This question paper consists of 3 printed pages,

each of which is identified by Fluid density ρ w

the Code Number CIVE 140001 A B

 UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS

May/June 2002 b
a
Examination for the degree of e

BEng/ MEng h
Civil Engineering
c d datum

FLUID MECHANICS
Manometric fluid density ρ H g
Figure of manometer setup
Time allowed: 2 hours
density of mercury ρ = 13000 kg/m
3

Attempt 4 questions
pressure at C and D is equal:
pC = p D
p A + ρ w g a = p B + ρ w g ( b - h ) + ρ Hg g h

Useful formulae: p A - pB = ρ w g b - ρ w g h - ρ w g a + ρ Hg g h
Parallel axis theorem I oo = I GG + Ax 2 , = ρ w g ( b - a ) + hg ( ρ Hg - ρ w )

bd 3 bd 3
2 moment of area for a rectangle, I GG = , and for a triangle I GG = As horizontal a = b
nd

12 36 p A - pB = hg ( ρ Hg - ρ w )
= 0.6 × 9.81 × ( 13600 - 800 )
2
= 75 340 N/m2
3 = 75.34 kN/m
1. (a) A “U”-tube manometer containing mercury of density 13600 kg/m is used to measure the
pressure drop along a horizontal pipe. If the fluid in the pipe has a relative density of 0.8 and 1.b
ρ o = 800 kg/m3
the manometer reading is 0.6m, what is the pressure difference measured by the manometer? ρ w = 1000 kg/m3
[8 marks] h 1 = 0.5m,
h 2 = 4.0m
(b) A tank with vertical sides is filled with water to a depth of 4.0m. The water is covered with a
layer of oil 0.5m thick. If the relative density of the oil is 0.8, find the resultant force (per unit Disatnce of centroids of pressure diagram from surface
L1 = 0.5 *2/3 = 0.333m
width) and its line of action on the wall of the tank. L2 = 2.5m
[9 marks] L3 = 0.5 + 4*2/3 = 3.1667m

(c) Water is being fired at 20 m/s from a hose of 80mm diameter into the atmosphere. The Areas of pressure diagram
A 1 = 800 × 0.5 × 9.81 × 0.5 ×0.5 = 981
water leaves the hose through a nozzle with a diameter of 25mm at its exit. Find the pressure
A 2 = 1000 × 4.0 × 9.81 ×4.0 × 0.5 = 78480
just upstream of the nozzle and the force on the nozzle. A 3 = 800 × 0.5 × 9.81 × 4.0 = 15696
[8 marks]
Total area = resultant focre per unitwidth = R = 95157 N
1.a
1 Turn Over 2 Turn Over
 Take moment about surface to find point of action LR u12 u2
p1 + ρ = p2 + ρ 2
R LR = A 1 L1 + A 2 L2 + A3 L3
2 2

LR = 2.587 m
(
ρ 2
p1 = u 2 − u12
2
)
=
1000 2
2
(
20 − 1. 9532 )
1.c
= 198092N / m2
= 198. 1 kN / m 2

1 2 π 0. 082
FP = P1 A1 − P2 A2 = 198092 = 995. 72
4
FT = FR + FP + FB
FR = 176.86 − 995. 72 = 819N
u 1 = unknown
d 1 = 0.08m
u 2 = 20 m/s
d 2 = 0.025m

Use continuity to calculate the unknown velocity

A1u1 = A2u 2
πd12 πd 2
u1 = 2 u 2
4 4
2
d 
u1 = u2  2 
 d1 
2
 0. 025
= 20  = 1. 953m / s
 0 .08 

Area of the jet

πd 2 3 .14159× 0.0252
A2 = = = 0.00049m2
4 4

Force on the water:

& (u 2 − u1 )
FT = m
= ρQ(u 2 − u1 )
= ρAu1 (u 2 − u 1 )
= 1000× 0. 00049× 20. 0( 20 .0 − 1. 953)
= 176. 86N ( in theoppositedirectionto the jet)
Force on the wall = R = -F = -176 N (in the direction of the jet)

Pressure force
Use Bernoulli to calculate the unknown pressure

p1 u12 p u2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
As horizontal z1 = z2
p 2 = atmospheric = 0.0

3 Turn Over 4 Turn Over

2. (a) Water is flowing over an 70 o V-notch (Figure 1) with a constant head of 0.2m into a tanks of
2
cross-sectional area 0.5m .

For the “V” notch weir the relationship between width and depth is dependent on the angle of the “V”.

Figure 1
“V” notch, or triangular, weir geometry.
If the level in the tank rises 0.8m in 20 seconds, determine the coefficient of discharge of the If the angle of the “V” is θ then the width, b , a depth h from the free surface is
notch.
θ 
(Derive all formulae assuming the Bernoulli equation) b = 2( H − h ) tan  
 2
[20 marks]
So the discharge is
(b) What would be the head for a 90 ° v-notch with a coefficient of discharge of 0.9 when water  θ
H

is flowing at the same rate as measured in the first part of the question? Qtheoretical = 2 2 g tan  ∫ ( H − h) h1/ 2 dh
 2 0
[5 marks]
 θ  2
H
2 
= 2 2 g tan   Hh 3/2 − h 5 /2 
A General Weir Equation  2  5 5 0
Consider a horizontal strip of width b and depth h below the free surface, as shown in the figure below.
8  θ
= 2 g tan  H 5/2
15  2
The actual discharge is obtained by introducing a coefficient of discharge
8  θ
Q actual = Cd 2 g tan  H 5/2
15  2
From the question:
Q = A tank h /time = 0.5× 0.8/20 = 0.02 m /s
3

θ = 70°
Elemental strip of flow through a notch
Head = H = 0.2m
Assuming the velocity is only due to the head.
Re arranging the weir equation, and substituting in these values gives
velocity through the strip, u = 2 gh Q
Cd =
discharge through the strip, δQ = Au = bδ h 2 gh 8 θ 
2 g tan  H 5 / 2
15  2
Integrating from the free surface, h = 0 , to the weir crest, h = H gives the expression for the total theoretical
0. 02
discharge =
H 0. 533× 4. 429× tan 35 × 0 .3 5 /2
Qtheoretical = 2 g ∫ bh 2 dh = 0. 676
1

This will be different for every differently shaped weir or notch. To make further u se of this equation we need an b)
expression relating the width of flow across the weir to the depth below the free surface.

5 Turn Over 6 Turn Over

 8 3. Describe with the aid of diagrams the following phenomena explaining why and when they
0 .02 = 0 .9 2 × 9.81 tan 45 H 5 / 2
15 occur.
8 (Each part requires at least a half page description of the phenomenon plus diagrams.)
H 5 / 2 = 0.02 0 .9 2 × 9.81 tan 45 = 0.0094
15
H = 0 .157m (i) The boundary layer (include in your answer a discussion of the laminar and turbulent
boundary layers and the laminar sublayer)
[15 marks]

(ii) Boundary layer separation

[5 marks]

(iii) Methods to prevent boundary layer separation

[5 marks]

Answer: As the question says - EACH PART REQUIRES AT LEAST HALF A PAGE DESCRIPTION PLUS
DIAGRAMS - take from lecture notes AND other books.

7 Turn Over 8 Turn Over

4. (a) Assuming the drag force, F, exerted on a body is a function of the following: Dimensions of the variables are:
ρ = density (kg/m3 ) = ML-3
fluid density ρ µ = viscosity (kg/m/s) = ML-1 T-1
fluid viscosity µ
-1
u = velocity (m/s) = ML
diameter d d = length (m) = L 2 -2
F = newtons (kg m /s ) = MLT
velocity u
Show that the drag force can be expressed as For π 1
F = d 2 u 2 ρ φ ( Re) (
0 = ML−3 ) (LT ) (L )
a1 − 1 b1 c1
ML− 1T − 1
where φ is some unknown function and Re is the Reynolds number. 0 = a 1 +1
[10 marks] 0 = −3a 1 + b1 + c1 − 1
0 = −b1 + 1
(b) It is necessary to predict the force on a stationary sphere of diameter 0.1m in a flow of water
a1 = −1
travelling at 5 m/s. In the laboratory a 1.0 m diameter sphere is placed in a wind tunnel
blowing air. To obtain the dynamically similar conditions at what velocity should this flow of b1 = −1
air operate? c 1 = −1
µ
[8 marks] π1 =
ρud

(c) In the wind tunnel the 1.0m diameter sphere experiences a force of 14 200 N. What force For π 2
would you expect on the 0.1m diameter shere when in water flowing at 5m/s?
[7 Marks]
( )(
a2
)
0 = ML− 3 LT −1 ( L) 2 MLT − 2
b2 c

µwater = 1.0 ×10 6 kg/ms 0 = a2 + 1

µair = 1.7 ×10 kg/ms
5 0 = −3a2 + b2 + c2 + 1
ρ water = 1000 kg/m3 0 = −b2 − 2
ρ air = 12.5 kg/m
3
a2 = −1
b2 = −2
c 2 = −2
NOTE MISTAKE IN QUESTION. VISCOCITIES SHOULD READ
µwater = 1.0 ×10 -6 kg/ms F
π2 = 2 2
µair = 1.7 ×10 kg/ms
-5 ρu d

4.a.
0 = φ (π 1 , π 2 )
 u F 
F = f (ρ , µ , d , u) 0 = φ  , 
2 2 
0 = φ ( F , ρ , µ, d , u )  ρud ρu d 
ρud
Inverting π1 gives Re =
Assume the governing variables ρ, u, d µ
 F 
According to Buckingham's π theorem there are n-m groups 0 = φ  Re, 2 2 
where  ρu d 
n = number of variables (5) and
Rearranging this gives F = ρu 2 d 2φ (Re )
m = number of dimensions (i.e. MLT, giving 3)
n-m = 5-3 = 2 groups

0 = φ (π 1 ,π 2 ) 4.b
For dynamic similarity the Reynolds numbers are equal for both the water and air situation
π1 = ρ u d µ
a1 b1 c1

π 2 = ρ a2 u b2 d c2 F

9 Turn Over 10 Turn Over

 Re = = Re water o
5. Water is flowing in a 300mm pipline fitted with a 45 bend in the vertical plane. The diameter at the
outlet of the bend is 150mm. The pipe axis at the inlet is horizontal and the outlet is 1.5m above the
3
inlet. If the flow through the bend is 0.4m /s and a head-loss of 0.5m occurs in the bend, calculate
 ρud   ρud 
  =   the magnitude and direction of the resultant force the bend support must withstand. The volume of
 µ  air  µ  water 3
the bend is 0.075m and the pressure at the inlet is 300 kN/m .
2

[25 marks]
12. 5 × u air ×1. 0 1000× 5. 0 × 0. 1
=
1. 7 × 10− 5 1. 0 × 10− 6
Take the inlet as point 1 and the outlet as point 2. 3
Q = 0.4 m /s
u air = 680m / s
2
p 1 = 300000 N/m

Height difference between the two pipe centres,

With viscosities give in question get this answer:
h = 1.5m
12. 5 × uair ×1 .0 1000× 5. 0 × 0 .1
=
1. 7 × 105 1. 0 ×106 p 1 = 300000 N/m
2
p2 = ?
d1 = 0.3m d2 = 0.15 m

u air = 6. 8m / s πd 12 πd 22
a1 = = 0. 0707m 2 a2 = = 0. 01767m 2
4 4
4.c.
Q = a1u1 = a2 u2
With dynamic similarity φ ( Re water ) = φ ( Re air ) 0 .4
u1 = = 5.658 m / s
0 .0707
So 0. 4
u2 = = 22.637 m / s
2
Fwater d water u 2water ρwaterφ (Re water ) 0 .01767
=
Fair 2
d air 2
u air ρairφ ( Reair ) Calculate the total force on the bend.
In the x- direction
FTx = ρQ(u 2x − u1x )
Fwater 0 .12 5 2 1000
= = ρQ(u 2 cosθ − u1 )
14200 1.02 6802 12.5
= 1000× 0. 4(16. 0 − 5. 658)
= 4140N
Fwater = 0.614N
FTy = ρQ(u2 y − u1y ) = 0
In the y -direction there is no component i.e.

With viscocities given in question get this answer:

Fwater 0. 12 5 2 1000 = 1000× 0. 4(u 2 cos 45 − 0 ) = 6403
=
14200 1. 0 2 6 .8 2 12.5

Fwater = 6140N Calculate the pressure force

Fp = pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2

F px = p1 A1 cos 0 − p 2 A2 cos 45
= p1 A1 − p 2 A2 cos 45

F py = 0 − P2 A2 sin 45

We know p 1 but need to find p 2 using Bernoulli from point 1 to point 2.

11 Turn Over 12 Turn Over

 p1 v12 p v2 6 (a) Using continuity and the Bernoulli equation derive the following expression that can be used to
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 + hf
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g measure flow rate with a Venturi meter.
 p − p2 
30000 5. 658
2
p2 22.6372 2g 1 + z1 − z 2 
+ + 0= + + 1. 5 + 0. 5  ρ g 
9810 19. 62 9810 19. 62 Qactual = C d A1 A 2
A12 − A 22
p2 = 40170N / m2
[10 marks]
F px = p1 A1 − p 2 A2 cos 45 (b) A horizontal venturimeter with a discharge coefficient of 0.98 is being used to measure the
3
= 300000× 0. 0707 − 40170× 0 .01767cos 45 flow rate of a liquid of density 1030 kg/m . The pipe diameter at entry to the venturi is 75mm
2 3
= 20708N and the venturi throat has an area of 1000mm . If the flow rate is 0.011 m /s determine the
height difference recorded on a U-tube manometer connecting the throat to the upstream
Calculate the body forces pipe. Take the relative density of mercury to be 13.6.
[15 marks]
The only body force is that due to gravity
3
i.e the weight of the water.
We are given the volume = 0.075 m 6(a):
FBy = ρg × volume
= 735. 8 N Applying Bernoulli along the streamline from point 1 to point 2 in the narrow t h r o a t of the Venturi meter we have
p1 u12 p 2 u22
+ + z1 = + +z
FBx = 0 ρg 2 g ρg 2 g 2
By the using the continuity equation we can eliminate the velocity u 2 ,
Calculate the resultant force acting on the fluid
Q = u1 A1 = u 2 A2
FTx = FRx + FPx + FBx u1 A1
u2 =
4140= FRx + 20708 A2
FRx = −16568N
Substituting this into and rearranging the Bernoulli equation we get

u12  A1  
2
FTy = FRy + FPy + FBy p1 − p 2
+ z1 − z 2 =   −1
6403 = FRy − 502 + 736 ρg 2 g  A2  
FRy = 6169N  p − p2 
2g 1 + z1 − z2 
 ρg 
u1 = 2
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = 17679N  A1 
  −1
 A2 
Acting at the angle θ  p1 − p 2 
FRy 2g + z1 − z2 
tanθ =  ρg 
FRx = A2
A12 + A22
θ = 20.42o
To get the theoretical discharge this is multiplied by the area. To get the actual discharge taking in to account the
The force acting on the bend is -17678 N i.e. equal in magnitude to the force on the fluid, but in the opposite losses due to friction, we include a coefficient of discharge
direction.
Q ideal = u 1 A1
Q actual = Cd Q ideal = C d u1 A1
 p1 − p2 
2g  + z1 − z2 
 ρg 
Q actual = Cd A1 A2
A12 − A22

13 Turn Over 14 Turn Over

 Apply the equation and solve for h :
6(b): ρ 
2 gh man − 1
 ρ 
Qactual = C d A1 A2
This can also be expressed in terms of the manometer readings A12 − A22
p1 + ρgz1 = p2 + ρman gh + ρg ( z2 − h)
 13.6 
p1 − p2 ρ  19. 62h − 1
+ z1 − z2 = h man − 1 0 .011 = 0. 98 × 0 .0044× 0. 001  1 .03 
ρg  ρ  0. 00442 − 0 .0012
Thus the discharge can be expressed in terms of the manometer reading:: 25512 = 13041405h
h = 0 .5 m
ρ 
2 gh man − 1
 ρ 
Qactual = Cd A1 A2
A12 − A22
out

1
z2
in

z1

h datum

z1 = z2
Cd = 0.98
ρ = 1030 kg/m3
2
d1 = 75 mm = 0.075 m, a1 = 0.0044 m
2
a2 = 0.001 m
3
Q = 0.11 m /s

15 Turn Over 16 End