Introductory Russian Phonetic-Grammar Course For English Speakers

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Preface
The importance of the elementary stage in teaching Russian as a foreign language is
difficult to overestimate. The forming of the articulatory grounds of the language ( here
Russian as a foreign ), first accountance with the peculiarities of its grammar with their
system ideas, the development of proper grammar form skills of talking, the ability to
join talking in common situations using elementary language material - all these tasks
are realised in the present introductory phonetic-grammar course.
The teaching material of the course is divided into 10 lessons and is organized in
accordance with the methods of staging in forming speech habits and skills.
The phonetic and grammar material of the Russian language is presented in Comparison
with the English language thus giving the possibility of using positive transfer as well as
avoiding interference. Necessary comments and the composition of the teaching
material help to present the language phenomena completely.
The aim of the Russian articulation, to teach the students correct Russian pronunciation:
fluent glide from the articulation of front lingual sounds to back lingual, thus forming
the mechanism of non-palatalization / palatalization, to obtain free glide from nonpalatal to palatal and vice versa; after learning the articulation of voiced and voiceless
consonants to pronounce the words containing these sounds fluently; to teach reading
clusters of consonants and vowels in words and word combinations accent and rhythm
are solved in the course. Teaching Russian intonation is based on small communicative
texts of dialogue and monologue character.
Lexico- grammar models are visually presented in tables and a great number of drills.
Besides this there are many pictures in the text book. This illustrat ive material
stimulates individual speaking of the learners.
Each lesson contains exercises for developing language guess and attention, drama tasks
which do not shadow the main goal - to obtain grammar correctness of the speech. The
system of exercises in the lessons and home tasks provide training of the skills and
realise communicative orientation of teaching at the elementary stage already. All the
expressions common to certain situations are put together in a special section Speech
etiquette. The section Key to exercises develops skills of self-control. The learners
are given the task to fill in summary dictionary with new words (task: write out new
words alphabetically) for the development of individual work skills. There are texts of
popular songs with the translation in the course. Systematic classes of musical phonetics
are suggested. All this helps solving linguacultural problems, enlarges the potential
vocabulary, provides relaxation absolutely necessary at the elementary stage which is
considered to be the most difficult.
The course is intended for 40-50 class lessons. The audio casette with exercises, texts
and songs is enclosed.

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40-50 .
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[a]
Nevada
[b]
Baikal
[v]
Volga
[g]
Glasgow
[d]
Dnieper
[je]
Yerevan
[ jo]
Yorkshire
[ ]
Geneva
[z]
Zambezi
[i]
Italy
[j]
Troy
[k]
Caucasus
[l]
London
[m]
Moscow
[n]
Novosibirsk
[o]
Ottava
[p]
Paris
[r]
Riga
[s]
Siberia
[t]
Toronto
[u:]
Vesuvius
[f]
France
[h]
Shanghai
[ts]
Tsushima
[t ]
Chile
[ ]
Sheffield
[ i:]
Russia
[]
Seattle
[ju]
Yugoslavia
[ja]
Yalta
TABLE OF THE HARD

CONSONATS

TABLE OF THE SOFT

CONSONANTS

- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
-
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - - - - -
- -
- -
- -
Table of ombinations of the consonants

- - - - [] -
- - - - [] -
- - - - [] -
- []
- - - - [] -
- []
- - - - [] -
- []
- - - - [] -
- []
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - [] - - []
- -
- - [] - []
- - -
- - - - - - -
- - - - -
-
- - - - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - -
- - - - - -
SOME PRINCIPAL PECULIARITIES OF RUSSIAN PHONETIC SYSTEM

Phonetic is a section of science about the language which deals with the sounds of
speech. While studying a foreign language it is necessary to acquaint oneself with its
sound system as the sound language does not coincide with the written one. We write
letters and pronounce sounds, therefore a word which is familiar in spelling may sound
quite strange when we hear it for the first time in a lecture or in a conversation. In order
to know which sounds are denoted by these letters in different cases and how to
pronounce them it is necessary to have an idea of the phonetic rules of the Russian
language. In order to show the correct way to pronounce words phonetic transcription is
used. For example: ? (Is it Moscow?). [ ?].
Vowels and Consonants
All Russian and English sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. Some Russian
sounds have English counterparts, whereas others have not. All Russian vowels are
shorter than their English counterparts.
As in English, the Russian consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. But unlike
English consonants, Russian voiced and voiceless consonants which have counterparts
change theirs articulations depending on position in the words.
Russian consonants are divided not only into voiced and voiceless, but also into hard
and soft consonants. When pronouncing hard conconants the back part of the tongue is
drawn back and raised. Soft consonants differ in the pronunciation from hard ones by
some additional articulation: the middle part of the tongue is raised to the palate and the
whole tongue is a bit protruded. The tip of the tongue is lowered as in the pronunciation
of the Russian vowel "". Soft consonants have "" like hue. The opposition of hard
and soft consonants is a peculiarity of Russian phonetic system.
Vowels in Russian can be stressed and unstressed. Stress is the pronunciation of one
vowel in a word with a greater force accompanied by an increase in the length of the
sound compared with others ones; such a vowel is called stressed. Stress is marked by / '
/ which is placed above the stressed vowel.
Russian words may consist of one, two, three and more syllables, one of which is
stressed.
In Russian the stress does not fall on some definite syllable of a word, it is free:
(mum, mother); (science). Stress can distinguish words and grammar forms:
- (a padlock - a castle); - (of a letter - letters).
It is necessary to write down and learn every word paying attention to the stress.
In order to pronounce a stressed vowel it is not necessary to raise the pitch, one should
only to intensify this sound, pronounce it with more energy and longer than other
sounds of a word.
Intonational system of Russian
The intonational system of Russian consists of 7 types of intonational units intonational constructions which are called IC-1, IC-2, IC-3... (-1, -2, -3...)* .
These intonational constructions distinguish the meaning of the sentences we say and
hear.
Natalie sings.
2
? (-2)
3
? (-3)
4
? (-4)
5
! (-5)
How well does Natalie sing?

Does Natalie sing?
And what about Anton?
How beautifully Natalie sings!
The sentences though identical by their lexico-syntactical structure may express

different ideas depending on the intonation they are pronounced with. For example:
(He is going home.) 3 ? (Is he going home?)
1
. (-1)
A simple question and delight may be expressed in the same words but with completely
different intonation:
2
? (-2) . How does she sings? Well.
5
! (-5)
How beautifully she sings!
, !
Yes, she does.
The centre of is defined by the situation and depending on the situation can move.
In some cases shifting of the centre changes the meaning of the sentence, in other
cases it makes the meaning more exact.
Pay attention to the changing of the meaning of the sentence if the centre of moves:
1
.
- ? - Were you at the theatre?

1
1
- , .
3
- ?
1
1
- , .
3
- ?
1
1
- , .
- Yes, at the theatre.

- Were you at the theatre?
- Yes, I was.
- Were you at the theatre?
- Yes, it was me.

Vowels [], [], [], [], [], []
There are only six vowels in stressed position: [], [], [], [], [], []. All Russian
vowels, except [], have English counterparts:
Ex. 1. Read these sounds. Don't forget that Russian vowels are shorter than their English
counterparts: "park", "sort", "look", "feet". In the pronunciation of the Russian [], []
the lips are more rounded and tense in the pronunciation of their English counterparts.
- - !
- - !
- - !
In the pronunciation of the vowel [] the bulk of the tongue is retracted from the front
teeth while the back of the tongue is raised. The lips are passive, motionless.
Ex 2. Read these vowels. Watch the position of the tongue and the lips.
-
--
----- -
--
---
----- -
In the Russian every vowel taken separately or in combination with consonants forms a
syllable. Two vowels form two syllables.
The second syllable is to be stressed. Pronounce the pre-srtess vowel on the usual pitch.
Lower the pitch on the stressed vowel. Read the syllables.
! ( - ! )
! ( - ! )
Consonants [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], []
The Russian hard consonants correspond to the English consonants. However, the
Russian consonant // resembles the English /p/ but it is never aspirated.
[] = [m] smoke
[] = [b] bearded
[] = [p] tobaccopipe
[] = [v] sailing
vessel
[] = [f] photograph
Ex. 3. Read. Differentiate the vowels.

- - - -
- - -
- - - -
- - -
- - - -
- - -
- - - -
- - - -
- !
- !
- !
- -!
Ex. 4. Read. The tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the upper incisors. The
consonant [] never aspirated.
Don't forget that in the articulation of the Russian //, //, // the tip of the tongue is
pressed not against the teethridge but against the back of the upper incisors! The
combinations of vowels with consonant // always are pronounced as two sounds!
Ex. 5. Read.
Ex. 6. Read and remember the pronouns.you
you
is used in addressing
is used in addressing
children, friends
a number of persons or a polite form
we
Ex.7. Read.
[] = [z] peasant
- - - -
[c] = [s] artist
- - - -
[] = [g] go, grove
- -
[] = [c,k] cloud, colour
- - ; - -
onsonants hard before: , , , ,

Consonants hard at the end of the word:
Consonant hard before the consonant hard:
[] [] [] [] []
Ex. 8. Read.
- sleep
- soup
- moustache
,
,
- []
- ice cream
- branch
- juice
- umbrella
- house, - bush
- cat
- bridge
Stressed and unstressed vowels. Reduction of unstressed vowels
In Russian every word has the stress. One syllable of the word is stressed. The vowel of
this syllable is stressed. Another vowels of a word are unstressed. In order to pronounce
a stressed vowel it is not necessary to raise the pitch, one should only intensify this
sound, pronounce with more energy and longer than other sounds of a word. Listening
to Russian speech it is possible to notice that while stressed vowels are distinct and
definite unstressed vowels, besides the quality of the sounds /a/, /o/ greatly changes.
Therefore their pronunciation differs from their spelling. For example, in the word
the first unstressed vowel "o" is pronounced as a short sound /a/ - /^/. In the
other unstressed syllables a, o are pronounced as a very short sound - []:
/^/ because.
letter A stressed
vowel
[]
[]
At the be-
1 pre-
All the other
In the ab-
ginning of
stressed
unstressed
solute end
a word
syllable
syllables
of the word
/^/
/^/
//
/^/, //
Ex. 9. Read. Pay attention to the stress.
, ,
,
- lock
,
- castle
A word may consist only of the stressed part - (house), of the pre-stressed and
stressed parts - ? (Moscow), of the stressed and post-stressed parts -
(room). The stressed part consists of only one syllable.
The pre-stressed and post-stressed parts may consist of some syllables. The pre-stressed
part of a word is usually pronounced on a middle pitch. The pitch changes in the
stressed and the post-stressed parts. When you name the word, in the stressed part the
pitch is lowered.
Ex. 10. Listen the words. Pay attention to the stress.
and
here
here
there
he
she
it for neuter
water
window
this, there
,
mum
,
dad
,
at home
The Gender of Nouns

Russian nouns belong to one of the three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Nouns
denoting animated objects are either masculine or feminine. Nouns denoting inanimate
objects are any of the three genders. The gender of a noun is determined by the final
letter of the word: a hard consonant corresponds to the masculine nouns; the vowels a
and correspond to the feminine nouns; the vowels o and correspond to the neuter
nouns.
Masculine (m)
Feminine (f)
Neuter
The Nominative Case

Russian nouns are declined, i.e. they take different endings on their function in the
sentence. There are six cases in Russian: the nominative, the genitive, the dative, the
accusative, the instrumental and the prepositional.
The nominative is the first case of nouns in the article of the dictionary. The nominative
denotes the subject in the sentence and answers the questions:
,
,
,
Who is this? ? .
,
,
,
Who is at home?
In Russian there are sentences in which the subject and predicate are expressed by the
nouns in the nominative case:
,
,
,
,
,
. . - .
This is a house.
,
. This is Ivan.
.
He is at home.
The First Intonational Construction (-1)

-1 is most vividly seen when one express the completeness of the narrative
sentences:
,
. This is mummy.
, ,
She is at home.
First of all it is necessary to learn to pronounce correctly the pre-stressed, stressed and
post-stressed parts of -1.
Omission in the Present Tense of the Equivalent of the English Verb TO BE

,
The center of -1 (one syllable) is always in the new part of the utterance. The presrtessed part is pronounced on the usual pitch. The specific feature of -1 is lowering
the pitch in the stressed part. The post-stressed part is pronounced on a lower pitch
than the usual one. (In transcription the intonation is denoted by the numbers
1,2,3... above the center of ).
Ex. 10. Read these sentences paying attention to the intonation.

1
1
1
1
1
. . . . .
1
1
. . . . .
1
1
. . . . .
1
1
1
1
. . . .
Ex. 11. Read the texts, paying attention to the intonation.

1
1
1
1
) . . ) . .
We are at home. And you are at home too.
1
1
1
1
) . . ) . .
Ex. 12. Read the text.

,
,
. . . . (We are acquainted.)
Remember!
. . .
. , .
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, .
, ,
,
. . .
,
. . .
Homework
1. Pronounce and write these words:
,
,
,
,
,
, , , , .
2. Where do you pronounce a short faint sound [a]?

,
,
,
,
,
,
, , , , , , , , , .
3. Transcribe (represent) the letters a, o by the phonetic symbol [^ /]

,
,
,
,
,
, , , , , , .
4. Write the gender of these nouns:

,
,
,
,
,
,
, , , , , , , , , , .
5. Translate into Russian:

We are at home. And you are at home.
It is Anna. It is Ivan. It is Anton. We are acquainted.
Here is the house. Here is the room.
Anna, Ivan and Anton are at home.
6. Fill in the missins letters to read the following words:
_ _ _ _ , _ _ , _ _ , _
7. Cross out the superfluous letters to read the words hidden here:

8. Write the new words in alphabetical order in the special notebook.

? .
-
- -
-
- -
-
[] = [t]
- - - -
[] = [d]
- - - -
[] = [n]
- - - -
- - -
- -
Sing with us
- - - -
- - -
Syllable
Vowel []
- - - - - - - - - - - -

The articulation of the Russian [] differs from that of the English [l ] in the following:
the tip of the tongue is pressed not against the teethridge, but against the back of the
upper incisors.
Pronounce the syllables. The sounds [], [], [], [], [], [], [] help you to pronounce
the consonant [] hard.
Ex. 1. Read these syllables and words.
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
a lamp
a milk
a word
a classroom
a hall
a table
a chair
Ex. 2. Read the sentences paying attention to the intonation.

1
1
1
1
. . . .
1
1
1
1
. . . .
- -
- -
The Plural of Nouns
The plural form of the masculine and feminine nouns is formed by the ending -
+ = (- ) + =
final consonant of the stem is hard

Ex. 3. Read the words paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound [].
,
-
pl.)
,
-
,
-
pl.)
,
-
garden (s.,pl.)
,
,
-
,
,
-
,
,
-
glass (s.,
room (s., pl.)

letter (s.,
,
,
-
The Second Intonational Construction (-2)

-2 is vividly seen while expressing a question in the interrogative sentences with an
interrogative word (for example: (who), (when):
Pay attention to the intonational scheme of the sentence with an interrogative word. The
pre-stressed part is pronounced on the usual pitch. In contrast to -1 the stressed part
is pronounced with a stronger word stress which is marked in the scheme by a small
square. The post-stressed part is pronounced on the lower pitch than the usual one as in
-1.
? Who is here? ? Who is at home?
Ex. 4. Pay attention to the intonational schemes. The center of the intonational
construction is defined by the situation and depending on the situation can move. The
changing of the center of -1, -2 makes the meaning of the sentence more exact:
2
? and
2
?
In the interrogative sentence the word is predicate of a question, i.e. it exspresses

the question designing what is being asked about. The answer to the question can be
short or full. If the full answer is given the center will be always on the word . The
intonational center of an answer depends on the interrogative word of a question :
2
1
? .
2
1
? .
2 1 ? .
Ex. 5. Make up the sentences as in the model of the Ex.4 using these words:
, . , , , , , , , , ,
Ex. 6. Read the dialogues. Pay attention to the intonational center of -2.
(2)
2
- ?
1
2
- . ?
What is your name?
1
- .
The center of -2 is the question was changed but the predicate of the question (what
is being asked about) remained: this is the word . If you address different people
with this question you will change the center of -2 in every new question. You can
ask:
2
1
1) - ? - .
2
2) - ? - .
2
3) - ? - .
The answer to all these different questions will be the same .

Ex. 7. Read these sentences. Pay attention to the intonation.
1
1
1
1
1
1
,
,
,
,
. . . . . .
1
1
1
1
1
1
,
,
,
. . . . (milk). .
Remembe r
Names:
, (f) ,
, (m) ,
Towns:
, ,
Rivers:
, , ,
Homework
1. Write in plural form:

, . , ,
2. Write the gender of nouns:
. , , , , , , ,
3. Write the Russian names.
4. Transcribe:
. , , ,
Who is this? This is Alla. She is at home.
Who is this? This is Max. He is at home.
6. Look at the picture (ex. 6) and write the sentences.
7. Cross out superfluous letters to read the words hidden here:

, , ,
, , , , ,
,. . .
. . .

[] The Hard Consonants [],
The consonants [], [] are invariably hard.

The consonant [] is resemble the English consonant represented by the letters sh in shop,
shell. The consonant [] resembles the English consonant in the word pleasure. The
Russian [], [] are harder than their English counterparts. The consonant [] is voiced
and [] is voiceless.
Ex. 1. Read the syllables, words and sentences.

- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
- []
Names:
book case
,
(m,f) pet name of Alexander
,
(f) pet name of Mary
baby
Possesive Pronouns our(s), your(s)

Singular
Plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
Ex. 2. Read, paying attention to the intonation.

. .
. . .
Who is it?
What is it?
()
?*
* In the word character is pronounced like [].
?
1
?
1
car
cars
window
cupboards
Ex. 3. Read the dialogue, paying attention to the intonation.
2
- ?
1
- . . ? .
1.
. . -
- . . ?
- .
Voiced and Voiceless Consonants

Russian consonants may be voiced and voiceless. You know some of these consonants already.
Voiced
voiceless
As you can see the voiced consonants , , , have no pairs. In speech the paired sounds may pass
from one to another losing, or gaining voice. These changes depend on the position of a sound
in a word and on neighbouring consonants.
1. Voiced consonants are pronounced as voiceless at the end of the word:
[]
a garden
[]
a knife
[]
a club
2. Voiced consonants become voiceless before voiceless consonants:

,
[]
a spoon
3. Voiceless consonants become voiced before all voiced consonants except , , , , :

] [^
]
a railway station
[ ^ what is your name?
] [
this is our house
4. Before , , , and the voiceless consonants are pronounced as voiceless:

]
[ a word
5. The consonant , , , are pronounced as voiced before the voiceless consonants; they dont
have voiceless counterparts:
]
[ round bread
6. It is important not to confuse the voiced consonants with the voiceless consonants because they
often differentiate the meaning of the words:
-
a side - a port
hit - a globe
Ex. 4. Read.
. .
,
. .
~
. .
a vase - a phase
a year - a cat
Ex. 5. Look at the picture. What are Sasha and Antony saying, when showing their room to John and
Jane.
Ex. 6. Look at the picture. What is Masha saying, when showing her school and class room to John
and Jane?

school
blackboard
, , ,, , , , , ;
, , , , ; , ,
, , , , , ,
. .
. .
. . .
. .
Homework
2. Make these plural:

. , , , ,
3. Write the gender of these nouns:
. , , , , , , , , ,
4. Transcribe:
, . , , , , , ,
Who is this? This is our son, our small child Antony. What is your name? (My name is) Alla.
We are acquainted. What is this? This is our school. Here is our garden. There is our house.
This is our room.
6. Write Russian and English names.
7. Fill in the missing letters to read the words hidden here:
_ _ _
_ __
_ __ __
_ _
_ __
8. You want to describe a house or a room. What known Russian words would you use? Write
them.
9. Translate the words and write them down in the picture under the numbers.
room (1)
windows (2)
house (3)
garden (4)

The Hard Consonant x [x]
If you pronounce the sound [] and then slightly lower the back of the tongue keeping it
rounded, the sound [] will be produced. The Russian sound [] is voiceless.
Ex. 1. Read:
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
3
- ?
1
1
- , .
3
- ?
1
- .
cold
well
bad
The Soft Consonant []

The Russian consonant [] resembles the English consonant rendered by the letter Y in
the words yes, you, your.
Ex. 2. Read:
my (m) your (m)
home
[^]
- my (sing., pl.)
[^]
- your (sing., pl.)
-
- .
- .
3
- ?
1
1
- , .
The letter at the end of the syllable denotes the feeble sound [].
Exercises
1. Give the questions ? and ?
) . . . . . .
) . . . .
2. Give the plural of the words:
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , .
3. Put - , - before the words:

... , ... , ... , ... , ... ,
... , ... , ... , ... , ... ,
... , ... , ... , ... , ... .
4. Put , or :
. ... .
. ... .
. ... .
. ... .
. ... .
Letters , , ,
The vowel letters , , , are pronounced in two ways:
1. As the names of these letters, in the separate position, at the beginning of a word,
after a vowel and after the letters: , the letters , , , denote two sounds: [] and
the corresponding vowel [], [], [], [].
2. The stressed , , , following a consonant are pronounced as [], [], [], []
respectively, but the preceding soft consonant lends them a special soft quality. Dont
pronounce the consonant [] in these syllables!
Ex. 3. Read:
a) , , , [a], [o], [y], []
- I (me)
) apple
I eat
New Year tree
Yura
your - feminine
(yours) - neuter
) [^ ] my (mine) - feminine
[^ ] - neuter
The letter denotes always the stressed syllable.
2
) - , ! )
1
- !
Give me the knife, please!
2
- , , !
1
- !
Give me the apple, please!
Possessive Pronouns 1 and 2 Persons Singular

Personal
Pronounce
Possessive Pronouns
Masculine
Feminine
Singular

Plural

Neuter

The possessive pronouns take the gender and number of the nouns which they quality.
The pronouns , are used for plural of all genders.
Ex. 4. Read these words:

-
-

Ex. 5. Read the sentences, payind attention to -1 and -2:
2
2
- ? - ?
1
1
- . - .
Ex. 6. Read, paying attention to the intonation.

3
a) - ?
1
1
1
1
- , . , .
3
- ?
1
1
- , .
2
- ?
1
- . (agronomist)
2
) - , ?
1
- .
2
- ? What is her name?
1
- . Her name is Ira.
3
- ? (astronomer)
1
1
- , .
2
2
) - , ?
1
- .
2
- ?
What is his name?
1
- .
His name is Yura.
3
) - ?
1
1
- , .
2
3
) - , ?
1
- .
2
3
) - , ?
1
1
- , . (advocate)
Ex. 7. Read the dialogue.

Name:
. .
I am listening
I am going home - !
1
1
I am waiting
- , .
2
1
- , .
1
Towns: , ,
Rivers: (Dunabe)
- , .
2
1
- , .
1
1
- , , .
The Hard Ste m Adjectives. (What kind of ... , , )

Singular
masculine
feminine
?
?
-
-
-
-

neuter
?
-
-

Question and Answe rs

1. ?

?

?
.
What kind of magazine is this?

This is a new magazine.
What kind of lamp is this?
This is a new lamp.
What kind of word is this?
This is a new word.
2. ?
.
?
.
?
.
What bridge is there?

There is a new bridge.
What lamp is there?
There is a new lamp.
What window is there?
There is a large window.
An adjective answers the question , , what?, what kind of ...?,

which agree with the noun that it qualifies in gender, number and case. In the
nominative singular masculine adjectives have an unstressed ending
- or a stressed ending -:
-
-
-
In the masculine adjectives after the hard consonants , the stressed ending - and
unstressed ending - are written as: - . The neuter adjectives take
the endings - and -: - . Feminine adjectives have the ending -:
- .
Functions of Adjectives in a Sentence

In the sentence the adjective may be used as an attribute (a) or a predicate (). An
adjective used as an attribute usually stands before the noun it qualifies:
a) .
It is a large room.
.
The large room is there.
) .
The room is large.
.
My room is large.
Pay attention to the omission of the equivalent of the English verb to be in the
present tense.
Ex. 8. Read the sentences, paying attention to the gender of the adjectives.
(country). . (town). .
(old) . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Ex. 9. Answer the questions.
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
?
Ex. 10. Make the sentences interrogative using these words. Model ex.9:
, , , , , , , .
Ex. 11. Read the sentences. Put the questions and answer by model.
Model: - ? - .
- ? - .
- . .
Homework
1. Define the gender of nouns:
, , , , , , , , , .
2. Replace the words , by the words , :
, , , , .
3. Put the questions corresponding to these answers:
. . . .
4. Make plural:
, , , , .
5. Transcribe:
, , , , , , , .
a) This is Moscow. This is a centre. I am going home. Tnis is my house. These are
my windows. This is my room.
) This is our school. This is our classroom. What is this? This is our table. Who is
this? This is my friend. What is his name? His name is Sasha. Who is this? This is my
friend. What is her name? Her name is Ira.
7. Fill in the missing letters to read the following words:
_ _ _ _ _ ,
_ _ _ _ ,
_ _ _ _ ,
_ _ _ .
8. Translate the words and write them down in the picture under the numbers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
friend (f)
friend (m)
agronomist
advocate
9. Write new words in alphabetical order in the special notebook.

In order to pronounce [] one should raise the middle part of the tongue very high to
the palate as for sounds [] or []. When listening to this sound you find it more soft
than European [l ].
Ex. 1. Read the syllables and compare the sounds [] and []:
- , - , - , - , - ,
- , - , - , - , -
Ex. 2. Read the syllables and words.
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
- - - -

capital
street
Petersburg
to like, to love
I like, I love
The Conjugation of the verbs (to love, to like).

The Present Tense

Inanimate masculine and neuter nouns take the same endings in the accusative as in the
nominative.
Nominative
Accusative
?
.
?
.
The Accusative Denoting the Direct Object of Nouns Inanimate Masculine and
Neuter
?
.
What do you like?

I like theatre and cinema.
Ex. 3. Read these sentences, paying attention to the intonation.

2
) - ?
1
- (sing).
1
- (dance).
1
- (walk).
3
) ?
1
- .
3
- ?
1
- .
3
,
) - ,
,
, // ,
,
,
, // ,
,
, // .

Ex. 4. Read these syllables, words and dialogues.
- -
- -
-
!
!

(f.)
(m.)
repeat!
repeat!
Paris
thank you
a door
a dictionary
3
3
) - ?
) - ?
1
1
1
1
- , .
, .
3
1
- , , ! .
1
3
- !
- ?
1
1
1
- !
-, .
,
!
,
open!
3
- , , !
1
open!
- !
1
- !
3,
!
,
!
1
close! - , , ! .
close!
1
- .
1
- .
The Conjugation of the Verb (to live).

Question ? (where?)
Ex. 5. Read the words and sentences. Learn this verb.
Present Tense

- ?
- .
- ?
- .
The Prepositional of Nouns.
The Prepositional Denoting Place. The Question ? (where?)

In answer to the question ? (where?) the adverbs of place , , or
nouns in the prepositional case with the preposition or (in, at) are used:
? . Where is Ivan? Ivan is at home.

? . Where does Ivan live? He lives there.
? . Ann lives in Moscow.
? . They are at the theatre now.
The Endings of the Prepositional Singular
masculine
-
-
?
.
feminine
-
-
?
.
Ex. 6. Read these texts, paying attention to the prepositional of nouns.

1
3
1
1
) . - . .
1
1
1
) . . .
1
.
1
1
) . .
,
,
New words: Russia town
Ex. 7. Read these dialogues, paying attention to the intonation.

3
) - ?
1
1
- , .
3
) - ? - for a long time
1
1
- , . (not long ago) //
The Soft Consonant [c], []

Ex. 8. Compare the pronunciation of the hard and soft consonants:
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -

(m.)

masculine name
Russia
a university
a museum
a newspaper
friends
- .
Ex. 9. Read the dialogues.
2
2
) - , , ?
1
- ().
3
- , !
1
- .
.
1
- .
New word: - abbr. for Moscow State University
2
3
) - , ,
?
1
1
- , .
3
- , .
1
- .
New word: a hotel
Ex. 10. Read the dialogues, paying attention to the intonational centre of .
2
2
- , ?
1
2
- . , ?
1
- .
3
- ?
1
- .
1
- .
New words: a plant at a plant - to work

a) Turn this dialogue into the text. Model:
. . .
.
b) Answer the questions, using the dialogue:
? ? ?
? ?
? ? ( - a tourist) ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ( - a director, a manager)
Ex. 11. Read the sentences, paying attention to the intonational centre of .
3
1
1
- ? - , .
- ? - .
,
- ? - , .
,
- (news)? - , .
- ? - , .
Complete the dialogues.

- ? - ...
- , . - ...
- ? - ...
- ... - .
- . (, ! take!)
Ex. 13. Read the text. Answer the questions. Speak about yourself.
1
1
3
1
. . .
3
1
3
1
3
1
- . - . .
1
.
New words: an engineer

a physicist
a biologist
1) ? 2) ? 3) ? 4) ? 5) - ? 6) ? 7) ? 8)
- ? 9) - ?
The Conjugation of the Verb (to work)
The Present Tense

Imperative
!
The Past Tense of the Verb
The past Tense of Russian verbs expresses an action which took place in the past (a nd
does not continue at present). There is only one form of the past tense in Russian. The
English counterparts of the Russian past tense are the Past Indefinite, the Past
Continuous, the Present Perfect and the Past Perfect:
-() + -
-() + -
-() + -
singular
masculine
feminine
neuter
plural
( - to work)
( - to live)
( - to be)
(, ) , ,
(, ) , ,
, ,
(, ) , ,
Past Tense verbs agree with the subject of the sentence in gender and number.
Ex. 13. Read this text. Answer the questions.
3
1
3
1
3
. .
1
1
. .
1) ?
2) ?
3) ?? 4)
The Verb (to be) in the Present and Past Tense
The verb is not used
in the present tense
.
.
.
In the past tense the verb

changes for number and gender
.
.
.
Ex. 14. Read the dialogues. Pay attention to the translation of the question
? in English.
? ) -
- .
? ) -
- .
? ) -
. -
) - ?
- , .
Ex.15. Read these words and dialogues. Make up the dialogues using these words and
phrases.
a wife
married (for man)

husband
married (for woman)

2
3
) - , ?
1
1
- , .
2
3
) - , ?
1
1
- , .
3
) - , ?
1
1
- , .
2
3
) - , ?
1
1
- , .
Ex. 16. Read the texts. Answer the questions about the texts. Retell these texts.
1
1
1
3
) . . .
1
.
1 3
1
1
3
) , . .
,
1 3
,
,
1
3
1
. . - .
,
1
,
. ( - a hospital)
2
2
2
3
3
, , ? ? ?
3
3
? ?
REMEMBER:
The Present Tense
?
.
The Past Tense

(formerly)?
) ( .
?
.
?
() .
- song
,
,
,

,
,
,
!
,
,
,
!
,
, ,
!
New words:

let be
always
sun, sunlight
sky
Proverbs and idioms

- .
Measure seven times cut once - score twice before you cut once
.
Moscow was not built all of a sudden (Rome was not built in a day)
Read quickly:

. There is grass in the yard.

. There is fire wood on the grass.
. Dont hash the fire wood.
. On the grass of the yard.
Homework
1. Write the gender of the nouns:

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, , , , , , (n), ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, , , , , .
2. Put in possessive pronouns:

,
,
, , , , , .
3. Answer these questions using the words, given in brackets.

,
,
,
1) ? () 2) ? ()
,
,
,
3) ? () 4) ()
,
,
,
, ,
,
5) ? () 6) ? ()
,
,
,
,
,
,
7) ? () 8) ? ()
,
,
,
,
,
,
9) ? () 10) ? (?)
4. Transcribe:
,
,
,
,
,
,
c, , , , , .

- Good afternoon, Alla! - Good afternoon, Andrey! - Where were you, Alla!- I was in
the centre. - Were you at the theatre?- No, I was at the museum.
6. Insert the necessary letters, read the words.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_____
___
7. Translate the words and write them under appropriate numbers.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Moscow, museum
hotel
capital
cafe
university
school
8. Here is the dialogue of two people. Put these sentences in order.

,
,
,
,
- , . - . - .
,
,
,
,
,
- , ? - ?
,
,
,
- ? - -.
,
,
,
,
- ? - . - .
,
,
,
- ? - , .
9. Write the dialogue using these sentences.

- (m) (teacher).
,
,
.
,
?.
10. Tell about yourself.


The Soft Consonants [], [], []
Ex. 1. Read the syllables.
- - -
- - -
name (f)
name (m)
verse, poetry
kefir
in a park
at a circus
Remember:

- s., pl. of book
-
s., pl. of shelf
- s., pl. of spoon
- s., pl. of fork
- s., pl. of cup
Ex. 2. Read.
,2
3
,
2 ,
- ? - ? - ?
, 1
1
1,
1,
,
- . - , . - .
The Conjugation of the Verb by model (to speak, to say)

Present Tense
Imperative
! !

Past Tense
(, )

(, )

(, )
Ex. 3. Read, paying attention to the pronunciation of the words and

-, and -.
,
,
- (Russian, man - woman)
,
,
- (English, man - woman)
,
,
- (French, man - woman)
,
,
. -. I am Russian. I speak Russian.
,
,
. -. I am French. I speak French.
,
,
. -. I am English. I speak
English.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
[] language , ,
a)
3
,
,
) - ? Do you know Russian?
1
,
,
1
- , -. Yes, I speak Russian a little..
,
2
2
) - , , - capital?
What is the Russian for capital?
1
- .
3
,
) - -? Do you speak Russian?
1
1
- , (a little)
3
,
) - -? Do you speak French?
1
1
3
1
- , . - (English) -
(German).
,
2
3
) - , , ?
1
1
- , .
'
2
3
- , , ?
1
1
- , . (American)
,
2
3
- , , ?
1
1
4
- , . ?
1
- .
Ex. 4. Read the words.
a poet
a writer

Russian
great
Ex. 5. Read these sentences, paying attention to the intonational groups. Pronounce the
first intonational part of the sentence with -3 and the second part of the sentence is
pronounced always with -1.
.. ..
1799-1837 1868-1936
2
3
)
3
2
?
1
- .
1
- .
,
1
- .
2
2
- ?
3
1
) - .
3
,
1
- .
3
,
1
- .
Ex. 6. Read these groups of the words without the separation.

verse of Pushkin
Pushkin street
Pushkin Fine Arts Museum, Pushkin Museum
[]
books of Gorky
Gorky street
Gorky Museum
In these groups of words , ,
the words , are the forms of the possessive case of
the words , : Pushkins verses, Gorkys books.
Ex. 7. Read these dialogues, paying attention to the intonation.

2
) - ?
1
- .
2
- ?
1
- .
2
) - ?
1
- .
3
- ?
1
- .
New word: a novel

Ex. 8. Read the dialogues, paying attention to the intonation.
2
,
a) - , ?
1
4
,
- . , ?
3
1
- - .
2
,
,
2
) - , ,
?
1,
,
,1
- . (go!) .
1
- .
New words:
,
cinema
straight
go!

3
) - ?
1
1
4
- , . ?
1
- .
3
,
,
) - ?
1
4
- . ?
1
,
- .
3
,
) - ?
1
4
- , ?
, 1
- .

2
3
a) - ? ?
1
1
4
- , . ?
1
- .
2
3
) - ? ?
1
4
- , ?
1
- .
3
- ?
1
- .
Ex. 11. Read the sentences, paying attention to the intonation.

1
a) - .
3
1
- .
3
- ?
1
) - .
3
1
- .
3
- ?
3
) - - ?
1
- .
4
- ?
3
1
- -
Ex. 12. Read the sentences, paying attention to the intonation.

3
1
4
1
- . - .
3
1
4
1
- . - .
The Conjugation of Verbs (to go, to walk) and

(to go, to travel by...)
The Russian verbs and designate the different modes of movement:
() - to walk, to go on foot;
( ) - to go by bus, by trolley,by tram, by underground, by
taxi.
Present Tense

Present Tense
Imperative
!
Imperative
!
? Where are you going to?

. I am going home.
. I am going to the park.
? Where are you going?
. I am going to the centre.
. I am going to Petersburg.
Ex. 13. Read. Pay attention to the use of the verbs , .
2
) - ?
1
4
- . ?
1
- .
.
2
) - ?
,
1
4
- . ?
1
- .
,
2
- .
1
1
- . .
.
Expression of Place and Direction
The Costruction with the Verbs ? and ?
?
where?
where to?
? Where is he going to? ? Where is he?

. He is going to the park. . He is in the park.
Remember!
? Nominative
.
.
? Accusative
? Prepositional
expression of direction
expression of place

.
.
.
.
Ex. 14. Read.

2
3
- ? ?
1
1
: - , .
:
Ex. 15. Read.

2
,
: - (in the evening)?
,
3
: - (may be), ?
2
3
,
: - , ?
2
,
: - .
4
: - , ?
1
,
,
: - .
,
3
: - ?
1
1
: - , .
Ex. 16. Read these words. Remember!
(pl.)
money
a kopek
a rouble
. .. ? (How much is ... ?)

. .. ? (How much are ... ?)
?
?
. 30 . 120
( )
( )
Ex. 17. Read the dialogues.
) - ?
- ) 40 ( .
) 50 ( (or) 60 () .
in the afternoon
in the evening
3
) - ?
1
,
,
,
- .1 () 70
() .
2
- , , () .
1
3
,
- , 140 (
)
1
.
2
3
) - , , ?
1
1
1
,
- , . 1() 80 ()
.
1
- .
2
3
) - , , ?
1
1
1
- , . .
1
2
- . ?
1
,
,
- 1 () 90 () .
3
1
- , , 1 () .
1
- .
1
- .
2
) - ?
1
- 8 () .
4
- ?
1
- 50 () .
REMEMBER!
[]
10
20
30
40
50
] [
60-
70 -
80 -
90
100 -
Ex. 18. Complete the sentences.

... ... , ,
...
Conjugation of the Verbs by the model ( to read)
(the 1 conjugation )
( to ask) (to answer)
Present Tense
Present Tense

( tolisten)
Present Tense
Imperative
Imperative
!
!
!
!
Past Tense
(, )
(, )
(, )
Past Tense
Imperative
!
!
Past Tense
(, )
(, )

(, )
(, )
(, )

(, )
Conjugation of the verbs by the model ( to write)
(the 1 conjugation )
Present Tense

(, )
Imperative
!
!
Past Tense
(, )

(, )

(, )
Ex. 19. Write the verbs ( to understand), (to study),

(to think) by the model (the 1 conjugation ). Check your
results.
Present Tense
Present Tense
Present Tense
(,
(,
(,
Imperative
Imperative
Imperative
st Tense
Past Tense
(, )
(, )
(, )
(, )
(, )
(, )
Past Tense
(, )
(, )
(, )
REMEMBER!

Ex. 20. Read the text. .

?. ( preparatory . )
( first ) (floor ). (classroom . ). (on
the left . ) ( on the right) ( door. )
(map).
( right now. ) (the teacher ) . . -
?
(textbook ). (right? ).
. , .
?
, . , .
? , ?
, . .
- (slowly ).
(everything ) .
?
correct
uncorrect
loudly
quietly
slowly
fast
well
bad
Ex. 21. Answer the questions and write the answers.

, ? , ?
? , ?
? ? -
, (when) ? -?
(maybe ),
,

(because ) ?
, ? , (if, )
? ,
, (he repeats,
model ) ? (when ) ,
, ?
?

- to repeat,

?
REMEMBER! (getting acquainted)

! . ?
.
(this is a pleasure). , ?
. , ?
. (from where) ( to come,
to arrive ), ?
. , ?
. ?
. , . .
. . , (weve met before).
, (good bye) ! ] [ (all
the best)!
(see you soon) ! [ ] (good
bye)!
! ? .
.- .!
( interesting)! , ?
. , ?
. , ?
. , ?
] [ (USA). .
.
. . . . ,

! - -, ! !
Good bye!
. This is the University.
. This is the Preparatory Faculty
. corridor
c to the left
c to the right
strtaight (in front)

in the middle
shelf
(f.) door
duster
(f.) note book
pen
ruler
cupboard
chalk
(m.) dictionaty
text book
pencil
eraser
Homework
1. Answer the questions.
? () ? ()
? () ? () ? ()
? (). ? () ? ()
2. Put in these words given in brackets:
... ... ... ... ... ...
(, , , , , "")
3. Put in the verbs , , , :
... . ... . ... . ... . ... . ... .
... .
This is my friend Max. He lives in Moscow. He is a worker. He works at the factory.
His wife is a doctor. There are their children. They live here for a long time.
This is my family. This is my father. He is a worker. He likes to work. In the evening he
likes to read newspapers and magazins. This is my mother. She is a doctor. She works
in a hospital. This is my brother. He is a student. He studies at the university. He likes
sports. He likes hockey. This is my sister. She works in the university. She is a
professor. She likes to sing and to dance. She likes Russian.
6. Cross out the superfluous letters to read corresponding proverbs: Better late than
never and Morning is wiser than evening.

The consonant [] is invariably soft. It has no English counterpart. When pronouncing
the soft consonant [] the position of the tongue resembles the position of the tongue
pronouncing the sound [] , but there is the first moment of [] articulation.
After never write the letters , .
Ex. 1. Read the syllables and words.

- -
- -
- -
- -
-
(f)
(m)
(f)
(m)
-
-
-

-
still, yet
a square
a comrad, a friend
a thing
a raincoat
The Plural of the Nouns

The nouns ending in the letter after , , , belong to the feminine. The nouns
rending in the letters , , , belong to the masculine.
The Plural of these nouns have the vowel in the end of the word.
-
Remember!
- daughter - daughters mother - mothers
Pay attention to the place of the stress in the Plural.

Ex. 2. Read.
-

- -
Ex. 3. Read, paying attention to the center of -3 and -1.

3
- ?
3
- ?
3
- ?
3
- ?
3
- ?
1
1
1 1
- , . (, .)
1
1
1 1
- , . (, .)
1
1
1
1
- , . (, .)
1
1
1
1
- , . (, .)
1
1
- , .
Who of these persons answers the question ?

- .
Whose things are these? Put

questions and answers with the
possessive pronouns.
Ex. 4. Read the words and the sentences.

- - Moscovite (m., and pl.)
- Moscovitr (f., and pl.)
3

3

,
3
1
- .
1
- .
1
- .
The Fifth Intonational Construction

(-5)
-5 is most vividly seen while expressing appreciation in the sentences with pronouns
, , (what, how).
Compare the intonation of the sentences:

2
How
5
And
-? ( - )
well does he speak Russian?
-! (, !)
how he speaks Russian!
Ex. 5. Read and translate into English. Pay attention to the types of .
2
) - -?
1
- - .
5
- -!
1 2
- , !
2
) - ?
1
- .
5
- !
5
- !
Ex 6. Read these words and text.

Russias capital
center of the capitaL
Red Square
(m) Kremlin
3
1
3
1
- . - .
3
1
3
1
- . .
Homework
1. Put in the verb .
... -. ... -. ... -? , ... . ... -. ... -.

... -. ... -? ... -?
2. Write the endings of the words.
..., ..., ..., ...
3. Write the possessive pronouns:
, , , , , , , , , .
4. Answer these questions.
? ? ()? ()?
? ? ? ?
?
5. Translate into Russian.
I live in London. I am a doctor. I am married. My wife doesnt work. These are my
children. We are going to Petersburg. My wife speaks Russian.
6. Translate into English.
3
- -?
3
- , .
3
- -?
1
-
-.
4
- ?
2
2
- O! -.
3
- -?
1
1
- , .
7. Write the answers.

1. ? 2. ()? 3. ? 4.
()? 5. ? 6. ()? 7. ?
8. ? 9. ? 10.
? ? 11. ? 12.
? (prefer) 13. ? ?
? ?
(painter)? 14. ? ? ?
15. ()? 16. ? 17. ? 18.
? ? ? 19. ? ?
? ? ? ?
? 20. ? ( ?)
? ( ?) 21. - (-, -
-, -)? ? -?
? ? Times? ,
? ,
?
8. You have a photo of your family. Show it to your conversation partner, name all the
people in the photo and tell what they do.
9. Write a letter to one of the Russian people, with whom you want to get acquainted.
Tell about yourself, your life and work.
10. Write all new words in alphabetical order in the special notebook.
Sing whit us
!
I.

: ( )
.
, , ,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
24
.
827 (
, ).
.

, .
,
. ,

, .
, ,
.
( ) .

( ).
863
,
.
.
(..),

( ,
).
.
.

,
- .

(
).
.
867
.
.
, 868
. II ,
.
14 869 .
869 ,
. 870
- ,
.
VIII ,
. VIII
, , 880 ,
.

, .. ,
- ,

.
.
.
8 885 .
.
.
,
. ,
, -
.
:

1. (.) , , . 12-
, .

2. , ,
. .
3. , , .
4. , .
.
5. , , ,
.
6. , .

1. .
.
,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(),
.
.
()
.
() -
-
.
-
.
- -
.
-
I. PHONETICS
1. The Russian Alphabet. Correlation of Sounds and Letters

There are 33 letters in the Russian language, however there exist many more sounds as
one and the same letter can indicate several sounds.
Table 1.
Letters
Printed
Hand
written
Name of the
Sound
letter
Similar English Sounds
[]
like ar in far
[]
like b in but
[]
like v in voice
[]
like g in get
[]
like d in day
[] like ye in yet
[] like yo in your
[] like s in pleas ure
[]
like z in zone
[]
like ee in meet
short
[]
like y in boy
[]
like k in skate
[]
like l in look
[]
like m in may
[]
like n in not
[]
like or in port
[]
like p in spoon
[]
like r in rock
[]
like s in smoke
[]
like t in tie
[]
like oo in moon
[] like f in foot
[]
like ch in the Scottish loch
[]
like ts in boots
[]
like ch in chair
[] like sh in shell
[]
hard sign
like sh ch in Danis h charter

(pronounced as one word)
[] like i in wind
soft sign
[] like you in youth
[] like yar in yard
[]
like e in bet
2. VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

VOWEL SOUNDS
In the Russian language we find 6 vowel sounds (stressed) and 10 letters denoting
vowel sounds.
Table 2. Vowel sounds and letters
Sounds
Letters
, , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
The vowels for syllables: there are as many vowels in a word as syllables. For example:
,
,
,
-o-- (4), ---a- (5), (1), - (2), --o
In front of letters ---- the consonants are pronounced softly:

,
,
,
o /o /, /o /, //.
In front of letters the consonants are articulated softly:

/ /, //, //.
THE CONSONANTS
The consonants do not form syllables.
The consonants are subdivided into voiceless- voiced; hard-soft
Table 3. Voiceless-voiced consonants
Voiced
- - - -
Voiceless
Voiceless and voiced consonants distinguish the meaning of words.

For example: - , , .
Table 4. Hard-soft consonants
-pairs:
hard
soft
B -not in
pairs
always hard
always soft
The consonants of group A are pronounced in a hard way if they are followed by letters
a, o, , , and softly after letters , , , , , :
// - //,
// - //,
// - e //,
// - //.
Hardness-softness of the consonants distinguishes the words meaning.
For example:
- ,
- ,
-
The letters - do not indicate sounds. Letter is used to render hardness /softness/ of
preceding consonants; - renders softness of preceding consonants.
3. RULES OF READING. STRESSES.

The stress in the Russian language is not fixed, that is each word has its own location of
stress. For example:
,
,
,
,
a - , - e, e - e.
The stress makes distinction between:

a) The meaning of words:
,
,
,
,
-a, o u;
b) Grammatical forms of words:

,
,
,
,
u-, -u
Stressed vowels in words are pronounced clearly, strongly and in a prolonged manner.
In the unstressed syllables vowels are modified. Vowels , , are varied by duration.
The consonants , , , also are changed by its quality.
Table 5.
Stressed
Unstressed
For example:
a / a/, a//, / /, //, a /a/, o
/ /, o/o /
After hard consonants - - the vowel in the unaccented location is rendered as

". For example:
- //, - / /.
READING LETTERS , , ,
These letters can be read as 1 (one) sound and as 2 (two) sounds. As 1 sound they are
pronounced after the consonants, for example, / /, e //; as two
sounds the above letters are rendered in the following positions:
a) At the beginning of word: //, //, /;
b) After the vowels: / /, e / / , / /;
c) After and : //, e / /, / /.
Table 6. Reading of letters , , stressed
Letter 1 Sound 2 Sound
READING THE CONSONANTS
The letters , , , , in the end of word, preceding the voiceless consonants, are
pronounced as their voieless pairs, like , , , , , . For example:
/ /, // , // , //, //, u/ /,
a / /, o/ /.
The letters , , , , , preceding voiced consonants, are pronounced as their voiced
pairs, as letters , , , , . For example:
o //, a/ /, e / /, o/ /.
PRONOUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS COMBINATIONS
-
-//:
-//:
-//:
-//:
-//:
,
a //
,
a / /
,
u //
,
u/ /
,
e/ /
,
-//:
-//:
-//:
-//
//
,
o //
-//:
, /
-//:
/ /
-//:
-
-
o / /
,
a / /
/ /
,
-//: o/ /
,
-//: a/ /
ORPHOGRAPHY
Letters , , , , , , are never followed by letters , , but only by letters
, , . For example:
, , , , , , .
4. INTONATION
In the Russian language intonation helps to distinguish the meaning of the phrase.
Intonation can be either ascending or descending. The rise or lowering of intonation
occurs on the accented word syllable which is the most important by meaning. Such a
word is called the intonational centre.
Depending on intonation trend we make d istinction between the following types of
intonations.
Table 7. Types of intonational constructions
Intonation
Example
Remarks
construction
IC - 1
IC - 2
IC - 3
-- - - - - - o

Puts in shape completed

statement
- - - o
?
- - - - - o
, ,

Special question
,
Request, demand
- - -
?
- - o - - - - -
IC - 4
. ?

,4
,4 ,4
.1
4 .
General question

Not completed utterance

""
Comparative question
Enumeration

Noncompleted syntagm
SYNTAGMATIC DIVISION OF SENTENCESENTENCE

Syntagm is the part of phrase which represents by itself the semantic and intonational
entity. Several types of syntagm are in existence:
1. SYNTAGM OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
- 3(4) | 1
2. SYNTAGM OF MODIFIER (TIME, PLACE etc)
?
- 3 | 1 .
?
- 3 | 1
3. SYNTAGM OF OBJECT
- 3 | 1 .
- 3 | 1
4. SYNTAGM OF ATTRIBUTE
- 3,4 | 1 .
- 3,(4), | 1 .
5. SYNTAGM OF THE HOMOGENEOUS PARTS ON ENUMERATION
- 4 , 4 , 4 1
6. In complex sentence syntagms are distinguished by intonation with the following
meaning:
1) Sequence
4 , | 3 | .
2) Contraposition (or opposition)

- 3 , | 1 .
3) Time, condition, purpose etc (if the clause is at the beginning of phrase)
- 3 , | 1 .
SEMANTICALLY DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION OF SYNTAGMATIC DIVISION
Different division of phrases into syntagms makes distinction between the meaning
of one and the same expression. For example:
I. 1) - 3 , | 3 , |
1 .
2) - 3 , | 3 , |
1
II. 1) - 3 , | 1 .
2) - 3 , | 1 .
VARIATIONS OF SYNTAGMATIC DIVISIONS
Different variations can be found in intonational phrase division by syntagms,
which depends:
1) On the structure of sentence and the numbe r of words in the syntagm and also
2) On the relation of the speaking pe rson to the meaning of statement
1. 1 .
3/4
2. - 1 .
3/4 - 1
II. WORD FORMATION

In the Russian language word includes the following parts: root, prefix, suffix, ending.
Root - the common part of related words. For example: - - . Prefix is always found in front of the root? And suffix - after the root. New
words are formed with their help. For example: - - . Prefix,
root and suffix enter the word stem, in other words stem forms the whole word without
ending.
Table 8. Types of stems

Hard stem
, -, -, -
Soft stem
, -, -, -
Stem with , ,
-, -, -
Stem with ,,,
, , -
Table 9. Stem impact on selection of ending whe n the word is changed
-
-

-
-
III. GRAMMAR
There are 10 parts of speech in the Russian language:

The Noun, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Numeral, the Verb, the Adverb, the
Preposition, the Conjunction, Particles, Interjections.
The parts of speech are subdivided into variable and invariable:
Variable parts of speech
Invariable parts of speech
The Noun
The Adjective
The Pronoun
The Numeral
The Verb
The Participle
The Adverb
The Prepositions
The Conjunctions
The Particles
The Adverbial Participle
Interjections
1.THE NOUN
The Nouns denote:

- specific items
- persons
- living creatures
- phenomena, events, occurrences
- , , ;
- , ;
- ,;
- ,;
- ,;
- , ;
- ;
- actions
- state, condition
- abstract notions
The Nouns have Gender, Number, Declension, and also are subdivided into animate
beings or inanimate object categories.
Each Noun belongs to one of the three Genders: (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter), it can
be in the singular or plural form and always in the form of one of the six cases.
In sentences Nouns have different functions.
Table 10. Functions of the Noun
Function
Example
Subject
Predicate
Direct object
Indirect object
Attribute

ANIMATE AND INANIMATE NOUNS
The nouns can denote items:

Inanimate (what?)
Animate (who?)
Item
- ,
people
- ,
Action
- ,
animals - ,
Events
State
Plant
- ,
A) The GENDER OF NOUNS
Each Noun belongs to one of the three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.
In most cases the Gender of the Nouns has a formal meaning, therefore it can be
distinguished by the last letter of word (with the exception of nouns which have the
ending ).
Table 11. The Gender of the Nouns
Masculine
Ending Feminine
Ending Neuter Ending
--
-o
--
-e
--
--
The following nouns belong to the Masculine Gender:

- nouns, ending in the consonant:
hard stem - ,
soft stem - ,
The Feminine Gender incorporates:
- nouns, ending in -:
hard stem -,
- nouns, ending in -:
soft stem -, .
The following nouns belong to the Neuter Gender:
- nouns ending in -:
hard stem -
- nouns ending in -:
soft stem -,
Remembe r!
1. Words ending in -A - , denoting males, are related to the Masculine Gender , , .
2. All nouns ending in - belong to the Neuter Gender-, , , ,
, .
If a word has in the end -, it can belong to the Masculine or the Feminine Genders
Table 12. The Gender of Nouns ending in -
Masculine Gender
1.
2.
3.
4.
Feminine Gender
5.
6.
In some cases awareness of Rules helps to determine the Gender of the Nouns
1. If the Noun ends in hissing letters and in -, this Noun relates to the Feminine
Gender.
Masculine Gender Feminine Gende r
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,3,4. The Masculine Gender comprises:

Nouns with suffixes:
- -
- - ,
Nouns - the names of the months;
5. The Feminine Gender incorporates Nouns ending in suffix -- , ;
6. In other cases it is recommended to consult in the dictionary.
B) The NUMBER OF NOUNS

Almost all nouns have the forms in singular and plural numbers.
The form in the plural number of the nouns depends on the form of the Gender
Table 13. The Plural Number of Masculine and Feminine Nouns
Gender
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
1.
2.
after
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Table 13a. Plural Number of the Neuter Gender Nouns

Singular
-
-
-
Plural
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Nouns belonging to the Masculine and Feminine Genders with hard stem in the plural
possess the ending - -,
- Nouns belonging to the Masculine and Feminine Genders with soft stem and those
which stem ends in -, have the ending ; -, ,
- Nouns which stem terminates in -, , , , , , , have ending -,
, , , , , ,
- Nouns with the Neuter Gender and with hard stem have the ending - -, ;
- Nouns of the Neuter Gender with the soft stem have the ending - -, ;
SPECIAL CASES OF THE PLURAL NUMBER FORMATION

1. -
,
o
,
o
,
,
-a
,
-a
,
-a
,
-a
,
-a
,
-
,
-
,
-a
,
y
-y
,
,
-
,
,
a -a
,
,
a -a
,
,
a -a
,
,
e
-
,
,
e
-e
,
-y
,
u
2. -
3. -
-
4.
,
a
,
o
,
o
,
o
,
-a
,
-a
,
-a
,
-a
,
-a
,
-
,
-
,
-e
Remembe r!
Nouns used only in the Singular
Nouns used only in the Plural
1. Material Substantive:
a) - names of chemical elements:
- ,
b) - names of liquids
- ,
c) - names of food products
- ,
1. , , , ,
2. Nouns generated from the adjectives and

2. ,
from the verbs:
- ,
3. Nouns with the meaning of
generalization:
- , ,
3. ,
C) DECLENSION SYSTEM
In the Russian language the nouns change depending on what function they play in
sentence.
. .
.
These different forms are called the case forms and the endings - the case endings.
The case endings indicate at the same time the gender, the number and the case.
There are 6 cases in the Russian language. Each case has its specific questions.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
()
()
()
()
()
()
?, ?
?, ?
?, ?
?, ?
?, ?
()?, () ?
Table 14. Declension of Masculine Gender Nouns ending In Hard And Soft
Consonant, Feminine Gender Nouns ending in -, -, Neute r Gender -ending in A, -.
Case
Singular
Masculine
Gender
..
? ?
..
?
?
..
?
?
Neuter
Gender
Plural
Feminine
Gender
-
-
..
?
?
Animate noun as
in the Gen.case
Inanimate noun as
in the Nom.case
Animate noun as
in the Gen.case
Inanimate noun
as
in the Nom.case
..
? ?
-
-
..
?
?
Table 15. Declension of Fe minine Gender Nouns ending in -

Case
Singular Numbe r
..
..
Plural Numbe r
As Nom.
Case
..
..
..
..
()
Table 16. Declension of Nouns ending in -, -, -

Case
Singular
Masculine
Gende r
..
..
..
Neuter
Gende r
-
Plural
Feminine
Gende r
-
-
-
-
-
..
As Nom.Case
As Nom.Case
..
..
Every case form has variety of endings.

For example:
Case
Masculine
Gender
Ending
Neuter
Gender
Ending
Feminine
Gender
Ending
Dative
case
To
Whom?
To What?
-
-
Selection of one of the case endings is determined by the following:

1) Belonging of a noun to the particular gender. In this case endings of masculine and
neuter genders coincide.
2) Stem of the noun:
a) hard -
b) soft -
) rules of orphography:
a) after ,, we should write - but not - -
b) after , (soft consonants) we write - but not - -
) after , (hard consonants) we write - but not - -
In case forms in the plural the ending as a rule coincides.
Table17. Coincidence Of Case Endings In The Plural Numbe r
Complete coincidence
Incomplete coincidence
..
..
.. -
-
.. -
-
..
..
.
..
-
..
()
..
=..
Animate
..
=..
Inanimate
The Nominative case is always used without preposition. Prepositional case is always
used with preposition.
The Genitive, Dative, Accusative and Instrumental cases are used without prepositions
and with prepositions, which are always placed before nouns.
The form of the Noun determines the form of adjectives, pronouns, numerals and
participles. agreed with this Noun
D) NOMINATIVE CASE. WHO? WHAT?

The nominative case in the singular - is the starting form, on basis of which you can
derive all the other forms of nouns.
All the nouns in the dictionaries are given in the nominative case.
Nominative case is always applied without prepositions.
Table 18. The Meanings of the Nominative Case
Meaning
Example
Person in active action.
The name of a person or an item.
. .
The person (item)-bearer of feature,

attribute.
. .
Characteristics of an item (person).
-. .
Events, facts.
Subject (person),undergoing influence (in

passive structure).
I .
.
The object of possession.
The object of necessity.
. .
The state of person.
The object of presence.
Event, action in temporary phase.
Table 19. The Function of the Nominative Case

Function
Example
Subject of sentence.
.
.
.
.
.
Grammatical subject in structures specific

for the Russian language.
.
.
.
.
.
Grammatical subject in passive

construction.
I .
.
Grammatical subject in constructions using .

phase verbs.
.
Predicate of a sentence
-. -.
Object name
""
Address (to)
, .
E) GENITIVE CASE. WHOM? WHAT?

Table 20. Endings of Nouns in the Genitive case
Gende r
Nominative Case
Masculine Gender
Genitive case
Endings
-
-
Neuter Gender
-
-
Feminine gender
-
-
- Ending - is generated by all the nouns of masculine and neuter gender with hard
stem
, .
-Ending - is generated by all the nouns of masculine and neuter gender with soft stem
, , , .
-Ending - is generated by all the nouns of feminine and neuter gender with hard stem
, .
-Ending - is generated by all the nouns of feminine and neuter gender with hard stem
, , .
Table 21. Endings of Nouns in Genitive Singular
Gende r
Nominative
Singular
Genitive Plural
Endings
Masculine Gender
Neuter Gender
-
-
Feminine gender
-
-
-
-
-
Nouns of Masculine Gender with hard stem (with the exception of hissing) have the
Ending -
, .
Nouns of Masculine Gender with soft stem (ending in ) have the Ending -
Ending - is forme d by the nouns:
- Masculine and Fe minine Gender with the soft stem (last letter -)
, , , ;
- Neuter Gender with soft stem.
, .
Ending - is forme d by the nouns of Neuter and Feminine Gende r ending in -
and -.
- The zero ending belongs to nouns:
- neuter gender with hard stem
, ;
- feminine gender with soft and hard stems (having endings -, -)
, ;, .
,
Table 22. Special cases of Generation of Genitive Plural for Masculine Gende r
Nouns
Nominative Case
Genitive case
Table 23.
Nominative Singular
Nominative Plural
Genitive Plural
Table 24. Names of Measures and Units of Measurement

Nominative Singular Nominative Plural
Genitive Plural
But:
The Genitive case can be used without prepositions and with prepositions.
Table 25. The Meanings of the Genitive Case without Preposition
The meaning
Example
Remarks
Person to whom belongs

something
: ???
?
Native relations
? ???
?
Social relations
??-?-?
?
Definition of parts of the

whole
Object to which action is

directed
? After verbal
nouns
Time (complete date)
12- ? , , .
1961-
Object
See verbs requiring Genitive
Absence of a person (item)
With words , ,
Absence of a person (item)

presence
Quantity:
-with numbers
-with words , ,
,
2, 3, 4
5-20

In combination with Numerals

2,3,4 + G.Singular
In combination with numerals 5
- 20 + G. Plural
, + G. Plural
Measure
With words , ,
etc
Verbs requiring the Genitive case:

-
-
-
-
-
The verbs after which Accusative and Genitive cases can be used in function of Object
I.
Accusative Case

Genitive case

The use of Accusative or Genitive after verbs , , is defined

by character of noun in the function of object. If the noun has an abstract form in this
case the Genitive is used. If a noun is a specific, concrete object, then usually the
Accusative is used.
(A.c)
(G.c)
(A.c)
(G.c.)
II. After transitional verbs with negation the Genitive case is often applied
Accusative case

Genitive case

If a verb is used with an abstract noun, usually this noun is used in the Genitive case
- , ,
III. Verb action is not applied to the whole object but only is valid for its part
(compare: )
.
IY. After verbs , , , , , , etc nouns
with material substantive meaning, also nouns in plural can also be used in the meaning
of direct object both in the Accusative and in the Genitive cases: ,
, .
Table 26. Combination of Quantitative Nume rals with the Nouns
Masculine
Gende r`
1
2,3,4
5-20
,
,,
Feminine
Gende r
Nom.case 1()
21
Neuter gender
1 () 1 ()
31
51
Gen.case 2 () , 3, 2 (), 3, 4,
23
34
2 (), 3, 4, 34
Gen.Case 5, 26,
Plural
5, 6,
5, 55,
1. The Numeral has the form of gender.

, , .
With numerals , , and so on, nouns are
used in the Nominative case in the Singular number.
.
2. With numerals , , , and so on, nouns are used in the
Genitive case of the Singular number.
The Numeral has two forms:
Masculine
and
Neuter

Gender
(102)
|
and
Feminine
Gender
3. With numerals , and further and further, also with

the words , , , the noun stands in the Genitive plural.

Table 27. The Meaning of Genitive with Pre positions

Meaning
Preposition
Examples
Starting point for move ment (from whe re?, from what?, from whom?)
Place as the starting point for motion (from
where?)
Removal of one object from the surface of

another item (from where?)
Removal from events, shows (from where?)
Removal from place, object (from where, from

what?)
Removal from person (from where?, from

whom?)
The finishing point of movement (t what?, where?)
Final point of movement in relation to a person

or an item (to what?)
The whereabouts of object (person)

Disposition of person or object in relation to
other person or object
,
,
,
,
,
,

.

.
Disposition of several objects on the side of

other object
Disposition of object within the circle of many

other objects (Genitive plural)
Location of objects in relation to movement
Place connected with person
Time (when?)
Period of time when the action is effected
Particular period of action within two temporal
moments
Event after which the other event takes place
The starting point for time counting
Period of time preceding certain event, action
Reason, Cause (why?)

The reason connected to unwanted facts,
preventing action
Person at the fault of whom something

occurred
The reason related to the change of state
Other Meanings
Intention
Person (object)in the interest of whom,

(which) the action is effected
The purpose of action
Absence of something
Material from which something is made
Person having relation to action, event, state
Person to whom something belongs
The source of information
Table 28. Functions of Genitive Case.

Function
Example
Logical subject. .
.
.
Object.
.
.
.
Attribute.
.
.
.
.
.
Modifier of
time.
.
.
.
.
.
12 1961 .
Modifier of
cause.
Modifier of
place.
F) DATIVE CASE. TO WHOM? TO WHAT?

Table 29. Endings of Nouns in the Dative Case
Nominative case
Dative case
Singular
Plural
Masc.
Gender
Neuter
Gender
-
-
-
-
Femin.
Gender
-
-
-
Table 30. Functions of the Dative Case without Preposition

Function
Example
Person to whom the action is addressed (person in

favor of whom the action is effected).
Person experiencing the need in something
Person experiencing some state, condition
Person (item) on age of whom(which) the speech is

going
250
Verbs and other parts of speech requiring forms of the Dative ase without
preposition
1. Verbs
? ?
(?) (?)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
? ?
(?) ( ?)
-
-
-
-
-
-
? ()
(?) ( ?) .
-
-
-
-
-
-
? ?
(?)
- -
- -
? ?

-
.
c
-
This verbs are applied in the 3-rd person, in the

singular of the present and the past time.
2. Predicative Adverbs in Impersonal Constructions.

.
3. Short Form Adjectives.

-, -, -
-, -, -
4. Nouns

-, -
-, -
Table 31. Functions of the Dative Case with Prepositions.

Function
Question
Preposition
Example
Object (person) which (who) is the

purpose of movement
-?
- ?
Relocation of object on surface
-?
Time- limit for effecting action
-?
-
?
Regularity of action
-?
- ?
- + ..
-..
The reason leading to favourable

consequences.
-?
-
?
The cause, motive
- ?
Means of communication
Table 32. Functions of the Dative Case.

Function
Example
Logical subject.

17

Object.
Attribute.
Modifier of place.

Modifier of time.
Modifier of cause.
G) ACCUSATIVE CASE
Table 33. Endings of the Nouns in the Accusative Case
Nominative Case
Accusative Case
Singular
Inanim. Masculine -
Noun
Gender
-
What?
-
Plural
-
-
-
-
-
-
=
Neuter
Gender
-
-
-
-
-
-
=
Anim.
Noun
Who?
Masculine -
Gender
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
=
-
=
Feminine
Gender
Inanim. Feminine
Noun
Gender
What?
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Singular Numbe r.
1. Inanimate nouns of the masculine and
neuter gender, and also the nouns of
feminine gender terminating in - has the
same endings as in the Nominative case
A.c. = N.c.
Nominative case
Accusative case
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2. Animate and inanimate nouns of

feminine and masculine genders
terminating in -, have endings -, .
Nominative case
Accusative case
-
-
-
-
3. Animate nouns of the masculine gender

terminating in hard and soft consonant
have endings - and -.
A.c. = G.c.
Nominative case
Accusative case
-
-
-
-
-
-
1. Inanimate nouns of all genders in the

Accusative case has the same endings as
in the nominative case.
A.c. = N.c.
Nominative case
Accusative case
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2. Animate nouns of the masculine gender

terminating in soft and hard consonant
have the endings -, -, -.
A.c. = G.c.
Nominative case
Accusative case
-
-
-
-
-
-
3. Nouns of the feminine and masculine

genders, terminating in - and - do not
possess endings.
A.c. = G.c.
Genitive case
Accusative case
4. Animate nouns of the feminine Gender

in - have endings in -
A.c. = G.c.
Genitive case
Accusative case
Plural Numbe r
Table 34. Meaning of Accusative case without Pre position

Meaning
Example
-Person to whom action is directed (after

transitional verbs)
-Time:
a) duration (how much time-how long?)

b) recurrence, re- iteration (how often?)
-designation of weight
-indication of price
Verbs requiring Accusative case without pre position

(transitional verbs)
? ?
, ,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
,
,
-
-
-
? ?

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
? ?

-
-
Table 35. Function of the Accusative with Prepositions

Function
Question`
Preposition
Example
Direction (purpose) of
movement
-
-
-
-
Object which must be

overcome
?
?
?
Time
Hours
Days of week
Period when action is

effected
Periodicity of action
Planned time (after some

verbs)
?
?
21 .
:

2
2 , ..
Time necessary to obtain

results
Exact time period

separating events
Table 36. Function of the Accusative Case with Prepositions in Combination with
Genitive Case using Prepositions.
Specific time-period preceding the
starting point
when? + A.c.
+ G.c
Specific time-period after the starting

point
when? +
A.c
+
G.c.
Verbs requiring Accusative Case with Prepositions - -.

?
..
Verbs requiring Accusative Case without Preposition and Accusative case with
Prepositions - -.
? ? ?

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Verbs requiring Accusative Case with Preposition -.

.
, ,
-
Short Adjectives requiring Accusative Case with Preposition -

, - - -
Table 37. Functions of the Accusative Case in Sentence
Function
Example
1. Object
2. Logical subject in some constructions
3. Modifiers:
-place
.
.
.
-time
5 .
.
2 .
.
.
2 .
.
5 .
.
.
2 .

.
H) INSTRUMENTAL CASE. BY WHOM? BY WHAT?

Table 38. Endings of Nouns in the Instrumental Case.
Gende r
Nominative case
Instrumental case
Singular
Masculine
Gender
Neuter
Gender
Feminine
Gender
Plural
-
-
-
-
-()
-
-
Endings of Nouns in the Instrume ntal case

Singular
Plural
Ending - belongs to:

Nouns of on the masculine and neuter
genders with hard stem -,
Ending - belongs to nouns of

masculine, feminine and neuter genders
with hard stem.

Nouns of the masculine and the neuter
genders having soft stem -
Ending - belongs to the nouns of the

masculine, feminine and neuter genders
with soft stem.
Nouns of feminine gender with hard stem

and the masculine gender ending in -
Nouns having soft stem
Nouns of feminine gender with the last
letter - have the ending -()
Remembe r!
If the stem of a noun terminates in hissing letters ,,, and but the ending is
unstressed, then the noun instead of endings -, - have endings -, - , , (but -, , ).
The Instrumental case is used both without and with prepositions.
Table 39. Functions of Instrumental case without prepositions.
Function
Example
The instrument, tool, by means of which

action is effected
The object which is managed, operated by

something, someone
Executor, producer of action (in passive

constructions)
After verbs , ,
Mode of action (how?)
The verbs requiring forms of the Instrume ntal case.

? ?

-
? ?

? ?

? ?
.
?

-
Table 40. Function of the Instrumental Case with Prepositions
Function
Question Preposition
Example
Joint efforts

,
,

Manner of action
Sign, feature
Location of an object, a person
The object in relation of which

activity is aimed
Time
The object (person) which is the

purpose of motion
?
( ?)
Verbs requiring the Instrumental case with preposition -

? ?

Table 41. Functions of the Instrumental Case
Function
Example
-Logical subject (in passive construction)
-Predicate (nominal part of compound

predicate)
-Object
.
.
-Modifier of place
-Modifier of manner
.
.
-Modifier of purpose
-Attribite
I) PREPOSITIONAL CASE
Table 42. Endings of Nouns in the Prepositional case.
-
-

-
-
-
-
- :
,
, , ,
, ,
-
,
, ,
- :
- :
,
, -, - - , ,
, ,
- :
-

-B - -.

1961

Table 43. Functions of the Prepositional Case

()
?
?
Verbs and Nouns requiring forms of the Prepositional Case.

1. With prepositions - and -
?

2. With preposition - ()
? ?

Table 44. Functions of the Prepositional Case in Sentence.
-:
-
1989

100 0 .
Table 45. Case Forms of some Nouns.

1. Nouns of the Neuter gender terminating in -: , , , , ,
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
-()
-()
2. Nouns of the Feminine gender: ,
..
..
..
..
..
..
-() ()
-() ()
3. Nouns of the masculine gender: .
..
..
..
..
..
..
()
4. Nouns of the masculine gender: (suff. .-)
..
..
..
..
..
..
-()
The Nouns generated from the Adjectives are declined as Adjectives
..
..
..
..
..
..
() () () ()
Declension of Russian Names.

Masculine Names terminating in - (), ,
..
..
..
..
..
..
()
()
()
Pay attention to the Instrumental case.

Masculine names terminating in - change as adjectives of the masculine gender
..
..
..
..
..
..
()
Feminine names change as Adjectives of feminine gender (except A.c.)

..
..
..
..
..
..
()
()
2. PRONOUNS
Pronouns are the words which can replace other words: the nouns, the adjectives, the
numerals. Function of the pronouns in a sentence depends on which particular words
they replace, whether they are applied instead of a noun, an adjective etc. The pronoun
can serve as a subject, object, attribute etc.
- . . .
.
Pronouns are changeable. Changeable pronouns fall into two groups 1) Personal,
reflexive, interrogative (who?, what?) have their own endings. 2) Other pronouns have
endings dependable on forms of gender, number, declension of the nouns.
Table 46. Categories (groups) of the pronouns.

1. Personal
, , , , , , , .
2. Interrogative
, , , , ,
3. Reflexive
4. Possessive
, , , , , ,
5. Demonstrative
, , , , , , , , , ,
6. Definitive
, , , ,
7. Negative
, , ,
8. Indefinite
-, -, -, -
A) PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Table 47. Declension of Personal Pronouns in the 1 st and the 2nd persons.
1-
2-
..
..
..
..
..
- () -
- ()
..
All personal pronouns in the indirect cases have other stems. Prepositions , , ,
, standing before the pronoun , possess vowel o.

.
The pronoun in P.c. is preceded by the preposition , but not by .
.
Forms of gender of the personal pronouns in the 1 st and 2nd persons are rendered with
the help of predicate.
() 5 . () 5 .
() . () .
Table 48. Declension of Personal Pronouns in the 3 rd person
..
..
..
..
..
..
Form of the pronouns in the A.c. and 3rd person = G.c.

. (A.c. Whom?).
? .
2. Pronouns in the 3rd person after prepositions have the letter (sound) H.
. .
.
Table 49. Declension of the pronoun .
..
..
-c
..
-c
..
..
- ()
..
The pronoun does not undergo alteration in genders, numbers and persons.
, ,
.
, ,
B) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Table 50. Declension of Interrogative pronouns. Who? What?
..
? ?
..
? ?
..
? ?
..
? ?
..
? ?
..
? ?
1. Pronouns ? ? do not change in numbers and genders.

Words associated with the pronoun ? are used in the singular masculine.
? ?
?
Words connected with the pronoun ? are used in the neuter singular.
? ?
Forms of all other pronouns depend on forms of nouns gender, number, case.
Table 51. Declension of Interrogative Pronouns ?, ?
..
-?
-?
-?
-?
..
-? -?
-?
-?
-?
-?
..
-?
-?
-?
..
-?
-?
-?
..
-?
-?
-?
..
- ?
- ?
- ?
The interrogative pronoun is changing in the same way as the pronoun

.
? - .
? - .
Table 52. Declension of the Pronoun ?
..
-?
-?
-?
-?
..
-?
-?
-?
-?
-?
-?
..
-?
-?
-?
..
-?
-?
-?
..
-?
-?
-?
..
- ?
- ?
- ?
?
- .
- .
?
- .
- .
C) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Table 53. The Meaning of the Possessive Pronouns.

.
?
.
?
.
?
1-
=
1-
=
2-
=
2-
=
-
-
-
3-

=, ,
1, 2, 3- (
)
. . . .,
.
The pronouns in the 3rd person , , do not change in genders, numbers and cases.
. , , , .
? , , , ?
. , , , .
. , , , .
. , .
. .
Table 54. Declension of the Possessive Pronouns.

(
)
..
..
-
-
-
-
-
..
..
..
..
The pronouns , are changeable and modify in the same way as the pronoun
; the pronoun , -as .
Table 55. Application of the Pronoun .

=
=
=
=
D) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Table 56. Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns , .

..
..
(
)
-
-
-
-
-
..
..
..
..
The demonstrative pronoun undergoes changes in the same way as the pronoun
.
E) DEFINITIVE PRONOUNS
Table 57. Declension of the Definitive Pronoun .
..
..
(
)
-
-
-
-
-
..
..
..
..
F) NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
1. The negative pronouns suffer changes in the following way:
as
as
as
as
The prepositions are positioned between the negative prefix and the pronoun.
. .
.
The negative pronouns are always used only in cases when negation stands before
the predicate.
.
.
.
G) INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
The indefinite pronouns are generated from the interrogative pronouns , ,
, , with the help of particles - - (=).
- - = -
- - = -
- - = -
The particle - displays uncertainty and indicates unclear, indefinite nature of
information on a person or a subject for the speaking person.
The particle - indicates, that the subject or the person is not significant or is
indifferent for the speaker. Usually this particle is applied in the imperative or in the
interrogative sentences.
- .
- .
- !
- !
- ?
3. THE ADJECTIVE
Adjectives indicate feature, property, quality, i.e. specify objects, persons. Adjectives
possess full and short forms.
For example: . .
Full adjectives reply to questions: ? ? e? ? Short adjectives
answer the questions: ? ? ?? Brevity or fullness of adjective
is specified by the part which an adjective takes in the sentence.
a) Full Adjectives
Full adjectives undergo changes depending on genders, numbers and cases but they do
not have independent forms. Forms of gender, number and case depend on forms of
nouns or pronouns. In the plural adjectives possess one single form for all genders.
Function of full adjectives definition (attribute) or predicate (component, composing,
constituent part of nominal predicate).
. .
Table 58. Gender And Number Of Adjectives
Gende r
Singular number
? ? ?
Masculine ?
number
?
Feminine
number
?
?
Neuter
number
?
?
Plural numbe r
?

While changing in genders, numbers and cases adjectives may have variations in
endings. Selection of one of the variations depends on the stem of an adjective. The
following types of stems are distinguished:
a) hard -terminating in hard consonant;
b) soft - terminating in soft consonant;
c) terminating in - , , ;
d) terminating in - , , , .
Table 59. Types of Full Adjective Stems
Gende r
Hard
stem
Soft
stem
Stem ending
in
,, ,
Stem ending
in
, ,
Endings
Masculine
number
. ,
,
Neuter number
Feminine
number
Plural number
- Adjectives of Masculine gender have the ending which is accented

, , , .
- Adjectives of the Neuter gender with stems terminating in , , , have endings
accented and - which is unaccented.
, .
- In the plural adjectives possess one single form for all endings -, .
Table 60. Case system of full adjectives
Case Question Masculine and Feminine
gender
Singular number
Ending
.. ?
?
,
,
,
..
.. ?
..
.. ?
Accusative case ? = Nominative case ? , ,

? , ,
Accusative case ? = Genitive case
? , ,
Case Question Feminine gender Singular number
Endings
.. ?
..
..
..
?
..
..
- Adjectives in the feminine gender, singular number, in the Gen.case, instrumental case
and prepositional case have the same endings;
- In Gen., Dat. and Prepos.cases after , , , the ending is accented and
ending is unaccented
.
Case Question
Plural of Adjectives
Endings
.. ?
..
.. ?
.. ?
..
? ,
G.c. = Nom.c. (for inanimate)

G.c. = Gen.c. (for animate)
* Forms of Gen., Prep.,Accus. (animate) coincide, have endings , -
Compare case forms of interrogative and personal pronouns with the forms of the
Adjectives in the masculine and the neuter genders.
Table 61.
.. ? ?
.. ? ?
.. ? ?
.. ? ?
.. ? ?
.. = .. (for inanimate ?)
.. = .. (for animate ?)
Comparative Degree of the Adjectives

Full qualitative adjectives form degrees of comparison: comparative and supe rlative.
The comparative degree is generated from the stem of adjectives + suffix ,
(or with aid of suffix), and after hissing , , suffix .
- -
-
In this case interchange of consonants and vowel gradation may take place in the stem:
/ - - / -
/ - -
- -
Table 62. Special Forms of the Adjectives Comparative Degree

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
In the Russian language the Comparative Degree of the Adjectives is applied in special
comparative constructions in which the object of comparison is present. The
Comparative Degree performs the function of the predicate and is not changeable in
genders and numbers.
For example:
.
.
, .
, () .
The Supe rlative Degree Of The Adjectives
In the Russian language the Analytical (-compound ) method of the Superlative
formation is used. For this purpose the following words are applied: , ,
, , , .
Important question
-
-
-
Difficult problem
-
-
-
Beautiful building
-
-
-
Interesting meetings -
-
-
In the Russian language we find the simple form of the Superlative degree generation.
This form is applied in the bookish expressions and has limitations in formation.
Table 63. Generation of the Adjectives Simple Form of the Superlative Degree
adjective stem + affixes:
- -
- - (after hissing at interchange) -

/, /, /
Special Forms of Adjective Supe rlative Degree
b) The Short Form Of The Adjectives

In the Russian language Adjectives can generate short forms. These forms do not
change in cases, but possess forms/ .,N., F.,/ of gender and number. Short forms in a
sentence perform the function of the predicate.
, .
.
.
.
Table 64. Forms of Short Adjectives

. . .
Some adjectives have only a short form:

, , , , , , ..
The short form of the adjective is applied in the construction ? ?
where the logical subject is in the dative case.
Table 65. Application of the Short Form of the Adjective
?

,
Functions Of Full And Short Forms of the Adjectives
The short form is always the predicate, the full the attribute and to a less extent-the
predicate.
Table 66. Application of the Full and Short Forms of Adjectives.

4. THE VERB
The Verb is a changeable part of speech which has its own endings.
The verb specifies:
an action:
or a state, condition:
The main function of Verb in a sentence is to serve as the predicate.
a) VERB ASPECTS
Verbs may have perfective and imperfective aspects.
MEANING OF THE VERB ASPECTS
Table 67. Meanings of the Imperfective Verb Aspect
1. Name of action
- ?
- .
- .
2. Process of action
- ?
- .
3. Repeated action
4. Simultaneous actions
.
(in simple and complex sentence)
, .
Table 68. Meanings of Perfective Aspect Verbs
1. Effectiveness (completeness)
,
.
2. Momentary aspect of action
3. Consequence of completed
actions.
(in simple and complex sentences)
.
, .
Important!
Impe rfective Aspect
Two (or more) parallel actions:

Perfective Aspect
Single action (Perfective aspect) against a
background of the other (Imperfective aspect):
.
,
.
, .
Table 69. Forms for Expression of the Start of Action (State)

Verb
Verbs of Motion
Some Verbs
Prefix -
Prefix -
,

.
+ Infinitive of
+ verbs of motion
Imperfective aspect (not the
verbs of motion)
(some verbs)
b) VERB TENSES
Verb has three tenses: present, past and future. The future tense has two forms:
simple - for perfective aspect verbs:
- ;
and complex - for imperfective aspect verbs:
- .
Table 70. Meaning of the Verb Tenses
Past
Present
Action in the past,

1. Action at the moment of
before the moment of speech
speech:
- ?
-
-
?
2. Action which started before
- .
and is continuing at the
present moment
3
3. Permanent action

Future
Action after the moment of
speech:
-
?
- .
- ?
- ,
,
.
Table 71. Tenses of Imperfective and Pe rfective Verbs

Verbs
aspect
Past tense
Present Tense
Future Tense
Imperfective
aspect
Perfective
aspect
----------------------
Verbs of
imperfective and
perfective aspects
has one form in the
past tense
Verbs of the perfective

aspect do not have the
form of the present
tense
Verbs of imperfective
aspect have complex form
in the future tense and
verbs of perfective aspect
have the form in the
future simple tense.
FORMS OF VERB
Verb Infinitive
This is unchangeable, (basic) form of verb.
Table 72. Suffixes of the Infinitive
- -
Majority of verbs Some verbs
Some words
Some verbs take the particle -:

-
after consonants after vowels

Table 73. The use of Infinitive in the Imperfective and Perfective Aspects.
1. After verbs
.
.
.
.
2. After verbs of motion:
.
.
.

.
...
.

.
3. With words:
.
.
?
.
4. With adverbs terminating in -

.
.

.
.
5. With short adjectives
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
The use of Infinitive in the Imperfective Aspect.

1. After ve rbs:
)
.
-
- .
-
) -
-
-
-
()
.
8 .
2. after word:
! !
.
.
The use of Infinitive in the Perfective Aspect.

2. After ve rbs:
-
-
-
2 .
.
.
Table 74. Application of Verbs Aspects in the Infinitive with the Words ,
, .
Impe rfective Aspect is applied
Perfective Aspect is applied
1. To denote prohibition:
! ( !)
! (
!)
! (
!)
1. To express physical impossibility

. ( . ).
. (
).
. ( ).
2. After words:
, , ,
,
.

) CONJUGATION OF VERBS
In the present and future tenses (simple) verbs are changing in persons and numbers and
take two types of endings or two conjugations.
Table 75. 1st Conjugation Verbs
Infinitive
Singular number

() ()
Plural number
Imperative
!
Singular Number !
Plural Number
!
!
Endings
-
-
-
-
-
-, -
-, -
-
Table 76. 2nd onjugation Verbs

Infinitive
Singular number

() ()
Plural number
Endings
-, -
-
-
-
-

Imperative
!
Singular Number !
Plural Number

!
!
-, -
-
-
1. Endings in the 1 st person, singular of the 1st and 2nd conjugations coincide.
2. Ending in the Imperative- after the consonants.
3. Ending , - after the consonants , , , : , .
4. In the second person, singular is always followed by : , .
Table 77. Conjugation of verbs with the particle
Infinitive
Endings
Endings
Singular number
-

-
- -
() -
() -
Plural number
-
-
-
Imperative
!
Singular Number
Plural Number
-
-
-
-
-
!
!
-
-
- -after the vowels

- -after the consonants
Table 78. Special Cases of Conjugation.
(all verbs with the root - : , , ,

, )
Singular
Number

()

()
Plural Number
Imperative
!
!
!
!
d) PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS

Forms Of The Past Tense For Verbs In The Perfective And Imperfective Aspects
The verbs in the past tense are changing in genders and numbers.
The form of the past tense is derivated from the stem of the infinitive with the aid of
suffix + Gender endings. There is single form both for verbs of imperfective and
perfective aspects.
Table 79. Forms in the Past Tense.
Infinitive
suffix -
Masculine
Gender
Feminine
Gender

suff suff suff +
Endings
Neuter
Gender
Plural
Number
after the
consonant -
after vowels -
Meaning of Ve rb forms in the Past Tense.
Apart from the main meaning- description of action which took place in the past, the
forms in the past tense are also used to specify the following:
Table 80. Meaning of Forms in the Past Tense.
1. Desirability to perfom
an action
a) .
a) in simple sentence
b) , .
b) in complex sentence , .
2. Polite request
3. Unreal condition
, . (
, )
The form in the past tense + the particle

In a complex sentence with the meaning of unreal condition the particle is used in
both parts of sentence.
e) THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
In the future tense the verbs are changing in persons and numbers.
In the future tense there are two forms: simple and complex.
Table 81. Forms in the Future Tense.
Complex Form
(all verbs of impe rfective
aspect)
Simple Form
(all the verbs of perfective aspect)
Singular
Number

()
, ,
, ,
() , ,
Plural
Number
, ,
, ,
, ,
Personal forms of the verb

+ infinitive of
imperfective aspect
Verbs in future simple are varied as verbs

in the present tense and have the same
mode of conjugations.
ASPECT PAIRS OF VERBS

Table 82. Formation of Aspect Pairs
1. Imperfective aspect verbs
have prefix:
-
-
- ..
2. Verbs of imperfective and
perfective aspects have
different suffixes:
a) suffix -a for verbs in
imperfective aspect and suffix
for verbs in the perfective
aspect:
In this case in the future simple the verbs of the

perfective aspect are changing in the same pattern as
the verbs of the imperfective aspect in the present tense
In this case the mode of conjunction is changed. Verbs

in the imperfective aspect are changing in the same
pattern as word , and verbs of the perfective
aspect with suffix - are changing according to mode
.
-
-
-
In this case the modes of conjugation are different.

Verbs of imperfective aspect with suffixes /
b) verbs in imperfective aspect are always changed according to the mode of the word
have suffix -/:
.
-
However verbs of the perfective aspect are changing in
-
the mode (,) or
-
according to the mode ().
c) verbs in the imperfective
aspect having suffixs -:
-
-
-
Changeable by different patterns.
d) verbs in the perfective

aspect have suffix -:
-
-
Patterns of conjugation are different.
3. Verbs of imperfective and

perfective aspects - different
words:
->
->
->
->
Changeable by various patterns
f) IMPERATIVE
The imperative mood (imperative) specifies request, order or invitation to an action and
takes 6 forms.
Table 83. Forms of the Imperative
Singular
Number
1.
3. /
()
5.

Plural
Number
(or polite
form)
2.
4. /
6.

!
!
Form of
Form of addressing
addressing to to the 3rd person
the 2nd person through the
intermediate
Call to the speaking Colloquial

counterpart for joint forms of
action.
joint actions
3 versions:
1) 1st person of the
plural number:
, ,
,
(limited circle);
2) + 1st person
of plural number of
perfect verb aspect:
,

3) + infinitive
of the imperfective
verb aspect:
,
g) TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Transitive verbs specify action directed to the object. This object is expressed by form
of the accusative case without preposition. Foe example: ,
, , .
All the other verbs are intransitive. Nominally intransitivity is shown by the particle
(, ), by suffix (, ).
h) VERBS OF MOTION
Table 84. Verbs of Motion
Definite direction
Indefinite Direction
Infinitive
Present
Tense
Past Tense
Infinitive
Present
Tense
Past Tense
,-
,
, -
,
, ,
,
, -, , -
, -, -,
, -, -,
-
, ..
,
, ..
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
-
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -, -,
-
, , , -
, , , -
, -, -, -
,
, -,
, -, -,
, , , -
, -, -,
-, -,
-
->
->
,
,
...
,
...
,
...
,
,
..
,
.
,
,
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -

.
.
->
->
<-
<->

Table 85. Verbs of Motion in Te mporal Constructions.

Verbs without prefixes
How much time?
one hour
thirty minutes
one day
several hours (days)
Verbs with prefixes

For how much time?
For how much time?
for one hour
for thirty minutes
for one day
for several hours (days)
for one hour

for thirty minutes
for one day
for several hours (days)
Table 86. Prefixes Used with Verbs of Motion (Main Meanings)

Prefix
Verb
-()
Movement
into
something
to go into the

}
house
Movement }
to run into from within

}
the room
}
to drive into
the town
}
to bring the
goods into
}
}
the country
to bring the

suitcase into
}
}
the room
Upwards
movement
- (-),
Upwards
movement
Arrival
Prefix
Verb
to go out of the
house
to run out of
the room
to leave the
town
to take the
goods out of
the country
to take the
suitcase out of
the room
c- (co)
to drive downhill
Downwards }
movement
to go up to
to come down from

}
the first floor
the first floor
to run
}
upstairs
to run downstairs
}
to drive uphill
}
,

to come to the institute, departure

to the
meeting, to
the doctor
to come to

Moscow to
}
one`s
parents
to bring the
} child to the
kindergarten
- ()
Approaching
to come (up)
to the
Moving
} blackboard, away
to the
(from)
teacher
to run (up)

to the
}
window
to drive (up)

}
to the house
to swim (up)

}
to the shore
to leave the
,
institute,
the
}
meeting
to leave the

friend,
,
}
Moscow, one`s

parents
to take the child

from the
}
kindergarten
to step aside

from the
} blackboard, from
one`s friend
to run away

}
from the window
to drive off from

}
the house
to swim away

}
from the
- (-)
Diverging
movement*
to go, to
run to
one`s
respective
homes, in
different
places
Converging
movement
c-
to come, to run
to one place
Table 87. Prefixes used with the Verbs of Motion

Prefix
Movement
up to a
definite
place or
object
1.
Movement
across
something
Verb
}
2.
Movement }
from one
place to
another
Remarks
to reach (walk as far as) the institute
}
}
to reach (drive as far as) the border
to take to (lead as far as) the school
to reach (run as far as) the river
to walk across the street
Such verbs
can also be
to run across the street
used with
these same
to swim across the river
meanings
without a
to move to a new flat
preposition:
to move up from the 1st to the 2nd year ,
1.
Movement
past
something.
2.
Movement
through
something.
to walk past a house? a person
to drive past a station
}
}
to drive through a tunnel
30
to walk a kilometer
to drive 30 kilometers
3.
Movement
over a
definite
distance.
- (-,
-)
1.
Movement
round
something.
to walk round the house
to drive round the lake
to walk round the mountain

to drive round the swamp
2.
Movement
round an
object
obstructing
the way.
3.
Movement
over the
whole of
the object
or over all
the places.
1. Calling
at some
place or
dropping
in on
somebody
when on
the way
somewhere
else.
to tour all the rooms of the hostel
}
}
}
to drop into a shop on the way home

to take the books to the library
to call for a friend
to run behind a tree
to crawl behind a stone
to walk far into the wood
In such
cases verbs
are
occasionally
used without
a
preposition:
to lead somebody into a swamp

2.
Movement
behind
something.
3.
Movement
deep into
something
or beyond
something.

to fly into strange territory
i) ACTIVE AND PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

Passive constructions of imperfective aspect are obtained with the aid of verbs
terminating in .
Table 88.
Active construction
Passive construction
Nom.Case (?) + Accus.Case (?) Nom.Case (?) + Instrum.Case (?)
Present Tense

Past Tense

Future Tense
Active and Passive Constructions of Perfective Aspect are formed with the help of short
passive participle of perfect aspect with suffixes , -, --.
Table 89.
-- (Infinitive ending in , -, -)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--/-- (infinitive with and with the stem of the past tense ending in a
consonant)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Please note change in the consonants during formation of the short passive participle of
perfective aspect from verbs having stem - with suffixes -/.
To avoid mistakes we will place verbs in form of the 1-st person, singular, as shown
below:
/
+
+
+ (-,-,-)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
/
+ +
/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Passive constructions of the perfective aspect are changing in numbers and ge nders.
Table 90.
Active construction
Nom.Case (?) + Accus.Case
(?)
Passive construction
Nom.Case (?) + Instrum.Case (?)
Past Tense
.
.
.
.
( ).
(
).
(
).
(
).
Future Tense
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
j) VERBAL GOVERNMENT
As a rule verbs must be followed by nouns in the corresponding case
Table 91. Some types of the verbal gove rnme nt
1. Verb + Noun in the Accusative case without Preposition
? ? (, )
? ?
?
?
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
?
?
? ?
?
2. Verb+ a Noun in the Accus. case without Prep.+ a Noun in the Dative case without
Prep.
? ? ( )
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
and others
?
?
?
()
? ?
?
?
?
3. Verb+ a Noun in the Dative case + Infinitive
? ( )
?
?
4. Verb+ a Noun in the Genitive Case

a)
? ? (,)
?
?
b) The Meaning of Part
? ()
? ()
()
5. Verb+ a Noun in the Instrumental Case without Preposition (or with the Preposition
)
a) The Meaning of Governing the Object
? ()
? ()
? ? ()
? ?
b) Expression of emotional state, interest, aspirations
? ()
? ()
? ()
?
?
?
? ()
?
?
? ?
d) Meaning of mutual interaction of the two or several participants
? ( )
?
?
?
?
? and others
6. Verb+ a Noun in the Prepositional Case with Preposition

Meaning of the object of Speech: emotions, ideas, thoughts
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
( )
( )
( )
( )
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
k) PARTICIPLE
I. Active Participles in the Present and the Past Tense
1. Active participles in the present tense are generated from verbs of imperfective
aspect.
Table 92.
Infinitive
Stem of the Present

tense
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Conjugatio
n
Suffixe
s
Participle Endings
---
+- (-,-,)
+-
+-
+-
+-
II
---
+-
+-
Pay attention to participles derived from the types of verbs: ,

, .
2. Active participles undergo changes in numbers and genders as in the adjective
and answer the questions ? ? ? ?
Singular Numbe r
Masculine Gender
Nom.c
Gen.c
Dat.c
Ac.c
Inst.c
Prep.c
Feminine Gender
Nom.c
Gen.c
Dat.c
Ac.c
Inst.c
Prep.c
Plural Number
Nom.c
Gen.c
Dat.c
Ac.c
Inst.c
Prep.c
3. Active participle can be replaced by construction with the word . This word
is always applied in the form the nominative case:
Nom.
c
Gen.
c
Dat.c
Ac.c
Inst.c
Prep.
c
, .
, , .
, , .
, .
, .
,
.
, =
, =
, =
4. If a participle is generated from verb with the particle it will be retained in the
participle as well.
Masc.gend. , .
Fem. gend , .
Neut.gend. , .
Plur.numb. , .
5. Active participle of the past tense are derived from verbs in perfective and
imperfective aspects.
Table 93.
Infinitive Stem of the Past tense Suffixes

+
+
--
--
Participle Endings
+- (-, -,-)
+-
+-
6. Active participles of the past tense undergo changes as the adjective and
answer questions ? ? ? ?
Table 94.
Singular Numbe r
Masculine Gender
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Accus.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c.
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
Feminine Gender
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Accus.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c.
, .
, .
. .
, .
, .
, .
Plural Numbe r
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Accus.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c.
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
7. Active participles of the past tense can be replaced with the construction
incorporating the word .
, =
, =
, =
II. Passive Particles of the Present and the Past Tense

1. Passive particles of the present tense are generated from the transient verbs in the
imperfective aspect.
Table 95.
Infinitiv
e
Stem of the Present

Tense
Conjugatio
n
Suffixe
s
Participle Endings
+
+
--
+- (-,-,)
+-
II
--
+-
2. Passive participles undergo changes in genders and numbers in the same way as the
adjective and answer questions ? ? ? ?.
Table 96.
Singular Numbe r
Masculine Gender
Nom.c
Gen.c
Dat.c
Ac.c
Inst.c
Prep.c
Feminine Gende r
Nom.c
Gen.c
Dat.c
Ac.c
Inst.c
Prep.c
Plural Numbe r
Nom.c
Gen.c
Dat.c
Ac.c
Inst.c
Prep.c
3. Passive participles can be replaced with construction, including word ,

which always takes form of the accusative case.
, =
, =
, =
, =
4. Passive participles in the past tense take their form from the transient verbs in the
perfective aspect, they retain the same alternations in word root which are present in the
short form.
Table 97.
Infinitive
Stem of the Past tense Suffixes
+
+
---
-
+
--+
+
Participle Endings
+- (-, -,-)
+-
+-
+-
+-
+-
5. Passive participles in the past tense are changing in genders and numbers in the same
way as an adjective and they answer questions ? ??
?
Masc.gend. (sing)
Fem.gend.(sing)
Neut.gend. (sing)
Pl.Num.
l) ADVERBAL PARTICIPLE
The adverbal participle conveys an additional action and corresponds to the English
active participle of the gerund.
, . ( .) They walked along talking
Like the adverb, the adverbal participle is an unchangeable verbal form.
Derivation of Verbal Adverbs
Impe rfective
Perfective
the suffixes and
the suffixes and --
()
()
()
Note. Imperfective verbal adverbs
Note. Perfective veral adverbs are
are derived from the present tense stem

by means of the suffix or (after ,
, or ).
The imperfective verbal adverbs of
verbs with the stem -, - or - are
derived from the infinitive stem:
, ,
etc.
No imperfective verbal adverbs of
verbs, which follow the conjugation
pattern of
can be derived.
derived from the infinitive stem by

means of the suffix or .
The perfective verbal adverbs of verbs
with the infinitive in (-) or
(-) and verbs which follow the
conjugation pattern of are derived
by means of the suffix :
, , etc.
The perfective verbal adverbs of
reflexive verbs are derived by means of
the suffix :
.
Vebal Adve rb Constructions

Sentences with verbal adverb constructions can be replaced with complex sentences:
, . ,
.
Sequence of Actions
, .
The actions occur simultaneously.
, . One action precedes the other.
5. NUMERALS
The Nume rals represent an unchangeable part of speech.

The numerals by their meaning are divided into the following parts
- Cardinal - how many? etc
- Ordinal - which? (, , ) - , , , , etc
- Fractional - 1/2 ( ), 3/4 ( ), 0,1 ( ).
- Collective - , , .
The numerals can be:
- Simple - , ,
- Compound - ,
- Composite - ,
Table 98. Simple and Compound Cardinal Nume rals.
The First
Ten
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Second Ten
Tens
Hundreds
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
Thousand,
Million
100.
1000.
200.
1000000.
300.
400.
500.
600.
700.
800.
900.
Table 99. Declension of Cardinal Nume rals.

Singular Numbe r
Cases
Masculine
Gende r
Neuter
Gende r
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
inanimate as in the Imperative
animate as in the Gen.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c.
()
Feminine
Gende r
()
Plural Numbe r
(for all Genders)
inanimate as in the
Imperative
()
1) The numeral is declined in genders, numbers and cases as the demonstrative

pronoun: , , , . Compare: ,
, , .
.
.
.
.
: .
.
2) The numeral is applied in the form of singular with the nouns which have only
the form in the plural.
.
.
3) The word has a meaning of the particle .
(=) .
4) The word () has a meaning of indefinite pronoun -
, .
5) The word (,) has the meaning .
.

.
Table 100. Numerals , , .
Cases
(Masc.g)
(Fem.g.)
(Neut.g.)
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c. inanimate as in the Imperative inanimate as in the Imperative

Instr.c.
Prep.c

Table 101. Declension Characteristic of the Numeral
Nom.c. (?) animate noun

Accus.c. (?) animate noun
Gen. c
Accus.c =
Nom.c. (?) inanimate noun
Accus.c. (?) inanimate noun
Accus.c = Gen. c
Accus.c = Gen. c
1. The numeral (22, 42) change for genders in the Nom.c. and Dat.c.
2. Numerals 2, 3, 4 -composite numerals having in the end 2, 3, 4 (22, 33, 44) in the
form of Nom c. govern the Gen.c., singular, of the nouns.
2, 3, 4
22, 43, 54 ,
3. In the other cases the noun is always used in the form of plural.
Gen.c. , ,
Dat.c.
. ,
,
,
Acc.c. inanimate = Nom.c., animate = Gen.c.

Instr.c. , , ,
Prep.c. , ,
4. If the cardinal numerals 2, 3, 4 (22, 34, 430 and nouns are combined with
adjectives, in this case the adjectives in the Nom.c. has the form of genitive case of the
plural number.
, .
.

.
, ,
Table 102. Numerals from to and all Nume rals taking

and .
Cases
From to
Ending in - Ending in -
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1. These numerals are declined as nouns in fem.g. terminating in (). In

declension of numerals in both parts will be changed.
2. All the above numerals (as well as the composite numerals) in the form of gen.c.
govern the gen.c. in the plural number of the nouns and the adjectives.
,
,
3. In all other cases the numerals agree with the nouns and the adjectives.
.
Table 103. The Numerals , ,
Cases
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Numerals , , have two case forms:

1) Nom.c. and Dat.c.
2) Gen.c., Dat.c., Instr.c., Prep.c. ( -)
Table 104. Numerals (1,5 or 1 1/2) (150)
Cases
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c
(Masc.g.) (Fem.g.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
These numerals also have two case forms.
-
-
-
-
-
Table 105. Numerals , , and Nume rals in

.
Cases
Nom.c. -
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
As in the Nominative Case
Instr.c
- - - -
Prep.c
Numerals , ,
Numerals , , have the forms of gender: Fem.g.,
and masc.g., forms in the plural- , ,
. They are declined in the same way as the nouns.
Composite numerals.
When composite numerals in the Russian language are declined all component parts of
numerals are changed:
Dat.c:
Instr.c:
Table 106.
Nom.c.:
Gen.c.:
Dat.c.:
Acc.c.:
Instr.c.:
Prep.c.:

() ()

DECLENSION OF ORDINAL NUMERALS
The ordinal numerals are changed for genders, numbers, cases as the adjectives.
, .
Table 107. Declension of the Ordinal Nume ral
Singular Numbe r
Cases
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c.
Masculine
Gende r
Neuter
Gende r
inanimate as in the Imperative

Feminine
Gende r
Plural Numbe r
(for all Genders)
inanimate as in the
Imperative
Composite Ordinal Numerals

When composite ordinal numerals are declined only the last numeral is changed which
is agreed with the noun in gender, number and case.
, .
.
.
Table 108. Declension of Collective Numerals, their Combination with the Nouns
and their Use.
Nom.c.
(mas.g.) (fem.g.) ()
Gen.c.
()
Dat.c.
()
Acc.c.
animate-gen.case,
inanimate nom.case
Instr.c.
()
Prep.c.
()
Collective numerals in the nominative case require the noun in the genitive case, in the
plural number: - . In other cases they agree with the case
forms of nouns: , .
Collective numeral / in the nom.c. govern the gen.c, sing.: ,
.
The words , , , , are declined as collective
numerals.
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
,
,
,
animate-gen.case, inanimate nom.case
Instr.c. ,
Prep.c. ,
Table 109. Fractional Numerals.
Numerator
(Cardinal Nume ral)
Denominator
(Ordinal Nume ral)
Fractional Numeral
, ..
, ..
, .. , ..
, .. , ..
Fractional numerals are derived with the help of combination of cardinal numerals with
the ordinal numerals. The numerator of fraction is indicated by a cardinal numeral. The
denominator is denoted by an ordinal numeral.
Table 110. Declension of Fractional Numerals and their Combination with Nouns.
With declension of fractional numerals the both component parts are changed.
Nom.c.
Gen.c.
Dat.c.
Acc.c.
Instr.c.
Prep.c.
With fractional numerals a noun in all case forms always takes the form of genitive
case, singular number:
, , ;
, , .
6. ADVERBS
Adverb is an unchangeable part of speech. Adverb special feature is their use with
verbs. The adverb function is usually to serve as a modifier (place, time), however it can
also perform function of the predicate.
Table 111. Meaning of Adve rbs in Function of Modifier
Sign of an ?
Action
?
.
.
, , , ,

, , , , , .
,

.

.
, , , , , ,
, , .
.
, , , , , ,
, , .
.
, , , ,
, , , .
Time
Place
, , , ,
, -, ,
..
Table 112. Meaning of Adve rbs in Function of the Predicate

Modal
Meaning
Dat.c. +
, , , ,
adverb
.
? ?
+
infinitive
? ?
.

.
State,
Condition
? ? , , , ,
, , , .
.

.
These adverbs can also adjoin infinitive. .

FORMATION OF ADVERB COMPARISON DEGREES.
The adverb degrees of comparison /comparative/ are formed in much the same way as
the comparative degree of the adjective.
Table 113. Formation of Adverbs Comparative Degree
Suffix Comparative Degree

-
/
/
/
Table 114. Special Formation Models of Adverbs Comparative Degree.

-
-
-
-
The use of Adverbs Comparison Degrees and the Adjectives:
.
, .
.
, .
Table 115. Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives
Adverb
Suffix Formation Word
-*
-
-
* The use of this group of adverbs is restricted: only to description of language and
dishes. For example:
- -. -. -.
Negative adverbs are derived with the aid of particle :
,
The are applied only with the negative predicate.
.
.
7. PARTICLES
Particles - unchangeable words. They denote attitude of the speaking or writing person
to the reported information.
Meaning of Particles
Meaning
Particles
Example
Affirmation
, , , , ,
? ,
.
Negation
, ,
! , !
Question
, ,
Motive, Inducement , , ,
Selection
. , , , ,
, .
.
Comparison
, ,
Assessment
Appraising
, , , ,
,
.

.
Particle express negation.

- . -. .
Particle denotes strengthening, intensity of negation.
- , , .
Particle is applied for transfer of general question from direct speech into indirect.
- : , ?
- , .
Particle is used in with a view to express the desirable action.
- .
8. PREPOSITIONS
Prepositionis an unchangeable part of speech indicating various relations between
words in a sentence.
Prepositions are associated only with oblique cases.
Selection of preposition usually depends on the meaning of a preposition, government
of verbs, nouns and other parts of speech.
Table 116. Meaning of Case-Cum Preposition Forms, Spatial Meanings, Indication

of Place.
Meaning
Preposition + Case Form
Whereabouts Location
Example
+ ..
(. . 2)
+ ..

+ ..

+ ..
Location associated with a

person
+ ..
Place of movement of one

object (person) on the
other object
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
Table 117. Special Case of Usage Prepositions and .

+ ..
-continents
- , ,
,
+ ..
- the cardinal points
parts of the world
- , ,
,
-countries
- ,
,
- administrative
parts of a
country
- , , - streets, squares
,
- ,
,
- residential
areas
- ,
,
- ,

- buildings
premises
- , , - departments chairs

-
,

- educational
institutions
- year
in the 1-st year
- class group
- 5
- 2
- events
- ,
- establishments
institutions
- ,
- islands, and shores

of rivers, lakes, seas
- floors
- , ,

Remembe r!

Table 118. Indication of Direction of Movement
Direction of Movement (place) where?

+ .. ,
Approaching an object (to what?)

Approaching a subject (to whom?)
+ ..
+ ..
Starting point of movement (from where?)

+ ..
-
-

-
-
Table 119. Correspondence of Case Forms and Pre positions and , and
while ans wering questions ? ? ?
?
+ .
+ .
+ ..
+ ..
+ .
+ ..

+ ..
+ .
+ ..
Table 120. Other Cases of Compliance of Pre positions with the Case Forms when
Ans wering Questions ? ? ?
Meaning of Preposition
- Inside an Object
+ ..

+ ..

+ ..

- Surface of an Object
+ ..
+ ..

- Back Side of an Object
+ ..

+ ..

- + ..
-
- Front side of an object
+ .

.
+ ..

- Below an object
+ ..

+ ..

- + ..
-
- Above an object
+ ..

+ ..

+ ..

+ ..

+ ..

+ ..

- Approaching the boundary

of an object
+ ..

+ ..

+ ..

- Place associated with a

human being
+ ..

+ ..

+ ..

- Among, between objects
- Boundary of an object
+ ..

Table 121. Indication of Time

Meaning
Indication of time
Preposition
Example

+ ..

..
+
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
..
, 1993

+ ..
Duration (period)
On which period?
For which time?
How long?
+
..
+
..
+ ..
Regularity
Approximation
..
Deadline, limiting state, fixed

period
..
+ .. ..
Table 122. Application of Prepositions and for Indication of

Time.
+ ..
+ ..
exact time
event
, ,
, , ,
. .
Table 123. Application of Compound Prepositions and
.
+ . + ..
+ .. + ..

.

.
Prepositions and are used with words denoting exact time.

Prepositions and are applied with words indicating event, other action.
Table 124. Designation of Cause, Reason
Meaning
Preposition +
Case Form
Example
- The reason leading to

unfavorable result
- + ..
- .
-
.
- The reason leading to the

positive result
+ ..
- The reason associated

with inward (inner) state
+ ..
- The cause of fall, ruin,

death, wreck, destruction
+ ..
- Motive, reason
+ ..
- Reason
+ ..
+
..

Table 125. Other Meanings of Case-Cum-Preposition Forms.

Meaning
Preposition + Case
Form
Example
Condition
+ ..
+ ..
Concession
+ ..
+ ..
,
.
,
.
Comparison
+
..

Distinction, diversity
+ ..
Compatibility
+ ..
Absence of common object + ..

(person)
Source of information
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
Manufacturing material
+ ..
Person possessing
something
+ ..
.
.
Means of communication
+ ..
Transport means
+ ..
Object of observation
+ ..
Object of thought,
statement
+ ..
Object of disagreement
+ ..
Many prepositions are polysemantic, for this reason you can define relation they specify
only within the context (in a phrase, in a text).
For example prepositions and may indicate:
location of action:
- , ;
direction of movement:
- , ;
Timing:
- , , ;
Duration of action:
- ..
Table 126. Combination of Prepositions with Case Forms
Case Forms
..
Prepositions
-
-

..
..
..
..
()
9. CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunction is an unchangeable (undeclinable) part of speech. Conjunctions carry the
function to serve as connecting components between words, main parts of a simple or a
complex sentence, between separate sentences in the text.
Conjunctions do not change.
Conjunctions are divided into two groups: co-ordinating and subordinating.
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Co-ordinating conjunctions connect:
a) independent parts of a sentence:
-.
b) independent sentences (2 or more).
, , .
Table 127. Meanings of Co-ordinating Conjunctions.
Meaning
Example
- Co-ordinating
,
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
- Adversative
()
.
, .
,
,
, : ,
.
- Explanatory

, , , ,
.
, :
.
Subordinative Conjunctions.
Subordinative conjunctions join two sentences one of which (subordinate clause)
depends upon the other (principal clause).
Subordinative conjunctions is located in a subordinate clause.
Table 128. Subordinative Conjunctions.
Meaning
-Causative

-

Example
, .
, .
- , ,
.
, ,
.
,

,
,
,

, .
, .
- Explanatory (answer to the

case form questions)
- Functional, intentional

- Temporal
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
, .
, .
, .
,
.
, .
, .
- Concessive
()

()
,
- Conjunctions of consequence

- Condition
, .
,
.
, .
, .
- Comparative
, .
,
.
, .
Not infrequently function of the subordinative conjunctions is taken by the pronouns

and by the pronomial adverbs (they are called conjunction words).
- , , , , , , , , .
.
.
.
.
Correlation of Prepositions and Conjunctions
Table 129. Causative Prepositions and Conjunctions.

Prepositions
Conjunctions
1. + ..

.

, .
2. - + ..
-
-
- ,
3. + ..

.

,
.
4. + ..

,
.
.
5. + ..

.

,
.
Table 130. Temporal Prepositions and Conjunctions.

Prepositions
Conjunctions
+ ..

.
+ ..

.

,
.
+ ..

.

,
.
+ ..

.
(=)
,
.
+ ..

.

,
.
IV. SYNTAX
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE

. -
; -
.

. ,
, ( ).
, ,
( ).
( ).
, ,
.
1) Personal Sentence
- .

1.
2.
.
.

.

.

.

/? ?/
/? ?/

1.
.
2.
9
.
3.
8
.

.. + . .
.. + .
3

:
1. , -,
-, ;
2. -, , -
;
3. -
3.
.. + .
+ ..
.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
. + , + ..

, + ..,
() .
+ ..
.
()
.

. ..
.

() .
.

() .
, + ..
+ ..,
+ .. + + ..

.

() .

.

()
.
, + ..
+ ..,
+ .. + ..

.

.
()
.
.
()
.
+ .. . + +
..
. ..
. .
1.
.
()
.
2.
+ .. .

.
.

.

.

.
3.
9.
|
10.

.

.

() .
+ .. . +
, + ..
+ ..
+ .. + + ..
1.
.

()
.
2. 2 .
, + .. + ,
+ .. . + ..

: .
.
.
11.
| |
12.
| | ()
13.
.. + (, ,
) + .
.. + (, ,
, , ,) +
., .
| | ()
.. + (, ,
) + ., .
| | ()

5 .

5 .

5 .

.

.
.. + (, , ) +
, .
. ...

.
14.

+ . /., /.
.
.
15.
1. .
+ ..
.
()
.
() |
() |
.
-
.
.. + ..
-
.
16.
17.

() .

.

.

.
18.
19.
.
.
()
.
2.
.
()
.
+ .
.. + () + ..

.. + (,

) + ..
.
|
|

.
.
.. + . ..
() |
() |

.

.
.. + () + . ..
|
|
.
.
.

() .
.. + .

.

2
.

.
.. + .
20.
21.
22.

.. + +
..
()
.

.
.. + . + ..

.

.
23.
2) Impersonal Sentence
2.
, : .
,
.. .
- .
3 .
24.
25.
|
.

, + .. + . .
.
..

.
.
() .. +
.
3) Indefinite-Personal Sentence
3. -
. 3
.. . .. .. ..
, : ,
34.

.

.
; , + ..; ..;..; ..;

+ .. + . 3 ..
4) Specific Constructions
4.

. , ..
. ,
() ,
.
.

.
1. |

, .
2. | | ()

- .
3. | | ()
,
- .
4. | | ()

- .
5. | |

- .
6. | |
| |
7. |
20
, ,
8. |
.
,
9. | | ().
.
10. | |
11. | |
12. | |

5) Expession of:
a) Subject

1.
.
2. .
3. ?
?
.

3
,
- 3
.
4. .
.

3
.
5. .
.
.

3 ,
-

6. - .
- .
7. .
8. .
9. .
:
, , , .
10. .
-
.
2, .3, 4

.
11. .

:
, , , .

.
12.
.
13.
.
:
, , .

3 .
14. .
.

.

.
15. .
: , , ,

.

.
16. .
b) Object

1.
.
2.
3.
4. .
5. .
6. .
7.
8.
.
,

.
9.
.
10.
.
11.
.
1. .
.
,
,

.
2. . ,
,

3. .
, ,
, ,
.
1. ,

.
1. .
.
..
2. ,
-.
2. . + ..
.
3. ,
.
3.
.
+ ..
4. ,
.
4.
.
+ ..
5. .
5. ..
.
6.
,
, .
6.
.
..
7.
.
7. .
..
,
1. ,
.
.. .
2. ,
.
+ ..

.
,
1.
.
1.
.
+ ..
2.
.
2.
.
+ ..
:
(),
(),
(),
()
3. .
3. .
..
4.
.
4. .
..
:
, ,
5. ,

5. .
..
:
, ,
,
,
,
1. ,
.
1. .
+ ..
2. ,

2. + ..
.

:
, ,
,
,
1. ,
.
1. .
+ ..
2. ,

2.
.
+ ..
: ,
,
+ ..
: ,
,

)
,
c) Attribute

, ,
.
1.
.
2.
.
3. .
.
4.
.
5.
.
6.
.
7. -
.
8. ,

.
,
,
,
.
1.

.

.
..
.

,

.
2.
.
.
..

,
.
3.
.
+ ..

-
, .
4.
.
+ ..
5.
+ ..
-
.

,
.
6.
.
+ ..
d) Modifiers

)
?
, 1.

.
,
, .
, + ..
,
2. .
. .

, .
, , ,
, +
.., , , ,
, + ..,
+ .. + ..

,
.
+ ..
.
3. .
, 4. .
.
.
: , ,
, , ,
, .
?

.
5.
.
, + ..
.

,

.
6. .
+ ..

.
7.
.
+ ..

.
8.
.
+ ..

.
9. .
: , ,
, , ,
, , .
?

.
.
10.
.
, , + ..
,
.
11.
.
+ ..
.
,
, .
12.
.
+ ..

.

, .
1. 9 + .. ,
.
:
, , , ,
, , , .
2. .

.
+ .. ,
: ,
, .
3.
.
+ ..
.
4. 25
1980 .
..
,
: , ,
.
25
..
,

,
.

, .
5.
.
: , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , .
6.
.
+ ..
,

.
,
,

,
.

: , , ..
7. : + ..
.
,
, ,
.
,
8.
.
,
.
+ .. ,
, ,
.
,
9.

, .
+ ..
,
, ,
.
.. ,

+ .
10. 2
.
,
11.

.
.
+ ..
,
, ,
.
12.
.
+ .. ,
:
, ,
, .
13.
.
: , ,
, , .
.

,
.
14.

.
+ ..
,
+
+ .. ,
, .
,

.
15. 9 + .. ,
3 .
+ +
.. ,
.

,
.
16
.
..
,

. : ,
.
,
,

.
17.
.
+ .. ,

.
,

.
18.
.
+ .. ,

:
, , ,
, : ,
, ,
.
, .
19.
.
.. +
,

.
20.
.
.. + + ..
,

.
21.
.
: , ,
, , .
,
.
1. - .
.
2.
.
,
.
3.
.
+ .. .
,
.
4.
+ ..
.
5. + ..
.
: ,
, ,
. .
6.
.
1. -
- + ..
,
.
2.

.
+ ..
,
,
.
,
,

.
3.
.
+ ..
,
.
4. ,

.
.
1.
.
2. .
+ ..

.
1. , + ..

.
,
,
.
2.
,
.
)
)
)
)
)
6) Interrogative Sentence

( ),
, .. , .
, ..

.
-
1.
?

?
, .. 2. ?

3.
.
?
,
,
(, , , ,
, ..)
-

.

. -
; -
.

. ,
, ( ).
, ,
( ).
( ).
, ,
.
2. COMPLEX SENTENCE

. ,
, .
, , .
1) Compound Sentence
1.
,
, .
: , , .. :
, , , .., ,
.
)
,
1. , .
,
.
, .

,
:
1) : ,
, .
2) ,
, , :
, , ,
, .
3) : ,
, .

,
.
2. ,
.
,
.
,

.

,
1) :
, , ,
.
2) : ,
, .
3) : , .
3. ,
.
,
,

.

,
.
1.

,
.
,
..
2. ,
.

, , ,

(, , ..)
3. ,

.

: ,
, , ..)
)

,
.
1.
.
, .
.
2. ,
.
.
.
3.
, .
.
, .
4.
,
.
.
.

5.

, .

.
.
.
.

, .
6.
,
.

,
.
7. ,
.
+ ./
/ .
.
8.
,
+ .

.
9. ,

.
.
,
.
)
,
.
.
1.
,
.

.
. 2.
,
.
.

+
.
,
,
.
1.
,
.

,

.
2.
,
.

,
.
3.
.

,
.

.
4.
- .
-
,

.
,
,

.
5. ,

.
, .
)
,

1.
, ,
.
.

.

.

.

.
2.
,
.
)

.
1. ,

.
) ,

.
,

.
1.
,
.
,

.

.

+
, ,
.
2.
,
.
,
.

. -

.
1.
:. .
(,
-
).

-

,
2.
:. .
!
, ,
!
!
. .

, , ,
.
3. ?
?
?
?
.
.
.
4. .?
?
?
?
.. .
.
.
.

:
, , , ,
.
. ,
.

, . ,
.
,
( ),
( ).
: , !
, .
, .
2) Complex Sentence
2.
1. ,

.
2. ,
.
-
.
3. ,

.
, .
4.
,
.
5. , .
6. ,

.
.
7. ,
(
.

,
).
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
1. Phonetics
1
""
I.
1. " ".

. , , : ,
.
, .
, .
, ,
.
.
, . , .

- , .
- .
.
.
?
?
?
2) ?
- ,
.
" , ,
". . ""
,
. .
) , .
) .
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) The following verse was written by the famous Russian poet S.Ja Marshak (18871964). He left us beautiful pieces of numerous poems, fairy tales, plays, songs and
puzzles for children. Also he was unsurpassed interpreter of W. Shakespear,
R. Burns, W.Blake, R.Kipling, W.Wordswort, J. K its and other authors.
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3) A.S.Pushkin (1799-1837)-the pride of the Russian
culture. Brilliant poet and writer, the founder of the
new Russian literature. He made a great contribution
to the development of the Russian literary language.
The poem "to A.P.Kern" was written in 1825. In the
Russian literature it is one of the most fascinating love
poems. It is devoted to Anna Kern. They first met in
1819 in St.Petersburgh.
In the poem expression of poets hearty feelings is
closely interwoven with some hints on his exile, on
changes in his own fate.
The general impact of this poem is so great that it
became classic expression of love for many
generations to come.
"The time will follow when Pushkin will reach in
Russia the status of classical poet. His works will
serve not only to generate and develop esthetical but
also moral principles.when descendants will set up
eternal monument to his honor."
V.G. Belinsky. 1847
V.G.Belinsky (1811-1848)- Russian literary critic,
publicist. Belinsky philosophical views served as
foundation for the development of his esthetics. He

became the founder of the realistic esthetics and
literary critics.
".. "
) .
) . .
) . ?
4) Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (1782-1836) -an outstanding Russian artist-portrait
painter.
In 1803 he graduated from the Academy of Arts in St.Petersburgh. While studying in
the Academy he developed brilliant talent of graphic painter. Great freedom and
emotional expressiveness are representative for all Kiprensky works.
In 1816 he leaves for Italy to study old masters paintings. His fame spread well over the
boundaries of Russia. In 1819 the Academy of Arts in Florence ordered from Kiprensky
his own self-portrait for the Uffizy Galery.
The Pushkin portrait was painted in 1827 and occupies special place in Kiprensky
works. In the portrait Kiprensky succeeded to reflect genius, spirituality of Pushkin, his
"high aspiration of thoughts"
This is one of the most famous and fascinating Pushkin potraits in the history of our
culture.
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Iosif Brodsky (1940-1996)

-poet-philosoph of classical school.I.Brodsky gave to the Russian poetry universally
recognised world significance.In 1987 he was awarded the Nobel prize. In attempts to
define Brodsky poetry, first of all clarity of poetic images is noted, musicality,
energetics of his rhymes.

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11. Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles
11
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Introductory Russian Phonetic-Grammar Course For English Speakers

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Introductory Russian Phonetic-Grammar Course For English Speakers

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TABLE OF THE HARD

TABLE OF THE SOFT

Table of ombinations of the consonants

SOME PRINCIPAL PECULIARITIES OF RUSSIAN PHONETIC SYSTEM

How well does Natalie sing?

The sentences though identical by their lexico-syntactical structure may express

- ? - Were you at the theatre?

- Yes, at the theatre.

Ex. 3. Read. Differentiate the vowels.

Ex. 6. Read and remember the pronouns.you

a number of persons or a polite form

[c] = [s] artist

[] = [g] go, grove

[] = [c,k] cloud, colour

onsonants hard before: , , , ,

All the other

Ex. 9. Read. Pay attention to the stress.

The Gender of Nouns

The Nominative Case

The First Intonational Construction (-1)

Omission in the Present Tense of the Equivalent of the English Verb TO BE

Ex. 10. Read these sentences paying attention to the intonation.

Ex. 11. Read the texts, paying attention to the intonation.

Ex. 12. Read the text.

. . . . (We are acquainted.)

2. Where do you pronounce a short faint sound [a]?

3. Transcribe (represent) the letters a, o by the phonetic symbol [^ /]

4. Write the gender of these nouns:

5. Translate into Russian:

8. Write the new words in alphabetical order in the special notebook.

Ex. 1. Read these syllables and words.

Ex. 2. Read the sentences paying attention to the intonation.

The Plural of Nouns

final consonant of the stem is hard

room (s., pl.)

The Second Intonational Construction (-2)

? Who is here? ? Who is at home?

In the interrogative sentence the word is predicate of a question, i.e. it exspresses

What is your name?

The answer to all these different questions will be the same .

1. Write in plural form:

The consonants [], [] are invariably hard.

Ex. 1. Read the syllables, words and sentences.

Possesive Pronouns our(s), your(s)

Ex. 2. Read, paying attention to the intonation.

* In the word character is pronounced like [].

Ex. 3. Read the dialogue, paying attention to the intonation.

Voiced and Voiceless Consonants

2. Voiced consonants become voiceless before voiceless consonants:

3. Voiceless consonants become voiced before all voiced consonants except , , , , :

[ ^ what is your name?

this is our house

4. Before , , , and the voiceless consonants are pronounced as voiceless:

2. Make these plural:

The Soft Consonant []

my (m) your (m)

3. Put - , - before the words:

Possessive Pronouns 1 and 2 Persons Singular