Task 2

a)

Req = 85.06 Xeq = 358.14

Figure 1: Schematic of the equivalent circuit.

The full-load current on the secondary side of the transformers:

(Full load)
2.5 Full Load 2 Voltage Regualtion (%)

1.5

0.5

0 0

No Load 20 40 60 Load (A) 80 100 120

Graph 1: Transformers Voltage Regulation VS Load

b)

Req = 85.06 Xeq

Starting apparent power, Sstart = (rated horse power)(code letter factor) = (30hp)(5kVA/hp) = 150kVA

( )

The transformer is not capable to supply the required starting current of the induction motor.

Although the current generated by the transformer is not capable to supply the required starting current of induction motor, but the transformer still will continue generating maximum current all the time. As this condition continues, the lifetime of the transformer will be shorten and at last break down.

This problem can be overcome by reducing the starting current of the induction motor. We can use wound rotor induction motor to reduce the starting current. This can be done by inserting extra resistance in the rotor circuit during starting and as the rotor picks up speed, the resistor banks are removed. Besides that, we also can use cage rotor induction motor to reduce the starting current by varying the starting terminal voltage at the stator. One way to achieve this is by using autotransformers. We can use a step down transformer during the starting sequence and stepping up the transformer ratio as the machine spins faster.

c) (i) Transformers experienced inrush currents upon initial energizing and re-energizing. The high currents occur to energize the transformer core. The steady-state magnetizing current for a transformer is very low, but the momentary current when it is first energized can be quite high. Besides being a high current magnitude, the transformer energizing current is full of harmonics. Both even and odd harmonic components occur when a transformer is energized, and they can excite system resonances, resulting in dynamic overvoltage. Therefore the line-frequency of high frequency transformers will be very low at the beginning of energizing or re-energizing but increase when the current decreases. [21]

Graph 2: The graph of Harmonic Spectrum for Transformer Inrush Current

ii) When transformers are operated in an operating frequency lower that what it is designed for, the reactance of the windings is decreased and the current through the transformer winding is increased. If the decrease in frequency is high enough, the resulting increase in current will damage the transformer. For example a 50 Hz transformer can run on 60 Hz with no ill effects. The transformer design does not impose any practical upper limit on how much the supply frequency can exceed the rated frequency, but a supply frequency lower than the rated frequency has the same effect as an overvoltage. Therefore running a transformer at a frequency lower than its design rating can cause damage to the transformer. For this reason a transformer may be used at frequencies above its normal operating frequency, but not below that frequency. [22]