SELECTION OF SYSTEM NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTOR AND GROUND FAULT PROTECTION FOR INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS

Copyright Material IEEE Paper No. PCIC-91-51

DR. LUKE YU. P.E. AND The Ralph M. Parsons Company 100 West Walnut S t r e e t Pasadena, CA 91124, U.S.A. (818)440-2000 Abstract T h i s paper p e r t a i n s p r i m a r i l y t o lowv o l t a g e ( L V ) and medium-voltage (MV) i n d u s t r i a l power d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s , below 1 5 kV. The method chosen f o r system n e u t r a l grounding i s s i g n i f i c a n t t o system performance , o p e r a t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e , s a f e t y , e t c . The purpose o f grounding i s t o c r e a t e a f i r m p o t e n t i a l r e f e r e n c e p o i n t and t o minimize t h e hazard t o p e r s o n n e l and damage t o t h e system when a l i n e - t o ground f a u l t o c c u r s . S o l i d l y grounded ( S G ) , lowr e s i s t a n c e grounded (LRG) , and h i g h - r e s i s t a n c e grounded (HFG) s y s t e m s are d i s c u s s e d and compared. S e l e c t i o n o f n e u t r a l grounding r e s i s t o r v a l u e s and ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s are d i s c u s s e d . F i n a l l y , t h e p a p e r p r o p o s e s t h a t a m o d i f i e d highr e s i s t a n c e g r o u n d i n g (MHRG) w i t h ground f a u l t t r i p p i n g may b e t h e b e t t e r p r a c t i c e i n some i n d u s t r i a l applications. ROLF L. " R I K S , P.E. Consultant Temple C i t y , CA, U.S.A. (8181 286-4913 TABLE I TYPICAL PRACTICES
~~

L V 2.4 and 4.16 kV

MV

System Type

5600 V

1 5 kV
Tripa Trip Not usedb

SG

Trip Not used Alarm

Tripa Trip
Alarm

LR G
HRG

I.

INTRODUCTION

i s not u s u a l l y a p p l i e d i n i n d u s t r i a l applications. bHRG i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e 15-kV system t o a c h i e v e s e r v i c e c o n t i n u i t y b e c a u s e e x p e r i e n c e d o e s n o t show a s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n f o r 13.8-kV s y s t e m s [lo].

System grounding and ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n have been s u b j e c t s o f c o n t i n u o u s i n t e r e s t f o r y e a r s and have been c o v e r e d i n many IEEE s t a n d a r d s , t h e N a t i o n a l E l e c t r i c a l Code (NEC) , and many t e c h n i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s 11-10 1

System grounding i s t h e p r a c t i c e o f p h y s i c a l l y c o n n e c t i n g a s p e c i f i c p o i n t o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l system (normally t h e n e u t r a l o f a transformer o r a g e n e r a t o r ) t o t h e e a r t h . The i n t e n t i s t o create a p o t e n t i a l r e f e r e n c e p o i n t f o r t h e e l e c t r i c a l system. Some a d v a n t a g e s o f system grounding are :

Ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n i s governed b y t h e system grounding method used because t h e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d f a u l t c u r r e n t d e t e r m i n e s t h e s e n s i t i v i t y and , t h e r e f o r e , t h e required relay type.

11.

COMPARISON OF SYSTEM GROUNDING METHODS

1) Reduce l i f e hazard by minimizing p o t e n t i a l t o earth 2)

Reduce t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s Reduce p o t e n t i a l stress on c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n P r o v i d e a d e q u a t e system ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n

3)
4)

Recent p r a c t i c e h a s been t o c o n v e r t many ungrounded s y s t e m s ( s u c h as d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s y s t e m s ) t o grounded systems f o r t h e s e advantages. I n p r a c t i c e , a zigzag-type o r a d i s t r i b u t i o n - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r may be used t o create a grounded n e u t r a l system [ 6 ] . I n t h i s p a p e r , o n l y t h o s e systems w i t h a v a i l a b l e system n e u t r a l s are d i s c u s s e d . The c u r r e n t t y p i c a l p r a c t i c e i s shown i n Table I. Obviously, from an o p e r a t i o n a l v i e w p o i n t , t h e r e i s a c h o i c e o f o n l y two r e s p o n s e s when a ground f a u l t i s d e t e c t e d : ( 1 ) t o t r i p and clear t h e f a u l t , o r ( 2 ) n o t t o t r i p and m a i n t a i n s e r v i c e c o n t i n u i t y . For c o n t i n u i t y o f s e r v i c e ( i . e . , no t r i p ) , system grounding i s o f t h e HFX t y p e . O t h e r w i s e , when t h e R f a u l t i s t o b e c l e a r e d q u i c k l y , e i t h e r SG o r L G i s used.

SG systems have t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e l o w e s t c o s t , highest available current, highest propensity t o p e r s o n n e l h a z a r d and a r c i n g damage, and l o w e s t s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s . The SG system h a s been adopted f o r h i g h - v o l t a g e ( H V ) u t i l i t y t r a n s m i s s i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n systems and i s o f t e n used i n LV systems where it i s t h e o n l y g r o u n d i n g mode when l i n e - t o - n e u t r a l l o a d i n g i s planned. It can a c c o m o d a t e t h e most l e v e l s o f ground f a u l t r e l a y i n g c o o r d i n a t i o n , and ample f a u l t c u r r e n t i s a v a i l a b l e t o a c t u a t e o v e r c u r r e n t r e l a y s 12-4 1. Arcing f a u l t s are t h e most common t y p e o f ground f a u l t s i n s o l i d l y grounded L systems. Because o f low V c u r r e n t magnitude ( t y p i c a l l y , about 38% t h a t o f a b o l t e d f a u l t ) , t h e phase r e l a y s may n o t o p e r a t e . However, a r c i n g f a u l t s d e l i v e r a tremendous amount o f e n e r g y i n t h e form o f h e a t and p r e s s u r e , s u f f i c i e n t t o m e l t b u s and e n c l o s u r e materials and produce l a r g e amounts o f c a r b o n i z e d smoke that may damage o t h e r components i n t h e v i c i n i t y . The amount o f damage i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e magnitude and d u r a t i o n o f t h e f a u l t . S t u d i e s show t h a t t h e r e s t r i k e v o l t a g e o f an arc i s about 375 V ( p e a k ) . For a 277/480-V s y s t e m , a line-to-ground v o l t a g e o f 277 V w i t h a 392-V p e a k c a u s e s r e p e t i t i o u s r e s t r i k i n g or a r c i n g u n t i l t h e f a u l t i s c l e a r e d [ 11-14].

9 l-CH3057-7/1/9 1/0000-0l47 .OO E 199 IIEEE $01 '

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L G h a s t h e characteristics of higher c o s t , R moderate ground f a u l t c u r r e n t , l i t t l e o r no p r o p e n s i t y f o r a r c i n g damage, l e s s f a u l t damage t h a n SG s y s t e m s , and l i m i t e d l e v e l s of t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s . I n L G R s y s t e m s , t h e r e s i s t o r i s t y p i c a l l y r a t e d t o a l l o w 50 t o 800 amps o f ground f a u l t c u r r e n t . T h i s method i s o f t e n used i n MV i n d u s t r i a l systems. Of p r i m a r y c o n c e r n when a p p l y i n g t h i s method i s t h e need o f s u f f i c i e n t ground f a u l t c u r r e n t f o r o p e r a t i n g ground f a u l t r e l a y s i2-41. For t h e s e same r e a s o n s , LRG s h o u l d a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r 34.5- and 69-kv systems when t h e s e systems a r e b r o u g h t i n t o i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s r a t h e r t h a n simply a d o p t i n g t h e u t i l i t y p r a c t i c e . For t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t , t h e r e s i s t o r would be connected t h r o u g h a. s i n g l e - p h a s e t r a n s f o r m e r . Both t h e r e s i s t o r and t h e transformer can b e r a t e d f o r a s h o r t t i m e .
HRG i s used i n LV and MV systems ( u p t o 4.16 kV) where t h e r e i s a d e s i r e n o t t o t r i p f o r a ground f a u l t t o a v o i d an unscheduled o u t a g e . HRG systems t y p i c a l l y a l l o w l e s s t h a n 7 amps o f ground f a u l t c u r r e n t t o p a s s . A t p r e s e n t , it is t y p i c a l p r a c t i c e n o t t o t r i p when a p p l y i n g HRG. T h i s method assumes t h a t t h e f a c i l i t y h a s competent maintenance p e r s o n n e l who can q u i c k l y d e t e r m i n e t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e f a u l t ar,d t h e n s c h e d u l e an o u t a g e f o r r e p a i r . I n r e a l i t y , t h i s system i s n o t h i n g more t h a n + means o f d e t e c t i n g a ground f a u l t i n a n o t h e r w i s e ungrounded system. Because o f t h e s m a l l amount o f ground c u r r e n t t h a t i s a l l o w e d t o f l o w ( s l i g h t l y more t h a n t h e s y s t e m ' s c a p a c i t i v e c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t ) , ground f a u l t damage w i t h s u c h a system i s o b v i o u s l y minimal. I f one phase i s grounded, t h e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d v o l t a g e o f t h e o t h e r two p h a s e s w i l l be i n c r e a s e d and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a second f a u l t , c o n s t i t u t i n g a phase-to-phase f a u l t and i n c u r r i n g m a j o r damage, i s h e i g h t e n e d 12,141. The need f o r a quick r e p a i r i s urgent.

d i f f e r e n t r e s i s t o r r a t i n g s . It i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t h i g h e r c u r r e n t r a t i n g s a r e e s s e n t i a l when more s t a g e s o f c o o r d i n a t i o n are r e q u i r e d . F i g . l ( b ) h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f l e s s f a u l t damage.

1 1 1 .

SELECTION O SYSTEM GROUNDING RESISTANCE F

( a ) 400-amp R e s i s t o r

A lower ground r e s i s t o r v a l u e i m p l i e s h i g h e r damage; c o n v e r s e l y , a h i g h e r r e s i s t a n c e i m p l i e s l e s s damage. A g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t o r s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d t o minimize f a u l t damage and y e t keep o v e r v o l t a g e s t o a t o l e r a b l e l e v e l , a s w e l l a s providing s u f f i c i e n t ground f a u l t c u r r e n t f o r r e l a y o p e r a t i o n .

When s e l e c t i n g t h e r e s i s t o r v a l u e : Comply w i t h c r i t e r i a set f o r t h i n Appendix A t o l i m i t t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s t o l e s s t h a n 2.5 p e r u n i t ( p u ) line-to-ground crest voltage. Allow enough c u r r e n t t o f l o w so t h a t t h e ground f a u l t r e l a y s w i l l o p e r a t e r e l i a b l y ; however, h i g h e r r e s i s t a n c e ( i.e., lower f a u l t c u r r e n t ) is desirable. Achieve 90% winding p r o t e c t i o n of t h e p r o t e c t e d equipment. S e l e c t e i t h e r a continuous duty-rated r e s i s t o r f o r t h e n o n t r i p scheme o r a s h o r t - t i m e r a t e d one f o r a t r i p p i n g scheme s u c h as LRG. I n MV i n d u s t r i a l s y s t e m s , t h e c h o i c e o f a 400-amp r e s i s t o r has become common ( s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e b y some). A c t u a l l y , t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e o f t h i s r e s i s t o r s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e need f o r s u f f i c i e n t ground f a u l t c u r r e n t t o achieve s a t i s f a c t o r y r e l a y coordinat i o n and p r o t e c t i o n , b u t t h i s v a l u e s h o u l d b e low t o minimize f a u l t damage. Fig. 1 shows two schemes w i t h

1
( b ) 200-amp R e s i s t o r F i g . 1. T y p i c a l Ground F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n Scheme

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IV.

PROTECTION AND COORDINATION

B .

Relays and S e t t i n g s

A.

Coordination

F i g . 2 shows s e v e r a l t i m e - c u r r e n t c u r v e s d e p i c t i n g a c c e p t a b l e ground f a u l t c o o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e scheme shown. F i g . 2 ( b ) i s t h e t r a d i t i o n a l time-and-current d i f f e r e n t i a t e d c o o r d i n a t i o n scheme. Fig. 2 ( c ) shows coordinated t i m e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , w i t h a l l r e l a y s having t h e same c u r r e n t pickup s e t t i n g . A t f i r s t g l a n c e , F i g , 2 ( d ) appears t o b e miscoordinated i n c u r r e n t b u t c o o r d i n a t e d i n time d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . Because o f t h e magnitude o f t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t b e i n g determined b y t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e o f t h e grounding r e s i s t o r ( I ) , a l l t h r e e schemes a r e a c c e p t a b l e t o serve t h e pcrpose.

Two t y p e s o f r e l a y s are used i n ground f a u l t (1) t h e power system o r u t i l i t y t y p e application: such as t h e Westinghouse CO o r t h e General E l e c t r i c IFC, normally used i n a r e s i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n scheme, and ( 2 ) t h e ground f a u l t s e n s o r x G F S ) t y p e , which i s matched w i t h a window o r c o r e b a l a n c e t y p e o f c u r r e n t transformer t h a t e n c l o s e s a l l conductors o f t h e c i r c u i t . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e two t y p e s o f r e l a y s a r e shown i n F i g . 3.
The power system t y p e has a s a t i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t i n g r e l i a b i l i t y above 1.5 times i t s t a p s e t t i n g , as shown i n F i g . 3 ( a ) . It i s good p r a c t i c e t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e ground f a u l t c u r r e n t allowed b y t h e grounding r e s i s t o r w i l l be a t l e a s t one and a half o r twice t h e r e l a y t a p setting

IQ

Current

( c ) C o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h Same Pickups

( a ) Scheme

Current Current

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( d ) Acceptable C o o r d i n a t i o n

( b ) Proper Coordination F i g . 2. Acceptable Ground F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n C o o r d i n a t i o n s

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A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e power system ground f a u l t r e l a y s i n t h e r e s i d u a l connection p r e s e n t s s e n s i t i v i t y concerns. This connection i s s u s c e p t i b l e t o m i s o p e r a t i o n from phase u n b a l a n c e s u c h a s i s e x p e r i e n c e d d u r i n g t r a n s f o r m e r i n r u s h o r motor starting. To a v o i d m i s o p e r a t i o n , t h e common p r a c t i c e i s t o d i s a b l e t h e 50N ( i f so e q u i p p e d ) and s e t pickup c u r r e n t o f t h e 51N to a t l e a s t 10% of t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m e r (CT) r a t i n g [4,61. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i s c o n n e c t i o n c a n n o t be used or p r o p e r l y c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h r e s i s t a n c e grounding u n l e s s t h e C r a t i o s are low T enough t o e n s u r e s u f f i c i e n t c u r r e n t f o r o p e r a t i o n . T h i s a s p e c t must be c o n s i d e r e d when s e l e c t i n g a grounding r e s i s t o r , b e c a u s e it i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e s i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n may n o t b e a v i a b l e method o f ground f a u l t d e t e c t i o n i n some r e s i s t a n c e - g r o u n d e d a p p l i c a t i o n s . F i g . 4 shows a t y p i c a l example o f coordination.

50015A

( a ) Scheme

20A

5OA

200A

516

F i g . 3. Comparison o f Time-Current Curves

51N

The GFS t y p e o p e r a t e s r e l i a b l y a t s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n i t s p i c k u p s e t t i n g . F i g . 3 ( b ) shows t h e r e l a y t i m e - c u r r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e GFS. The GFS t y p e can a l s o b e used i n a zone s e l e c t i v e scheme t h a t p r o v i d e s b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n b y b l o c k i n g upstream r e l a y o p e r a t i o n b u t r e q u i r e s w i r i n g between t h e r e l a y s a t t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s , which i s n o t always f e a s i b l e f o r i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s because o f t h e d i s t a n c e s involved.

Current

( b ) Coordination Fig. 4. C o o r d i n a t i o n o f R e s i d u a l l y Connected Relay (51N)

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C.

EQuipment Winding P r o t e c t i o n

Normally, a 90% winding p r o t e c t i o n f o r t r a n s f o r m e r s or g e n e r a t o r s s h o u l d be a c h i e v e d . To T a c c o m p l i s h t h i s , common p r a c t i c e i s t o s e l e c t a C w i t h a primary c u r r e n t r a t i n g o f h a l f t h e n e u t r a l r e s i s t o r c u r r e n t r a t i n g and t h e n t o s e t t h e r e l a y pickup v a l u e a t 10% o f t h e r e s i s t o r r a t i n g . T h i s i s shown i n F i g . 1. D. Relay s e n s i t i v i t y

I n t h i s proposed scheme, t h e n e u t r a l grounding r e s i s t o r c a n be s i z e d i n a manner similar t o t h a t o f t h e HRG system p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d . The GFS-type r e l a y i s recommended. To c o o r d i n a t e , a l l GFS r e l a y s can b e set a t t h e same pickup s e t t i n g (2-amp p r i m a r y c u r r e n t p i c k u p i s used i n t h i s d i s c u s s i o n ; even lower s e n s i t i v i t i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e ) , and e a c h r e l a y c a n b e s e t t o a s e q u e n t i a l time d e l a y . T h i s scheme i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 5.

Power system r e l a y s ( f o r u s e i n t h e r e s i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n ) are a v a i l a b l e w i t h minimum pickup v a l u e s as low as 0.1 amp. However, t h i s low p i c k u p v a l u e c a n n o t a l w a y s be used b e c a u s e o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f m i s o p e r a t i o n ( p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d ) . Thus, a pickup v a l u e o f 0.5 amp f o r 5 1 N r e l a y s i s assumed i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c a l c u l a t i o n . To e n s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t i o n , it w i l l r e q u i r e an o p e r a t i n g c u r r e n t o f a t l e a s t 1.5 t i m e s t h e minimum pickup v a l u e , i . e . , 0.75 T amp, a t t h e s e c o n d a r y o f t h e CT. Normally, t h e C r a t i o i s chosen t o b e 1.35 t i m e s t h e maximum r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e minimum primary c u r r e n t f o r o p e r a t i o n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1.35 x 0.75/5 = 0.2 pu o f r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t . T h i s means t h a t i f a 5 l N i s a c c e p t a b l e , i t s s e n s i t i v i t y t o ground f a u l t s l i e s a t 9 minimum o f 20% o f t h e r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t t o t r i p r e l i a b l y . S i m i l a r l y , most L power c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s V a r e equipped w i t h an i n t e r n a l ground f a u l t s e n s o r n o r m a l l y s e t a t 0.2 pu o f t h e phase s e n s o r r a t i n g ( t h e minimum s e t t i n g ) . These may o r may n o t c o o r d i n a t e w i t h o t h e r d e v i c e s depending on t h e s e n s o r magnitude, similar t o t h e r e s i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , a GFS r e l a y i s p r e f e r r e d when p o s s i b l e : it c a n be s e t t o a low pickup v a l u e r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t . By comparison, t h e GFS can clear t h e f a u l t much more q u i c k l y , t h e r e b y minimizing f a u l t damage. Sometimes, ground f a u l t d i f f e r e n t i a l p r o t e c t i o n may be used f o r maximum s e n s i t i v i t y . The c o s t i s h i g h and s h o u l d be j u s t i f i e d . However, i n multigrounded systems , s u c h p r o t e c t i o n must be used. ( a ) Scheme

E.

Summary

The f o l l o w i n g l i s t summarizes t h e p r i n c i p l e s used i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e n e u t r a l grounding r e s i s t o r v a l u e and ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s :

1) The n e u t r a l grounding r e s i s t o r r a t i n g and ground f a u l t r e l a y s e t t i n g s are i n t e r r e l a t e d with t h e a p p l i c a t i o n g u i d e l i n e s s e t f o r t h above.
2)

Concepts o f a c c e p t a b l e c o o r d i n a t i o n a r e shown i n Fig. 2. The 51N d e v i c e ( r e s i d u a l l y c o n n e c t e d ) i s n o t g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o LRG s y s t e m s , e x c e p t i n a f e w cases where t h e f e e d e r c u r r e n t and t h e C T r a t i o are low. T h e r e f o r e , t h e 5lGS s h o u l d be used f o r r e s i s t a n c e - g r o u n d e d systems t o t h e e x t e n t possible. Lower r e s i s t o r c u r r e n t r a t i n g s w i l l minimize f a u l t damage.

3)

i=

4)

V.

PROPOSED MHRG SYSTEM

Current
To a c h i e v e l o w e r ground f a u l t c u r r e n t and r e q u i r e d ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a MHRG system i s proposed f o r LV and MV systems where equipment p r o t e c t i o n h a s a h i g h e r p r i o r i t y t h a n service continuity. ( b ) Coordination Fig. 5

MHRG Scheme and C o o r d i n a t i o n

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The f o l l o w i n g l i s t summarizes t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e n e u t r a l r e s i s t o r and a s s o c i a t e d CT and r e l a y f o r t h e proposed MHRG system:

MV s y s t e m s where s e r v i c e c o n t i n u i t y d u r i n g a ground f a u l t i s n o t e s s e n t i a l . Where c o n t i n u i t y i s e s s e n t i a l , t h e HRG system should be used.

1) The r e s i s t o r r a t i n g must n o t b e l e s s t h a n t h e system c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t ; 20 amps w i l l be a d e q u a t e i n almost a l l LV and MV s y s t e m s [ l s ] .

2)

VII.

REFERENCES

The CT primary c u r r e n t r a t i n g should be h a l f t h e r e s i s t o r c u r r e n t r a t i n g ( i.e., l 0 / 5 amps)

1 1 N a t i o n a l E l e c t r i c a l Code - N a t i o n a l F i r e 1 P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , P u b l i c a t i o n 70.
121 E l e c t r i c a l T r a n s m i s s i o n and D i s t r i b u t i o n R e f e r e n c e Book, Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp., East P i t t s b u r g h , PA, 1964. 131 L.W. Manning, " I n d u s t r i a l Power Systems Grounding P r a c t i c e s ," p r e s e n t e d a t t h e I n d u s t r i a l and Commercial Power Systems T e c h n i c a l C o n f e r e n c e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA, October 1964.

3)

The r e l a y i s set a t 1 amp ( i . e . , primary s i d e ) .

2 amps a t t h e CT

As shown i n F i g . 5 ( b ) , a l l r e l a y s a r e s e t a t t h e same c u r r e n t pickup w i t h t h e p r o p e r t i m e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n between c o o r d i n a t i o n l e v e l s t o a c h i e v e good coordination.

The proposed scheme seems t o have no d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t and compares f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h e o t h e r system grounding methods as shown i n Table I1 1121:

14 1 Donald Beeman, I n d u s t r i a l Power Systems Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., I n c N e w York, 1955.

.,

TABLE I1 GROUNDING SYSTEM COMPARISONS

15 1 I E E E S t a n d a r d 241-1983, I E E E Recommended P r a c t i c e f o r E l e c t r i c Power Systems i n Commercial B u i l d i n g s , The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s , Inc.

Charac t e r i st i c

N Trip o UG HRG

Trip MHRG LRG

S G

16 1 I E E E S t a n d a r d 142-1982, IEEE Recommended P r a c t i c e f o r Grounding o f I n d u s t r i a l and Commercial Power Systems, The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, Inc.
17 I I E E E S t a n d a r d 141-1986, I E E E Recommended P r a c t i c e f o r E l e c t r i c Power D i s t r i b u t i o n f o r I n d u s t r i a l P l a n t s , The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s , Inc.
181 I E E E S t a n d a r d 242-1986, IEEE Recommended P r a c t i c e f o r P r o t e c t i o n and C o o r d i n a t i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l and Commercial Power Systems, The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s , I n c .

Transient overvoltage Service continuity a f t e r ground f a u l t Avoidance o f a r c i n g Damage Serving single-phase loads

F F

F F

F F-

F+
Fa

F [91 ANSI c62.92-1987, I E E E Guide f o r t h e A p p l i c a t i o n o f N e u t r a l Grounding i n E l e c t r i c a l U t i l i t y Systems, P a r t I - I n t r o d u c t i o n , American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s Institute.

[lo] J.R. Dunki-Jacobs, " S t a t e o f t h e A r t o f Grounding and Ground F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n " , p r e s e n t e d a t t h e I E E E 2 4 t h A n n u a l Petroleum and Chemical I n d u s t r y Conference, D a l l a s , TX, September 12-14, 1977.
Ill] J . R . Dunki-Jacobs, "The E f f e c t s o f Arcing Ground F a u l t s on Low Voltage System Design ," IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s on I n d u s t r y and General A p p l i c a t i o n s , Vol. I A - 8 , No. 3, May/June 1972.

F F+ FUG

= favorable = more f a v o r a b l e

= less favorable = ungrounded - not a p p l i c a b l e -

aThe NEC and O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y and H e a l t h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (OSHA) do n o t a l l o w s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d i n g o f HRG s y s t e m s (NEC 250-5 ex. 5d) o r t h e u t i l i t y may r e q u i r e s o l i d grounding o f 277/480-V s e r v i c e . The r e g u l a t i o n s must b e reviewed b e f o r e implementing MHRG where t h e r e i s , t o be s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d s . Single-phase l o a d i n g is t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e because t h e f a u l t w i l l be c l e a r e d quickly.

1121 GET-6098, The Impact o f Arcing Ground F a u l t s on Low V o l t a g e System Design, General E l e c t r i c Co. 1131 Harris I. Stanback, J r . , " P r e d i c t i n g Damage from 2778 S i n g l e Phase t o Ground Arcing F a u l t s , " I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on I n d u s t r i a l A p p l i c a t i o n s , Vol. 1 ~ - 1 8 , No. 13, July/August 1977.

VI.

CONCLUSION

A ground f a u l t c a n be damaging, and a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o minimizing i t s e f f e c t . With t h e r u l e s s e t f o r t h i n t h i s p a p e r , a sound p r o t e c t i o n p r a c t i c e can b e a c h i e v e d b y p r o p e r s i z i n g o f t h e grounding r e s i s t o r and s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e l a y s . The proposed MHRG scheme, w i t h i t s low c u r r e n t and s e l e c t i v e t r i p p i n g , h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f reduced damage when compared t o t h e LRG scheme under ground f a u l t c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s scheme i s a p p l i c a b l e f o r LV and

[ 141 J.R. Dunki-Jacobs, "The R e a l i t y o f High R e s i s t a n c e Grounding ," p r e s e n t e d a t t h e IEEE 23rd Annual Petroleum and Chemical I n d u s t r y C o n f e r e n c e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA, August 30-September 1, 1976.

115 1 PRSC-4E, System N e u t r a l Grounding and Ground F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n Guide, Westinghouse I n d u s t r i a l a n d Commercial Power Systems A p p l i c a t i o n s S e r i e s , F e b r u a r y 1986.

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APPENDIX A DETERMINATION OF TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE

To l i m i t t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s t o 250% o f t h e normal l i n e - t o - n e u t r a l crest v o l t a g e , t h e f o l l o w i n g criteria should be observed 12,3,9] :

Grounding System

Parameter R e s t r a i n t

LRG HRG
Where Ro Xo X1 R X :

Ro/Xo
Rg

2.0

and

Xo/X,

5 20.0

I xc

= z e r o sequence r e s i s t a n c e
= z e r o sequence r e a c t a n c e = p o s i t i v e sequence r e a c t a n c e = system n e u t r a l r e s i s t a n c e = system c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e ( a l l i n t h e same u n i t s )

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