Turbomachinery

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

(Email:infinitorajkrk@hotmail.com Mob: 9752716726 ) POWER TRANSMITING TURBOMACHINES
In power transmitting machines, the mechanical energy is transfer from one shaft to another with the help of fluid, resulting in a change of speed & change of torque. It possesses both input & output shafts & they are not mechanically coupled. Power transmitting machines are fluid couplings & torque converters used for power transmission in automobiles, trucks & other industrial applications.

Fluid Coupling:
The hydraulic or fluid coupling is a device used for transmitting power from driving shaft to the driven shaft with the help of fluid. Generally oil is used as the fluid in fluid coupling because of its stability, non-corrosive nature & lubricating properties. There is no mechanical connection between the two shafts. A radial pump impeller is mounted on the driving shaft & a radial flow turbine is mounted on the driven shaft. Both the runner & impeller are identical in shape & they together form a casing which is completely enclosed & filled with oil. The efficiency of power transmission by fluid coupling is about 98%.

Working:
In the starting, both the shafts are at rest. As the driving shaft is started, the pump impeller causes the fluid to flow from the eye of the pump impeller to the outer periphery of the pump. The P.E. & K.E. of the oil increases at the outer periphery of the pump impeller. This oil of increased energy enters at the outer radius of runner of the reaction turbine & flows inwardly to the inner radius of the turbine runner. The oil while flowing through the runner, transfer its energy to the blades of the runner then flows back into the pump impeller, thus having a continuous circulation. Fluid coupling eliminates all jerks & roughness; hence provide smooth transmission. It is very efficient at high engine speeds. Efficiency: But for a fluid coupling, Torque Ratio Tr = Therefore, = = Thus, efficiency of a fluid coupling is the ratio of the speed of the driven shaft to that of the driving shaft. Power at any shaft = Torque Angular Velocity P=T Let, Ti = Torque at input shaft i = Angular velocity of driving shaft To = Torque transmitted to driven shaft o = Angular velocity of driven shaft Thus, Power input to coupling P i = Ti i Power output from coupling Po = To o Therefore, Slip of Fluid Coupling It is the ratio of the difference of the speeds of the driving shaft & driven shaft to the speed of the driving shafts. Mathematically, Slip = Also, S = =

Torque Converter:
It is a device used for transmitting increased torque at the driven shaft. The torque transmitted at the driven shaft may be more or less than the torque available at the driving shaft. The torque at the driven shaft may be increased about five times the torque available at the driving shaft with an efficiency of 90%. A torque converter consists of the followingI. A pump impeller coupled to the driving shaft. II. A turbine runner coupled to the driven shaft. III. A fixed guide vane arranged between the pump impeller & turbine runner. The fluid (which is an oil) is discharged by the pump through the turbine runner & then over a series of fixed guide vanes. It exerts a torque on the stationary vanes. These guide vanes changes the direction of flow of oil, therefore torque & speed transformation takes place.

SIGNATURE INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

P lo t No.92 , To p F loo r MP Nagar Zo n e - II ( - 9630724520)

Turbomachinery
By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir
(Email:infinitorajkrk@hotmail.com Mob: 9752716726 )
The torque relationship is given by

B = S + A Where, A = Torque at the driving shaft B = Torque at the driven shaft S = Torque at the stationary or fixed guide vanes We know that, Power at any shaft = Torque Angular Velocity Power available at shaft A, PA = A A Power available at shaft B, PB = B (S + A) Efficiency of torque converter,

=
=

When there are no guide vanes S becomes zero & therefore the torque converter becomes fluid coupling. The fluid converter may act as a torque multiplier or a torque divider. When S is positive, then torque converter acts as a torque multiplier & if it is negative then torque converter acts as a torque divider.

FLUID SYSTEM
It is defined as the device in which power is transmitted with the help of a fluid which may be liquid or a gas under pressure.

HYDRAULIC PRESS:
The hydraulic press is a device used for lifting heavy weights by the application of very small amount of force. It is based on the Pascals law. According to Pascals law, the intensity of pressure in a static fluid is transmitted equally in all the directions. The hydraulic press consists of two cylinders of different diameters. One of the cylinders is of large diameter & contains a ram, while the other cylinder is of smaller diameter & contains a plunger. The two cylinders are connected by a pipe. The cylinders & pipe contain a liquid through which pressure is transmitted. Working: When a small force F is applied on the plunger in the downward direction, a pressure is produced on the liquid in contact with the plunger. This pressure is transmitted equally in all directions & acts on the ram in the upward direction. The heavier weight placed on the ram is then lifted up.

ACTUAL HEAVY HYDRAUIL PRESS:

Actual hydraulic press consists of a fixed cylinder in which a ram is sliding. To the lower end of the ram, movable plate is attached. As the ram moves up & down, the movable plate attached to the ram also moves up & down between two fixed plates. When any liquid under high pressure is supplied into the cylinder, the ram moves in the downward direction & exerts a force, equal to the product of intensity of pressure supplied & area of the ram, on any material placed between the lower fixed plate & the movable plate. Thus the material gets pressed. To bring back the ram in the upward direction, the liquid from the cylinder is taken out. Then by the action of the return weights, the ram along with the movable plate will up.

HYDRAULIC INTENSIFIER:
It is used to increase the intensity of pressure of water by means of hydraulic energy available from a large amount of water at a low pressure. Hydraulic intensifier is needed when the hydraulic machines such as press requires water at very high pressure which cannot be obtained directly from the main supply. It consists of fixed ram through which the water under a high pressure flows to the machine. A hollow inverted sliding cylinder, containing water under high pressure, is mounted over the fixed ram. The inverted sliding cylinder is surrounded by another fixed inverted cylinder which contains water from main supply at a low pressure. Huge amount of water at low pressure from supply enters the inverted

SIGNATURE INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

P lo t No.92 , To p F loo r MP Nagar Zo n e - II ( - 9630724520)