4- In the case of the tap water, our result showed that it act like a base ( pH > 7 ). As the TDS is greater than 5000 so its considered as saline water. It has the ability to neutralize the acid because it contains ions. Also, it consider as soft water. 5- In the case of the mineral water, our result showed its almost neutral water because its pH is almost equal to 7. It classified as saline water (TDS > 5000). It has a big ability to neutralize the acid and it classified as hard water because it conation a large amount mineral salts.

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6- As we notice, the color of the four samples of water changed before and after titration in total alkalinity and hardness phases. In ANC phase, they changed from blue to green. In hardness phase, they changed from raspberry red to blue, except the distilled water which remained blue because there are no calcium and magnesium cations. 7- There was no theoretical measurement for the water quality parameters, which indicates that theres no percentage error to be calculated.

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** Recommendations:
Be prepared and bring all your safety needs like the lap coats, gloves and the close shoes. Read the experiment before the class. Pay attention to your instructor to understand the experiment. Concentrate on what you are doing and follow the experimental procedure. -

Dont be hasty. Be accurate in taking data and measurement. Be careful while youre dealing with acid and base. Write down your observation. Like what was the color of the 4 samples of water after and before the titration. Be patient is required, some samples of water need time when titration.

For accuracy, the correct measuring equipments should be used (i.e. the grading or the scale).

Work in groups, so that makes your results accurate and precise.

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** References:
Faculty Members from the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Student laboratory Manual, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

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Appendix A
(Samples Calculations) Finding the Total Alkalinity:

Convert ml of acid used in the titration to moles of H2SO4: 1. Sea water: Volume of H2SO4 used in the titration = 12.4 1 = 11.4 ml

Number of moles of H2SO4 = (11.4ml )(

2. Distilled water: Volume of H2SO4 used in the titration = 1.0 0 = 1 ml

0.001 1L )( ) = 1.14 x 10-5 1L 103 ml

Number of moles of H2SO4 = (1ml )(

3. Tap water: Volume of H2SO4 used in the titration = 37.8 12.4 = 25.4 ml

0.001 1L )( 3 ) = 1.0 x 10-6 1L 10 ml

Number of moles of H2SO4 = (25.4ml )(

4. Mineral water: Volume of H2SO4 used in the titration = 43.7 31.0 = 12.7 ml

0.001mol 1L )( 3 ) = 2.54 x 10-5 1L 10 ml

Number of moles of H2SO4 = (12.7ml )(

0.001 1L )( 3 ) = 1.27 x 10-5 1L 10 ml

Determine the moles of CaCO3 present initially in the solution by utilizing the reaction stoichiometry:

CaCO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(aq) + CaSO4(aq) 1 mol CaCO3

1) Sea water: Number of moles of CaCO3 = 1.14 x 10-5 moles 2) Distilled Water: Number of moles of CaCO3 = 1.0 x 10-6 moles 3) Tap Water: Number of moles of CaCO3 = 2.54 x 10-5 moles 4) Mineral Water: Number of moles of CaCO3 = 1.27 x 10-5 moles
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1 mol H2SO4

Convert moles of CaCO3 into mg of CaCO3 (1 mg = 10-3 g): 1) Sea Water: Mass of CaCO3 = (1.14 x10 5 mol )( 100 .09 g )( 1000 mg ) = 1.14 mg CaCO3 1mol 1g 2) Distilled Water: Mass of CaCO3 = (1.0 x10 6 mol )( 3) Tap Water: Mass of CaCO3 = (2.54 x10 5 mol )( 4) Mineral Water: Mass of CaCO3 = (1.27 x10 5 mol )(
100 .09 g 1000 mg )( ) = 1.27 mg CaCO3 1mol 1g 100 .09 g 1000 mg )( ) = 2.54 mg CaCO3 1mol 1g 100 .09 g 1000 mg )( ) = 0.1 mg CaCO3 1mol 1g

Use the volume of the sample titrated to find the alkalinity of each sample in mg CaCO3 per liter: 1) Sea water:

1.14mg 1000ml )( ) = 114 mg/L Alkalinity = ( 10ml 1L

2) Distilled Water:

Alkalinity = (
3) Tap Water:

0.1mg 1000ml )( ) = 2 mg/L 50ml 1L

Alkalinity = (

2.54mg 1000ml )( ) = 50.8 mg/L 50ml 1L

4) Mineral Water:

1.27mg 1000ml )( ) = 25.4 mg/L Alkalinity = ( 50ml 1L

Finding the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):

Convert ml of Na2-EDTA solution used in the titration to moles of Na2EDTA: 1) Sea Water: a. Volume of Na2-EDTA used in the titration = 42.8 19.9 = 22.9 ml
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b. Number of moles of Na2-EDTA = (22.9ml )( 2) Distilled Water:

0.005mol 1L )( 3 ) = 1.145 x 10-4 1L 10 ml

a. Volume of Na2-EDTA used in the titration = 0.0 ml b. Number of moles of Na2-EDTA = 0.0 moles 3) Tap Water: a. Volume of Na2-EDTA used in the titration = 6.9 0 = ml b. Number of moles of Na2-EDTA = (6.9ml )( 4) Mineral Water: a. Volume of Na2-EDTA used in the titration = 19.9 6.9 = 13 ml b. Number of moles of Na2-EDTA = (13ml )(

0.005mol 1L )( 3 ) = 3.45 x 10-5 1L 10 ml

0.005mol 1L )( 3 ) = 6.5 x 10-5 1L 10 ml

Determine the moles of Ca2+ and Mg2+ present initially in the solution by utilizing the reaction stoichiometry and find the moles of CaCO3 : [EDTA-H2]2- + M2+ (Ca2+ or Mg2+) 1 mole M2+ (Ca2+ or Mg2+) [EDTA-M]2- + 2H 1 mole Na2-EDTA

1) Sea Water: Number of moles of (Ca2+ or Mg2+) = 1.145 x 10-4 moles Number of moles of CaCO3 = 1.145 x 10-4 moles 2) Distilled Water: Number of moles of (Ca2+ or Mg2+) = 0 moles Number of moles of CaCO3 = 0 moles 3) Tap Water: Number of moles of (Ca2+ or Mg2+) = 3.45 x 10-5 moles Number of moles of CaCO3 = 3.45 x 10-5 moles 4) Mineral Water: Number of moles of (Ca2+ or Mg2+) = 6.5 x 10-5 moles Number of moles of CaCO3 = 6.5 x 10-5 moles

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Convert moles of CaCO3 into mg of CaCO3 (1 mg = 10-3 g): 1) Sea Water: Mass of CaCO3 = (1.145 x10 4 mol )(100 .09 g )(1000 mg ) = 11.5 mg CaCO3 1mol 1g 2) Distilled Water: Mass of CaCO3 = = 0.0 mg CaCO3 3) Tap Water: Mass of CaCO3 = (3.45 x10 5 mol )( 100 .09 g )( 1000 mg ) = 3.45 mg CaCO3 1mol 1g 4) Mineral Water: Mass of CaCO3 = (6.5 x10 5 mol )( 100 .09 g )( 1000 mg ) = 6.5 mg CaCO3 1mol 1g

Use the volume of the sample titrated to find the total hardness of each sample in mg CaCO3 per liter:
1)

Sea Water:

11.5mg 1000ml )( ) = 11500 mg/L Hardness = ( 1ml 1L

2)

Distilled Water:

Hardness = (
3)

0mg 1000ml )( ) = 0 mg/L 50ml 1L

Tap Water:

Hardness = (
4)

3.45mg 1000ml )( ) = 69 mg/L 50ml 1L

Mineral Water:

Hardness = (

6.5mg 1000ml )( ) = 130 mg/L 50ml 1L

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