1

PURPOSE
ToensurethatU.S.Armypersonnelhavearelevant, comprehensiveguidetohelpenhancecultural p g p understanding;touseincapacitybuildingandin counterterrorism,security,andstabilityoperations whiledeployedintheRepublicofYemen while deployed in the Republic of Yemen Weareexperiencingatectonicchangeinmilitary p g g y operationsbecauseofculture. MGJohnM.Custer,III

ON THIS BOOK
TheSmartBookcontainsinformationdesignedto enhancetheSoldiersknowledgeofYemen, g , includinghistory,politics,countrydataand statistics,andthemilitaryoperational environment.TheSmartBookconcludeswithan environment The Smart Book concludes with an overviewofthecultureofYemenincluding religion,identity,behavior,communicationand negotiationtechniques,anoverviewofethnic negotiation techniques an overview of ethnic groups,aregionalbreakdownoutliningeach province,alanguageguide,andculturalproverbs.
3

FOCUS
Weallmustunderstandthepeople Operateinawaythatrespectstheir O t i th t t th i cultureandreligion.
GeneralStanleyA.McChrystal Command,ISAF Command ISAF COINTrainingGuidance,10November2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS
History Political PoliticalMap FlagofYemen Government ofYemen Political Structure Politics Political Parties Geopolitics CountryData Country Data LocationandBorderingCountries ComparativeArea Terrain andMajorFeatures Climate SocialStatistics Economy 9 20 21 22 24 26 29 32 36 37 38 39 40 42 44 51
5

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MilitaryOperationalEnvironment YemenArmedForces YemeniIntelligenceOrganizations Ungoverned Areas Threats Three Insurgencies AlHouthi Al Houthi Southern Secessionists AlQaeda ReactiontoInsurgencies Internally DisplacedPersons StateatRiskofFailure ContemporaryConcerns YemeniAmericans Kidnapping Somali Refugees 56 57 58 59 60 62 64 68 72 78 81 82 84 85 86 90
6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Culture andCommunication Holidays Values, Beliefs,Behaviors,Norms ArabCultural Characteristics Islam inYemen Yemeni Beliefs Yemeni Identity Yemeni Culture Qat Culture CommunicatingwithYemenis DiningwithYemenis Meetings andNegotiations TribalOrganization MajorTribes TribesinSociety MapofKeyTribalAreas 91 92 93 95 97 100 110 114 123 126 128 132 133 134 135 137
7

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MajorGroups TribalStructure ClassStructure RegionalBreakdown TheHouthi North(Sadah, Amran) RedSeaCoast(AlHudaydah,Hajjah) TheCapitalandMountains(AlMahwit,Amanat AlAsimah,Sana a,Raymah) The Capital and Mountains (Al Mahwit Amanat Al Asimah Sanaa Raymah) MountainsSouthoftheCapital(Dhamar,Ibb,Taiz) TheDesertNorth(AlJawf,Marib) SouthBeyondtheMountains(Adan,Lahij,AdDali,Aryan,AlBayda) TheGreatDesert (Shabwah,Hadramaut,AlMahrah) LanguageGuide ImageCredits TRADOCCultureCenterInformation 138 139 144 145 148 154 160 170 178 184 196 204 218 226

HISTORY
9

KEY LOCATION ON THE SILK ROAD,THE ANCIENT NETWORK OF LAND AND SEA TRADE ROUTES LINKING EAST WITH WEST,AND NAMED FOR THE LUCRATIVE SILK TRADE FROM CHINA

Searoute Landroute
10

HISTORY TIMELINE
12th CenturyBCE 6th CenturyCE Dominatedby6 successivecivilizationscontrollingthespicetrade. 630 YemenbecomespartoftheMuslimrealm. 1500s OttomansabsorbpartofYemenintoempire butareexpelledinthe1600s. but are expelled in the 1600s 1839 BritishcapturePortof'AdenaspartofBritish India.ServesasmajorrefuellingportwhentheSuez Canalopensin1869. 1849 Ottomansreturntonorth,butlaterfacerevolt. 1918 Ottoman empire dissolves North Yemen gains Ottomanempiredissolves,NorthYemen gains independenceandisruledbyImamYahya.
11

OTTOMAN TURKISH EMPIRE IN NORTHERN YEMEN

12

HISTORY TIMELINE
1937 BritishCrownColonyof'Adenformed 1948 ImamYahya assassinated.Son,Ahmad, succeeds.Ahmadssonsucceedsin1962. d h d d i 1962 Armyofficers seizepower,setuptheYemen ArabRepublicinthenorth(YAR),sparkingcivilwar p ( ), p g betweenroyalistsandrepublicans. 1962 FormationofFederationofSouthArabia. Crowncolonyof'Adenincorporatedin1963.Others C l f 'Ad i t d i 1963 Oth formedtheProtectorateofSouthArabia. 1963 NationalLiberationFront(NLF)attacktoforce ( ) BritishoutofSouthArabia.FrontfortheLiberationof OccupiedSouthYemenforms(FLOSY). 13

EVOLUTION OF YEMEN

1962-1967

1967 May 1990

14

HISTORY TIMELINE
1967 Riots,skirmishesbetweenNLFandFLOSY,and attacksonBritishforceBritishfromYemen. November1967 Independence.Federationand ProtectoratesofSouthArabiaformSouthYemen (PeoplesDemocraticRepublicofYemenPDRY). Unrestcontinuesdespiteunification. 1989 Returnofmujahideen fromAfghanistan. M 22 1990 N h d S h f May22,1990 NorthandSouthformRepublicof R bli f Yemen.AliAbdullahSaleh president. May1991 Constitutionratifiedaffirmingfree y g elections,multipartypoliticalsystem,equalityunder lawandhumanrights. 15

HISTORY TIMELINE
1994 CivilWar.Relationsbetweenleaders deteriorate.Integrationfails.Armiesformonformer North Southborders.Saleh declaresstateof NorthSouth borders Saleh declares state of emergency,dismissessoutherngovernment members.Southsecedes,declaresindependence. Northernforcescontrol'Adenafterfighting3 Northern forces control 'Aden after fighting 3 months. 1999September Firstpresidentialelectionby popularvotewithcandidateschosenbylegislature. Saleh reelected. 2000 October US naval vessel USS Cole damaged in USnavalvesselUSSColedamagedin suicideattackin'Aden.Subsequentlyblamedonal 16 Qaeda.SeventeenUSpersonnelkilled.

ALI ABDULLAH SALEH

PRESIDENT NORTH YEMEN 1978TO 1990 PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN 22 MAY 1990 TO PRESENT 22M 1990

17

HISTORY TIMELINE
2002November USPredatordronekills6in northernYemen.KillssuspectedalQaedamember andamemberoftheLackawanna,NYsleepercell. 2002October Frenchoiltankerattackednear'Aden 2004 June August Government troops battle JuneAugust Governmenttroopsbattle supportersofdissidentShia clericHusseinalHouthi inthenorth;deathestimatesrangefrom80to600+. AlHouthi kill d i l hi killedinSeptember. b 2007 JanuaryMarch Scoresareinjured/killedin clashesbetweensecurityforcesandalHouthi rebels y inthenorth.
18

HISTORY TIMELINE
2008 January Clashesbetweensecurityforcesand rebelsloyalalHouthis brother. 2008 April SouthernYemenisprotestalleged northernbiasinstatejoballocation.Onemankilled. 2008 2 attacks kill 18 total at US embassy in Sanaa 2008 2attackskill18totalatUSembassyinSana a 2009 August TheYemeniarmylaunchesoffensive againstShia rebelsinthenorthernSadah province. Tensofthousandsdisplacedbythefighting. T f h d di l d b h fi h i 2009 October ClashesbreakoutbetweenSadah rebelsandSaudisecurityforcesalongborder. y g 2009 December YemenbasedbranchofAlQaeda 19 claimsitwasbehindfailedattackonUSairliner.

POLITICAL
20

POLITICAL MAP
'Adan 'Ad 'Amran Aryan AdDali' AlBayda Al Bayda' AlHudaydah AlJawf AlMahrah AlMahwit Al Mahwit Amanat AlAsimah Dhamar Hadramaut Hajjah Ibb Lahij Ma'rib Raymah Sa'dah Sana'a Shabwah Ta'izz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

The21Governorates

21

FlagoftheRepublicofYemen
22

FLAG OF YEMEN
Red representsbloodshedinthefightfor freedom f d White symbolizeshope Black standsforthedarkpastofYemen

23

GOVERNMENT OF YEMEN

Elected El t d

President P id t

AppointedbyPresident

Vice President

Prime Minister

AppointedbyPresident onrecommendationof PrimeMinister

DeputyPrime Minister

DeputyPrime Minister

Councilof Ministers

24

President AliAbdullahSaleh

VicePresident Abd AlRab MansurHadi

PrimeMinister AliMuhammanMujawwar

DeputyPrimeMinister MinisteroftheInterior Rashad alAlimi

Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Planning and International Cooperation Abdulkarim Ismael Arhabi

MinisterofDefense MohammedNasserAhmad

MinisterofFinance Numan Salih alSuhaybi

AmbassadortotheUS Abdulwahab AbdullaAlHajjiri

25

POLITICAL STRUCTURE
ExecutiveAuthority FirstBranch:PresidentoftheRepublic
Presidentischiefofstate Electedbypartyindirectpopularvote PresidentialcandidatesapprovedbyHouseofRepresentatives Presidentappointsvicepresident,primeminister,anddeputyprimeministers President appoints Consultative Council (111 members) to legislature PresidentappointsConsultativeCouncil(111members)tolegislature PresidentistheSupremeCommanderofArmedForcesandHeadofNational DefenseCouncil

SecondBranch:CouncilofMinisters
PrimeMinisteristheHead,responsibletoHouseofRepresentatives Isthegovernmentwithexecutiveandadministrativeauthority PresidentappointsCouncilofMinistersonadviceofPM

Third Branch: Bodies of Local Authority ThirdBranch:BodiesofLocalAuthority

Localandgovernorateadministrativeunits Membersareelected GovernorsareresponsibletoPresidentandCouncilofMinisters
26

POLITICAL STRUCTURE
LegislativeAuthority HouseofRepresentatives Majlis alNuwwab (lowerhouse)
301seats:Memberselectedbypopularvoteofdistrictsofequalpopulationto yp p q p p servesixyearterms Haspowerofpurse Powertovotenoconfidenceingovernment,forcenewelections Ratifiesinternationaltreatiesandconventions ConsultativeBody

ConsultativeCouncil Majlis alShura

111seats:MembersappointedbyPresident AdvisoryCapacity Votesonmattersofnationaldefense Ratifieslegislation,treaties,andagreementsinjointmeetings

27

POLITICAL STRUCTURE
JudicialAuthority Threelevels:District,Appeals,SupremeCourt
CourtsareadministeredbytheSupremeJudicialCouncil y p Judiciarypossessesunfetteredcompetence SupremeCourtishighestjudicialauthority

ConstitutionalFoundations
Islamisstatereligion Sharia isbasisforlegislations Arabicisofficiallanguage Arabic is official language Recognizesroleforpoliticalparties Recognizesprincipleofinternationallaw Statescitizensrights

28

SOCIETY:POLITICS
Yemenipoliticsareessentiallytribal Proliferationofparties
Eachwithtribalaffiliation

C Centralgovernmenthaslittlecontroloutside l h li l l id ofurbancenters
PresidentAliAbdullahSaleh

29

POLITICS:SHEIKH OF SHEIKHS
SheikhAbdullahalAhmar (died2007) HeadofHashid tribe LeaderofIslah party SpeakerofParliament Succeededbysons: Succeeded by sons: Sadeq:Hashid triballeader Hamid:LeaderinIslah Himyar:Deputyspeakerof parliament li Hussein:Memberofparliament

30

POLITICS:SHEIKH OF SHEIKHS
Succeededbysons: Sadeq:Hashid tribal Sadeq: Hashid tribal leader Hamid:LeaderinIslah Himyar:Deputy speakerofparliament Hussein:Memberof parliament,Chairman ofNationalSolidarity Council

Sadeq

Hamid

Himyar (r.)

Hussein

POLITICAL PARTIES
Logo Nameofthe PoliticalParty General People's Congress Yemeni Congregation forReform Yemeni SocialistParty S i li t P t Democratic NasseriteParty Democratic Democratic NationalFront Nasserite Reform Organization Leagueof Peopleof YemenParty Acronym Creation President Political Ideology Publications GPC 1984(RAY) AliAbdallah Saleh Mohammed Abdullahal Yadumi Yasim Said Nooman N Abdo Said Liberaltribal alMotamar,al Mithaq,22 May,7July Islamist alSahwah,al conservator Noor tribal Socialist alThawra

Islah

1990

YSP

1978(RPDY)

DNP

1995

PanArabism

alUruba

DNF DNF

1995 1995

Naser bin bin Progressive Progressive Naser alNasery reformism Abdelaziz Muqbil Dr.Hasan Bazara PanArabism

Sawtal Jabha Sawt alJabha

NRO

1995

alTashih

Ray

1995

Islamist

alRay,alHaqq

32

POLITICAL PARTIES
Logo Nameofthe Acronym PoliticalParty NasseritePopular NPUP UnionistParty alHaqq Party (TruthParty) SocialistArab BaathParty alHaqq Created 1965 Acronym Creation President Political Publications Ideology Sultanal Liberal AlWahdawi . Atwani qadi Ahmad Zaydi Shami Islamist AlUmma . .

1990

SAPBaath

Federationof FYPF YemeniPopular Forces NationalArab NASPBaath National Arab NASP Baath SocialistBaath Party YemeniUnionist YUC Congregation

50 Abdulwahab Pan Decade Mahmud Arabism Abdul Abd l Hamid 1997 Ibrahimal Zaydi Wazir Islamist 1996 1996

alShura

Dr.Qasim Dr Qasim Nationalis alJamahir al Jamahir, SalamSaid Ahd alArab t JaledFadel Progressiv alTayammu (Omaral e Jawi) Abdwali Ecologist Mohamed Yahya al Baher .

1992

YemeniGreen SocialistParty

YGSP

2000

.
33

POLITICAL PARTIES
Logo Nameofthe Acronym Created Acronym Creation PoliticalParty UnionistPopular UPLP 1996 AhmadAli Liberal LiberationParty Said YemeniLeague YL 1997 Awadal Islamist Batra NationalSocialist NSP 1997 Abdulaziz Arab Party Ahmadal Nationalist Baqir LiberationFront LFP 1995 AliAdullah Nationalist Party P t Sacran S DemocraticUnion ofPopularForces PopularUnity Popular Unity Party UDFP 1999 Abdelkarim Mohamadal Ashmuri 1996 1996 Radwan Muhamad Abdallah al Howani 1996 SalahalSiadi . President . . . Political Publications Ideology . . .

PUP PUP

. .

. .

. .

People's DemocraticParty Democratic September OrganizationParty

PDP

DSOP

1992

Ahmad Qarhash

.
34

POLITICAL COALITIONS
Logo Members GeneralPeople'sCongress Multiple Belonging To Each Party JointMeetingParties(JMP): Islah YemeniSocialistParty NasseriteUnionistParty SocialistArabBaathParty alHaqq Party(TruthParty) PublicForcesUnion Coalitionofthestrongestopposition partiescreatedin1996.Fromtime parties created in 1996 From time totimethiscoalitionfailsin coordinatingandactingasa homogeneousblocashappened duringthe1999presidentialelection whentheIslah partyhadindividually nominatedPresidentSaleh. Allofthesepartieshavenot representationintheparliamentand havenotanyseriousopposition iti i th Y i liti l positionsintheYemenipolitical arena. Till2006presidentialelectionsthe NCOPhassupporttherulingparty candidature.Howeverinthelast electionsitsupportedanofficial pp candidate. Description

Multiple Belonging To T Each Party

NationalCouncilofOpposition Parties(NCOP) DemocraticNasseriteParty D DemocraticNationalFront ti N ti lF t NationalSocialParty LiberationFrontParty PopularUnityParty YemeniLeague DemocraticUnionofPopular p Forces

LeagueofPeopleofYemeniParty(Ray) YemeniUnionistCongregation
35

GEOPOLITICS
Somalia
Freeflowofpeople,arms p p ,

Iraq
YemenopposedUS,UN actions

GulfNeighbors
Improvingrelationsafter Yemensoppositiontoaction inIraq in Iraq

Israel Palestine
Yemenisminorplayer; followsmainstreamArab positions
36

COUNTRY DATA
37

LOCATION AND BORDERING COUNTRIES

Location: MiddleEast,bordering theArabianSea,Gulf of'Aden,andRedSea

BorderCountries: SaudiArabia Oman NeighboringCountries: Eritrea Djibouti Somalia

38

COMPARATIVE AREA
Landarea:527,968sqkm (203850sqmi);25% largerthanCalifornia larger than California

39

TERRAIN &MAJOR FEATURES

Shahara Bridge RedSeaCoast Shibam City Socotra Island

Red Red Sea

StoneTower Stone Tower Houses AdenHarbor

Bab al Mandeb M d b
Mountain Rainfall,Ibb

Gulfof'Aden

40

TERRAIN &MAJOR FEATURES

Clockwisefromthetopleftcorner: 1)TheTihama coastishot,humidandtropical.Notethepalmtrees. 2)ThefamousShahara B id 2) Th f Sh h Bridgespansaprecipitousgapinthenorthern i it i th th mountains. 3)Theeasterndeserts,hererepresentedbytheancientcityofShibam,The ManhattanoftheDesert,areextremelyarid,andrelativelyflat,broken upbyescarpmentsandwadis,ordryriverbeds. 4)TheislandofSocotraispartofYemen.Thisdesertislandishometomany uniqueandunusualspeciesofplantsandanimals,liketheDragonTree p picturedhere. 5)Thehighlandsnearthecapital,Sanaa,aremuchcooleranddrier. 6)Theportcityof'Adenliesalongarough,aridcoast. 7)Inthehighestandrainiestpartofthemountains,nearthecityofIbb, tropicalhumidityfromtheRedSeaandtheTihama formcloudsas mountainsforcetheprevailingwindsupward.Thesecloudswater Yemensmostfertileagriculturallands. 41

CLIMATE
DuringtheSouthwestMonsoon Season,whichrunsfromJuneto S hi h f J September,thecoastalareasare hotandhumid. Increasedlikelihoodfor thunderstormswithlightrainin thevicinitynorthof'Aden,most occuraftermidnight. Extreme humidity combines with high Extremehumiditycombineswithhigh temperaturesproducingastiflinglyhotclimate. Windsblowingnorthwestinsummerand southwestinwinterbringlittlerainbutcause severesandstorms. DuringJanuaryandFebruary,however,the temperatureaveragesabout20 C(68 F). Theclimateofthehighlandsisgenerally consideredthebestinArabia. considered the best in Arabia.

42

CLIMATE
Widetemperaturevariationsa singleday
Desert&mountains Min.2C(35F);max.40C(104F)

Tworainyseasons
March&April h l July&August

Wettest:Ibb &Yarim
800 1000 8001000mm(3139in)peryear (31 39 i )

Driest:Easterndesert
<50mm(<2in)peryear Elevationisthedeterminant
43

SOCIAL STATISTICS
Demographics
Population:23.8million(est.July2009) 0 14years:46.2%(USA:20.2%) 0 14 years: 46 2% (USA: 20 2%) Medianage:16.8yrs.(USA:36.7yrs.) Pop.growthrate:3.5%(USA:0.98%) 4th highestintheworld Adultliteracy:54.1%combined SecondlowestamongArabcountries Second lowest among Arab countries Urbanpopulation:27.3% Byfar,lowestamongArabcountries MorelikesubSaharanAfricathanArabia

Economics
GDP:US$15.1billion(2005) lowestof18reportingArab 5th lowest of 18 reporting Arab countries GDPpercapita(PPP):US$930(2005) Byfar,lowestofallArabcountries Unemployment:35%;Poverty:41.8% World s37 oilproducer,40 Worlds 37th oil producer 40th exporter Oilreservesexpectedtobecomeexhausted by2017 Agriculture:Grains,coffee,qat (mild narcotic)

Analysis: Yemens population is overwhelmingly young, and is growing at an unsustainable rate. Its greatest source of i t t f income, oil, is il i about to run out. Yemen is at the brink of becoming a failed state. Yemenifamilyof8children
44

SOCIAL STATISTICS

Darkercolorsindicatedeeperpoverty.Wealthisnotevenlyshared.

45

SOCIAL STATISTICS
Water&Sanitation
Populationusingimprovedsanitation: 43% BetterthanonlySomaliaand SudanamongArabcountries Populationusingimprovedwatersources: 67% BetterthanonlySomaliaamong Better than only Somalia among Arabcountries Supplyofrenewablewater:2500million m3 Demandofwaterresources:3400million m3 Annualwaterdeficit:900millionm3 Groundwaterdecline:1to7m(3to23ft) peryear Analysis: Yemens water availability is already in crisis. The cultivation of qat (mild narcotic) drains precious water from other agriculture. Waterallotmentpercapita:125m3 Oneofthelowestintheworld g y Vanishingwaterresourceshaveonly exacerbatedrivalriesbetweentribes 92%ofallwateruseisforagriculture 17%fordomesticuses,1%forindustry Violencehasalreadyoccurredoverwater g 24August2009:Protestsin'Adenover shortagesturnedviolent Oneshotdead,threewounded

Yemeniwomancollectingwater

46

SOCIAL STATISTICS
Health
Lifeexpectancy:61.5yrs. lowestamongallArab 4th lowest among all Arab countries Healthcarespendingpercapita(PPP): US$82 2nd lowestamongArabcountries Stuntedgrowthunderage5:60% Stunted growth under age 5: 60% Infantmortality:76per1000births Under5mortality:102per1000births Together,theworstamongArab countries Analysis: Healthcare in Yemen is abysmal. Fully 10% of children dont live past age 5. Life expectancy is shockingly low. Fertility:6birthsperwoman HighestamongArabcountries,except Somalia Birthsattendedbyhealthprofessionals:27% LowestamongArabcountries,except Somalia Maternaldeath:430per100,000births y g g NearlytwicetheaverageamongArab countries

Yemenidoctortreatingachild

47

SOCIAL STATISTICS
StatusofWomen
Schoolenrollment: Male67%,Female43% Ratio1.6:1worstamongallArab countries Adultliteracy:Male73%,Female35% Bothfiguresatornearlowestof Arabcountries Ratio2.1:1byfartheworstamong Arabcountries Marriagewithinfamiliescommon 40%to49%ofallmarriagesin Yemen Femalegenitalmutilation(FGM)prevalence 23%ofallYemeniwomenaged15to 49 Involvescuttingawaytheexternalportionof Involves cutting away the external portion of thefemalegenitalia Sownclosed,butforsmallpassagefor urine,menses Believedtosuppresssexualdesire,toassure virginitybeforemarriage virginity before marriage Alsobelievedtoincreasemanssexual pleasureinmarriage Causeshorriblemedicalcomplications Analysis: Yemeni women suffer terrible discrimination by men. They are poorly educated; largely illiterate; are often forced to marry at very young ages, often to their cousins; are subjected to genital mutilation that causes horrible medical complications in adulthood. Veiled woman shopping in Sanaa
48

STATISTICS:STATUS OF WOMEN
Marriagewithinfamiliesiscommon

The preferred bride in Yemen is a female cousin, from the grooms fathers side of the family. This is common in Arab culture, as illustrated in the map, but is not unique to Arab culture.

49

STATISTICS:STATUS OF WOMEN
Femalegenitalmutilation(FGM):23%ofYemeniwomen15to49
FGM is sometimes politely called female circumcision, female circumcision but the comparison to male circumcision is misleading. FGM is more traumatic, and it causes debilitating medical complications that do not result from the removal of the foreskin in men and boys. In FGM, the external tissues of the female genitalia are removed to varying degrees, and the opening sown closed, but for a small passage for urine and menses. At marriage and childbirth undoing this childbirth, procedure frequently causes debilitating injury.
50

ECONOMY
YemenisthepoorestcountryontheArabian Peninsula. H f Hasfewresources. Worlds37th producerofoil. Oil expected to run dry by 2017 Oilexpectedtorundryby2017.
Onceprovided90%ofgovt revenue.

Yemenlookingtogasforfuturerevenue. Gasreservesalsosmall:32nd largestinworld. Otherrevenueagricultural:Coffee,grain,honey, incense,qat (mildnarcotic). incense qat (mild narcotic)
51

NATURAL RESOURCES

Yemensoil&gasfields,basins&pipelines. Analysis:Yemensoilreserveswillbeexhaustedby2017.Itsgas reservesarenotadequatetosupporttheeconomyforlong.

52

LAND USE AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Yemens productive land it limited to the mountainous regions, which receive the greatest rainfall in all the Arabian Peninsula, its coastal plains, and to some of its interior wadis (riverbeds that may be dry above, but that contain subterranean moisture). The vast interior of the country is contiguous with Saudi Arabias Arabia s Empty Quarter. This land is unproductive, though it once served as a corridor for caravan trade (the Incense Route).
53

STATISTICS:OIL
Yemensoilproductiondeclining,expectedtorunoutby2017 37th producerrankisprecarious,notamajorplayer Oilpricesdeclined2008 2009
Hadprovided90%ofexportearnings,nowindecline
12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 , , 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0

OilProductionBBL/Day
Yemen

500,000 450,000 400,000 400 000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 150 000 100,000 50,000 0

OilProductionbyYear

Croat tia

Cha ad

Coted'Ivoire

Kyrgyzsta an

Russ sia

Alger ria

Ecuador

Alban nia

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Yemen is not a member of OPEC

54

STATISTICS:GAS
Oilpricesdeclined2008 2009
Hadprovided90%ofexportearnings

Yemenhasyettoproducenaturalgas
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

GasReservesTrillionsofcu.m
Yemen

Yemensgasreserves: , , , 478,500,000,000m3 nd largestintheworld 32

Trinidadand

Japan

Kyrgyzstan

Romania

China

Vietnam

Russia

YemenisnotamemberofOPEC

55

MILITARY OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

56

YEMEN ARMED FORCES

Estimatedtroop strength: Army (including Army(including RepublicanGuard): 66,000 Navy:7,000 AirForce:5,000
57

YEMENI INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS

PoliticalSecurityOrganization
Ledbymilitaryofficers Reportsdirectlytothepresident Operatesitsowndetentioncenters 150,000personnel

CentralSecurityOrganization
PartoftheMinistryofInterior f h i i f i Maintainsaparamilitaryforce Alsohasitsowndetentionfacilities Servesascounterterrorismunit

CriminalInvestigativeDept.
AlsoattachedtotheMinistryofInterior, Conductsmostcriminalinvestigationsand arrests 13,000strong

58

UNGOVERNED AREAS

Al-Qaeda exploits instability resulting from governments inability to exercise control over Houthi and Southern insurgency areas. These are both sectarian 59 conflicts unrelated to tribal issues.

THREATS
60

MULTIPLE THREATS
Saudi Arabia Military Weapons, Training, Financing Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

Al-Houthi rebels

Al-Qaeda
Supporting Ideology

IDPs
Yemen Military

IRGC Proxies providing

IDPs UNCLASSIFIED REL NATO, GCTF, ISAF, MCFI, ABCA//For Official Use Only U.S.

Southern Secessionists

Southern Secessionists

IRGC utilizes

Refugees

Publication Date: 15 Dec 09 Information Cut-Off Date: 17Nov09

61 US Army TRADOC G2 TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA) Threats

THREE INSURGENCIES
ThegovernmentinSanaafacesthree separateinsurgencies: TheAlHouthiZaidi (5er)Shiiteseparatist movementinthenorth TheSouthernMovementseparatistsin theSouth AlQaeda,blendingwithandsupportingthe southerninsurgency
62

INSURGENCIES:
Al-Qaeda: Location: Large and very fluid presence throughout the country Structure: Operates in small cells ll Current tactics: bombing government structures, kidnapping and murder of foreign nationals Endstate: create an Islamic Caliphate and disrupt US interests Houthis: Location: Northern Yemen Structure: operate in small units with decentralized command and control (supported by Iran) Current tactics: Cross border squad/PLT sized Current attacks, ambushes, anti-tank traps (IEDS, explosive pits) Endstate: Seize power from Yemeni government or gain more autonomy Southern Secessionists: Location: Most likely center of gravity is 'Aden. Structure: Unknown; supported publicly by Al-Qaeda Al Qaeda Current tactics: protests and demonstrations (that may turn violent)
63

ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY
HusseinBadr alDinAl Houthi Zaidi leaderaccusedby thegovernmentof operatingunlicensed religiouscentersand seekingtoreestablish theZaidi Imamateby the Zaidi Imamate by force. Killedinaclashwith governmentforcesin f i 2004
64

ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY
AbdulMalik AlHouthi Leader of Shiite LeaderofShiite Separatistswhoarein armedconflictwith governmentforcesinthe north Centered in Sadah, the CenteredinSa dah,the insurgentshaverecently takencontrolofterritory ontheSaudiborder on the Saudi border
65

ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY

Yahya al-Houthi Exiled Member f Parliament and E il d M b of P li t d brother of Houthi field commander Abdel-Malik AlHouthi

Cartoon from Al-Sharq Al-Awsat showing Iranian Shiite figure beating Al-Yemen with The Houthis, reflecting official suspicions of Iranian backing for the movement 66

ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY
InternallyDisplaced People(IDPs): TheYemenigovernment estimatesthatthe estimates that the conflictwiththeHouthis hasresultedinthe displacementof130,000 displacement of 130 000 people.

IDPsinSadah city (IDMC,May2009)

67

SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
Severaltownsinthesouth havewitnessedprotest marchesorganizedbythe h i d b th separatistSouthern Movement(,) shownhereflyingtheflagof shown here flying the flag of theformerPeoples DemocraticRepublicof (South)Yemenwhile (South) Yemen while repeatingtheirdemandfor theseveringofthetiesof unitybetweennorthand unity between north and south.July2009
68

SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
YemenInstabilityafterFirstGulfWar: Expulsionof850,000YemeniworkersfromSaudi Arabiaaddedtoeconomicwoes FearofIslamicmilitancyledgovernmentto postponeelections postpone elections Southernprovinces,onceruledbyaMarxistleaning government,wereunhappywithperceived Northerndominationofeconomicandpolitical N h d i i f i d li i l affairs

69

SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
AliSalim AlBaydh Aleaderinthesecessionist SouthernMovement Southern Movement recentlyadoptedalBaydhs callforanindependent SouthYemen,declaringAl South Yemen declaring Al Baydh tobethelegitimate Presidentsince1994,when heannouncedthebreaking he announced the breaking oftieswiththeNorth.

AliSalim AlBaydh FormerSouthYemeniLeader

70

SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
Followinghispartyspoorshowing,VicePresident andformerSouthYemenleaderAliSalim alBaydh withdrewto'Aden,boycottinggovernment withdrew to 'Aden boycotting government operations. Whenopenhostilitiesbrokeoutin1994,he declaredtheindependenceoftheSouthasthe DemocraticRepublicofYemen,whichlastedfrom MaytoJuly. May to July. HefledtoOmanafterhissecessionistmovement wasdefeatedbynorthernforces.
71

ALQAEDA INSURGENCY
Inthe1980sYemenwasone oftheprincipalcountries sendingmujahidinto sending mujahidin to Afghanistantofightthe Soviets.Whensomeofthem returnedtoYemenbeginning inthe1990s,therulingparty usedthemtoquashtherevolt oftheMarxistseparatistsin thesouthin1994.Someeven foughtagainsttheHouthi Shiiterebellioninthenorth. Unabletofindemployment, manyhavenowturnedto h t dt armedinsurgentactivityinthe serviceofvariousgroups.

72

ALQAEDA INSURGENCY
AlQaedaoperativesin Yemenhavetaken advantageofpoverty, extremistreligiousrhetoric torecruityouthtofightfor obscuregoalsinacountry whichistryingtodealwith southernseparatists,a northerninsurgency,and fallingoilrevenues.

AbuHuraira AlSanani,commanderof AlQaedainYemen,atatrainingcamp forrecruits.

73

ALQAEDA INSURGENCY
AlQaedaleadershideamong theresidentsandnthe mountains;theyaremostlyin t i th tl i their30sanduse4wheeldrive vehicles,laptopcomputers,and cell phones cellphones. Theyhaverecruitedandarmed groupsofyouthswhohavefled homes,schools,andtribesfor JihadforthesakeofAllah.

Acheckpointnear'Aden

74

ALQAEDA PRESENCE
AlQaedaworkscloselywithSomaliasal Shabab Islamic extremist militia Islamicextremistmilitia AnwaralAwlaki,anAmericanbornImam livinginYemen,suspectedAlQaedarecruiter Sermonsattendedbythree911bombers LinkedtotheUSSColeattackers MAJNidal Malik Hasan FtHood Shootings Exchangedemail ChristmasUnderwearBomber Mighthaveattendedsermons
UnderwearBomber Umar FaroukAbdumutallab

75

ALQAEDA PRESENCE
AlQaedarecruitingthedisenfranchised ActivelyrecruitsSomalirefugeesinYementhroughSalafist (Wahhabiinluenced) schools,whichteachapuritanicalbrandofIslam schools which teach a puritanical brand of Islam HungryandunemployedYemenisandrefugeesareofferedfreefoodandeducationfor joiningtheantiAmericanschools

USSColeAttack Aden,October2000 AnwaralAwlaki

MAJHasan

76

ABDULMAJEED ALZINDANI: TERRORISTCLERIC? T C

MostprominentSunnireligious scholarinYemen HeadsAlIman(Faith) UniversityinSanaa LeadingmemberofAlIslaah (Reform)politicalmovement, (Reform) political movement thelargestofficialopposition groupinYemen ClassifiedasGlobalTerrorist byUSgovernmentforalleged tiestoBinLaden PossiblementortoAnwaral Awlaki,whowasincontactwith A l ki h i t t ith FtHoodkillerNidal Malik Hasan.
77

REACTION TO INSURGENCIES
Taxiwindowdisplaying picturesoftwosoldierskilled i t ft ldi kill d infightingwithShiite insurgentsinthenorthern t i Th i th mountains.Theowneristhe fatherofoneofthesoldiers, andwhencustomersaskifhis sonwaskilledinthenorthor son was killed in the north or thesouth,thefatheranswers, HediedforYemen.

78

REACTION TO INSURGENCIES
NotoTerrorism,isa commonrefrainofgraffiti artistsinYemen,manyof whomholdtheShiite insurgents,southern separatists,andtheMuslim Brotherhoodresponsible fortheunrestwhich, Threatenstheunityofthe f county.

79

REACTION TO INSURGENCIES
AhmadBamjabur,thePoetof YemeniUnity,travels throughoutthecountryonfoot, h h h f composingandrecitingpoetry extollingthevirtuesofaunited Yemen.Heisjoinedbycitizens Yemen He is joined by citizens groupssuchastheSonsofthe MartyrsofUnity,whohave pledgedtobethefrontlineof defenseagainsttherabbleof darknesswholiveonlyforthe scentofblood.

80

INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS

Internallydisplacedpersons(IDPs)mayplaya criticalroleonthebattlefieldlandscapeandmay determinewhoisthefinalvictor Houthi clanislikelytoutilizetheconfusion createdbyIDPstoenhancetheirlogisticallines (tosmuggleweaponsandsupplies)aswellas usingIDPstocreateantiYemeniGovernment propaganda.TheycanuseIDPsashumanshields andthentransferblametoYemeniorSaudi militaryforceswhenciviliancasualtiesoccur Houthi fightersandAQwilllikelyexploitNGOs. Houthi fighters and AQ will likely exploit NGOs. BothAQandtheHouthis canclaimdeliveryof NGOaidastheirownandreplenishtheirranks fromthedisenfranchisedinIDPcamps NGOpersonnelareatconsiderablerisktobe GO l id bl i k b kidnappedorkilledbyAQandcommon criminals
81

Demographic Pressures fugees/IDPs Ref Gro oupGrievance HumanFlight Uneven Development

Yemen:

STATE AT RISK OF FAILURE

8.8 7.9 7.7 7.4 8.9 8.2 8.3 8.5 7.7 8.4 9

EconomicDecline egitimization of f Dele theState Pu ublicServices Hu umanRights Secu urityApparatus s

Yemenranks18th onForeignPolicysworld listoffailedorfailingstates(2009)

Yemen
82

Facti ionalizedElites s External In ntervention 7.3

STATE AT RISK OF FAILURE

ForeignPolicymagazinebasesitsrankingoffailedstateson12criteriaonthebasisof0to10, 10beingtheworst.Yemensscorehaswaveredintheveryunstablerange.Itsrankfromyear toyeardependsasmuchonconditionsinothercountriesasonconditionsinYemen. Year Rank FailedStateIndex Failed State Index 2009 18 98.1 2008 21 95.4 2007 24 93.2 2006 16 96.6 Yemensgreatestweakness(9.0onForeignPolicysscale)isitsfactionalelites,i.e.,theintense rivalriesbetweenitsmanypoliticalparties,itstribesandsheikhs,itsmainreligiousfactions,as wellasbetweentheformerNorthandSouthYemenistates. Itssecondgreatestweakness(8.9)isunevendevelopment.Thisdivisivefactorsortsout I d k (8 9) i d l Thi di i i f betweenYemensvarioustribes,regionsandfactions. ThirdamongYemensweaknessesisdemographicpressure(8.8).ThisistheresultofYemens extraordinarilyhighfertilityandpopulationgrowthrates,thelatterrankingfourthhighestin theworld.Thesefactors,combinedwithdecliningresources,aninfluxofrefugeesfrom Somalia,andinfiltrationofalQaedaputtheYemenistateinaprecarioussituationin2009.

83

CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS
84

YEMENI AMERICANS
40,000to80,000AmericancitizenslivinginYemen
Evacuationduringcivildisturbancesvirtually impossible

ManyYemeniAmericanmenhavemultiplewivesin Yemen
IllegalintheUS

ManyYemeniAmericanmendieenroutetoDNA paternitytestswhenseekingtobringchildrento theU.S.

Claimisfalse,bettertodiethantobeexposedina , p lie
85

KIDNAPPING
Yemenihospitalityhastraditionallyextended toincludecaptivesheldforransom to include captives held for ransom
Tribeskidnappedforeignersasmeanstoraise grievancestothegovernment

InvolvementofAlQaedaandother extremistshasledtoviolenceanddeath
15June2009,TwokidnappedGermannurses andaSouthKoreanteacherfounddeadand mutilatedinAlQaedaarea
86

KIDNAPPING BEFORE ALQAEDA

January26,1996: SeventeenFrenchtourists kidnappedinMarib provincebyal Duman kidnapped in Marib province by alDuman tribe Releasedafterfivedays p , Captorsentertainedthemwithfolkdances, gavepresentsoftraditionaldaggersand antiquefirearms TribewasseekingthereleaseofZubain Duman,whowasawaitingtrialoncharges connectedwiththekidnappingofanAmerican connected with the kidnapping of an American inSeptember1995
87

ALQAEDA KIDNAPPINGS
AbductionsbyalQaedahaveendedwith hostages deaths hostages'deaths In2008,thegroupcarriedoutastringof attacks,includingabrazenassaultontheU.S. EmbassyinSana'ainbroaddaylightin September,aswellastwoattacksagainst SouthKoreansinMarch South Koreans in March January2009,militantsannouncedthe creationofAlQaedaintheArabianPeninsula
MergerbetweenYemeniandSaudibranches
88

KIDNAPPINGS SINCE ALQAEDA

SANAA:AnAlQaedawinginYemenyesterday claimedresponsibilityfortheattackthatkilledfour SouthKoreantouristsinsoutheasternYementhis month,sayingitwasinretaliationforthekillingof twomilitantleadersinapoliceraid. two militant leaders in a police raid. InastatementpostedontheInternet,AlQaedain theArabianPeninsulasaidtheMarch15attackin Hadramaut provincewasintendedtoavengethe d i i d d h killingof2AlQaedamembersinYemeninapolice stingoperationlastAugust.
ArabNews(Jeddah,SaudiArabia), March30,2009
89

SOMALI REFUGEES
MostleavePortofBossaso inSomalia foradangerousfourdayjourneyto Yemenishoresviafishingboat. Yemeni shores via fishing boat. RefugeesaretakentoAlKharaz refugee camp100kmwestof'Aden. Thereareabout150,000registered SomalisinYemen,buttheYemeni governmentclaimstherearemorethan 800,000,includingtheunregistered. Somalirefugeeshaveplaceda tremendousstrainonYemensalready 35%unemploymentrate. 35% l t t YemenstruggleswithitsownInternally DisplacedPerson(IDP)problemofover 100,000.Mostlyduetointernalstrife andreligiousissues. and religious issues

TheeasewithwhichSomali refugeesenterYemen illustrateshowporousits illustrates how porous its bordersandcoastsare.

Somali Refugees are Major Challenge for Yemen

90

CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION

91

HOLIDAYS (DATES FOR 2010)

1Jan:NewYearsDay 26Feb:Mouloud (BirthoftheProphetMuhammad) 01May:LaborDay 22May:NationalUnityDay 11Sep:Eid alFitr (EndofRamadan,monthoffasting) 26Sep:RevolutionDay 14Oct:NationalDay 17Nov:EidalAdha (FeastoftheSacrifice commemoratesthe ProphetAbrahamsdevotiontoGod) 30Nov:IndependenceDay 30 Nov: Independence Day 7Dec:Muharram(IslamicNewYear) Note:TheweekpriortoEid alFitr isanappropriatetimetoprovide performanceorothertypesofbonusestoYemeninationalemployees suchasinterpreters&translators.Datesforreligiousholidaysare approximate;eachyeartheholidaysareadjustedtothelunarcalendar. 92

CULTURE IS
Adaptivebehaviorinresponseto:
Ph i l Physicalenvironment i t Socialenvironment

Passedfromgenerationtogeneration

93

CULTURE IS:
Values:rightorwrong;important Beliefs:Truth Behaviors:patternsofaction Norms:acceptablebehaviors

94

ARAB CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

CentralityofReligion
Islamsetsthepaceandtoneofdailylife p y Religionistheguideforeverydecision,act,explanation,etc.

Collectivism
Decisionsbasedongroupconsensus Groupconformityvaluedoverindividuality Maintaininghonorofextendedfamilypriority Loyaltyistofamily,thenclan,thentribe

Relationshipfocused
People are more important than tasks Peoplearemoreimportantthantasks Significanttimemustbespentonpersonalrelationships beforebusinesscanbegin
95

ARAB CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Oraltraditions
Eloquencevaluedoverbrevityorclarity q y y Usestories,metaphors,poeticlanguagetoexpressideas

Pride,Honor,andShame
Indirectspeech,expecttobemisunderstoodandbeprepared toexplainsameconceptmanydifferentways Prideandhonoraretobeprotectedandshameavoidedatall costs sayingwhatisexpectedordesiredismoreimportant t i h ti t d d i di i t t thantellingthetruthtoonesface Trytofindthewinwinscenarioorprovideasafeoutfor yourcounterparttopreventdamagetohonor your counterpart to prevent damage to honor

Timeisrelative
96

ISLAM IN YEMEN
Abrahamic religionsharesrootswithJudaismandChristianity Quranholybook infallibleauthority FivePillars:Testimonyoffaith(Shahada),Prayer(Salat),Charity y ( ), y ( ), y (Zakat),PilgrimagetoMecca(Hajj),Fastingduringmonthof Ramadan(Sawm) OtherBeliefs:Faith(Iman),OnenessofGod(Tawhid),Prophets andMessengers,Angels,JudgmentDay,theBooks(Quran final; Bible,Torah corrupted),Fate,andPredestination DivisionbetweenSunniandShia inYemennotasimportantas ethnic&tribaldifferences th i & t ib l diff Pervasivepartofdailylife Prayer5timesperday,education, Fridaymosquegatherings Religious figures (imams) respected and influential Religiousfigures(imams)respectedandinfluential Zaydi Shia differfromotherShia inrejectinginfallibility, occultationofImam;morelikeSunnisinritualsandobservances7 9

 Themajority(c.60%)ofYemeniMuslimsaregenerallymoderateSunnis,thoughsome haveconnectionswiththeMuslimBrotherhood,Wahhabis,andAlQaeda Shias inYemenareFivers(Zaydi),relativelymoderate AverysmallminoritypracticeJudaism,Christianity,orHinduism

98

DISTRIBUTION OF SHIA AND SUNNI

Sparsely populated Shia / Sunni mix

99

BELIEFS:RELIGION
SunniIslam Approximately 60% of Yemeni Approximately60%ofYemeni Muslims,generallymoderatein attitudeandpractice. p ReformorIslahParty( ) joined governmentin1993;includesMuslim BrotherhoodandotherIslamistgroups, B th h d d th I l i t somewithknownconnectionstoWahhabi andAlQaedaextremists.

PresidentsMosque,Sanaa

100

BELIEFS:RELIGION
Shia Islam Zaydis (5erShiites)settledintheNorth, establishedadynastythatruledtheregion from893to1962. from 893 to 1962 Composingapproximately40%ofYemeni Muslims,theydifferfromotherShi a in Muslims, they differ from other Shia in rejectinginfallibility,occultationofImam; relativelymoderate,morelikeSunniinmost issuesofritualandobservance.
TombofZayd ibn Ali,5th Imam,Kerak Jordan

101

BELIEFS:RELIGION
Judaism YemeniJews YemenbecameJewishkingdom115BCE Yemen became Jewish kingdom 115 BCE LastYemeniJewishHimyarite king,YusufAsar Yathar (also knownasDhu Nuwas)defeatedbyEthiopianChristian EmperorKaleb in520CE Emperor Kaleb in 520 CE ManyYemeniJewsemigratedtoIsraelafterthatcountrys foundingin1948 RemainingJewishcommunityquitesmall g yq
Perhapsnomorethan400

Severelydiscriminatedagainst restrictedprofessions Consideredasdhimi underMuslimrule,protected

RequiredbyIslamiclawtopayaspecialtax,jiziya
102

BELIEFS:RELIGION
Christianity EarlyintroductionofEthiopianOrthodox Christianity
Brief influence 520 628 CE Briefinfluence,520 628CE
DerelictChurch,'Aden

ReintroducedunderBritishcolonizationof 'Aden Aden Remnantcommunityistiny ChristianityinYemenislargelymoribund Christianity in Yemen is largely moribund

103

BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
Yemenismaintainsuperstitionsalong withmainstreamreligion ith i t li i Manyinvolveanimalspirits,shape shifters,secrettreasures shifters, secret treasures Someindicatemistrust ofwomen,viewedaswitches, temptresses BeliefinIslamicdjinnsandgenies

104

BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
TheRam(AlHamal) AlHamal isasuperstitiousanimalwhichisalsocalledthegraveyardsmonster.Itisbelieved thatitdisintersburiedbodiesinthefirstweekofburial.AlHamal isinterestedinonlythose whosehoroscopeistheram.Duringthefirstweekofburialinwhichtheramisbelievedto pp , p appear,relativesofthedeadkeeponthewatch. (AlBodda) BeliefsinthissuperstitiouscreatureisspreadinTihama anditssurroundings.AlBodda isa witchthatcanchangeherappearanceintomanydifferentshapes.Recently,ithasbeensaid thatagreatnumberofthemwereburntwhenpeoplesawarenessaboutthespreadof immoralityincreased.Itismoreinterestingtoknowthatyoungpeoplewhoarenotableto immorality increased. It is more interesting to know that young people who are not able to affordmarryingexpensive,beautifulbridesgotoBoddas requestingthemtochange themselvesintotheirbelovedsandmakelovetothemonsand. (AtTahesh) Itisalionlikebeastwithasmoothbody.Itsspeediscomparedtothatofabullet.Thatiswhy nobodyhassofarbeenabletocaptureorkillit.AlHawban nobody has so far been able to capture or kill it Al Hawban Tahesh in Taiz has been most inTa iz hasbeenmost famousthroughYemenihistoryandonwhichmanystorieshavebeentoldandwritten. QuestforTreasures Inmanyvillages,especiallytheremoteones,peoplebelieveintheexistenceofburied treasures.Storiesofsuchtreasuresaretoldbyoldpeople.Peopleleavehomesformountains inquestoftreasuresbelievedtohadbeenleftbytheirgrandfathersinstoresdugintheearth. i f b li d h d b l f b h i df h i d i h h Somepeoplesucceedtofindsuchstoresbutalltheyfindisinvaluableitemsorcoal.The failuretofindtreasuresisalwaysattributedtothefactthattheydidnotslaughtersheep beforesearchingthestore. 105

BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
JinnsCourts Throwinghotsubstancesandothermaterialinbathroomsanddesertedplacesisbelievedto beharmful.Doersmaybeparalyzedorrunmadiftheyhittheinvisiblecreatures.Ifajinnishit acourtsessionisboundtobeheldsooninsidethedoersminduntiltheydecidetoforgive. g p g Duringtheperiodofholdingthosesessionsthehostismad. (Sayad) Sayad isadevilintheshapeofawomanthatoftenexistsininhabitedareas.Sheisamazingly beautifulbutwithdonkeylegs!Assoonasonediscoverstherealityaboutherlegsshe vanishes. (AlOdroot) (Al Odroot) AlOdroot isadevilthatisbelievedtoinhabithouses.Itisanoisycreaturethattendstomove housewares toolsorhidethemforsometimebutreturnthemtotheirplaceswhenhouse membershavelosthopeoffindingthem.Theysometimesmakestrangesoundsaswell. DoYouWanttoSendaLettertoYourDeadRelatives? Somepeopleclaimthattheirsoulsvisitthedeadintheirgraveswhentheyareasleep.Intheir S l l i h h i l i i h d di h i h h l I h i tours,soulsgatherinformationandmessagestobedeliveredtothosealive.Whenthose peoplewakeup,thefirstthingtheydoisdeliverthemessagesofthedeadtotheintended targets. (AlWali) TheAlwali isafaithfulMuslimmanwhomadegooddeedsandvirtuousallhislife.People seekingrecovery,penance,etc.visittheirgravestobeblessed.Whenonehasaproblemhe vowstoslaughterasheeporacowfortheAlWali,resultinginsolvinghisproblem.Butifhe doesntmeethisvows,theAlWalis spiritcomestohimatnightthreatening.Intheirpursuitof 106 recovery,blessing,etc.visitorsmayeatsoilcoveringthegraves,litcandles,etc.

BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
(AlHilteet) ItisasourArabianherbwithadisgustingsmell.Itisusedtorubtheskinofpatientsofepilepsy becauseitisbelievedtodrivethebadspiritsoutsidethesickbody. Charms(AlHirz) Charmsaresmallpiecesofpapersbearingmeaninglesswordsandsignswithsomeversesfrom Charms are small pieces of papers bearing meaningless words and signs with some verses from theHolyQuran.Thosepiecesaretiedonpatientsandhandsofchildren. EggsAreSometimesCheaptoBreak Beforethebridestepsoutofherfathershouse,eggsarebrokeninfrontofhertoprotecther fromdevilsandevilspirits.Thesameisdonewhenababyistakenoutsidethehouseforthe firsttime. first time BurningtheAloe Whenwomengivebirthtobabiestheyburnthealoeintheirroomsfromsunsetuntilthey sleep.Thisgoesonforalmostamonthsothatthenewbornbabieswouldgrowupsafelyaway fromtheevilinfluenceofdevils. ChangingNames Ifastrologerstellparentsthatthenametheyhavechosenfortheirbabydoesnotagreewith itshoroscopestheychangeit.Sometimesitistheastrologerwhochoosesthenewname. AnointingChildrensTongueswithOil p g y y y Someparentsanointtheirchildrenstongueswithoilorhoneywhentheyare2yearsorolder inordertobeeloquent. Palmistry Manypeoplepretendtobepalmists.Theyclaimthattheycanforetellthefutureofpeople 107 throughthelinesonpalms.

BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
TheTar(Qatran) Thisblacksubstanceisusedtoanointpeoplesforeheadssoastobeprotectedfromevil. BeforetheYemenirevolutioninNorthYemen,whentheImamwantedtotestthementalityof hispeoplehewouldclaimthathisjinns hadrunawayandthatpeoplewhodidnotcovertheir yj foreheadswithtarwouldbeharmedbyjinns. SwimmingforRecovery AswimmingpoollocatedinsidetheAhmadben Alwan Mosqueissaidtocurealotofdiseases. SellYourFeverandMalariatoAnts! Itissaidthattherewerepeoplewhobelievedthattheycouldselltheirfeverandmalariato ants.Whenthesepeoplecaughtfeverormalaria,theyusedtogotoantnests.Theretheytie ants When these people caught fever or malaria they used to go to ant nests There they tie themselveswithathreadandsay:Wesellyouthefever,ants. Cauterizing(AlWasm) Somepatientsarecauterizedindifferentpartsoftheirbodiestobehealedspirituallyand physically.

108

MosquesinYemen

MosqueinZabid

MosqueinJibla Mosque in Jibla MosqueinSanaa

109

YEMENI IDENTITY
FamilyFirst
Thisincludesclan&tribe Thegroupbeforetheindividual

RegionoverState
Geographicloyaltymaybetoones region(N.orS.Yemen),morethan tothestate

Yemenishaveaproudsenseof Arabidentity
ClaimtobetheoriginalArabs

Strong loyalty to other Strongloyaltytoother Muslims

Sunni Shia divisionsremain

Theleastsenseofloyaltyis sharedwithnonMuslims

Immediate y Family

Lackofselfatcenterreflectscollectivistoutlook

110

YEMENI IDENTITY
LOYALTY AND DECISIONMAKING
ExtendedFamily
IamBassam,sonofSalih.

MostImportant

Tribe&Clan
IamaHouthi.

Region
I come from Sadah IcomefromSa dah.

Religion
IamZaydi Shia.

Nation
IamYemeni;IamMuslim; IamArab.

LeastImportant

Allegianceisgiventofamilyaboveallothersocialgroupings;familyisalsothemain sourceofaYemenisidentityandistheprimaryfactorindecisionmaking.Ethnicgroups, tribes,andcommunitydefineonesloyalty.Selfistheleastimportantconsiderationin 111 suchacollectivesociety.

AMERICAN IDENTITY
SelfFirst
Amongthestrongestsensesofindividualism intheworld

ImmediateFamily
Typicallythenuclearfamily Identityasmemberofextendedfamilymay varyfromfamilytofamily

MaterialPossessions
Amongthemostmaterialisticpeopleinthe world Id tit Identityandsenseofsuccesstiedtosalary, d f ti d t l wealth,house,car,etc.
Externalizedselfesteem

Community
Town,city,state,region,religion,political party,ethnicgroup;Manyidentitiespossible party, ethnic group; Many identities possible Interestsofthecommunitysometimescome beforethoseofthecountry

Country AbstractIdeals
Democracy, environmentalism, humanism, Democracy,environmentalism,humanism, capitalism Willsometimessacrificeidealsforcountry

Self
112

Selfatcenterreflectsindividualistoutlook

AMERICAN IDENTITY
LOYALTY AND DECISIONMAKING
Self
Iam.

MostImportant

ImmediateFamily
Me,myspouseandkids.

Community
I am a Hoosier IamaHoosier.

Country
IamanAmerican.

AbstractIdeals
Iamaresponsiblecitizen.

LeastImportant
Americanidentityfavorsenlightened selfinterest Thisisthebasisfordemocraticgovernment, American identity favors enlightenedself interest. This is the basis for democratic government freemarketcapitalisteconomics,etc.Americansarenotpurelyselfish:Theywillmakedecisions intheinterestsoftheirnuclearfamilyandcommunityorcommunities,sincemultipleidentities arecommonamongAmericans.Americansareveryidealistic,butaresometimeswillingto 113 compromisetheiridealsforthesakeoftheircountry.

YEMENI CULTURE
Identityconnectedwithweaponry
Jambiya essentialtoamansattire Gunownershipcherishedsymbolof hi h i h d b l f powerandmanhood

Conflictsresolvedwithviolence Drink of choice: Coffee Drinkofchoice:Coffee Dailyqat sessions

EverythingrevolvesaroundQat time Qat sets the pace of the day setsthepaceoftheday

Maledominatedsociety
Womensubordinatetomen(herfather, husband,brother,orson)

Fatalistic Superstitious

Jambiya
114

VALUES
Traditionalproducts,sourcesofpride Honey
YemeniSidr honeyconsideredamongthefinestin theworld the world Supposedmedicinalproperties

Frankincense,myrrh
ResinsoftreesthatgrowinArabia,HornofAfrica i f h i A bi H f Af i Burnedasincense;sweetaroma Producedintheregionformillennia

Musicandpoetrysourcesofpride,too
115

NORMS
Mansclothing: Longshirtoverbaggytrousers g ggy Vest coolinthehighmountains Jacket westernstyle,sometimesverylong Turban,shawl Jambiya (curveddagger) manisnakedwithoutone
Statussymbol;scabbardoftenofsilverfiligree Yemenconsumesillegalrhinoceroshorntomakehandles
Thi i Thisisexceedinglyrare;mostaremadeofwood di l t d f d

SoimportantthatreportedlyYemenijudgeshavesentenced menforminoroffensestoweartheirscabbardwithouttheir daggerforweeksormonths

Thi i Thisisconsideredshameful,agreatdisgrace id d h f l t di

116

NORMS
Womansclothing: Lithma
Long,loosefittingdressthathidestheformofthe body,inaccordancewithIslamicrequirementsfor modesty

Niqab
Aveil,usuallyintwoparts One over the head and hair Oneovertheheadandhair Theotheracrosstheface,exposingtheeyes

SeveralregionalvariationsinYemen
Differentcolors,patterns ff l
117

NORMS:CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
23March2009:Yemencourthandsdeath sentenceinIsraelspycase py 19April2009:'AishaGhalib wassentenced todeathforthemurderofherhusband 21June2009:YemeniJewkillergetsdeath sentence 7 July 2009: Child rapist murderer executed 7July2009:Childrapist,murdererexecuted 13July2009:SixAlQaedaoperatives receivedeathsentence receive death sentence
118

NORMS:WEAPONS CULTURE
ThegovernorofSanaa Province,Nu manDawaid,is Province, Numan Dawaid, is amongYemenipublicfigures callingforYemenistoexercise restraintinresortingto weaponsinsettlingdisputes. Heblameshatefultribal fanaticismformuchofthe gunrelatedviolence,and l l considersitadutyofcity leaderstocombatthisbad tribalcharacteristic. tribal characteristic
119

NORMS:WEAPONS CULTURE

The House of Peace organization, Sana a. One sign reads, Let Sanaa reads Let knowledge and work be our weapon.

Achildmarchesinanotheranti gundemonstrationinSanaa gun demonstration in Sanaa

120

NORMS:WEAPONS CULTURE
Yemeni law gives citizens the right to own rifles, rifles machine guns, pistols, shotguns, and ammunition for their personal use, and p gun ownership has long been a cherished symbol of power and manhood. Recently, however, attitudes have begun to change.

YemeniGunDealer

121

JAMBIYA VENDOR IN TAIZ

122

QAT CULTURE
Drugofchoice:Qat
Greenshrubgrowninhighlands,requires significantwaterconsumption I Intoxicatingeffectproducedbychewinggreat i i ff d db h i quantities Mustbeconsumedwithin48hoursof harvesting Vast efficient system to harvest bring to Vast,efficientsystemtoharvest,bringto market,sell,andconsume

Bundlesofqat

AfternoonQat sessions
Qat salesbegindailyaroundnoon Mostmenandsomewomenspendafternoon chewingQat andsocializing ManyYemenihomeshaveamajlis takhziin,a roomspecificallyreservedforqatchewing sessionswithfriendsandacquaintances(each sessions with friends and acquaintances (each personbringshisownsupplyofleaves)

Manchewingqat
123

Use of qat (mild narcotic) is pervasive

QAT FARMERS

Qat treesarenotexpensivetocultivate,needingwateronlyonceor twiceaweek.Inmorefertileareas,itischeapertogrowqat than almostanyothercrop. Yemeniqat farmer

124

QAT SELLERS

Sometownshavetakenthestepofmovingqat marketsoutof residentialareas,deemingthemundesirablenotonlyinpromoting abadhabit,butalsointermsofthecropswaterconsumptionina droughtplaguedlandwithshortagesofgrainsandothervitalfood 125 crops.

AFTERNOON QAT SESSION

126

COMMUNICATING WITH YEMENIS: GUIDELINES

Greeting: Handshakeorrighthandover heartwithslightnod GreetinginArabicisappreciated Menshouldnotattempttogreeta womanunlessthewomaninitiates woman unless the woman initiates thegreeting Itispreferabletogreettheeldest ormostseniorfirst
SmallTalk: Casualconversationisamustatthebeginningofeveryencounter Consistsofrepeatedinquiriesabouthealth,family,weather,crops Donotmakespecificinquiresaboutfemalefamilymembers p q y Buildrapportbysharingpersonalinformation(withinthelimitsofyourcomfortandsecurity) Acceptofferingsoffoodortea(ifyoumustdecline,dosogracefully)
127

DINING WITH YEMENIS

Tableisaclothspreadoncarpetin mainroom;donotputfeetontable orpointthemtowardsaperson Hands are washed immediately Handsarewashedimmediately beforeandafterthemeal,usually withpitcherandbowlbeforebeing seatedattable Let host direct the seating Lethostdirecttheseating Meneatfirst;womenandchildren eatlaterinseparateroom Mostconversationwaitsuntilafter themeal the meal Expectmealandafterdinner socializingtobetimeconsuming Foodisservedandconsumedfromcommonpots,platters,orbowlsandeaten Food is served and consumed from common pots platters or bowls and eaten withfingersofrighthand Conversationtakesplacewhencoffeeisservedinsittingroomaftermeal, 128 sometimeswithqat orwaterpipe

DINING WITH YEMENIS

129

YEMENI HOME STRUCTURE

Topfloor:Mafrej,decorated g , withstainedglass,furnished withcushions&pillows
Gatheringplaceforreceiving guests,dailychewingofqat, i i d eating,conversation,andprayer

3rd floor(s):Mensrooms 2nd floor(s):Kitchen,womens andchildrensrooms 1st floor(s):Warehouse,store, stableorshop

Ancientdistrictsaresurroundedbymoderncities
130

YEMENI FAMILY LIFE

YemenihomeconstructionreinforcesYemenivalues: Privacyofthefamilyfromstrangersandnonfamilymembers Subordinationofwomen Preservationoftraditions Securityderivedfromextendedfamilyandcommunalties Importanceofcommerceandprivateownership Importanceofsocialinteractionandcommunity I t f i li t ti d it Toleranceofandrelianceonintoxicatingdrugs
131

MEETINGS AND NEGOTIATIONS

Tofosterrapportandwillingnesstocooperate: Donotexpecttoaddressyourgoalsduringtheinitialmeetings Thefirstfewmeetingsshouldfocusonthegoalsandinterestsof theYemenis Nevermakeapromisethatyoucannotkeep Trytocomplimenttheleaderandavoidnegativelyaffectinghis honor Trynottoopenlydisagreewiththeirgoalsinpublic;instead, suggestfurtherdiscussionmaybeneeded Donotopenlyexpressangerorshout,assuchbehaviorisviewed asdisrespectfulandshowsalackofselfcontrol GreetinArabicatthestartandendofmeetings Innegotiations,allowyourcounterparttoaskaboutyouragenda; revealonlysmallpieces(enoughforyourcounterparttofeel 132 comfortableandbuildhistrustinyou)

TRIBAL ORGANIZATION
133

SOCIETY:MAJOR TRIBES
Tribeshaveancienthistories Maylooselyorganizeintoconfederaciesofrelatedtribes Primarypurposeistoprotectmembersinterests,control territory,resistothers Havearangeofsizeandpower g p Representedbysheikhs Somearemorepowerfulthanothers Have external connections Haveexternalconnections
Othergovernments,AlQaeda Fellowtribesmenacrossborders

The tribe is the basic unit of Yemeni society

134

TRIBES IN SOCIETY
Primarysocialunit
Primarypurposeistoprotectmembersinterests,controlterritory,resist others
Representedbysheikhs

Tribeshaveancienthistories,tracinglineagetocommonancestor
Tribalidentityastrongculturalvalue widerangeofsizeandpower T ib Tribesubstitutesforsocialroleofstate b tit t f i l l f t t Tribalinterestshavepriority

Manytribesformlooseconfederations(Banu =sonsoforclan)
Fragile alliances Fragilealliances FunctionaldifferencesbetweenNorthandSouth

Politicalpartiesandtriballoyaltiesintersect
Yemenipoliticsareessentiallytribal Struggleforpowerandcontroloverresources Tribes,likereligions,havenofixedboundaries;mixingoccurseverywhere
135

SOCIETY:TRIBAL ORGANIZATION
Basictosocialorganization Integraltostatelegitimacy Substitutesforsocialroleof S b tit t f i l l f state Possessregionalidentities p Susceptibletoexternal influences Fragilealliances Functionaldifferences betweenNorthandSouth between North and South Tribalinterestshavepriority Politicalpartiesandtribal loyaltiesintersect

Tribesandreligionshavenofixedboundaries;mixingoccurseverywhere

136

MAP OF KEY TRIBAL AREAS

137

MAJOR GROUPS
TribalFederations
Hashid (largest,controlsgovernment) Bakil Zaraniq

Sayyid
DirectdescendantsofProphet Pastrulingelitenowintellectualsandprofessional (lawyers,doctors)

Qadhi
Currentpoliticalelite Current political elite Islamiclegalspecialists Wealthier

Qabili (Tribespeople) Q ( p p )
Farmers&landowners Bulkofthemilitary
138

TRIBAL STRUCTURE
NorthernYemen:moretribal,lesslikelytohavea nationalYemeniidentity SouthernYemen:moremetropolitan,lesslikelyto identifyprimarilybytribe A i Animportantdistinctionamongthetribesiswhether t t di ti ti th t ib i h th thetribeisnorthernorsouthern.Manyexistingfeuds amongthetribesaretracedtothisdifference. Ayla =Family Bayt =House Fakhdh =Clan Qabila =Tribe Bani =Sonsof
139

BANI HASHID FEDERATION

SonsofHashidtraceancestryto Hamdan (1st centurytriballeader) Largesttribalfederation 7subtribes LocatedinnorthwesternYemen PresidentAliAbdullahSalih and hisbrothersbelongtotheHashid federation Influencepermeatesthe government

140

BANI SURAYM SUBTRIBES

PartofHashid Federation
Maintainveryclose relationstoKharif and alUsaymattribes y Has9sectionsor subtribes,whichact independentlyofeach independently of each other

Shia

141

BAKIL FEDERATION
PartoftheHamdan Tribalconfederation
DatesbacktothefirstmillenniumBCE

BrotherswithBani Hashid
Shareanancientcommonancestor

Locatedprimarilyinthemountainsofthewest,northwest, andfarnorthofthecountry
18subtribes

LeaderstodayareoftheNihm tribe
TerritoriesnortheastofSanaa

142

ZURANIQ TRIBAL FEDERATION

LocatedintheTihama coastalplains OneofthemajorShafii tribes
S SunniMuslim i M li

DefeatedbyZaydi ImamYahya inlate 1920saftertwoyearsofbattle Opposed imamic rule Opposedimamic KnowninthepastasMaaziba tribe ClaimdescentfromtheAkk tribe

143

SOCIETY:CLASS STRUCTURE
Alakhdam,theservants
Of African origin: Ethiopian Somali OfAfricanorigin:Ethiopian,Somali MaybemixedwithArab,butdarkskinned RelegatedtoYemenslowestclass

Akhdam andArabmeninasouq,or marketplace,outsideofthecapital Sanaa

144

REGIONAL BREAKDOWN
145

GOVERNORATES BY REGION
Houthi North DesertNorth
Capital& Mountains GreatDesert

Red Sea Coast

Mountains South

South

146

GOVERNORATES BY REGION
The Houthi North: Sadah, Amran Red Sea Coast: Al Hudaydah, Hajjah The Capital and Mountains: Al Mahwit, Amanat Al Asimah,
Sanaa, Raymah

Mountains South of the Capital: Dhamar, Ibb, Taiz The Desert North: Al Jawf, Marib Ma rib South Beyond the Mountains: Adan, Lahij, Ad Dali, Abyan,
Al Bayda

The Great Desert: Shabwah, Hadramaut, Al Mahrah

147

THE HOUTHI NORTH: SADAH,AMRAN A

148

THE HOUTHI NORTH

TheHouthi NorthoccupiestheareaknownasNorthYemen.This termisusedtodesignatetheformerYemenArabRepublic.The mergerofthetwoYemens in1990endedtheterm sassociation merger of the two Yemens in 1990 ended the terms association withanindependentstate,butNorthYemencontinuestobe usedtorefertothisarea.Forfiveyears,fightersfromthe p powerfulHouthi clanhaveleadanarmedrebellionagainstthe g YemenigovernmentinSanaa.Dugintotunnelsandbasesinthe mountainousnorth,estimatedatbetween5,000to10,000,the rebelshavebeenwagingeffectiveguerillawarfare.TheUN establishedthealMazraq refugeecamptoassistdisplaced t bli h d th l M f t i t di l d families.Thereisverylimitednaturalfreshwaterandinadequate suppliesofpotablewater.Qat isprobablythemostvaluablecash cropgrowninthearea,butsignificantlydrawsonthearea s crop grown in the area, but significantly draws on the areas watersupplies.
149

HOUTHI NORTH SADAH

150

SADAH GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:SADAH

GeographyandClimate: BordersSaudiArabia.Oneofthemostinaccessible areasofYemen.Temperaterainysummerandcool drywinter. AmongthepoorestgovernoratesinYemen.Qat is oneofthekeycashcrops. TribalareaforHashid &Bakil; alsoalBahm,al ; , Tweiti,andalFaizi Violentconflictsince2004,killinghundredsand causing displacement Insurgency pitting Zaydi displacement.InsurgencypittingZaydi rebelsagainstthegovernment. Continuedconflictwillimpacthumanitarian situation intheregion.77,000internallydisplaced persons(IDPs).
151

Economy:

j MajorTribes:

Dangers &Concerns:

Significance

HOUTHI NORTH AMRAN

152

AMRAN GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:AMRAN

GeographyandClimate: Mountainouswithuplanddeserts.Temperate rainy summerandcooldrywinter.Areapronetoflooding. Experiencessomeofthedeepestpoverty inYemen, especiallyinthenortherngovernorate. Hashid & Bakil &Bakil Houthi rebelscontinuefighting.inhabitantsare beingdisplacedtorefugee camps.YemeniJewsand being displaced to refugee camps Yemeni Jews and YemeniMuslimsconflictovereventsonGaza. Wadi Khaiwan isaUNandRedCrescentdistribution point.
153

Economy:

MajorTribes: Major Tribes: Dangers &Concerns:

g Significance:

RED SEA COAST: AL HUDAYDAH,HAJJAH H

154

RED SEA COAST

ThewesterncoastalplainborderingtheRedSeatothewestis tropicalandhumid.Thedesertinteriorcontainsplateausand ruggedmountains.AlHudayda,animportantYemeniseaport,is rugged mountains Al Hudayda an important Yemeni seaport is locatedinthisregion.Thisisalsoapopularshippingport.The coastalplainofHajjah provinceisoneofthemostbeautifulareas inthecountry.Thebeaches,villagesofthatchedhuts,andthe y , g , handicraftproductsmakethisanimportanttouristarea.The customsbetweentheurbanandruralareasshowthediversity betweenmodernandtraditionallifestyles.Thisdiversitycanbe seenintheweeklysouqs ormarketsinthearea.AlQaedais i th kl k t i th Al Q d i suspectedtohavevariousstrongholdsintheregion.

155

RED SEA COAST AL HUDAYDAH

156

AL HUDAYDAH GOVERNORATE CAPITAL: AL HUDAYDAH :A

GeographyandClimate: BorderstheRedSea.Coastalplainistropicaland humid;mountainousinteriorishotanddryduring summer,andcoldinwinter. summer and cold in winter Exportsincludecoffee,cotton,dates,andhides.The historicalsignificanceofthecitybringsintourists. Hashid, Bakil, Bani Syrayam, & Quhrah Bakil,Bani Syrayam,&Quhrah The provinceisknownasoneofthehometomany suspectedAlQaedamembers. Al Hudaydah isthefourthlargestcityinYemen.Itis alsoinimportantport.Zabid,locatedinthecapital, isoneofthemostimportantIslamictownsinthe world.
157

Economy: MajorTribes: Major Tribes: Dangers &Concerns: Significance:

RED SEA COAST HAJJAH

158

HAJJAH GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:HAJJAH

GeographyandClimate: TropicalandhumidcoastalplainborderstheRed Sea.Mountainousinteriormaintainstemperate , y climateinthesummer,extremelycoldinthewinter. Beingoneofthemostbeautifulareasofthe country,tourismisanimportantindustry. Bani Suraym Hasid & Bakil Suraym,Hasid,&Bakil SuspectedAlQaedalinksthreatenthearea. ThetownofHajjah i h centerofthegovernance Th f H jj h isthe f h andisamongthemostfortifiedstrongholdsin Yemen.Manyfamousmountainsandfortsarein thisregion. this region.

Economy: MajorTribes: Major Tribes: Dangers &Concerns: Significance: Si ifi

159

THE CAPITAL AND MOUNTAINS: AL MAHWIT,AMANAT AL ASIMAH,SANAA,RAYMAH A S R

160

THE CAPITAL AND MOUNTAINS

ThisregionisoneofthemostbeautifulareasofYemenwithits ruggedterracedcities,mountains,andwadis.ThealMahwit provinceisoneofthemostfertileregionsinYemen.Thisareais hometoYemenscapital,Sanaa whichfeaturesaveryraremild versionofadesertclimate.Thecapitalisfilledwithmanyunique architecturalstructureswhichdrawsmillionsoftouristsfrom architectural structures which draws millions of tourists from aroundtheworld.Theareaisfilledlushmountainousregions whicharefamoustohikers.Theprovincesaroundthecapital tendtobesomeofthepoorestinYemen.Oneofthepoorest regionsinYemen,Raymah islocatedinthisregion.ManyYemeni andUNsupporteffortshavebeenlaunchedtorebuildthe infrastructuresintheseareas.ManysuspectedAlQaeda strongholdsarepurportedtobeinthisregion. strongholds are purported to be in this region
161

CAPITAL &MOUNTAINS AL MAHWIT

162

AL MAHWIT GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:AL MAHWIT

GeographyandClimate: Mountainouswithuplanddeserts.Temperate rainy summerandcooldrywinter.AlMahwit contains y manywadis andmountains. Coffeebeans,tobacco,andfruitsgrowinthisvery fertileregion. Hashid,Bakil,andBani Hashid Bakil and Bani Suraym Areapronetofloodingduetothehigh numbersof wadis intheregion. Al Mahwit isaveryappealingcityintermsofits history,location,andlandscape.

Economy:

MajorTribes: Major Tribes: Dangers &Concerns:

Significance:

163

AMANAT AL ASIMAH SANAA

164

AMANAT AL ASIMAH GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:SANAA

GeographyandClimate: Economy: Mountainouswithuplanddeserts.Temperate rainy summerandcooldrywinter. Yemenia,thenationalairline ofYemenislocatedin Sanaa.SanaaisthecapitalofYemenanditslargest cityprovidingcitizenswithanabundanceofjobs. OneofthemostpopularattractionsisSuq alMihl whereitispossibletobuyjustaboutanything. where it is possible to buy just about anything Hashid, Bakil,&Bani Suraym AlQaeda linksinSana a.UScloseditsembassy. Al Qaeda links in Sanaa US closed its embassy Sanaais oneoffourWorldHeritagesitesinYemen atestimonytoitsmosques,minarets,schools,suqs, samsarahs,palaces,hammams,andtowerhouses.
165

MajorTribes: Dangers & Concerns: &Concerns: Significance:

CAPITAL &MOUNTAINS SANAA

166

SANAA GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:SANAA

GeographyandClimate: y Economy: Mountainouswithuplanddeserts.Temperate rainy summerandcooldrywinter. Thisprovincesurrounds thecapitalandbenefits p p fromtradebetweenSanaaandotherprovinces. Hashid, Bakil,&Bani Suraym Suspected AlQaedalinks.Yemenimilitary checkpointsthroughouttheregion. TheYemeni governmentdeployedseveralhundred The Yemeni government deployed several hundred extratroopstothismountainousregionwhichis reportedtobeAlQaedasmainstrongholdinthe country.

MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Significance:

167

CAPITAL &MOUNTAINS RAYMAH

168

RAYMAH GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:RAYMAH

GeographyandClimate: y Economy: Mountainouswithuplanddeserts.Temperate rainy summerandcooldrywinter. Herdingandsomefarming. Inadequaterural g g q infrastructure.MinistryofTourismcurrently workingonaprojecttopromotethisarea. Hashid,Bakil,Zaranik,&Quhrah Inhabitants ofRaymah areamongthemost vulnerable,poorest,andmarginalizedpeoplein Yemen. Yemen Rayman AreaDevelopmentProjectassiststhe governmentindevelopingrainfed agriculture.This pp p supportsimprovementsinruralroadnetworksand safewater.
169

MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns:

Significance:

MOUNTAINS SOUTH OF THE CAPITAL: DHAMAR,IBB,TAIZ I T

170

MOUNTAINS SOUTH OF THE CAPITAL

Thehighmountainsofthisregion,reachingabove10,000ft., extractmoisturefromthehumidairblowninfromtheRedSea. ThisisYemen srainiestregion,withasmuchas39in.peryearat This is Yemens rainiest region with as much as 39 in per year at Ibb.Indeed,thisistherainiestareaoftheentireArabian Peninsula.Fertilesoilinvalleys,plainsandplateausmakethis regionanimportantforagriculture.Besideproducingfood,this g p g p g , regionalsoproducescoffee,amongYemensfinest.

171

MOUNTAINS SOUTH DHAMAR

Terraced Farms

172

DHAMAR GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:DHAMAR CITY

GeographyandClimate: Economy: E Mountains,highplains,plateaus; temperate,though central&easternregionscanbecoldinwinter Agriculture: C A i l Corn,wheat,fruitandvegetables;coffee h f i d bl ff (alfadli,amongYemensbest);livestock. Cottageindustry(weaving,metalwork).Mining: Onyx,limestone,gypsum. Onyx, limestone, gypsum. SeatoftheZaydi religioussect. Relativelycalm. Mostelevatedgovernorate (5200 10,000ft). Numerousarcheologicalsites.Highlyproductive agriculturalarea.

MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Significance:

173

MOUNTAINS SOUTH IBB

Mosque in Ibb

174

IBB GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:IBB CITY

GeographyandClimate: Economy: Mountains. Muchrain(upto39in.peryear),the rainiestareaintheArabianPeninsula. Agriculture: Wheat barley sesame and sorghum; Wheat,barley,sesameandsorghum; alsoqat.

MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Ibb governoratehasbeenthesceneofnumerous antigovernmentprotests. ThemostdenselypopulatedgovernorateinYemen outsideofSanaaCity.

Significance:

175

MOUNTAINS SOUTH TAIZ

Taiz City

176

TAIZ GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:TAIZ CITY

GeographyandClimate: Diversegeography. West:Hot,humidTihama plains alongRedSea.East:High,coolrainymountainsup , to10,000ft. Tihama region:Onlyirrigatedagriculture; cotton, sorghumandsesame. Westernescarpment: Mangoes,papayasandbananasfedbyrainfalland storedwater.Grapes(raisins)alsogrown. Mountains:Coffee,qat.

Economy:

MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Significance: TheRedSeaportofAlMokhawasamajorexporter ofYemenicoffeethroughthecenturies.Itlentits of Yemeni coffee through the centuries It lent its nametothedrink,Mocha.Taiz Cityimportant centerofcommerce&learning.
177

DESERT NORTH: AL JAWF,MARIB M

178

DESERT NORTH REGION

Hot,dryandisolated,thedesertregionsoftheformerNorth Yemenarepoorandpronetotribalrivalries.TheAlHouthi rebellioncontinuestoaffectAlJawf Governorate.Thediscovery rebellion continues to affect Al Jawf Governorate The discovery ofpetroleumunderthesandsofMarib Governoratebroughtthe moderncityofMarib intobeingin1984nearthe3000yearold ruinsoftheSabaean state,onceledbytheQueenofSheba. , y

179

DESERT NORTH AL JAWF

Houthi Rebel Checkpoint,Al Jawf Governorate

180

ALJAWF GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:ALHAZM ALJAWF

GeographyandClimate: Economy: Desert PoorneglectedcornerofYemen.Only4%ofthe population has access to electricity School hasaccesstoelectricity.School enrollmentlow,schoolsinadequate,illiteracyhigh. DividedbetweenShia (AlHouthi)andSunni (supportersofIslah politicalparty).Frequent clashes. Ongoing AlHouthi rebellion.Sunni Shia rivalries. Intertribalvengeance. I ib l

MajorTribes:

Dangers &Concerns:

Significance:

181

DESERT NORTH MARIB

SunTemple Ruins,Marib

182

MARIB GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:MARIB CITY

GeographyandClimate: Economy: MajorTribes: Dangers & Concerns: &Concerns: 2July2007:Suicidebombercrashedcarpackedwith 2 July 2007: Suicide bomber crashed car packed with explosivesintoatourists'convoyatMarib ruins killing7Spanishtourists.Yemeniofficialsblamedthe attackonalQaeda. CapitaloftheSabaean kingdom(QueenofSheba, BilqistoYemenis)c.1000BC. Numerousancient ruins.OntheoldIncenseRoute(frankincenseand myrrh). h)
183

Desert.Hotanddry. ModernMa'rib Citywasestablishedafterthe discoveryofoildepositsin1984. d f ld

Significance:

SOUTH BEYOND THE MOUNTAINS: ADAN,LAHIJ,AD DALI ABYAN,AL BAYDA L A ,A A

184

SOUTH BEYOND THE MOUNTAINS

ThisregionwasoncepartoftheDemocraticRepublicofYemen(South Yemen),andAdenwasthecapitalcity.Adenisnowthecommercialcapitalof theunifiedRepublicofYemen.Theregionisdry,muchliketherestofthe the unified Republic of Yemen. The region is dry, much like the rest of the country,andtemperaturesaregenerallyhigh.Mountainousareasdoreceive somerainfallinthesummer.Therearesomemeadowsandpasturesaswell asasmallamountofarableland,buttheremainderoflandalongthecoastis wasteland. wasteland. ThemajorityofYemenisinthisareaareSunniMuslim.Therearepocketsof tribalareasinthisregion,buttherolesoftribesarelesssignificantthanin thenorth.'Adenspecificallyhaslonglostitstribalnatureasaresultofbeing h h ' d f ll h l l b l l fb undercontroloftheBritish.Theregiondoesincludethetribalareasof Sibalhi,Haushabi,Amiri,Fadhit,Yafai,andAulaq (Awlak). ItisanareathatiscurrentlynotunderthecontroloftheYemenigovernment andthusposesasecuritythreatforthecountryandsurroundingregions.
185

SOUTH ADEN

186

ADEN PROVINCE CAPITAL:ADEN CITY

GeographyandClimate: y Economy: Coastalplain;hightemperatures;humid;littlerainfall Mainseaportofcountry;freetradezone;oil p y; ; refinery;sometourism N/A Rebelgroups;antigovernmentsentiment;AlQaeda presence allofparamountconcerngiventhe strategicpositionoftheportarea;largenumberof Somalirefugeesapotentialfactorofinstability Somali refugees a potential factor of instability Believed tobeoneoftheoldestcities/ports;several historicalsites;Adenservesasthecountryswinter capitalandastheeconomiccapital capital and as the economic capital

MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns:

Significance:

187

SOUTH LAHIJ

188

LAHIJ PROVINCE CAPITAL:LAHIJ

GeographyandClimate: y Economy: MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Significance: Semimountainous; coastalwasteland;humid;high temperatures;sparserainfall Agricultural area g Haushabi,Sibalhi tribalareas alAamas,AbdelNabi tribes Antigovernment elementsandsouthern secessioniststhreatenstability Lahij wasthecapitaloftheAbdali Sultanate, abolishedwhen'Adenbecameindependentin1967 (fromBritish)

189

SOUTH AL DALI

190

AL DALIPROVINCE CAPITAL:AL DALI

GeographyandClimate: Mountainous;somearableland;receivessome rainfall;highdiurnaltemperatureranges(difference y g p ) betweendayandnighttemperatures) Agriculture Amiri tribalarea Province currentlynotundercontrolofcentral government;recentdemonstrationsconcerning MiddleEastissueshaveresultedinsomeviolence Located onroute betweentwolargestcitiesof Yemen Sanaa and'Aden

Economy: MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns:

Significance:

191

SOUTH ABYAN

192

ABYAN PROVINCE CAPITAL:ZINJIBAR

GeographyandClimate: y Economy: MajorTribes: Dangers & Concerns: &Concerns: Coastal plain;hightemperatures;humidity;some partssemimountainous Cotton;irrigatedfarming ; g g Fadhit tribalarea Wasbaseto Aden Abyan IslamicArmy terrorist Was base to 'AdenAbyan Islamic Army terrorist group;strongAlQaedapresence;government airstrikesagainstAlQaedainDec2009;currentlynot undergovernmentcontrol HistoricallypartofFadhli Sultanate withZinjibar as itscapital

Significance:

193

SOUTH AL BAYDA

194

AL BAYDAPROVINCE CAPITAL:AL BAYDA

GeographyandClimate: Semimountainous;plateau;somearableland; somemeadowsandpastures; somerainfall;high p temperatures Agriculture Yafai andHashid &Bakil Bani Suraym tribalgroups Bani Wahab,Aal Riam,andalAbsi tribes Someareasnotundergovernmentcontrol; potentialsite ofconflictduetoitsgeographical positionbetweenNorthandSouthmovements WasoncethecapitalofSultanateofBayhan;was partofNorthYemen, butlaynearthedisputed borderwithSouthYemen border with South Yemen

Economy: MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns:

Significance:

195

THE GREAT DESERT: SHABWAH,HADRAMAUT,AL MAHRAH H A

196

THE GREAT DESERT

Thisregionischaracterizedbyitsharshdesert,hightemperatures, androughterrain.Theregiongenerallyreceiveslittletonorainfall everyyear,andthusinhabitantslivenearthefewoasesandthe coastalcities.TheEmptyQuarterDesertisvirtuallyuninhabitable, andthepopulationdensityingeneralismuchlessthanthatfound towardstheWestinSanaaandothermajorcities. ThemajorityofYemenisinthisregionareSunniMuslim.Manyof thepeopleinthisregioncontinuetopracticeatraditional,nomadic lifestyle.Tribalaffiliationisstillofsignificanceinleadingsucha lifestyle.TheeasternprovinceofalMahra isknownasthehomeof lifestyle The eastern province of al Mahra is known as the home of theoriginalsouthArabians,andmanyinhabitantsstillspeakthe ancientlanguageofMahric,aSemiticlanguagethatpredatesIslam. Thecamelwasoriginallydomesticatedinthisregion. TheregionispotentiallysubjecttogrowingAlQaedainfluenceand presence.
197

GREAT DESERT SHABWAH

198

SHABWAH GOVERNORATECAPITAL:ATAQ
GeographyandClimate: Economy: MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Foothills ofHadramaut PlateautoGulfof'Aden; 3,400fttosealevel;hothumidcoast;littlerainfall Poor;pastoral;oilproduction;cultivatedland Poor; pastoral; oil production; cultivated land 22,239ac(allirrigated) Parts ofAulaq (Awlak),Wahidi,andYafai tribal areas Institutionalized kidnapping;AlQaedapresence; governmentairstrikesagainstAlQaeda;weak g government;secessionistsentiment ; Residence ofthekingsofHadramaut

Significance:

199

GREAT DESERT HADRAMAUT

200

HADRAMAUT GOVERNORATE CAPITAL:AL MUKALLA

GeographyandClimate: Hot, dry,ariddesert(EmptyQuarter);aridcoastal plain;broadplateau;sparsenetworkofwadis ( (seasonalwatercourses);Socotraarchipelagopartof ); p g p governorate Poor;irrigatedfarming;portbusiness;rough grazing/nomadicherding Saiar,Kaaiti andpartsofalMurra andWahidi tribal areas AlSaidah tribe PossibleAlQaeda influenceandpresence;crowded cities;harshclimate Richhistory

Economy: MajorTribes:

Dangers &Concerns: Significance:

201

GREAT DESERT AL MAHRAH

202

AL MAHRAH PROVINCE CAPITAL:AL GHAYDAH

GeographyandClimate: Rough,remoteterrain;hot, dry,ariddesert(Empty Quarter);aridcoastalplain;sparsenetworkofwadis ( (seasonalwatercourses);oasesclosetocoast ); Poor; someagriculture(tobacco);rough grazing/nomadicherding;portbusiness AlKathir,AlRashid,AlKathiri,AlMurra,Awamir,and Mahrah tribalareas PossibleAlQaedainfluenceandpresence TribesofthisareaaretheoriginalsouthArabians; someinhabitantsstillspeakMahric,aSemitic g g p ; g y languagethatpredatesArabic;cameloriginally domesticatedinthisregion
203

Economy:

MajorTribes:

Dangers &Concerns: Significance:

LANGUAGE GUIDE
204

LANGUAGE GUIDE
MorethanninetenthsofYemenisspeak somedialectofArabicastheirfirst language ModernStandardArabictheliteraryand culturallanguageofthebroaderArab worldistaughtinschools. Thereareseveralmaindialects,butminor h l d l b differencesoftenoccurwithinsmaller geographicareas. geographic areas
205

Ilal amaam

shamaal

bayna

gharb

sharq

yasaar

yamiin

januub
206

HELPFUL WORDS AND PHRASES

English Hello Excuseme\ Imsorry Mynameis____________ My name is Whatisyourname? Howareyou? How are you? Goodmorning. g Goodnight. Arabic Assalaamu alaykum Afwan \ Aasif Ismii ______________ Maasmuka? Kayfa haaluka? Sabaahal khayr. Masaaal khayr. y
207

HELPFUL WORDS AND PHRASES

English Yesterday Tomorrow Yes No Please Thankyou Yourewelcome Arabic Ams Ghadan Naam Laa Minfadlik Shukran Afwan
208

HELPFUL WORDS AND PHRASES

English What? Why? Where? When? Who? How many Howmuch Correct Incorrect Goodbye. Arabic Maadhaa? Li maadhaa? Limaadhaa? Ayna? Mataa? Man? Kam adad? Kam? Sahiih Ghalat Ilalliqaa
209

NUMBERS
English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Arabic Sifr Wahid Ithnayn Thalaatha Arbaa Ab Khamsa Sitta Saba Thamaaniya Tisa Ashra
210

NUMBERS
English 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Arabic Hidaashar Ithna ashar Ithnaashar Thalattaashar Arbaattaashar Khamistaashar Sittaashar Sabattaashar Thamantaashar Tis atta ashar Tisattaashar Ishriin
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NUMBERS
English 21 22 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Arabic Waahid wa ishriin Ithnayn wa ishriin Thalaathiin Waahid wa thalaathiin Arbaiin Khamsiin Sittiin Sittii Sabiin Thamaaniin Tisiin Mia
212

SURVIVAL LANGUAGE
English DoyouspeakEnglish? Do you speak English? Slowdown Calmdown Youaresafe Doyouunderstand? Whereis_____________? Helpme Arabic Haltatakallamul Hal tatakallamul ingliiziyya Bibutin Ihda Antafii amaan. Haltafham? Ayna _______? Saaidnii
213

SURVIVAL LANGUAGE
English Doyouneedhelp? Water Food Shelter Medicine Weapons W Minefield Dangerarea Danger area Whichdirection? Arabic Haltahtaaj ila musaaada? Maa Taaam Mawan Dawaa Asliha A lih Haql alghaam Mintaqat khatar Fii ayy ittijaah?
214

COMMAND AND CONTROL

English Stop Move g Notalking Handsup Loweryourhands Lieonyourstomach Getup Comehere Arabic Qif Taharrak Laa tatakallam Irfaul aydii Ikhfidul aydii Urqud alabatnik Qum Taaala
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COMMAND AND CONTROL

English Turnaround Turn around Donotmove Stay where you are whereyouare Walkforward Oneatatime Formaline Surrender Whoisincharge? Arabic Dur Laa tataharrak Ibqa fii makaanik Imshi ilal amaam Waahid waahid Istaffuu Istaslim Manil masuul?
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CULTURAL PROVERBS,EXPRESSIONS,AND IDIOMS

Sanaaisamust,howeverlongthejourneytakes. Fromapoundoftalk,anounceofunderstanding. Aforeignershouldbewellbehaved. A foreigner should be wellbehaved Looktoyournearneighborratherthantoyourdistantbrother. Worklikeanantandyoulleatsugar. Whodiestodayissafefromtomorrowssin. Myfistisinhismouth,hisfistisinmyeye(i.e.sixofone,halfdozenoftheother). M fi t i i hi th hi fi t i i (i i f h lf d f th th ) Amonkeyinitsmotherseyeislikeagazelle(i.e.loveisblind). Ifspeechisofsilver,silenceisgolden. Youplaywithasnakeandcallitaworm. Themasterofthepeopleistheirservant. Hewhohasnojobshouldsearchforacamel. Adestroyercandefeatthousandsofearthenwaremakers. Mydaughter,aslongasyoukeepquiet,muchmoneywillbepaidforyourmarriage. TheunluckiestmanishewhoridesthelionorrulesYemen. Pitythestranger,evenifheisrich.
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IMAGE CREDITS
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Silk_Route_extant.JPG http://commons.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FederationOfSouthArabiaMap.jpg htt // iki di / iki/Fil F d ti OfS thA bi M j http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RS21037.pdf http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/Use%20of%20Force/October%202002/Parks_final.pdf http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2004/pdf/0420051.pdf http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo13470.pdf http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yemen_governorates.png https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/flags/flagtemplate_ym.html Photo PresSaleh:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ali_Abdullah_Saleh_2004.jpg PhotoVPHadi: http://www.intjudo.eu/pictures/news/108_2_4.jpg PhotoPMAliMujawwar:http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/lowRes/press/view_press.asp?post_id=2667 Rashad alAlimi daylife.com.jpg PhotoDeputyPMArhabi: http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/images/111/yemen_alarhab_sanaa_somalie200.jpg Moh.NasserAhmedyouobserver.com.jpg Numan Salih alSuhaybi daylife.com.jpg PhotoAmbassadorAlHajjiri:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1952139,00.html (photocourtesy ofYemenembassy)

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http://www.halalfocus.com/artman2/publish/MiddleEast Africa/IIF_and__Industry_is_the_Future_of_Yemen_conference.shtml
Photosource:http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=105117&d=30&m=12&y=2007 Images:YemenTimes http://www.uam.es/otroscentros/TEIM/election_watch/Yemen/Political_Parties_Yemen.htm http://ftp.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS21808.pdf

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https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/graphics/maps/large/ymmap.gif cid:image001.jpg@01CA7366.A3F5E4E0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yemen_Topography.png htt // iki di / iki/Fil Y T h http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tihama.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shaharah_bridge.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aden01_flickr.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IbbGovernorate.jpg ISO6C67L YemenOverviewandCulturelesson ISO6C67L Y O i d C lt l http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_rainfall_2002.jpg , http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_land_use_2002.jpg http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/envpdf/pap_wasess3a3yemen.pdf http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Akhdam_children_Taizz.jpg http://www.sfdyemen.org/poorMap.htm htt // fd / M ht Photo:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yemen_IMG_4157A1.jpg http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/envpdf/pap_wasess3a3yemen.pdf http://washmena.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/yemenwatercrisisthreatensswellingpopulation/ Photo:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yemeni_doctor.jpg Photo:DavidTannenbaum.AllphotoswithinthisdocumentthatbearthecopyrightofDavidTannenbaumare Ph t D id T b All h t ithi thi d t th t b th i ht f D id T b usedwithpermission. Onetimeuserightsaregranted. Thesephotosmaybedistributedwithincopiesofthis document,whetherinprint,onrecordedmedia,inwebpagesorviaInternettransmission. However,these photosmaynotbeextractedfromthisdocumentforuse,reproductionordistributionelsewhere. http://www.consang.net/index.php/Image:Globalcolorsmall.jpg

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http://nowscape.com/islam/FGMAfrica1.htm Figure%202%20%20Yemen%20Mapadelphienergy.com.jpg http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_land_use_2002.jpg htt // lib t d / / iddl t d i / l d 2002 j https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/rankorder/2173rank.html?countryCode=ym#ym https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/rankorder/2179rank.html?countryCode=ym#ym http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7739402.stm http://www.adelphienergy.com.au/projects/documents/Figure%202%20%20Yemen%20Map.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2362/2192344398_e114677517.jpg http //farm3 static flickr com/2362/2192344398 e114677517 jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ORP_Metalowiec_in_Gdynia.JPG http://www.sci.fi/~fta/mig29_012.jpg MAJFMuraisi Map:CriticalThreats,YemenConflictMap,2009 AdditionalGraphics:TRISAThreats;TRISA G2OEAThreatReport(FOUO)17NOV09 CriticalThreats,YemenConflictMap,2009 TRISA G2OEAThreatReport(FOUO)17NOV09 Global Security.Org Yemenpost.net Cartoon:AlSharq AlAwsat,8/15/09 Photo,AlJazeera.netbroadcastBehindtheNews,8/22/09 h l b d h d h / / http://www.internal displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpCountries)/7DD1A5086D64EAF0C12572DD00482DA4?OpenDocument YemenTimes,July2009

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AlJazeera.net AlSharq AlAwsat,7/22/09 AlSharq Al A Al Sh AlAwsat,7/22/09 t 7/22/09 http://www.aawsat.com/2009/07/22/images/news1.528512.jpg http://assets.nydailynews.com/img/2009/12/30/alg_umar_abdulmutallab.jpg http://www.timesonline.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00665/TTH301103aCCcopy3_665513a.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Cole_damage.jpg http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/files/2009/11/nidal.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Awlaki_1008.JPG h // iki di / iki/Fil A l ki 1008 JPG BBC AlSharq AlAwsat,7/25/09 AlSharq AlAwsat,7/25/09 AlSharq Al A Al Sh AlAwsat,7/25/09 t 7/25/09 UnitedNationsWorldFoodProgramme (WFP),Yemen:HumanitarianAssistanceforSa'ada Conflict,2009 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/22/2009_failed_states_index_interactive_map_and_rankings# Photo:http://www.acus.org/content/gulfadenmap http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayt_alFaqih_carrom.jpg htt // iki di / iki/Fil B t l F ih j DavidTannenbaum http://www.huffingtonpost.com/magdaabufadil/arabiafelix103despite_b_275569.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karak_castle_in_Jordan.JPG

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http://www.daylife.com/photo/0aVOg1C3ZX1U8 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yem5.jpg http://www.yementimes.com/01/iss03/culture.htm htt // ti /01/i 03/ lt ht PhotoDavidTannenbaum PhotoDavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family,_Dupont_Circle.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jambiya_from_Yemen.jpg htt // iki di / iki/Fil J bi f Y j http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kBgNv0jcriU/RXVnO0i1XRI/AAAAAAAAABI/KOjDlSE0Ck/s1600h/images.jpg http://www.justbynature.com/images/Fragrances/fo_Frankincense_Myrrh_200x200.jpg http://www.webmd.com/news/20080922/humblehoneykillsbacteria PhotoDavidTannenbaum PhotoDavidTannenbaum Ph t D id T b http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_BnOcsiQtRf8/SlMdkbkfLmI/AAAAAAAAKwQ/1QNTUoqO5uw/s400/yemen_execution_1 438132f.jpg AlSharq AlAwsat,7/26/09 IRIN(l),AlSharq AlAwsat (r) IRIN http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deakhat.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Qat_man.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Catha_edulis.jpg

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PhotoDavidTannenbaum MAJ FMuraisi PhotoDavidTannenbaum Ph t D id T b RaisinsDavidTannenbaum coffee:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dzezva_kafa_fildzan.jpg MAJFMuraisi Exteriorphoto DavidTannenbaum. Interior: Wikimediacommons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dhar_Al_Hajjar_window.jpg Interior Wikimedia commons http //commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Dhar Al Hajjar window jpg MAJ FMuraisi http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/45048000/jpg/_45048383_de829e939d6d49ac91a12f343bc2da2f.jpg http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg http://www lib utexas edu/maps/middle east and asia/yemen ethno 2002 jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh_2004.jpg http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg Photos ofYemenifamilies:MAJFMuraisi http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tihama.jpg http://commons wikimedia org/wiki/File:Tihama jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tihamaasir.png PhotoDavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shaharah_bridge.jpg

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Sadah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Amran.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tihama.jpg htt // iki di / iki/Fil Tih j http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Hudaydah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Hajjah.svg PhotoDavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Mahwit.svg htt // iki di / iki/Fil L ti f Al M h it http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Amanah_al%27Asmah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Sana%27a.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Raymah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IbbGovernorate.jpg h // iki di / iki/Fil IbbG j http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Dhamar.svg Photo:DavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Ibb.svg Photo:DavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Taizz.svg http://commons wikimedia org/wiki/File:Location of Taizz svg Photo:DavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bar%27an_temple_19861.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Jawf.svg Photo:Reuters.

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Marib.svg Photo:WikimediaCommons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aden_crater.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Adan.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Lahij.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Ad_Dali.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Abyan.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Bayda.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Shabwah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Hadhramaut.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Mahrah.svg Photos:MAJF.Muraisi,and WilliamGreeson http://www.defense.gov/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=11551 GulfStatesNewsletter2008www.gulfstatesnews.com

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TRADOC CULTURE CENTER TRADOCC Purpose Providemissionfocusedcultureeducationandtraining Buildandenhancecrossculturalcompetencyand regionalexpertise IncreaseeffectivenessofUSSoldiersincoalitionand jointenvironment;stability,security,andhumanitarian operations
226

InitsefforttosupportUSSoldiers,theTRADOCCulture Centeroffersthefollowingtrainingandproductsfor initialmilitarytrainingthroughtheCaptainCareer Course:

RegionSpecificTrainingSupportPackagesCoveringCountries Region Specific Training Support Packages Covering Countries in:

CENTCOM AFRICOM SOUTHCOM PACOM CoreCultureCompetencyTrainingSupportPackages

WhatisCulture&WhoAmI? InfluencesonCulture Influences on Culture CrossCultureCommunications RapportBuilding CrossCultureNegotiations THE TRADOCCULTURE CENTER IS COMMITTED TO FULFILLING THE NEEDS OF USSOLDIERS AND IS ABLE TO PROVIDE CULTURE TRAINING TAILORED TO SPECIFIC REQUESTS.
227

TRADOCCultureCenter(TCC) SierraVista,AZ

Formoreinformation: For more information: Phone:5204596600/5204595732 Fax:5204598537 https://icon.army.mil/apps/tcc/index.cfm

ToscheduleCultureTraining: https://icon.army.mil/index.cfm
228

Notes:

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Notes:

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Notes:

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