Cse Physics Lab Manual

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INDEX
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT DATE OF CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT
1.
RC CIRCUIT
2. 3.
BENDING LOSSES IN FIBERS DIFFRACTION GRATING
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
DISPERSION OF LIGHT ENERGY GAP OF A SEMICONDUCTOR LCR CIRCUIT MELDES EXPERIMENT NUMERICAL APERTURE OF OPTICAL FIBERS NEWTONS RINGS PARALLEL FRINGES SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION USING LASERS STEWART & GEES METHOD TORSIONAL PENDULUM
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RC CIRCUIT
AIM: To study charging and discharging of a series RC circuit and to determine the time constant. APPARATUS: a) Equipment: RC Circuit Trainer Kit, Connecting Wire, Power Supply etc., b) Instruments: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Stop Clock etc., CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V R C
RESET
INTRODUCTION & DESCRIPTION: A capacitor is a device which can store electric charge. The ability of a capacitor to hold electric charge is known as the capacity of a conductor. Different conductors at the same potential can have different capacities for holding electric charge-depending on their size and shape. The capacity or the capacitance of a conductor may be defined as the charge required raising its potential by unity. The unit of capacitance is farad (F). In an electric circuit, when a capacitor and a resistor are connected in series as shown in the circuit diagram, electric charges build up across the capacitor. The discharge of the condenser takes place when the circuit is disconnected from the source of power supply. Let us consider a capacitor C is connected in series to a resistor of resistance R and is being charged by using a battery of e.m.f E. When the power supply is ON, the capacitor begins to acquire charge. Initially, the current through he circuit is high and the potential difference across it is zero. During charging, the potential difference across the capacitor increases while the current through the circuit decreases. When the capacitor is fully charged, there is no current passing through the circuit and the potential difference across the capacitor is maximum and is same as that of the applied potential difference V.
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THEORY: When the voltage V is applied to a capacitor in series with a resistor, transient current flows through the circuit as the capacitor is charging. The current drops to zero when the capacitor is fully charged. During Charging: From the Circuit Diagram, At any instant of time t, the potential difference between the plates will be q/C. But this acts opposite to the applied e.m.f E. So the effective e.m.f. is given by, E - q/C. According to Ohms Law, the e.m.f. will be equal to iR. E q/C = iR -------------1
Let q0 be the maximum possible charge on the plates of condenser, then, / Equation 1 can be written as
Integrating on both sides 1 . ln Where A = Integrating constant. When t=0 ; q=0 then 0 ln
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ln ln
/
1 1 1 The above equation can be written interms of voltage across the capacitor as 1 When 1 1 1
1 1 2.718
0.63
The time constant of its maximum value.
is defined as the time taken for the capacitor to charge to 63% OR
63%
The time taken for the voltage across the capacitor becomes 63% of its maximum value.
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The variation of voltage with time is as shown in figure.
Voltage
Time in seconds
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Table-1: Charging R= S.NO TIME in seconds C= VOLTAGE in volts F CURRENT in amperes
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During Discharging: When the battery is disconnected from the circuit then 0
Integrating on both sides 1 ln q where B=Integration constant 0 ; .
ln
In terms of voltage across the capacitor,
, 0.37 37%
The time taken for the voltage across the capacitor becomes 37%of its maximum value is known as time constant.
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The variation of voltage with time is as shown in figure:

V0
VOLTAGE in volts
0.37V0
TIME in seconds
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Table-1: Discharging R= S.NO TIME in seconds C= VOLTAGE in volts F CURRENT in amperes
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PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Switch the power supply ON and switchover the contact to charging position. 3. Press the Reset button once and start taking Ammeter & corresponding Voltmeter readings at regular intervals using stop clock or timer and the readings are tabulated. 4. Now, switch over the contact to discharging position and note down the ammeter & voltmeter readings at regular intervals and the readings are tabulated. 5. The time constant is measured in both charging & discharging position and the results are compared both experimentally and graphically. RESULT: During Charging The time constant experimentally The time constant graphically During Discharging - The time constant experimentally The time constant graphically VIVA VOCE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define the charging time of a capacitor. Why a resistance of low value id not acceptable in charging process? What will happen if the resistance of low value is connected in the circuit? State four types of capacitors. Give the applications of capacitors. State the factors affecting capacitance. = = = =
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TABLE: VOLTAGE = volts
Temperature t 0C
T = t + 273 K
Current I A
R = V/I
log 10 R
1/T K
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DATE: OBSERVATIONS: 1. Mass of the String (Thread) = w = .gm 2. Length of the (thread) string = y = .cm 3. Linear density of the thread = w/y = .gm/cm 4. Mass of the card board pan = m = ..gm TABLE 1: TRANSEVERSE ARRANGEMENT S.NO Load applied into the pan M gm Tension T=(M+m)g dynes No.of Loops x Length of x loops d cm Length of each loop l=d/x cm
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Average = The average value of determined.
is substituted in equation (1) and the frequency of the fork or vibrator is
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TABLE 2: LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT S.NO Load applied into the pan M gm Tension T=(M+m)g dynes No.of Loops x Length of x loops d cm Length of each loop l=d/x cm
Average = The average value of determined.
is substituted in equation (2) and the frequency of the fork or vibrator is
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BENDING LOSSES IN FIBERS DIFFRACTION GRATING

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

The time constant of its maximum value.

is defined as the time taken for the capacitor to charge to 63% OR

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

The variation of voltage with time is as shown in figure.

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

Table-1: Charging R= S.NO TIME in seconds C= VOLTAGE in volts F CURRENT in amperes

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

Integrating on both sides 1 ln q where B=Integration constant 0 ; .

In terms of voltage across the capacitor,

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

The variation of voltage with time is as shown in figure:

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

Table-1: Discharging R= S.NO TIME in seconds C= VOLTAGE in volts F CURRENT in amperes

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

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TABLE: VOLTAGE = volts

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

Average = The average value of determined.

is substituted in equation (1) and the frequency of the fork or vibrator is

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

Average = The average value of determined.

is substituted in equation (2) and the frequency of the fork or vibrator is