1

Abstract A successful single-pole opening/reclosure procedure

after single-phase faults in the EHV transmission lines requires
parameters optimization for each transmission system. This paper
shows the influence of transmission line transverse parameters
together with reactive shunt compensation parameters in the
reduction of secondary arc current after single-pole opening
procedure for non-permanents faults. It is proposed a method to
reduce the mutual coupling between phases in a three-phase
system representation at fundamental frequency. Some simulations
of transient overvoltage for different cases with optimized neutral
reactors were performed with the ATP program.

Key-words Neutral Reactor, Secondary Arc, Single-pole
Reclosing, Transmission Lines in EHV, Transversal Admittance
Matrices.
I. INTRODUCTION
HV systems with some hundred of kilometers lengths
generally use shunt reactive compensation to compensate
line capacitive reactance to reduce voltage rise in remote
terminal during line energization, or during operation in light
load.
Shunt Reactors sizing is made taking into consideration the
steady-state operation with the remote terminal opened. For
trunks with high voltage levels (EHV) and long lengths it is
necessary to properly specify shunt reactor sizing, due to the
need of reducing Ferrantis effect.
Statistical studies [1] related to the defects occurred at EHV
and UHV lines show that 93 % of total outages are due to
single-phase to ground fault type, that is, only one of the
phases is directly affected. A single-phase fault can be
eliminated through three-phase opening or through just the
faulty-phase opening. During the faulty phase opened, the
short-circuit current amplitude is reduced. This current, named
as secondary arc current, is fed due to capacitive and inductive

This study was subsidized by the Higher Education Staff Improvement
Department (CAPES), with the financial support of CNPq (National Council
for Scientific and Technological Development) and FAPESP (The State of
So Paulo Research Foundation).
M. E. Zevallos is a doctorate candidate at School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering in the University of Campinas (UNICAMP),
Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil (e-mail: zevallos@dsce.fee.unicamp.br).
M. C. Tavares is an associated professor at School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at UNICAMP, Brazil (e-mail:
cristina@dsce.fee.unicamp.br).

coupling between the opened phase and the sound phases kept
energized, transmitting power during fault elimination.
Besides, in the case of line with shunt reactive compensation,
these systems keep sound phases, galvanically connected to
the opened phase.
A simple method to reduce secondary arc current is to
dimension a neutral reactor [2] installed at the common point
of the shunt compensation reactors.
The analysis of transversal transmission system parameters
(line + shunt compensation) can result at the adequate sizing
of phase reactors (defining the level of wanted reactive
compensation) and neutral reactor. This way, it is possible to
assure minimization of secondary arc current, increasing the
single-pole reclosing success probability.
In this work, it has been presented an extensive
transmission system transversal parameter analysis, varying
shunt compensation level and neutral reactor. Following, it has
been presented the transient system response for different line
lengths, optimizing neutral reactor and utilizing more common
neutral reactor values in the Brazilian electrical system.
II. ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL LINES WITHOUT ANY
COMPENSATION TYPE
At Table I, maximum lengths of typical EHV lines of
Brazilian electrical system that do not need shunt reactive
compensation in order to have adequate voltage gain were
presented.
TABLE I
MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH WITHOUT ANY REACTIVE COMPENSATION THAT
RESULTED INTO MODERATED SECONDARY ARC CURRENT.
U1
(kV)
U2/U1
(pu)
Maximum Stretch
(km)
Iarc
(A)
230 1.0520 246 23.5
345 1.0536 246 24.0
440 1.0521 246 50.0
500 1.0164 140 51.0
500 (N/C)* 1.0166 140 52.0
765 1.0396 210 52.0
* Non-conventional Line of 500 kV.

These lines do not present high voltage at the opened
terminal or when operation at light load. In order to perform
the studies the line energization maneuver with single-phase
fault was analyzed. Single-phase faults were applied along the
line (every 20 km), with opened circuit-breakers at both faulty
Influence of Transmission Line Transverse
Parameters in Reduction Secondary Arc Current
during Single-pole Opening Procedure
M. E. Zevallos and M. C. Tavares, Senior Member, IEEE
E
2
phase extremes. It was considered, by hypothesis that, for a
secondary arc current smaller or equal to 50 A
rms
, there would
be a high probability of having success. Voltage gain at the
line ending has been supposed within the region from 0.95 to
1.05 pu.
III. TRANSVERSAL PARAMETERS OF A LONG TRANSMISSION
LINE
Through characteristics and location of conductors in the
transmission line tower it is possible to calculate the
longitudinal and transversal parameters.
In the case where the line is transposed, it is possible to
suppose that, in steady-state its parameters can be represented
by symmetrical components of positive/negative sequence and
zero. In this case, a long line can be represented by PI-
hyperbolical model (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Representation of transmission line through series impedance and
shunt admittance together with compensation reactors.
Transversal admittance of a long single-phase transmission
line (Y
12
) (or from a sequence component of line) is obtained
through (1). In equation (2), admittance matrix [Y] is
presented in mode components, specifically homopolar mode
(y
h
) and non-homopolar modes (y
d
), which is numerically
equal to positive and negative sequence component.
Propagation constant () of a component is seen in (3). z
c
and
y
c
terms correspond to series impedance and transversal
admittance per unit length for a specific component.
(
(
(

\
|

=
2
*
)
2
*
tanh(
2 2
12
l
l
l y Y
c
c
c

(1)

[ ]
(
(
(

=
d
d
h
y
y
y
Y
0 0
0 0
0 0

(2)

c c c
y z = (3)

For a better understanding, it will be obtained an
admittance matrix in phase components, that is, it will be
obtained the self (y
p
) and mutual (y
m
) admittance elements of
the admittance matrix of a line supposed ideally transposed, as
presented in (4) and (5).
3
2
d h
p
y y
y
+
=

(4)

3
d h
m
y y
y

=

(5)
Transversal admittance matrix per unit length in phase
components is shown in (6), describing the line transversal
voltages and currents that circulate at the equivalent phases.

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

c
b
a
p m m
m p m
m m p
c
b
a
I
I
I
y y y
y y y
y y y
V
V
V

(6)
IV. TRANSVERSAL PARAMETERS OF SHUNT REACTIVE
COMPENSATION SCHEME
The arrangement utilized at the four-legged reactor is
shown at Figure 2. With this arrangement, it is guaranteed a
normal system operation under steady-state conditions for
long lines lengths. During contingency occurrence at the
network, such as opening/reclosing procedures, rejection,
energization or defects, reactive arrangement is converted into
a security element for stability problems or other kinds of
problems possible to happen from these maneuvers.

Fig. 2 Four-legged reactor arrangement scheme (with neutral reactor).

From Figure 2, it is obtained boundary equations (7) for the
analysis of the reactive compensation scheme.
( )
( )
( )
c b a n c f c
c b a n b f b
c b a n a f a
I I I Z I Z V
I I I Z I Z V
I I I Z I Z V
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

(7)
Through (7), the impedance matrix (9) of reactive
compensation arrangement is obtained.

[ ] [ ] [ ]
abc R abc
I Z V =
(8)

(
(
(

(
(
(

+
+
+
=
(
(
(

Rc
Rb
Ra
n f n n
n n f n
n n n f
c
b
a
I
I
I
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
V
V
V

(9)

Following, (10-13), self and mutual elements of admittance
matrix in shunt reactive compensation are obtained in the
phase domain.
( )
3
1
2
3
1
|
|

\
|
+ |

\
|
+
=
f
n f
Rp
Z
Z Z
Y

(10)

( )
3
1
3
1
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
=
f
n f
Rm
Z
Z Z
Y

(11)

( )
n f f
n f
Rp
Z Z Z
Z Z
Y
3
2
+
+
=

(12)

( )
n f f
n
Rm
Z Z Z
Z
Y
3 +

=

(13)

3
In (14), it is shown admittance matrix of the reactive
compensation, with its self elements concentrated at matrix
diagonal and mutual elements concentrated out of diagonal.

[ ]
(
(
(

=
Rp Rm Rm
Rm Rp Rm
Rm Rm Rp
Rabc
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y

(14)
Analyzing together the transversal admittance of line (6)
and of the reactive compensation (14) it is obtained a Y
TOTAL
matrix of the transmission system composed of line +
compensation scheme (16).

[ ] [ ] [ ]
Rabc TOTAL
Y Y Y + =
12

(15)

[ ]
(
(
(

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
=
Rp p Rm m Rm m
Rm m Rp p Rm m
Rm m Rm m Rp p
TOTAL
Y y Y y Y y
Y y Y y Y y
Y y Y y Y y
Y

(16)

From (16) it was analyzed the influence of reactors
compensation degree in the mutual and self elements, with the
objective of reducing capacitive coupling that feeds the
secondary arc during single-pole opening maneuver.
Formerly, it was described in (17) to (19) the mutual
admittance of transmission system (Y
M
) depending on the
degree () of the system reactive compensation.
f
n
f
m M
Y
Y
Y
y Y
+
=
3

(17)

p f
Y Y =

(18)

|

\
|
+
=
p
n
p
m M
Y
Y
Y
y Y

3

(19)

Where Y
f
is the phase reactor admittance of reactive
compensation and Y
n
is the neutral reactor admittance of
reactive compensation.
From (19) it is possible to notice that, increasing reactive
compensation degree, total mutual admittance (Y
M
) of
transmission system diminishes, that is, coupling among
phases is reduced. In the case of single-pole maneuver, it is
very important to reduce coupling between sound phases and
the faulty phase, in order to reduce secondary arc current I
arc
.
In the case this current is very high, as an example, hundreds
of amperes, the secondary arc will have a low probability of
extinguishing, resulting into a non-elimination of the fault at a
predetermined time.
V. ANALYZED TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
In Table II, electrical parameters of conventional line
(Tucuru - Marab) in 500 kV [3] were shown. SIL equivalent
of the line is 1199 MW. For the study, three line lengths were
utilized: 450 km, 600 km and 900 km.

TABLE II
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF 500 KV LINE AT 60 HZ
Conventional Line in 500 kV
R0 (/km) 0.3235
X0 (/km) 1.5504 Zero Sequence
Y0 (S/km) 2.7290
R1 (/km) 0.0154
X1 (/km) 0.2670
Positive/negative
Sequence
Y1 (S/km) 6.1800

The line has a reactive compensation scheme based into
"four-legged" setting, which is shown at Figure 2. The reactors
are located in line extremes. For each line length under
analysis, phase and neutral reactors are inversely proportional
to the level of shunt reactive compensation ().
VI. ANALYSES OF RESULTS FOR FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY
Taking into consideration the relation between shunt
reactive compensation level and the neutral reactor
optimization, it was applied the sensibility analysis to find r
h
factor (20) [2,3], which would result into an optimal value of
neutral reactor.
f
n f
f
n f
d
h
h
Y
Y Y
Z
Z Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
r
1
3 1 3
1
0
+
=
+
= = =

(20)

In Table III, it was resumed values of r
h
relation that result
into an optimal X
n
to reduce I
arc
amplitude for the analyzed
line from the minimal degree of reactive compensation
required for the voltage gaining, at the reception terminal of
line, keeping within the predetermined interval: 0,95~1,05 pu.

TABLE III
OPTIMAL RELATION (Z0/Z1) TO MINIMIZE IARC DURING MONOPOLAR OPENING

(*) minimum degree of reactive compensation for the length: 450 km.
(**) minimum degree of reactive compensation for the length: 600 km.
(***) minimum degree of reactive compensation for the length: 900 km.

At Figures 3, 4 and 5 (450 km, 600 km and 900 km
respectively) major I
arc
values for r
h
factors of predetermined
interval (1 < X
0
/X
1
< 6) are shown, when faults are simulated
every 20 km of the line.
Figures 6, 7 and 8 (450 km, 600 km and 900 km,
respectively) show the absolute values of the ratio between
mutual admittance and the self admittance (abs[Y
m
/Y
12
]), for
different values of optimal neutral reactors at an appropriate
range of reactive compensation levels. The minimal values of
this ration is coincident with the optimal values of neutral
reactors at the compensation levels (
*
), (
**
), (
***
), presented at
Table III.

4
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
0
50
100
150
r
h
= X
0
/X
1
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

A
r
c

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Transmissi on System: U=500kV, L=450km, C.Sh: 70%~100%


C.Sh: 70%
C.Sh: 80%
C.Sh: 90%
C.Sh: 100%

Fig. 3 Iarc for single-phase faults along the line, when neutral reactor is
varying. Length: 450 km.

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
r
h
= X
0
/X
1
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

A
r
c

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Transmissi on System: U=500kV, L=600km, C.Sh: 80%~100%


C.Sh: 80%
C.Sh: 84%
C.Sh: 90%
C.Sh: 100%

Fig. 4 Iarc for single-phase faults along the line, when varying the neutral
reactor. Length: 600 km.
1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
r
h
= X
0
/X
1
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

A
r
c

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Transmissi on System: U=500kV, L=900km, C.Sh: 90%~100%


C.Sh: 90%
C.Sh: 92%
C.Sh: 95%
C.Sh: 100%

Fig. 5 Iarc for single-phase faults along the line, when varying the neutral
reactor. Length: 900 km.

Another way of obtaining the r
h
optimal relation, when the
neutral reactor is defined previously is presented at Figures 9,
10 and 11. It is observed that the r
h
relation analysis allows
identifying the minimum secondary arc current (I
arc
) to be
obtained.

0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
C.Sh (*100%)
a
b
s
(
Y
M
/
Y
1
2
)
U = 500kV, L = 450km, C.Sh: 72 ~ 100%


Xn=889.9( )
Xn=800.0( )
Xn=553.4( )
Xn=362.5( )
Xn=256.3( )

Fig. 6 Abs[Ym/Y12] minimum for different levels of reactive compensation:
C.Sh (%), considering Xn adequate.

0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
C.Sh (*100%)
a
b
s
(
Y
M
/
Y
1
2
)
U = 500kV, L = 600km, CSh: 80 ~ 100%


Xn=800.0( )
Xn=384.3( )
Xn=325.3( )
Xn=246.7( )
Xn=170.8( )

Fig. 7 Abs[Ym/Y12] minimum for different levels of reactive compensation:
C.Sh (%), considering Xn adequate.

0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
C.Sh (*100%)
a
b
s
(
Y
M
/
Y
1
2
)
U = 500kV, L = 900km, CSh: 90 ~ 100%


Xn=800.0( )
Xn=106.2( )
Xn=103.8( )
Xn=89.4( )
Xn=84.9( )

Fig. 8 Abs[Ym/Y12] minimum for different levels of reactive compensation:
C.Sh (%), considering Xn adequate.

5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Neutral Reactor [ ]
a
b
s
(
Y
M
/
Y
1
2
)
U = 500kV, L = 450km, C.Sh: 72 ~ 100%


C.Sh:72%
C.Sh:80%
C.Sh:90%
C.Sh:95%
C.Sh:100%

Fig. 9 Abs[Ym/Y12] relation depending on Xn function for different levels of
reactive compensation C.Sh (%). Length: 450 km.

0 100 200 300 400 500 600
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Neutral Reactor [ ]
a
b
s
(
Y
M
/
Y
1
2
)
U = 500kV, LT= 600km, C.Sh: 84 ~ 100%


C.Sh: 84%
C.Sh: 90%
C.Sh: 95%
C.Sh: 100%

Fig. 10 Abs[Ym/Y12] relation depending on Xn function for different levels
of reactive compensation C.Sh (%). Length: 600 km.

60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.03
Neutral Reactor [ ]
a
b
s
(
Y
M
/
Y
1
2
)
U = 500kV, L = 900km, C.Sh: 90 ~ 100%


C.Sh: 90%
C.Sh: 92%
C.Sh: 95%
C.Sh: 98%
C.Sh: 100%

Fig. 11 Abs[Ym/Y12] relation depending on Xn for different levels of reactive
C.Sh (%) compensation. Length: 900 km.

In Figures 12, 13 and 14, maximum secondary arc currents
are presented, obtained depending on several levels of reactive
compensation for different neutral reactors (X
n
). It is possible
to observe that the lower the shunt compensation level the
greater the value of optimal neutral reactor, that is, the greater
the value of neutral reactor, which will result into the lowest
current of secondary arc. When utilizing a neutral reactor of
800 for a line of 500 kV, 450 km, strongly compensated
(compensation level around 100 %), the secondary arc current
will be much higher than when utilizing a minor neutral
reactor, for example, of 256 .
Table IV summarizes the obtained results of mutual
admittance relation on the total admittance of line (Y
m
/Y
12
),
and the increase of shunt reactive compensation level ().
Secondary arc current reduction is also proved through this
method.
TABLE IV
RELATION AMONG ABS[YM/Y12], NEUTRAL REACTOR AND SECONDARY ARC
CURRENT AT THE SIMULATED CASES

0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
10
0
10
1
10
2
C.Sh (*100 %)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

A
r
c

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Xn( ), U=500kV, L=450km, Differents Levels of C.Sh


Xn=889.9( )~C.Sh:72%
Xn=800.0( )~C.Sh:72%
Xn=553.4( )~C.Sh:80%
Xn=362.5( )~C.Sh:90%
Xn=256.3( )~C.Sh:100%

Fig. 12 Iarc maximum for different Xn depending on reactive compensation
C.Sh (%) levels adequate for the line under analysis. Length: 450 km.

0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
C.Sh(*100%)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

A
r
c

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Xn ( ), U=500kV, L=600km, Differents Levels of C.Sh


Xn=800.0( )~C.Sh:84%
Xn=305.0( )~C.Sh:84%
Xn=246.7( )~C.Sh:90%
Xn=215.8( )~C.Sh:95%
Xn=170.8( )~C.Sh:100%

Fig. 13 Iarc maximum for different Xn depending on reactive compensation
C.Sh (%) levels adequate for the line under analysis. Length: 600 km.
VII. ANALYSES AT TIME DOMAIN
After fundamental frequency analysis , some simulations at
time domain were performed with ATP program, with the
objective of observing the behavior of transmission system for
solutions with optimized neutral reactor. Phase reactors were
supposed to have a quality factor of 400 and the neutral
reactor, quality factor of 40. The system was supposed to be,
initially, at steady-state and the line was energized with a fault
6
at the location which resulted at a major current of secondary
arc, specifically with the fault applied in the remote line
terminal. The fault was applied at t = 0.1 s instant. Faulty
phase circuit-breaker was opened at t = 0.2 s instant. I
arc
effective current was measured at the fault location. At this
stage only the secondary arc fundamental frequency response
was needed, so the fault was modeled by a simple resistance to
ground, R
f
= 20 .
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
10
1
10
2
10
3
C.Sh(*100%)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

A
r
c

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Xn ( ), U=500kV, L=900km, Differents Levels of C.Sh


Xn=106.2( )~C.Sh:90%
Xn=800.0( )~C.Sh:92%
Xn=103.9( )~C.Sh:92%
Xn=89.4( )~C.Sh:95%
Xn=84.9( )~C.Sh:100%

Fig. 14 Iarc maximum for different Xn depending on reactive compensation
C.Sh (%)levels adequate for the line under analysis. Length: 900 km.
A. Analyses of Line with Shunt Reactive Compensation,
without any installed Neutral Reactor.
Formerly the cases with phase reactors without neutral
reactor are presented. It was observed that, at the three cases,
I
arc
was greater than 140 A
rms
. At Table V, rms currents values
are shown for the worst fault location, without neutral reactor
installation.

TABLE V
IARC SECONDARY ARC CURRENT DURING SINGLE-PHASE FAULT WITHOUT
INSTALLATION OF NEUTRAL REACTOR


At Figure 15 it is presented the result from single-pole
opening/reclosing after single-phase fault for the cases of
compensated lines without neutral reactor (for the three line
lengths).
At Figure 16 it is observed I
arc
current detail at the steady
state after single-pole opening, with very high amplitude for
the three line lengths .
B. Analyses of 450 km Line with Shunt Reactive
Compensation and with Neutral Reactor installed.
In Figure 17 it is presented I
arc
current for the 450 km long
line with neutral reactor installed. It was verified an important
reduction of I
arc
current for 12,13 A
rms
with X
n
= 889.96
(
72 , 0 =
). The single-phase fault was simulated at the line
ending terminal, which corresponds to the local resulting into
the worst secondary arc current.

Teste-Param-Distr-500kV-900km-CShextrem.pl4: c:IF -XX0035
500kv-450km-csh-extremos.pl4: c:IF -450KM
500kv-600km-csh-extremos.pl4: c:IF -600KM
0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65
[s]
-1000
-750
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
1000
[A]
Iarc in Lines with Single-Phase Fault at Reception Terminal (L=450km, 600km e 900km).
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation without Installed Neutral Reactor.

Fig. 15 Iarc at lines of 450 km, 600 km and 900 km, without neutral reactor.

Teste-Param-Distr-500kV-900km-CShextrem.pl4: c:IF -XX0035
500kv-450km-csh-extremos.pl4: c:IF -450KM
500kv-600km-csh-extremos.pl4: c:IF -600KM
0.45 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.65
[s]
-500
-375
-250
-125
0
125
250
375
500
[A]
Iarc in Lines with Single-Phase Fault at Reception Terminal (L=450km, 600km e 900km).
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation without Installed Neutral Reactor.

Fig. 16 Iarc Detail at lines of 450 km, 600 km and 900 km without neutral
reactor.

(file 500kV-450km-CSh-extremos.pl4; x-var t) c:IF -450KM
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
[s]
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
[A]
Iarc in Line 450km with Single-Phase Fault at Reception Terminal.
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation with Installed Optimized Neutral Reactor.

Fig. 17 Iarc, in the Line of 450 km with an optimized Xn neutral reactor.

If the neutral reactor different from the proposed value
presented at Table IV, as for example, for X
n
= 106 , the I
arc
current, it will increase to 101.82 A
rms
. In this case, single-pole
maneuver has a low probability of succeeding. Figure 18
presents I
arc
current for this case.

7
(f ile 500kV-450km-CSh-extremos.pl4; x-var t) c:IF -450KM
0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65
[s]
-500
-375
-250
-125
0
125
250
375
500
[A]
Iarc in Line 450km with Single-Phase Fault at Reception Terminal.
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation with Neutral Reactor Non-Optimized.

Fig. 18 Detail of Iarc in Line of 450 km with Xn = 106 .
C. Analyses of Line of 600 km with Shunt Reactive
Compensation and installed Neutral Reactor.
For line of 600 km, it was simulated at ATP (Figure 19) the
line energizating maneuver under single-phase fault with the
open reception terminal. It is observed the reduction of I
arc

current for 8.5 A
rms
with neutral reactor X
n
= 305.1
( 84 , 0 = ).
(f ile 500kV-600km-CSh-extremos.pl4; x-var t) c:IF -600KM
0.15 0.28 0.41 0.54 0.67 0.80
[s]
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
[A]
Iarc in Line 600km with Single-Phase Fault at Ending Terminal.
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation with Neutral Reactor Optimized.

Fig. 19 Iarc in the Line of 600 km with optimized Xn neutral reactor.

If the neutral reactor value is different from the above
proposed one at Table IV, for example, for X
n
= 800 , I
arc

current will increase to 50.42 A
rms
. Figure 20 shows I
arc
current
found for this case.
(f ile 500kV-600km-CSh-extremos.pl4; x-var t) c:IF -600KM
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
[s]
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
[A]
Iarc in Line 600km with Single-Phase Fault at Ending Terminal.
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation with Neutral Reactor Non-Optimized.

Fig. 20 Detail Iarc at Line of 600 km with neutral reactor Xn = 800 .
D. Analyses of Line of 900 km with Shunt Reactive
Compensation and with installed Neutral Reactor.
For this case, it was simulated at ATP (Figure 21) the line
energization maneuver under single-phase fault with open
reception terminal. It was observed a reduction of I
arc
current
for 30.46 A
rms
with neutral reactor X
n
= 103.8 (
92 , 0 =
).
If the value of neutral reactor is altered to a value above the
proposed minimum at Table IV, for example, X
n
= 800 , I
arc
current will increase to 270.07 A
rms
. In this case, there is a
high probability that single-pole maneuver does not succeed.
Figure 22 shows I
arc
current found for this case.



(f ile Teste-Param-Distr-500kV-900km-CShextrem.pl4; x-var t) c:IF -XX0035
0.15 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70
[s]
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
[A]
Iarc na LT: 900km com falta monofsica no extremo REC.

Fig. 21 Iarc in Line of 900 km with optimized neutral reactor Xn.

(f ile Teste-Param-Distr-500kV-900km-CShextrem.pl4; x-var t) c:IF -XX0035
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
[s]
-1200
-800
-400
0
400
800
1200
[A]
Iarc na LT: 900km com Xn = 800 ohms

Fig. 22 Detail Iarc at Line of 900 km with neutral reactor Xn = 800 .
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, transversal parameter influence was analyzed
considering a transmission system formed by the EHV
transmission line and its shunt reactive compensation at the
process of ensuring performance and reliability of
transmission systems through the success of single-pole
opening/reclosing maneuver, during single-phase fault of non-
permanent character.
It is important to determine the relation between the mutual
admittance of transmission system (line + compensation) for
fundamental frequency depending on the compensation level
established for each analyzed case. Through this relation,
some parameters can be optimized to improve system
Iarc in Line 900km with Single-Phase at Ending Terminal.
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation with Neutral Reactor Optimized.
Iarc in Line 900km with Single-Phase at Ending Terminal.
Arrangement of Shunt Reactive Compensation with Neutral Reactor Non-Optimized.
8
performance.
A correct sizing of the neutral reactor of shunt reactive
compensation banks has resulted into secondary arc current
reduction to low values enough to allow a single-pole
reclosing maneuver, without a need of other additional
mitigation equipments.
A typical line in 500 kV of the Brazilian system was used
for the studies. The main results can be summarized as
following:
- The assessed line, when supposed to be without any kind
of compensation will only have a high probability of
performing single-pole reclosing maneuver with success
for lengths smaller than 140 km.
- The assessed line, with 450 km long and with shunt
reactive compensation installed at both line extremes,
will have a high probability of succeeding at single-pole
reclosing maneuver if a neutral reactor is installed,
indicated for each level of compensation. For example,
for a compensation of 72 %, the optimal neutral reactor is
X
n
=889.9 .
- The assessed line, with 600 km long and with shunt
reactive compensation installed at both line extremes,
will have a high probability of succeeding at single-pole
reclosing maneuver if a neutral reactor is installed,
indicated for each level of compensation. For example,
for a compensation of 84 %, the optimal neutral reactor is
X
n
=305.1 .
- The assessed line, with 900 km long and with shunt
reactive compensation installed at both line extremes,
will have a high probability of succeeding at single-pole
reclosing maneuver if a neutral reactor is installed,
indicated for each level of compensation. For example,
for a compensation of 92 %, the optimal neutral reactor is
X
n
=103.8 .
It is possible to observe that the lower the level of shunt
compensation of the line, the greater the value of optimal
neutral reactor, that is, the greater the value of neutral reactor
which will result into the lower I
arc
secondary arc current.
When utilizing a neutral reactor of 800 for a line of
500 kV, 450 km, strongly compensated (compensation level of
100 %), secondary arc current will be much larger than that of
a lower neutral reactor, for example, of 256 .
When identifying an optimal neutral reactor for a
determined compensation level, the mutual admittance of
transmission system admittance-matrix, it achieves its lowest
value.
Each transmission system needs a specific study that
checks the probability of a successful single-pole reclosing.
The same X
n
value can be inadequate for systems with the
same voltage level or lines with same length.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Committee Report, Single-phase Tripping and Auto-reclosing of
Transmission Lines, IEEE Trans, Power Delivery, vol. 7, n 1, pp. 182-
192, Jan. 1992.
[2] M.C Tavares, C. M. Portela, Transmission System Parameters
Optimization-Sensitivity Analysis of Secondary Arc Current and
Recovery Voltage, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, n 3,
pp. 1464-1471, July 2004.
[3] M. E. Zevallos, M. C. Tavares, "Secondary arc Current Reduction in
Actual Transmission Systems," (in Portuguese) Scientific Journal of the
Brazilian Society of Automatic (SBA), ISSN: 0103-1759, vol. 20, n 3,
pp. 373-382, Jul/Set 2009.
BIOGRAPHY
Milton E. Zevallos (M.Sc2007) was graduated as an Electrical Engineering
for National University of Sao Agustn of Arequipa (UNSA), Arequipa, Peru,
in 2002. He received the degree of M.Sc in Electrical Engineering from
University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil, in 2007.
Currently, he is a student-candidate to D.Sc degree in Electrical Energy
Systems in the Department of Control and Energy Systems of UNICAMP. His
current research interests include studies of single-pole reclosing, secondary
arc current extinction, transmission in long distance and electromagnetic
transients in power systems.
M.C. Tavares (D.Sc98) graduated in Electrical Engineering in 1984 for
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She
finished her Master Degree in 1991 at COPPE/UFRJ, and her Doctorate in
1998 at University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
She worked for electrical consulting and system analyses of power
companies, HVDC (developed in ABB Power Systems, in Sweden), model
developments (in EMTP) and electrical transmission planning studies. She has
developed DESTRO, a graphic preprocessor for ATP. Nowadays, she is an
associate professor at UNICAMP. Her main areas of research are power
system analysis, transmission at long distance and calculating application for
transient analyses in power systems.