SOLIDS

Single crystalline form of solid Insulin. Solid is one of the three classical states of matter (the others being gas and liquid). It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary water ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition. Solid figures Solid figures are three-dimensional. Prism: A prism is a figure made of two parallel faces that are polygons of the same shape and sides that are parallelograms. Rectangular prism: A prism with rectangular faces. The following is a rectangular prism.

Triangular prism: A prism with triangular faces. The following is a triangular prism.

Cube: A cube is a prism with squares for sides and faces. The following is

a following is a pyramid.

cube.

Pyramid: A figure with a base that is a polygon and triangular sides. The

Cone: A cone has a circular base connected to a vertex.The following is a cone.

Cylinder: A cylinder has two equal circular bases that are parallel.The following is a cylinder.

Sphere: A figure with a curved surface in which all points on the surface are equal distance from the center. The following is a sphere.

In the broadest sense, solids may be categorized as either crystalline solids or amorphous solids, but usually 6 main types of solids are recognized, each characterized by specific properties and structures. Here is a look at the main types of solids. 1. Ionic Solids: Ionic solids form when electrostatic attraction sticks together anions and cations to form a crystal lattice. In an ionic 3

crystal, each ion is surrounded by ions having an opposite charge. Ionic crystals are extremely stable since considerable energy is required to break ionic bonds. Example: table salt or sodium chloride 2. Metallic Solids: Positively charged nuclei of metal atoms are held together by valence electrons to form metallic solids. The electrons are considered to be "delocalized" because they aren't bound to any particular atoms, as in covalent bonds. Delocalized electrons can move throughout the solid. This is the "electron sea model" of metallic solids. Positive nuclei float in a sea of negative electrons. Metals are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity and are typically hard, shiny and ductile. Example: almost all metals and their alloys, such as gold, brass, steel 3. Network Atomic Solids: This type of solid also is known simply as a network solid. Network atomic solids are huge crystals consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Many gemstones are network atomic solids. Example: diamond, amethyst, ruby 4. Atomic Solids: Atomic solids form when weak London dispersion forces bind atoms of cold noble gases. Example: These solids are not seen in everyday life, since they require extremely low temperatures. An example would be solid krypton or solid argon. 5. Molecular Solids: Covalent molecules are held together by intermolecular forces to form molecular solids. While the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the molecules in place, molecular solids typically have lower melting and boiling 4

points than metallic, ionic, or network atomic solids, which are held together by stronger bonds. Example: water ice 6. Amorphous Solids: Unlike all of the other types of solids, amorphous solids do not exhibit a crystal structure. This type of solid is characterized by having an irregular bonding pattern. Amorphous solids may be soft and rubbery when they are formed by long molecules, tangled together and held by intermolecular forces. Glassy solids are hard and brittle, formed by atoms irregularly joined by covalent bonds. Examples: plastic, glass

Gravity is a that pulls objects downwards towards the centre of the earth. Think happens what when The up ball goes air

in the

you throw a ball up into the air. Think happens you jump what when up

and then falls down again. You soon come down again to earth.

into the air.

Think fruits apples

what such as that

happens to ripe

They will fall to the ground unless they are picked first. All of these happen because call GRAVITY of the force we

grow on trees.