Chap3 STS Till 29-Nov12

Components of Solar Thermal Systems
Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Collectors Storage Plan Heat Exchangers Pumps and Expansion

Chambers
Controller Other Components
Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Typical Solar Installations With Main Components
Solar
Collector mounted on the roof converts the light that penetrates its glass panes (short-wave radiation) into heat. The collector is therefore the link between the sun and the hot water user
Forced Circulation
image
shows a solar heating providing hot water in a house
installation
It is an indirect, closed loop, pumped system fluid that flows through the collectors is isolated
from the potable water, which permits use of antifreeze and anti-corrosive agents; these reduce freezing and corrosion problems and therefore increase the durability and reliability of the system.
Fig. 3.1
2

Forced CirculationContd--
As
the system has pumped circulation, a large part of the system, including the tank, can be installed inside of the house, with the additional advantage of lower thermal loss and increased durability system is installed in series with the potable water, and as it is an instantaneous water heater, it achieves higher final output with lower consumption. most solar water heating systems This configuration is by far the most commonly used type of solar thermal systems
Auxiliary
In
Fig. 3.1
Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila 3

Natural Circulation or Thermosiphon Type
Systems
are designed based on the principle that hot water rises. These are called thermosyphon systems, and the storage tank is almost always located outdoors, directly on top of the solar collector
This solar heating installation has advantages

and disadvantages over the previous system
It
has Natural or Thermosyphon circulation. It can be an indirect system or a direct system, which is only feasible for certain water qualities, and when no risk of freezing exists
Fig. 3.2

Natural Circulation or Thermosiphon Type
Main advantage: Simpler and cheaper. Main disadvantages: Less integration
(and therefore higher visual impact) as the tank is mounted above the collector, and normally outside. Less durable as it is controlled less, with the possibility of over-heating during low usage and high solar radiation.
Fig. 3.2

Components of a Solar Thermal Installation Forced Circulation
components in a typical solar installation:
Collector area Tank Pump Piping Expansion vessel Purge unit (air vent) Various types of valves Temperature and pressure
sensors
Fig. 3.3

Components of a Solar Thermal Installation Natural Circulation
Components in a typical thermosiphon solar installation:
Collector area Tank Piping Expansion vessel Purge unit Various types of valves Temperature and pressure
sensors.
Fig. 3.4

Solar Energy Collectors
Solar
energy collectors are special kinds of heat exchangers that transform solar radiation energy to internal energy of the transport medium are basically two types of solar collectors: non-concentrating or stationary and concentrating non-concentrating collector has the same area for intercepting and absorbing solar radiation, whereas a sun-tracking concentrating solar collector usually has concave reflecting surfaces to intercept and focus the suns beam radiation to a smaller receiving area, thereby increasing the radiation flux
There A
Types of solar collectors
Concentration ratio is defined as the aperture area divided by the receiver/absorber area of the collector

Different definitions of area are used in the manufacturers literature to describe the
geometry of the collectors o Gross surface area (collector area) is the product of the exterior length and width of the collector and defines for example the minimum amount of roof area required for mounting. o Aperture area corresponds to the light entry area of the collector that is, the area through which the solar radiation passes to the collector itself
Fig. 3.5

o Absorber area (also called the effective collector area) corresponds to the area of the
actual absorber panel o When comparing collectors, Reference area is important surface area from which the collectors characteristic values are drawn. Reference area is equal to either the aperture area or the absorber area.
Fig. 3.6

Three main types of collectors fall into this category of non-concentrating collector
1. Flat-plate collectors (FPCs) 2. Stationary compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) 3. Evacuated tube collectors (ETCs)
Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs)
Main components of a flat-plate collector are: o COVER / GLAZING: One or more

transparent covers made of glass or plastic that let in solar energy, mostly of which is in visible range and block the long wavelength thermal radiation emitted by enclosed heated materials
o ABSORBER:
Dark surfaces inside of high absorptivity, called absorber plates that soak up heat. plate is usually coated with a high-absorptance, low-emittance layer
Fig. 3.7
12

o INSULATION:
material at the back and sides of the collector box to prevent conduction heat losses from the back and sides to the environment
o FLUID PASSAGEWAYS: Vents or pipes

connected to or integrated into the absorber plates to carry the heated fluid to where it can be stored or used
o CONTAINER:
The casing surrounds the aforementioned components and protects them from dust, moisture, and any other material
Fig. 3.7
13

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs)contd--
When
and
solar radiation passes

Incident radiation (visible range)
through a transparent cover

impinges on the
Reflection Emitted radiation by absorber (Infrared range) Back and side Insulation Absorber Plate with Selective Coating
blackened absorber surface of high absorptivity, of this a large is
portion
energy
absorbed by the plate and transferred to the transport medium in the fluid tubes, to be carried away for storage or use
Fig. 3.8
Fluid Carrying passage
Heat Loss to Ambient
Glazing
Casing

Liquid tubes can be welded to the absorbing plate or they can be an integral part of the
plate Liquid tubes are connected at both ends by large-diameter header tubes
HEADER AND RISER COLLECTOR is the typical design for flat-plate collectors Alternative is the SERPENTINE DESIGN does not present the potential problem of uneven
flow distribution in the various riser tubes of the HEADER AND RISER DESIGN
Fig. 3.9

Absorber plate can be a single sheet on which all risers are fixed, or each riser can be
fixed on a separate fin
Transparent cover is used to reduce convection losses from the absorber plate through
the restraint of the stagnant air layer between the absorber plate and the glass
Fig. 3.10

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs) contd--
Transparent
cover reduces radiation losses from the collector because the glass is transparent to the shortwave radiation received by the sun, but it is nearly opaque to longwave thermal radiation emitted by the absorber plate (GREENHOUSE EFFECT). are inexpensive to manufacture, they collect both beam and diffuse radiation are permanently fixed in position, so no tracking of the sun is required
FPCs
FPCs
Optimum tilt angle of the collector is equal to the

latitude of the location, with angle variations of 10 to 15 more or less, depending on the application
For solar cooling the optimum angle is latitude -10 so that the sun will be perpendicular to the collector during summertime, when the energy will be mostly required. For space heating, optimal angle is latitude +10

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs) contd--
Collector should also have a long effective life, despite the adverse effects of the suns
ultraviolet radiation and corrosion and clogging because of acidity, alkalinity, or hardness of the heat transfer fluid, freezing of water, or deposition of dust or moisture on the glazing and breakage of the glazing from thermal expansion, hail, vandalism, or other causes
Glazing Materials
Requirements for the transparent cover are: ohigh light transmittance during the whole service life of the collector o low reflection o protection from the cooling effects of the wind and convection o protection from moisture o stability with regard to mechanical loads (hailstones, broken branches etc.).

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs) contd-Glazing Materialscontd--
Glass has been widely used to glaze solar collectors Glass transmit as much as 90% of the incoming Glass
shortwave solar irradiation while transmitting virtually none of the longwave radiation emitted outward by the absorber plate
with low iron content has a relatively high transmittance for solar radiation (approximately 0.850.90 at normal incidence), but its transmittance is essentially zero for the longwave thermal radiation (5.050 m) emitted by sun-heated surfaces
For direct radiation, transmittance of glass varies considerably with the angle of incidence Antireflective coatings and surface texture can improve transmission significantly. The
effect of dirt and dust on collector glazing may be quite small
Plastic films and sheets also possess high shortwave transmittance Most usable varieties also have transmission bands in the middle of the thermal radiation
spectrum, they may have long wave transmittances as high as 0.40

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs) contd-Glazing Materialscontd--
Plastics are not broken by hail or stones, and in the form of thin films, they are completely
flexible and have low mass
Plastics are generally limited in the temperatures they can sustain without deteriorating or
undergoing dimensional changes
Only a few types of plastics can withstand the suns ultraviolet radiation for long periods
ABSORBER
Core piece of a glazed flat-plate collector Consists of a heat conducting metal sheet with a dark coating When the solar radiation hits the absorber it is mainly absorbed and partially reflected It consists of a heat conducting metal sheet with a dark coating Heat is created through the absorption and conducted in the metal sheet to the heat
transfer medium tubes or channels

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs) contd-ABSORBER contd--
To maximize the energy collection, the absorber of a collector should have a coating that
has high absorptance for solar radiation (short wavelength) and a low emittance for reradiation (long wavelength) Such a surface is referred as a SELECTIVE SURFACE
Fig. 3.11
Copper Sheet Black Paint Black Chrome TINOX
By suitable electrolytic or chemical treatment, surfaces can be produced with high values
of solar radiation absorptance () and low values of longwave emittance ()
Selective
surfaces are particularly important when the collector surface temperature is much higher than the ambient air temperature

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs) contd-Flow passages
For
fluid-heating collectors, passages must be integral with or firmly bonded to the absorber plate most frequently used for collector plates are copper, aluminum, and stainless steel the working fluid is a liquid , the flow passage is usually a tube that is attached to or is a part of absorber plate. If the working fluid is air , the flow passage should be below the absorber plate to minimize heat losses
Materials If
Fig. 3.12
Further Details-Self Study Pages: 127-129, PDF: Solar Collectors


Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs) contd Special Designs
Integrated Collector Storage (ICS) or Batch Collectors
Collector and water store form a construction unit It is a self-contained Integration of solar Collector
and solar heated water Storage
heat
water in dark tanks or tubes within an insulated box, storing water until drawn.
components omitted are: oHeat exchanger, opiping for the solar circuit, ocontroller and circulation pump ICS systems are similar to thermosyphon systems
in that they heat water passively without pumps and controller systems
23

Integrated Collector Storage (ICS) or Batch Collectors contd Limitations/Disadvantages:
It is prone to freezing, the system must

be drained in winter months in colder climates.
Efficiency is also limited in cold weather

and at night due to the significant loss of heat
A batch solar water heater is somewhat

limited in size, so typically no more than four people can benefit from the system
24

Hybrid Collectors
Hybrid collectors are a combination of solar panels (PV) with liquid based collectors as
well as with air-based collectors
combination
The
with solar panels is reasonable, because during the solar electricity conversion only about 12% (with crystalline silicon) of the solar radiation converts into electricity, whereas the remainder converts into heat. This heat is used in the hybrid collector to either heat up a liquid or air central problem with hybrid collectors is the high and in part more persistent temperature load of the solar cells in the event of stagnation
25

Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPCs)
(CPC)
CPCs
are usually non-tracking and nonimaging collectors

are made up of two parabolic reflectors and an absorber which is placed at the bottom of the collector parabolic concentrators can accept incoming radiation over a relatively wide range of angles
Compound By
Fig. 3.13
using multiple internal reflections, any radiation entering the aperture within the collector acceptance angle finds its way to the absorber surface located at the bottom of the collector
26

Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPCs)Contd--
The The
absorber can take a variety of configurations. It can be flat, bifacial, wedge, or cylindrical most commonly studied system is a doubled walled concentric glass tube placed at the focus of a compound parabolic concentrator
Compound parabolic collectors should have a

gap between the receiver and the reflector to prevent the reflector from acting as a fin conducting heat away from the absorber
For
higher-temperature applications a tracking CPC can be used
Fig. 3.14
27

Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPCs)Contd--
Compound parabolic collectors can be manufactured either as one unit with one opening
and one receiver (see Figure 3.14) or as a panel (see Figure 3.15). When constructed as a panel, the collector looks like a flat-plate collector
Fig. 3.14
Term Project
Project
Solar Cooking Technology
Group Members
Sidra Akbar Sadaf Saghir
Solar Drying Technology
Imran Sajid Shahid

Usman Manzoor Saad Malik
Introduction Historical Background A brief review of available technologies/methods oPros and cones of each technology/method oTechnical Aspects ( Typical Temperatures, heat requirements etc.) A simple case study (Theoretical design of a system for a certain application
Submission Date: 03-01-2013

Vacuum Collectors
Benefits
of simple conventional FPCs are greatly reduced when conditions become unfavorable during cold, cloudy, and windy days internal materials, resulting in reduced performance and system failure
Weathering influences, such as condensation and moisture, cause early deterioration of To overcome the above mentioned factors and due to the technical difficulties to evacuate
the space between the absorber and cover in FPC and to withstand the resulting external pressure, evacuated tube collectors are used
In
order to completely suppress thermal losses through convection, the volume enclosed in the glass tubes must be evacuated to less than 102 bar (1 kPa) evacuation (up to 10-6 bar) prevents losses through thermal conduction
1bar 10-2 bar 10-6 bar
Additional
Fig. 3.15
30

Vacuum Collectorscontd--
Radiation losses cannot be reduced by creating a vacuum, as no medium is necessary for

the transport of radiation. They are kept low, as in the case of glazed flat-plate collectors, by selective coatings (small -value).
absorber is installed as either flat or upward-vaulted metal strips or as a coating applied to

an internal glass bulb in an evacuated glass tube
An evacuated tube collector consists of a number of

tubes that are connected together and which are linked at the top by an insulated distributor or collector box, in which the feed or return lines run.
There are two main sorts of evacuated tube collector:

the Direct Flow-through Type and the Heat-pipe Type.
31

Vacuum Collectorscontd-Schematic diagrams of different configurations of direct flow type evacuated tube collectors
Glass Absorber Glass Absorber
a) Absorber: flat, metal with coating. Passage: metal coaxial pipe Glass Absorber
e) Absorber: cylindrical, glass with coating. Passage: glass Glass Absorber
b) Absorber: flat, metal with coating. Passage: metal U-pipe Glass Absorber
f) Absorber: cylindrical, glass with coating. Passage: glass coaxial pipe Glass Absorber
c) Absorber: flat, metal with coating. Passage: metal, circular pipe straight through
g) Absorber: cylindrical, metal with coating. Passage: metal U-pipe
Fig. 3.16

Vacuum Collectorscontd--
33

Vacuum Collectorscontd-Sydney collector
particular design of direct flow-through evacuated tube collector marketed in some countries is the Sydney collector
Collector tube consists of: ovacuum-sealed double tube oinner glass bulb is provided with a
selective coating of a metal carbon compound on a copper base
oInto
this evacuated double tube is plugged a thermal conducting plate in connection with a U-tube to which the heat is transferred.
To
increase the radiation gain the collector is fitted with external reflectors in the sloping roof version
Fig. 3.17
34

Vacuum Collectorscontd-Heat-pipe Evacuated Tube Collectors
Heat pipe is an isothermal devise purely based on evaporation and condensation cycle of
the working fluid
A selectively coated absorber strip, which is

metallically bonded to a heat pipe, is plugged into the evacuated glass tube
heat pipe is filled with alcohol or water in a

vacuum, which evaporates at temperatures as low as 25C
The vapor thus occurring rises upwards At the upper end of the heat pipe the heat
released by condensation of the vapor is transferred via a heat exchanger (condenser) to the heat transfer medium as it flows by Fig. 3.18
35

Vacuum Collectorscontd-Heat-pipe Evacuated Tube Collectorscontd--
Fig. 3.19
The condensate flows back down into the heat pipe to take up the heat again For appropriate functioning of the tubes they must be installed at a minimum slope of 25
36

Vacuum Collectorscontd-Integrated Compound Parabolic Collector
An evacuated
tube collector in which, at the bottom part of the glass tube, a reflective material is fixed
Either a CPC reflector, or a cylindrical reflector, is used
Fig. 3.19
37

Sun-tracking concentrating collectors

oParabolic trough collector oLinear Fresnel reflector oParabolic dish Self Study Pages: 135-156, oCentral receiver PDF: Solar Collectors
Fresnel Collectors Parabolic Dish Reflectors Heliostat Field Collectors
38

Stagnation temperature
Stagnation Temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow

For Solar collectors STAGNATION CONDITIONS are considered to be any situation under
which the solar collector can not adequately reject absorbed solar heat to its primary heat transfer fluid, thereby resulting in the solar collector and/or its components (including the heat-transfer fluid contained within its flow passages) to increase in temperature above a desired maximum level
oIf the circulation pump fails in the event of strong solar irradiance, oor if for example in holiday times no hot water is used so that the store is hot (60
90C; 140194F) and the system switches off, no more heat is drawn from the collector
oAbsorber heats up until the heat losses through convection, heat radiation and heat
conduction reach the thermal output of the absorber
Well-insulated Glazed Flat-plate Collectors achieve maximum stagnation temperatures of

160200C (320392F) --- Evacuated Tube Collectors 200300C (392572F) or with a reflector as much as 350C (662F)

Stagnation temperaturecontd--
Such extreme stagnation conditions lead to: o deterioration of collector materials, like loss of vacuum in ETCs (evacuated tube
collectors) de to out-gassing from collector materials, oheat transfer fluid may rapidly degrade or even boil, oexcessive pressures may occur in the solar collector heat-transfer loop
Energy storage
Heat Storage
in solar thermal applications is necessary, whenever there is mismatch between the available solar radiation and demand---Because of the seasonal, diurnal and intermittent nature of solar radiation
Optimum capacity of an storage system depends on: o the expected time dependence of solar radiation availability o the nature of loads to be expected on the process o The manner in which auxiliary energy supplied o An Economic analysis that determines how much of the load
solar and how much by the auxiliary energy source
should be carried by
40

Heat Storage
Process Loads and Solar Collector Outputs
GT, Qu and L as a function of time for 3-day period
Times of excess energy Energy withdrawn from the storage
GT: Available Solar Radiation Qu: Useful Heat Gain L: Loads LA: Auxiliary energy supplied
A major objective of the

Energy added to or removed from storage
systems performance analysis is to find long-term values of LA ,i.e amount of energy that must be purchased
Integrated values of the GT, Qu and L for the same 3 day period
Further details: Pages: 382-384, Book: by Duffie and Beckmann


Heat Storage
Types of Thermal Energy Storage
Sensible-Heat Storage
Sensible
heat Q is stored in a material of mass m and specific heat Cp by rising the temperature of the storage material from T1 to T2 and is :
Q mcp dT Vc p dT
T2
T2
Most
T1
T1
Common sensible heat storage materials are water, organic oils, rocks, ceramics, and molten salt----Water has the highest specific heat value of 4190 J/kg. C common medium for storing sensible heat for use with low and medium temperature solar systems is Water---its cheap and abundant
Most
Water is the standard storage medium for solarheating and cooling systems for buildings today

Heat Storage
Types of Thermal Energy Storagecontd--
Sensible-Heat Storagecontd--
An energy balance on the unstratified storage tank of

mass m operating at time-dependent temperature Ts in ambient temperature Ta
. dTs (mC p ) s Qu L s (UA) s (Ts Ta' ) dt
3.1
Eq.
Qu Rate of addition or removal of energy from the collector Ls Rate of addition or removal of energy from the load and Ta Ambient temperature for the tank (which could be different from that of collector)
(3.1) is to be integrated over time to determine the long term performance of the storage unit and the solar process
Using Euler integration (i.e. rewriting the temp derivative as [(Ts+ - Ts) /t] and solving for
the tank temperature at the end of time increment:
Ts Ts
t [Qu Ls (UA) s (Ts Ta' )] (mC p ) s
3.2
43

Heat Storage
Ts Ts
3.2
Temperature at the end of an hour is calculated from that at the beginning, assuming Qu,
Ls, and the tank losses do not change during that hour
Terms in Eq. (3.1) are rates and in Eq. (3.2), they are integrated quantities over an hour Once the tank temperature Ts is know, other temperature dependent quantities can
estimated year) provide information on how much solar energy is delivered to meet load.
be
Solutions to the governing system equations when integrated over long periods (usually a
44

Heat Storage
Example
A fully mixed water tank storage containing 1500 kg of

water has a loss coefficient area product of 11.1 W/oC and is located in a room at 20 oC. At the beginning of a particular hour the tank temperature is 45 oC. During the hour energy Qu is added to the tank from a solar collector, and energy Ls is removed from the tank and delivered to a load as indicated in the table. Using Euler integration, calculate the temperature of the tank at the
end of each of 12 hours.
Ts Ts


Heat Storage
Examplecontd--
46

Heat Storage
Sensible-Heat Storagecontd-Narrowness of the Hot Water Store

Hot water extraction Heating feed (Auxiliary)
A general schematic of the Upright model

solar tank with auxiliary heat exchanger is shown Every time a tap is turned on, cold water flows into the lower area of the store, cold, warm and hot water are found in the one store at the same time
Heating Return (Auxiliary) Solar Circuit Feed
Because
of the different densities, a Temperature Stratification effect forms, lighter hot water collects at the top, the heavier cold water in the lower tank area the efficiency of a solar system
Stratification Effect has a positive effect on
Solar Circuit Return Cold Water Supply 47

Heat Storage
Narrowness of the Hot Water Store
As
soon as hot water is drawn off, cold water flows in: this should not mix with the hot water. The slimmer and taller the store, the more pronounced the temperature stratification will be stores have the best stratification; the recommended heightdiameter ratio for optimum stratification is at least 2.5:1 possible lower zone ensures that, even with low irradiance, the solar system can still operate with high efficiency at a low temperature level
Stable Stratification
Upright
Coldest
For interested readers: 1- Chapter-8, Energy Storage, Book: by Duffie and Beckmann 2- Chapter-2, Book: Planning and installing Solar Thermal Systems
No stratification, Additional Heat Required

48

Heat Storage
Latent Heat Storage
Thermal
energy can be stored as latent heat in a material that undergoes phase transformation at a temperature that is useful for the application thermal energy Q stored in a mass m of the material is given by:
If a material with phase change temp. Tm is heated from T1 to T2 such that T1 < Tm < T2, the
3.3
= heat of phase transformation
Four types of phase transformation useful for latent heat storage are: oSolid Liquid oLiquid Vapor oSolid Vapor oSolid Solid Some common phase change materials (PCMs) used for thermal storage
waxes, nonparaffins, inorganic salts (both anhydrous and hydrated).
are: Paraffin
49

Heat Storage
Types of Thermal Energy Storagecontd-Latent Heat Storagecontd--
50

Heat Storage
Thermo Chemical Heat Storage
Heat storage in this mode is based on the Reversible Chemical Reaction according to the
formula
A + B AB + Heat
Reaction in the forward direction is exothermic and endothermic in the reverse direction
Amount
of heat stored in a chemical reaction depends on the heat of reaction and the extent of conversion as given by: ar: fraction reaced m: mass 3.4 H: Heat of reaction per unit mass the load phase, the substance AB is supplied with heat, which dissociates the components A and B
During
In order to recover the heat, both components A and B are allowed to react with one other As long as a reaction between A and B is prevented, the heat stored in form of chemical
energy cannot be set free

Heat Storage
Thermo Chemical Heat Storagecontd--
Energy densities of water: approx. 50 kwh/M3 Energy densities obtainable with thermo chemical heat storage: approx. 120-140 kwh/M3)
means a large amount of heat can be stored in small quantity of material

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Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Collectors Storage Plan Heat Exchangers Pumps and Expansion

Controller Other Components

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

shows a solar heating providing hot water in a house

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

This solar heating installation has advantages

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Main advantage: Simpler and cheaper. Main disadvantages: Less integration

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Types of solar collectors

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Flat Plate Collectors (FPCs)

Main components of a flat-plate collector are: o COVER / GLAZING: One or more

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

o FLUID PASSAGEWAYS: Vents or pipes

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

solar radiation passes

through a transparent cover

blackened absorber surface of high absorptivity, of this a large is

Fluid Carrying passage

Heat Loss to Ambient

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Optimum tilt angle of the collector is equal to the

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Further Details-Self Study Pages: 127-129, PDF: Solar Collectors

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

It is prone to freezing, the system must

Efficiency is also limited in cold weather

A batch solar water heater is somewhat

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

are usually non-tracking and nonimaging collectors

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Compound parabolic collectors should have a

higher-temperature applications a tracking CPC can be used

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Solar Drying Technology

Imran Sajid Shahid

Components of Solar Thermal Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering HITEC University Taxila

Components of Solar Thermal Systems