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PURPOSE
ToensurethatU.S.Armypersonnelhavearelevant, comprehensiveguidetohelpenhancecultural p g p understanding;touseincapacitybuildingandin counterterrorism,security,andstabilityoperations whiledeployedintheRepublicofYemen while deployed in the Republic of Yemen Weareexperiencingatectonicchangeinmilitary p g g y operationsbecauseofculture. MGJohnM.Custer,III
ON THIS BOOK
TheSmartBookcontainsinformationdesignedto enhancetheSoldiersknowledgeofYemen, g , includinghistory,politics,countrydataand statistics,andthemilitaryoperational environment.TheSmartBookconcludeswithan environment The Smart Book concludes with an overviewofthecultureofYemenincluding religion,identity,behavior,communicationand negotiationtechniques,anoverviewofethnic negotiation techniques an overview of ethnic groups,aregionalbreakdownoutliningeach province,alanguageguide,andculturalproverbs.
3
FOCUS
Weallmustunderstandthepeople Operateinawaythatrespectstheir O t i th t t th i cultureandreligion.
GeneralStanleyA.McChrystal Command,ISAF Command ISAF COINTrainingGuidance,10November2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
History Political PoliticalMap FlagofYemen Government ofYemen Political Structure Politics Political Parties Geopolitics CountryData Country Data LocationandBorderingCountries ComparativeArea Terrain andMajorFeatures Climate SocialStatistics Economy 9 20 21 22 24 26 29 32 36 37 38 39 40 42 44 51
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MilitaryOperationalEnvironment YemenArmedForces YemeniIntelligenceOrganizations Ungoverned Areas Threats Three Insurgencies AlHouthi Al Houthi Southern Secessionists AlQaeda ReactiontoInsurgencies Internally DisplacedPersons StateatRiskofFailure ContemporaryConcerns YemeniAmericans Kidnapping Somali Refugees 56 57 58 59 60 62 64 68 72 78 81 82 84 85 86 90
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Culture andCommunication Holidays Values, Beliefs,Behaviors,Norms ArabCultural Characteristics Islam inYemen Yemeni Beliefs Yemeni Identity Yemeni Culture Qat Culture CommunicatingwithYemenis DiningwithYemenis Meetings andNegotiations TribalOrganization MajorTribes TribesinSociety MapofKeyTribalAreas 91 92 93 95 97 100 110 114 123 126 128 132 133 134 135 137
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MajorGroups TribalStructure ClassStructure RegionalBreakdown TheHouthi North(Sadah, Amran) RedSeaCoast(AlHudaydah,Hajjah) TheCapitalandMountains(AlMahwit,Amanat AlAsimah,Sana a,Raymah) The Capital and Mountains (Al Mahwit Amanat Al Asimah Sanaa Raymah) MountainsSouthoftheCapital(Dhamar,Ibb,Taiz) TheDesertNorth(AlJawf,Marib) SouthBeyondtheMountains(Adan,Lahij,AdDali,Aryan,AlBayda) TheGreatDesert (Shabwah,Hadramaut,AlMahrah) LanguageGuide ImageCredits TRADOCCultureCenterInformation 138 139 144 145 148 154 160 170 178 184 196 204 218 226
HISTORY
9
KEY LOCATION ON THE SILK ROAD,THE ANCIENT NETWORK OF LAND AND SEA TRADE ROUTES LINKING EAST WITH WEST,AND NAMED FOR THE LUCRATIVE SILK TRADE FROM CHINA
Searoute Landroute
10
HISTORY TIMELINE
12th CenturyBCE 6th CenturyCE Dominatedby6 successivecivilizationscontrollingthespicetrade. 630 YemenbecomespartoftheMuslimrealm. 1500s OttomansabsorbpartofYemenintoempire butareexpelledinthe1600s. but are expelled in the 1600s 1839 BritishcapturePortof'AdenaspartofBritish India.ServesasmajorrefuellingportwhentheSuez Canalopensin1869. 1849 Ottomansreturntonorth,butlaterfacerevolt. 1918 Ottoman empire dissolves North Yemen gains Ottomanempiredissolves,NorthYemen gains independenceandisruledbyImamYahya.
11
12
HISTORY TIMELINE
1937 BritishCrownColonyof'Adenformed 1948 ImamYahya assassinated.Son,Ahmad, succeeds.Ahmadssonsucceedsin1962. d h d d i 1962 Armyofficers seizepower,setuptheYemen ArabRepublicinthenorth(YAR),sparkingcivilwar p ( ), p g betweenroyalistsandrepublicans. 1962 FormationofFederationofSouthArabia. Crowncolonyof'Adenincorporatedin1963.Others C l f 'Ad i t d i 1963 Oth formedtheProtectorateofSouthArabia. 1963 NationalLiberationFront(NLF)attacktoforce ( ) BritishoutofSouthArabia.FrontfortheLiberationof OccupiedSouthYemenforms(FLOSY). 13
EVOLUTION OF YEMEN
1962-1967
14
HISTORY TIMELINE
1967 Riots,skirmishesbetweenNLFandFLOSY,and attacksonBritishforceBritishfromYemen. November1967 Independence.Federationand ProtectoratesofSouthArabiaformSouthYemen (PeoplesDemocraticRepublicofYemenPDRY). Unrestcontinuesdespiteunification. 1989 Returnofmujahideen fromAfghanistan. M 22 1990 N h d S h f May22,1990 NorthandSouthformRepublicof R bli f Yemen.AliAbdullahSaleh president. May1991 Constitutionratifiedaffirmingfree y g elections,multipartypoliticalsystem,equalityunder lawandhumanrights. 15
HISTORY TIMELINE
1994 CivilWar.Relationsbetweenleaders deteriorate.Integrationfails.Armiesformonformer North Southborders.Saleh declaresstateof NorthSouth borders Saleh declares state of emergency,dismissessoutherngovernment members.Southsecedes,declaresindependence. Northernforcescontrol'Adenafterfighting3 Northern forces control 'Aden after fighting 3 months. 1999September Firstpresidentialelectionby popularvotewithcandidateschosenbylegislature. Saleh reelected. 2000 October US naval vessel USS Cole damaged in USnavalvesselUSSColedamagedin suicideattackin'Aden.Subsequentlyblamedonal 16 Qaeda.SeventeenUSpersonnelkilled.
17
HISTORY TIMELINE
2002November USPredatordronekills6in northernYemen.KillssuspectedalQaedamember andamemberoftheLackawanna,NYsleepercell. 2002October Frenchoiltankerattackednear'Aden 2004 June August Government troops battle JuneAugust Governmenttroopsbattle supportersofdissidentShia clericHusseinalHouthi inthenorth;deathestimatesrangefrom80to600+. AlHouthi kill d i l hi killedinSeptember. b 2007 JanuaryMarch Scoresareinjured/killedin clashesbetweensecurityforcesandalHouthi rebels y inthenorth.
18
HISTORY TIMELINE
2008 January Clashesbetweensecurityforcesand rebelsloyalalHouthis brother. 2008 April SouthernYemenisprotestalleged northernbiasinstatejoballocation.Onemankilled. 2008 2 attacks kill 18 total at US embassy in Sanaa 2008 2attackskill18totalatUSembassyinSana a 2009 August TheYemeniarmylaunchesoffensive againstShia rebelsinthenorthernSadah province. Tensofthousandsdisplacedbythefighting. T f h d di l d b h fi h i 2009 October ClashesbreakoutbetweenSadah rebelsandSaudisecurityforcesalongborder. y g 2009 December YemenbasedbranchofAlQaeda 19 claimsitwasbehindfailedattackonUSairliner.
POLITICAL
20
POLITICAL MAP
'Adan 'Ad 'Amran Aryan AdDali' AlBayda Al Bayda' AlHudaydah AlJawf AlMahrah AlMahwit Al Mahwit Amanat AlAsimah Dhamar Hadramaut Hajjah Ibb Lahij Ma'rib Raymah Sa'dah Sana'a Shabwah Ta'izz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
The21Governorates
21
FlagoftheRepublicofYemen
22
FLAG OF YEMEN
Red representsbloodshedinthefightfor freedom f d White symbolizeshope Black standsforthedarkpastofYemen
23
GOVERNMENT OF YEMEN
Elected El t d
President P id t
AppointedbyPresident
Vice President
Prime Minister
DeputyPrime Minister
DeputyPrime Minister
Councilof Ministers
24
President AliAbdullahSaleh
PrimeMinister AliMuhammanMujawwar
Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Planning and International Cooperation Abdulkarim Ismael Arhabi
MinisterofDefense MohammedNasserAhmad
25
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
ExecutiveAuthority FirstBranch:PresidentoftheRepublic
Presidentischiefofstate Electedbypartyindirectpopularvote PresidentialcandidatesapprovedbyHouseofRepresentatives Presidentappointsvicepresident,primeminister,anddeputyprimeministers President appoints Consultative Council (111 members) to legislature PresidentappointsConsultativeCouncil(111members)tolegislature PresidentistheSupremeCommanderofArmedForcesandHeadofNational DefenseCouncil
SecondBranch:CouncilofMinisters
PrimeMinisteristheHead,responsibletoHouseofRepresentatives Isthegovernmentwithexecutiveandadministrativeauthority PresidentappointsCouncilofMinistersonadviceofPM
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
LegislativeAuthority HouseofRepresentatives Majlis alNuwwab (lowerhouse)
301seats:Memberselectedbypopularvoteofdistrictsofequalpopulationto yp p q p p servesixyearterms Haspowerofpurse Powertovotenoconfidenceingovernment,forcenewelections Ratifiesinternationaltreatiesandconventions ConsultativeBody
27
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
JudicialAuthority Threelevels:District,Appeals,SupremeCourt
CourtsareadministeredbytheSupremeJudicialCouncil y p Judiciarypossessesunfetteredcompetence SupremeCourtishighestjudicialauthority
ConstitutionalFoundations
Islamisstatereligion Sharia isbasisforlegislations Arabicisofficiallanguage Arabic is official language Recognizesroleforpoliticalparties Recognizesprincipleofinternationallaw Statescitizensrights
28
SOCIETY:POLITICS
Yemenipoliticsareessentiallytribal Proliferationofparties
Eachwithtribalaffiliation
C Centralgovernmenthaslittlecontroloutside l h li l l id ofurbancenters
PresidentAliAbdullahSaleh
29
POLITICS:SHEIKH OF SHEIKHS
SheikhAbdullahalAhmar (died2007) HeadofHashid tribe LeaderofIslah party SpeakerofParliament Succeededbysons: Succeeded by sons: Sadeq:Hashid triballeader Hamid:LeaderinIslah Himyar:Deputyspeakerof parliament li Hussein:Memberofparliament
30
POLITICS:SHEIKH OF SHEIKHS
Succeededbysons: Sadeq:Hashid tribal Sadeq: Hashid tribal leader Hamid:LeaderinIslah Himyar:Deputy speakerofparliament Hussein:Memberof parliament,Chairman ofNationalSolidarity Council
Sadeq
Hamid
Himyar (r.)
Hussein
POLITICAL PARTIES
Logo Nameofthe PoliticalParty General People's Congress Yemeni Congregation forReform Yemeni SocialistParty S i li t P t Democratic NasseriteParty Democratic Democratic NationalFront Nasserite Reform Organization Leagueof Peopleof YemenParty Acronym Creation President Political Ideology Publications GPC 1984(RAY) AliAbdallah Saleh Mohammed Abdullahal Yadumi Yasim Said Nooman N Abdo Said Liberaltribal alMotamar,al Mithaq,22 May,7July Islamist alSahwah,al conservator Noor tribal Socialist alThawra
Islah
1990
YSP
1978(RPDY)
DNP
1995
PanArabism
alUruba
DNF DNF
1995 1995
Naser bin bin Progressive Progressive Naser alNasery reformism Abdelaziz Muqbil Dr.Hasan Bazara PanArabism
NRO
1995
alTashih
Ray
1995
Islamist
alRay,alHaqq
32
POLITICAL PARTIES
Logo Nameofthe Acronym PoliticalParty NasseritePopular NPUP UnionistParty alHaqq Party (TruthParty) SocialistArab BaathParty alHaqq Created 1965 Acronym Creation President Political Publications Ideology Sultanal Liberal AlWahdawi . Atwani qadi Ahmad Zaydi Shami Islamist AlUmma . .
1990
SAPBaath
Federationof FYPF YemeniPopular Forces NationalArab NASPBaath National Arab NASP Baath SocialistBaath Party YemeniUnionist YUC Congregation
50 Abdulwahab Pan Decade Mahmud Arabism Abdul Abd l Hamid 1997 Ibrahimal Zaydi Wazir Islamist 1996 1996
alShura
Dr.Qasim Dr Qasim Nationalis alJamahir al Jamahir, SalamSaid Ahd alArab t JaledFadel Progressiv alTayammu (Omaral e Jawi) Abdwali Ecologist Mohamed Yahya al Baher .
1992
YemeniGreen SocialistParty
YGSP
2000
.
33
POLITICAL PARTIES
Logo Nameofthe Acronym Created Acronym Creation PoliticalParty UnionistPopular UPLP 1996 AhmadAli Liberal LiberationParty Said YemeniLeague YL 1997 Awadal Islamist Batra NationalSocialist NSP 1997 Abdulaziz Arab Party Ahmadal Nationalist Baqir LiberationFront LFP 1995 AliAdullah Nationalist Party P t Sacran S DemocraticUnion ofPopularForces PopularUnity Popular Unity Party UDFP 1999 Abdelkarim Mohamadal Ashmuri 1996 1996 Radwan Muhamad Abdallah al Howani 1996 SalahalSiadi . President . . . Political Publications Ideology . . .
PUP PUP
. .
. .
. .
PDP
DSOP
1992
Ahmad Qarhash
.
34
POLITICAL COALITIONS
Logo Members GeneralPeople'sCongress Multiple Belonging To Each Party JointMeetingParties(JMP): Islah YemeniSocialistParty NasseriteUnionistParty SocialistArabBaathParty alHaqq Party(TruthParty) PublicForcesUnion Coalitionofthestrongestopposition partiescreatedin1996.Fromtime parties created in 1996 From time totimethiscoalitionfailsin coordinatingandactingasa homogeneousblocashappened duringthe1999presidentialelection whentheIslah partyhadindividually nominatedPresidentSaleh. Allofthesepartieshavenot representationintheparliamentand havenotanyseriousopposition iti i th Y i liti l positionsintheYemenipolitical arena. Till2006presidentialelectionsthe NCOPhassupporttherulingparty candidature.Howeverinthelast electionsitsupportedanofficial pp candidate. Description
NationalCouncilofOpposition Parties(NCOP) DemocraticNasseriteParty D DemocraticNationalFront ti N ti lF t NationalSocialParty LiberationFrontParty PopularUnityParty YemeniLeague DemocraticUnionofPopular p Forces
LeagueofPeopleofYemeniParty(Ray) YemeniUnionistCongregation
35
GEOPOLITICS
Somalia
Freeflowofpeople,arms p p ,
Iraq
YemenopposedUS,UN actions
GulfNeighbors
Improvingrelationsafter Yemensoppositiontoaction inIraq in Iraq
Israel Palestine
Yemenisminorplayer; followsmainstreamArab positions
36
COUNTRY DATA
37
COMPARATIVE AREA
Landarea:527,968sqkm (203850sqmi);25% largerthanCalifornia larger than California
39
Bab al Mandeb M d b
Mountain Rainfall,Ibb
Gulfof'Aden
40
CLIMATE
DuringtheSouthwestMonsoon Season,whichrunsfromJuneto S hi h f J September,thecoastalareasare hotandhumid. Increasedlikelihoodfor thunderstormswithlightrainin thevicinitynorthof'Aden,most occuraftermidnight. Extreme humidity combines with high Extremehumiditycombineswithhigh temperaturesproducingastiflinglyhotclimate. Windsblowingnorthwestinsummerand southwestinwinterbringlittlerainbutcause severesandstorms. DuringJanuaryandFebruary,however,the temperatureaveragesabout20 C(68 F). Theclimateofthehighlandsisgenerally consideredthebestinArabia. considered the best in Arabia.
42
CLIMATE
Widetemperaturevariationsa singleday
Desert&mountains Min.2C(35F);max.40C(104F)
Tworainyseasons
March&April h l July&August
Wettest:Ibb &Yarim
800 1000 8001000mm(3139in)peryear (31 39 i )
Driest:Easterndesert
<50mm(<2in)peryear Elevationisthedeterminant
43
SOCIAL STATISTICS
Demographics
Population:23.8million(est.July2009) 0 14years:46.2%(USA:20.2%) 0 14 years: 46 2% (USA: 20 2%) Medianage:16.8yrs.(USA:36.7yrs.) Pop.growthrate:3.5%(USA:0.98%) 4th highestintheworld Adultliteracy:54.1%combined SecondlowestamongArabcountries Second lowest among Arab countries Urbanpopulation:27.3% Byfar,lowestamongArabcountries MorelikesubSaharanAfricathanArabia
Economics
GDP:US$15.1billion(2005) lowestof18reportingArab 5th lowest of 18 reporting Arab countries GDPpercapita(PPP):US$930(2005) Byfar,lowestofallArabcountries Unemployment:35%;Poverty:41.8% World s37 oilproducer,40 Worlds 37th oil producer 40th exporter Oilreservesexpectedtobecomeexhausted by2017 Agriculture:Grains,coffee,qat (mild narcotic)
Analysis: Yemens population is overwhelmingly young, and is growing at an unsustainable rate. Its greatest source of i t t f income, oil, is il i about to run out. Yemen is at the brink of becoming a failed state. Yemenifamilyof8children
44
SOCIAL STATISTICS
Darkercolorsindicatedeeperpoverty.Wealthisnotevenlyshared.
45
SOCIAL STATISTICS
Water&Sanitation
Populationusingimprovedsanitation: 43% BetterthanonlySomaliaand SudanamongArabcountries Populationusingimprovedwatersources: 67% BetterthanonlySomaliaamong Better than only Somalia among Arabcountries Supplyofrenewablewater:2500million m3 Demandofwaterresources:3400million m3 Annualwaterdeficit:900millionm3 Groundwaterdecline:1to7m(3to23ft) peryear Analysis: Yemens water availability is already in crisis. The cultivation of qat (mild narcotic) drains precious water from other agriculture. Waterallotmentpercapita:125m3 Oneofthelowestintheworld g y Vanishingwaterresourceshaveonly exacerbatedrivalriesbetweentribes 92%ofallwateruseisforagriculture 17%fordomesticuses,1%forindustry Violencehasalreadyoccurredoverwater g 24August2009:Protestsin'Adenover shortagesturnedviolent Oneshotdead,threewounded
Yemeniwomancollectingwater
46
SOCIAL STATISTICS
Health
Lifeexpectancy:61.5yrs. lowestamongallArab 4th lowest among all Arab countries Healthcarespendingpercapita(PPP): US$82 2nd lowestamongArabcountries Stuntedgrowthunderage5:60% Stunted growth under age 5: 60% Infantmortality:76per1000births Under5mortality:102per1000births Together,theworstamongArab countries Analysis: Healthcare in Yemen is abysmal. Fully 10% of children dont live past age 5. Life expectancy is shockingly low. Fertility:6birthsperwoman HighestamongArabcountries,except Somalia Birthsattendedbyhealthprofessionals:27% LowestamongArabcountries,except Somalia Maternaldeath:430per100,000births y g g NearlytwicetheaverageamongArab countries
Yemenidoctortreatingachild
47
SOCIAL STATISTICS
StatusofWomen
Schoolenrollment: Male67%,Female43% Ratio1.6:1worstamongallArab countries Adultliteracy:Male73%,Female35% Bothfiguresatornearlowestof Arabcountries Ratio2.1:1byfartheworstamong Arabcountries Marriagewithinfamiliescommon 40%to49%ofallmarriagesin Yemen Femalegenitalmutilation(FGM)prevalence 23%ofallYemeniwomenaged15to 49 Involvescuttingawaytheexternalportionof Involves cutting away the external portion of thefemalegenitalia Sownclosed,butforsmallpassagefor urine,menses Believedtosuppresssexualdesire,toassure virginitybeforemarriage virginity before marriage Alsobelievedtoincreasemanssexual pleasureinmarriage Causeshorriblemedicalcomplications Analysis: Yemeni women suffer terrible discrimination by men. They are poorly educated; largely illiterate; are often forced to marry at very young ages, often to their cousins; are subjected to genital mutilation that causes horrible medical complications in adulthood. Veiled woman shopping in Sanaa
48
STATISTICS:STATUS OF WOMEN
Marriagewithinfamiliesiscommon
The preferred bride in Yemen is a female cousin, from the grooms fathers side of the family. This is common in Arab culture, as illustrated in the map, but is not unique to Arab culture.
49
STATISTICS:STATUS OF WOMEN
Femalegenitalmutilation(FGM):23%ofYemeniwomen15to49
FGM is sometimes politely called female circumcision, female circumcision but the comparison to male circumcision is misleading. FGM is more traumatic, and it causes debilitating medical complications that do not result from the removal of the foreskin in men and boys. In FGM, the external tissues of the female genitalia are removed to varying degrees, and the opening sown closed, but for a small passage for urine and menses. At marriage and childbirth undoing this childbirth, procedure frequently causes debilitating injury.
50
ECONOMY
YemenisthepoorestcountryontheArabian Peninsula. H f Hasfewresources. Worlds37th producerofoil. Oil expected to run dry by 2017 Oilexpectedtorundryby2017.
Onceprovided90%ofgovt revenue.
Yemenlookingtogasforfuturerevenue. Gasreservesalsosmall:32nd largestinworld. Otherrevenueagricultural:Coffee,grain,honey, incense,qat (mildnarcotic). incense qat (mild narcotic)
51
NATURAL RESOURCES
52
STATISTICS:OIL
Yemensoilproductiondeclining,expectedtorunoutby2017 37th producerrankisprecarious,notamajorplayer Oilpricesdeclined2008 2009
Hadprovided90%ofexportearnings,nowindecline
12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 , , 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0
OilProductionBBL/Day
Yemen
500,000 450,000 400,000 400 000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 150 000 100,000 50,000 0
OilProductionbyYear
Croat tia
Cha ad
Coted'Ivoire
Kyrgyzsta an
Russ sia
Alger ria
Ecuador
Alban nia
54
STATISTICS:GAS
Oilpricesdeclined2008 2009
Hadprovided90%ofexportearnings
Yemenhasyettoproducenaturalgas
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
GasReservesTrillionsofcu.m
Yemen
Trinidadand
Japan
Kyrgyzstan
Romania
China
Vietnam
Russia
YemenisnotamemberofOPEC
55
CentralSecurityOrganization
PartoftheMinistryofInterior f h i i f i Maintainsaparamilitaryforce Alsohasitsowndetentionfacilities Servesascounterterrorismunit
CriminalInvestigativeDept.
AlsoattachedtotheMinistryofInterior, Conductsmostcriminalinvestigationsand arrests 13,000strong
58
UNGOVERNED AREAS
Al-Qaeda exploits instability resulting from governments inability to exercise control over Houthi and Southern insurgency areas. These are both sectarian 59 conflicts unrelated to tribal issues.
THREATS
60
MULTIPLE THREATS
Saudi Arabia Military Weapons, Training, Financing Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Al-Houthi rebels
Al-Qaeda
Supporting Ideology
IDPs
Yemen Military
IDPs UNCLASSIFIED REL NATO, GCTF, ISAF, MCFI, ABCA//For Official Use Only U.S.
Southern Secessionists
Southern Secessionists
IRGC utilizes
Refugees
THREE INSURGENCIES
ThegovernmentinSanaafacesthree separateinsurgencies: TheAlHouthiZaidi (5er)Shiiteseparatist movementinthenorth TheSouthernMovementseparatistsin theSouth AlQaeda,blendingwithandsupportingthe southerninsurgency
62
INSURGENCIES:
Al-Qaeda: Location: Large and very fluid presence throughout the country Structure: Operates in small cells ll Current tactics: bombing government structures, kidnapping and murder of foreign nationals Endstate: create an Islamic Caliphate and disrupt US interests Houthis: Location: Northern Yemen Structure: operate in small units with decentralized command and control (supported by Iran) Current tactics: Cross border squad/PLT sized Current attacks, ambushes, anti-tank traps (IEDS, explosive pits) Endstate: Seize power from Yemeni government or gain more autonomy Southern Secessionists: Location: Most likely center of gravity is 'Aden. Structure: Unknown; supported publicly by Al-Qaeda Al Qaeda Current tactics: protests and demonstrations (that may turn violent)
63
ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY
HusseinBadr alDinAl Houthi Zaidi leaderaccusedby thegovernmentof operatingunlicensed religiouscentersand seekingtoreestablish theZaidi Imamateby the Zaidi Imamate by force. Killedinaclashwith governmentforcesin f i 2004
64
ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY
AbdulMalik AlHouthi Leader of Shiite LeaderofShiite Separatistswhoarein armedconflictwith governmentforcesinthe north Centered in Sadah, the CenteredinSa dah,the insurgentshaverecently takencontrolofterritory ontheSaudiborder on the Saudi border
65
ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY
Yahya al-Houthi Exiled Member f Parliament and E il d M b of P li t d brother of Houthi field commander Abdel-Malik AlHouthi
Cartoon from Al-Sharq Al-Awsat showing Iranian Shiite figure beating Al-Yemen with The Houthis, reflecting official suspicions of Iranian backing for the movement 66
ALHOUTHI INSURGENCY
InternallyDisplaced People(IDPs): TheYemenigovernment estimatesthatthe estimates that the conflictwiththeHouthis hasresultedinthe displacementof130,000 displacement of 130 000 people.
67
SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
Severaltownsinthesouth havewitnessedprotest marchesorganizedbythe h i d b th separatistSouthern Movement(,) shownhereflyingtheflagof shown here flying the flag of theformerPeoples DemocraticRepublicof (South)Yemenwhile (South) Yemen while repeatingtheirdemandfor theseveringofthetiesof unitybetweennorthand unity between north and south.July2009
68
SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
YemenInstabilityafterFirstGulfWar: Expulsionof850,000YemeniworkersfromSaudi Arabiaaddedtoeconomicwoes FearofIslamicmilitancyledgovernmentto postponeelections postpone elections Southernprovinces,onceruledbyaMarxistleaning government,wereunhappywithperceived Northerndominationofeconomicandpolitical N h d i i f i d li i l affairs
69
SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
AliSalim AlBaydh Aleaderinthesecessionist SouthernMovement Southern Movement recentlyadoptedalBaydhs callforanindependent SouthYemen,declaringAl South Yemen declaring Al Baydh tobethelegitimate Presidentsince1994,when heannouncedthebreaking he announced the breaking oftieswiththeNorth.
70
SOUTHERN INSURGENCY
Followinghispartyspoorshowing,VicePresident andformerSouthYemenleaderAliSalim alBaydh withdrewto'Aden,boycottinggovernment withdrew to 'Aden boycotting government operations. Whenopenhostilitiesbrokeoutin1994,he declaredtheindependenceoftheSouthasthe DemocraticRepublicofYemen,whichlastedfrom MaytoJuly. May to July. HefledtoOmanafterhissecessionistmovement wasdefeatedbynorthernforces.
71
ALQAEDA INSURGENCY
Inthe1980sYemenwasone oftheprincipalcountries sendingmujahidinto sending mujahidin to Afghanistantofightthe Soviets.Whensomeofthem returnedtoYemenbeginning inthe1990s,therulingparty usedthemtoquashtherevolt oftheMarxistseparatistsin thesouthin1994.Someeven foughtagainsttheHouthi Shiiterebellioninthenorth. Unabletofindemployment, manyhavenowturnedto h t dt armedinsurgentactivityinthe serviceofvariousgroups.
72
ALQAEDA INSURGENCY
AlQaedaoperativesin Yemenhavetaken advantageofpoverty, extremistreligiousrhetoric torecruityouthtofightfor obscuregoalsinacountry whichistryingtodealwith southernseparatists,a northerninsurgency,and fallingoilrevenues.
73
ALQAEDA INSURGENCY
AlQaedaleadershideamong theresidentsandnthe mountains;theyaremostlyin t i th tl i their30sanduse4wheeldrive vehicles,laptopcomputers,and cell phones cellphones. Theyhaverecruitedandarmed groupsofyouthswhohavefled homes,schools,andtribesfor JihadforthesakeofAllah.
Acheckpointnear'Aden
74
ALQAEDA PRESENCE
AlQaedaworkscloselywithSomaliasal Shabab Islamic extremist militia Islamicextremistmilitia AnwaralAwlaki,anAmericanbornImam livinginYemen,suspectedAlQaedarecruiter Sermonsattendedbythree911bombers LinkedtotheUSSColeattackers MAJNidal Malik Hasan FtHood Shootings Exchangedemail ChristmasUnderwearBomber Mighthaveattendedsermons
UnderwearBomber Umar FaroukAbdumutallab
75
ALQAEDA PRESENCE
AlQaedarecruitingthedisenfranchised ActivelyrecruitsSomalirefugeesinYementhroughSalafist (Wahhabiinluenced) schools,whichteachapuritanicalbrandofIslam schools which teach a puritanical brand of Islam HungryandunemployedYemenisandrefugeesareofferedfreefoodandeducationfor joiningtheantiAmericanschools
MAJHasan
76
REACTION TO INSURGENCIES
Taxiwindowdisplaying picturesoftwosoldierskilled i t ft ldi kill d infightingwithShiite insurgentsinthenorthern t i Th i th mountains.Theowneristhe fatherofoneofthesoldiers, andwhencustomersaskifhis sonwaskilledinthenorthor son was killed in the north or thesouth,thefatheranswers, HediedforYemen.
78
REACTION TO INSURGENCIES
NotoTerrorism,isa commonrefrainofgraffiti artistsinYemen,manyof whomholdtheShiite insurgents,southern separatists,andtheMuslim Brotherhoodresponsible fortheunrestwhich, Threatenstheunityofthe f county.
79
REACTION TO INSURGENCIES
AhmadBamjabur,thePoetof YemeniUnity,travels throughoutthecountryonfoot, h h h f composingandrecitingpoetry extollingthevirtuesofaunited Yemen.Heisjoinedbycitizens Yemen He is joined by citizens groupssuchastheSonsofthe MartyrsofUnity,whohave pledgedtobethefrontlineof defenseagainsttherabbleof darknesswholiveonlyforthe scentofblood.
80
Yemen:
8.8 7.9 7.7 7.4 8.9 8.2 8.3 8.5 7.7 8.4 9
Yemen
82
83
CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS
84
YEMENI AMERICANS
40,000to80,000AmericancitizenslivinginYemen
Evacuationduringcivildisturbancesvirtually impossible
ManyYemeniAmericanmenhavemultiplewivesin Yemen
IllegalintheUS
KIDNAPPING
Yemenihospitalityhastraditionallyextended toincludecaptivesheldforransom to include captives held for ransom
Tribeskidnappedforeignersasmeanstoraise grievancestothegovernment
InvolvementofAlQaedaandother extremistshasledtoviolenceanddeath
15June2009,TwokidnappedGermannurses andaSouthKoreanteacherfounddeadand mutilatedinAlQaedaarea
86
ALQAEDA KIDNAPPINGS
AbductionsbyalQaedahaveendedwith hostages deaths hostages'deaths In2008,thegroupcarriedoutastringof attacks,includingabrazenassaultontheU.S. EmbassyinSana'ainbroaddaylightin September,aswellastwoattacksagainst SouthKoreansinMarch South Koreans in March January2009,militantsannouncedthe creationofAlQaedaintheArabianPeninsula
MergerbetweenYemeniandSaudibranches
88
SOMALI REFUGEES
MostleavePortofBossaso inSomalia foradangerousfourdayjourneyto Yemenishoresviafishingboat. Yemeni shores via fishing boat. RefugeesaretakentoAlKharaz refugee camp100kmwestof'Aden. Thereareabout150,000registered SomalisinYemen,buttheYemeni governmentclaimstherearemorethan 800,000,includingtheunregistered. Somalirefugeeshaveplaceda tremendousstrainonYemensalready 35%unemploymentrate. 35% l t t YemenstruggleswithitsownInternally DisplacedPerson(IDP)problemofover 100,000.Mostlyduetointernalstrife andreligiousissues. and religious issues
90
CULTURE IS
Adaptivebehaviorinresponseto:
Ph i l Physicalenvironment i t Socialenvironment
Passedfromgenerationtogeneration
93
CULTURE IS:
Values:rightorwrong;important Beliefs:Truth Behaviors:patternsofaction Norms:acceptablebehaviors
94
Collectivism
Decisionsbasedongroupconsensus Groupconformityvaluedoverindividuality Maintaininghonorofextendedfamilypriority Loyaltyistofamily,thenclan,thentribe
Relationshipfocused
People are more important than tasks Peoplearemoreimportantthantasks Significanttimemustbespentonpersonalrelationships beforebusinesscanbegin
95
Pride,Honor,andShame
Indirectspeech,expecttobemisunderstoodandbeprepared toexplainsameconceptmanydifferentways Prideandhonoraretobeprotectedandshameavoidedatall costs sayingwhatisexpectedordesiredismoreimportant t i h ti t d d i di i t t thantellingthetruthtoonesface Trytofindthewinwinscenarioorprovideasafeoutfor yourcounterparttopreventdamagetohonor your counterpart to prevent damage to honor
Timeisrelative
96
ISLAM IN YEMEN
Abrahamic religionsharesrootswithJudaismandChristianity Quranholybook infallibleauthority FivePillars:Testimonyoffaith(Shahada),Prayer(Salat),Charity y ( ), y ( ), y (Zakat),PilgrimagetoMecca(Hajj),Fastingduringmonthof Ramadan(Sawm) OtherBeliefs:Faith(Iman),OnenessofGod(Tawhid),Prophets andMessengers,Angels,JudgmentDay,theBooks(Quran final; Bible,Torah corrupted),Fate,andPredestination DivisionbetweenSunniandShia inYemennotasimportantas ethnic&tribaldifferences th i & t ib l diff Pervasivepartofdailylife Prayer5timesperday,education, Fridaymosquegatherings Religious figures (imams) respected and influential Religiousfigures(imams)respectedandinfluential Zaydi Shia differfromotherShia inrejectinginfallibility, occultationofImam;morelikeSunnisinritualsandobservances7 9
99
BELIEFS:RELIGION
SunniIslam Approximately 60% of Yemeni Approximately60%ofYemeni Muslims,generallymoderatein attitudeandpractice. p ReformorIslahParty( ) joined governmentin1993;includesMuslim BrotherhoodandotherIslamistgroups, B th h d d th I l i t somewithknownconnectionstoWahhabi andAlQaedaextremists.
PresidentsMosque,Sanaa
100
BELIEFS:RELIGION
Shia Islam Zaydis (5erShiites)settledintheNorth, establishedadynastythatruledtheregion from893to1962. from 893 to 1962 Composingapproximately40%ofYemeni Muslims,theydifferfromotherShi a in Muslims, they differ from other Shia in rejectinginfallibility,occultationofImam; relativelymoderate,morelikeSunniinmost issuesofritualandobservance.
TombofZayd ibn Ali,5th Imam,Kerak Jordan
101
BELIEFS:RELIGION
Judaism YemeniJews YemenbecameJewishkingdom115BCE Yemen became Jewish kingdom 115 BCE LastYemeniJewishHimyarite king,YusufAsar Yathar (also knownasDhu Nuwas)defeatedbyEthiopianChristian EmperorKaleb in520CE Emperor Kaleb in 520 CE ManyYemeniJewsemigratedtoIsraelafterthatcountrys foundingin1948 RemainingJewishcommunityquitesmall g yq
Perhapsnomorethan400
BELIEFS:RELIGION
Christianity EarlyintroductionofEthiopianOrthodox Christianity
Brief influence 520 628 CE Briefinfluence,520 628CE
DerelictChurch,'Aden
BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
Yemenismaintainsuperstitionsalong withmainstreamreligion ith i t li i Manyinvolveanimalspirits,shape shifters,secrettreasures shifters, secret treasures Someindicatemistrust ofwomen,viewedaswitches, temptresses BeliefinIslamicdjinnsandgenies
104
BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
TheRam(AlHamal) AlHamal isasuperstitiousanimalwhichisalsocalledthegraveyardsmonster.Itisbelieved thatitdisintersburiedbodiesinthefirstweekofburial.AlHamal isinterestedinonlythose whosehoroscopeistheram.Duringthefirstweekofburialinwhichtheramisbelievedto pp , p appear,relativesofthedeadkeeponthewatch. (AlBodda) BeliefsinthissuperstitiouscreatureisspreadinTihama anditssurroundings.AlBodda isa witchthatcanchangeherappearanceintomanydifferentshapes.Recently,ithasbeensaid thatagreatnumberofthemwereburntwhenpeoplesawarenessaboutthespreadof immoralityincreased.Itismoreinterestingtoknowthatyoungpeoplewhoarenotableto immorality increased. It is more interesting to know that young people who are not able to affordmarryingexpensive,beautifulbridesgotoBoddas requestingthemtochange themselvesintotheirbelovedsandmakelovetothemonsand. (AtTahesh) Itisalionlikebeastwithasmoothbody.Itsspeediscomparedtothatofabullet.Thatiswhy nobodyhassofarbeenabletocaptureorkillit.AlHawban nobody has so far been able to capture or kill it Al Hawban Tahesh in Taiz has been most inTa iz hasbeenmost famousthroughYemenihistoryandonwhichmanystorieshavebeentoldandwritten. QuestforTreasures Inmanyvillages,especiallytheremoteones,peoplebelieveintheexistenceofburied treasures.Storiesofsuchtreasuresaretoldbyoldpeople.Peopleleavehomesformountains inquestoftreasuresbelievedtohadbeenleftbytheirgrandfathersinstoresdugintheearth. i f b li d h d b l f b h i df h i d i h h Somepeoplesucceedtofindsuchstoresbutalltheyfindisinvaluableitemsorcoal.The failuretofindtreasuresisalwaysattributedtothefactthattheydidnotslaughtersheep beforesearchingthestore. 105
BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
JinnsCourts Throwinghotsubstancesandothermaterialinbathroomsanddesertedplacesisbelievedto beharmful.Doersmaybeparalyzedorrunmadiftheyhittheinvisiblecreatures.Ifajinnishit acourtsessionisboundtobeheldsooninsidethedoersminduntiltheydecidetoforgive. g p g Duringtheperiodofholdingthosesessionsthehostismad. (Sayad) Sayad isadevilintheshapeofawomanthatoftenexistsininhabitedareas.Sheisamazingly beautifulbutwithdonkeylegs!Assoonasonediscoverstherealityaboutherlegsshe vanishes. (AlOdroot) (Al Odroot) AlOdroot isadevilthatisbelievedtoinhabithouses.Itisanoisycreaturethattendstomove housewares toolsorhidethemforsometimebutreturnthemtotheirplaceswhenhouse membershavelosthopeoffindingthem.Theysometimesmakestrangesoundsaswell. DoYouWanttoSendaLettertoYourDeadRelatives? Somepeopleclaimthattheirsoulsvisitthedeadintheirgraveswhentheyareasleep.Intheir S l l i h h i l i i h d di h i h h l I h i tours,soulsgatherinformationandmessagestobedeliveredtothosealive.Whenthose peoplewakeup,thefirstthingtheydoisdeliverthemessagesofthedeadtotheintended targets. (AlWali) TheAlwali isafaithfulMuslimmanwhomadegooddeedsandvirtuousallhislife.People seekingrecovery,penance,etc.visittheirgravestobeblessed.Whenonehasaproblemhe vowstoslaughterasheeporacowfortheAlWali,resultinginsolvinghisproblem.Butifhe doesntmeethisvows,theAlWalis spiritcomestohimatnightthreatening.Intheirpursuitof 106 recovery,blessing,etc.visitorsmayeatsoilcoveringthegraves,litcandles,etc.
BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
(AlHilteet) ItisasourArabianherbwithadisgustingsmell.Itisusedtorubtheskinofpatientsofepilepsy becauseitisbelievedtodrivethebadspiritsoutsidethesickbody. Charms(AlHirz) Charmsaresmallpiecesofpapersbearingmeaninglesswordsandsignswithsomeversesfrom Charms are small pieces of papers bearing meaningless words and signs with some verses from theHolyQuran.Thosepiecesaretiedonpatientsandhandsofchildren. EggsAreSometimesCheaptoBreak Beforethebridestepsoutofherfathershouse,eggsarebrokeninfrontofhertoprotecther fromdevilsandevilspirits.Thesameisdonewhenababyistakenoutsidethehouseforthe firsttime. first time BurningtheAloe Whenwomengivebirthtobabiestheyburnthealoeintheirroomsfromsunsetuntilthey sleep.Thisgoesonforalmostamonthsothatthenewbornbabieswouldgrowupsafelyaway fromtheevilinfluenceofdevils. ChangingNames Ifastrologerstellparentsthatthenametheyhavechosenfortheirbabydoesnotagreewith itshoroscopestheychangeit.Sometimesitistheastrologerwhochoosesthenewname. AnointingChildrensTongueswithOil p g y y y Someparentsanointtheirchildrenstongueswithoilorhoneywhentheyare2yearsorolder inordertobeeloquent. Palmistry Manypeoplepretendtobepalmists.Theyclaimthattheycanforetellthefutureofpeople 107 throughthelinesonpalms.
BELIEFS:SUPERSTITIONS
TheTar(Qatran) Thisblacksubstanceisusedtoanointpeoplesforeheadssoastobeprotectedfromevil. BeforetheYemenirevolutioninNorthYemen,whentheImamwantedtotestthementalityof hispeoplehewouldclaimthathisjinns hadrunawayandthatpeoplewhodidnotcovertheir yj foreheadswithtarwouldbeharmedbyjinns. SwimmingforRecovery AswimmingpoollocatedinsidetheAhmadben Alwan Mosqueissaidtocurealotofdiseases. SellYourFeverandMalariatoAnts! Itissaidthattherewerepeoplewhobelievedthattheycouldselltheirfeverandmalariato ants.Whenthesepeoplecaughtfeverormalaria,theyusedtogotoantnests.Theretheytie ants When these people caught fever or malaria they used to go to ant nests There they tie themselveswithathreadandsay:Wesellyouthefever,ants. Cauterizing(AlWasm) Somepatientsarecauterizedindifferentpartsoftheirbodiestobehealedspirituallyand physically.
108
MosquesinYemen
MosqueinZabid
109
YEMENI IDENTITY
FamilyFirst
Thisincludesclan&tribe Thegroupbeforetheindividual
RegionoverState
Geographicloyaltymaybetoones region(N.orS.Yemen),morethan tothestate
Yemenishaveaproudsenseof Arabidentity
ClaimtobetheoriginalArabs
Theleastsenseofloyaltyis sharedwithnonMuslims
Immediate y Family
Lackofselfatcenterreflectscollectivistoutlook
110
YEMENI IDENTITY
LOYALTY AND DECISIONMAKING
ExtendedFamily
IamBassam,sonofSalih.
MostImportant
Tribe&Clan
IamaHouthi.
Region
I come from Sadah IcomefromSa dah.
Religion
IamZaydi Shia.
Nation
IamYemeni;IamMuslim; IamArab.
LeastImportant
AMERICAN IDENTITY
SelfFirst
Amongthestrongestsensesofindividualism intheworld
ImmediateFamily
Typicallythenuclearfamily Identityasmemberofextendedfamilymay varyfromfamilytofamily
MaterialPossessions
Amongthemostmaterialisticpeopleinthe world Id tit Identityandsenseofsuccesstiedtosalary, d f ti d t l wealth,house,car,etc.
Externalizedselfesteem
Community
Town,city,state,region,religion,political party,ethnicgroup;Manyidentitiespossible party, ethnic group; Many identities possible Interestsofthecommunitysometimescome beforethoseofthecountry
Country AbstractIdeals
Democracy, environmentalism, humanism, Democracy,environmentalism,humanism, capitalism Willsometimessacrificeidealsforcountry
Self
112
Selfatcenterreflectsindividualistoutlook
AMERICAN IDENTITY
LOYALTY AND DECISIONMAKING
Self
Iam.
MostImportant
ImmediateFamily
Me,myspouseandkids.
Community
I am a Hoosier IamaHoosier.
Country
IamanAmerican.
AbstractIdeals
Iamaresponsiblecitizen.
LeastImportant
Americanidentityfavorsenlightened selfinterest Thisisthebasisfordemocraticgovernment, American identity favors enlightenedself interest. This is the basis for democratic government freemarketcapitalisteconomics,etc.Americansarenotpurelyselfish:Theywillmakedecisions intheinterestsoftheirnuclearfamilyandcommunityorcommunities,sincemultipleidentities arecommonamongAmericans.Americansareveryidealistic,butaresometimeswillingto 113 compromisetheiridealsforthesakeoftheircountry.
YEMENI CULTURE
Identityconnectedwithweaponry
Jambiya essentialtoamansattire Gunownershipcherishedsymbolof hi h i h d b l f powerandmanhood
Maledominatedsociety
Womensubordinatetomen(herfather, husband,brother,orson)
Fatalistic Superstitious
Jambiya
114
VALUES
Traditionalproducts,sourcesofpride Honey
YemeniSidr honeyconsideredamongthefinestin theworld the world Supposedmedicinalproperties
Frankincense,myrrh
ResinsoftreesthatgrowinArabia,HornofAfrica i f h i A bi H f Af i Burnedasincense;sweetaroma Producedintheregionformillennia
Musicandpoetrysourcesofpride,too
115
NORMS
Mansclothing: Longshirtoverbaggytrousers g ggy Vest coolinthehighmountains Jacket westernstyle,sometimesverylong Turban,shawl Jambiya (curveddagger) manisnakedwithoutone
Statussymbol;scabbardoftenofsilverfiligree Yemenconsumesillegalrhinoceroshorntomakehandles
Thi i Thisisexceedinglyrare;mostaremadeofwood di l t d f d
116
NORMS
Womansclothing: Lithma
Long,loosefittingdressthathidestheformofthe body,inaccordancewithIslamicrequirementsfor modesty
Niqab
Aveil,usuallyintwoparts One over the head and hair Oneovertheheadandhair Theotheracrosstheface,exposingtheeyes
SeveralregionalvariationsinYemen
Differentcolors,patterns ff l
117
NORMS:CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
23March2009:Yemencourthandsdeath sentenceinIsraelspycase py 19April2009:'AishaGhalib wassentenced todeathforthemurderofherhusband 21June2009:YemeniJewkillergetsdeath sentence 7 July 2009: Child rapist murderer executed 7July2009:Childrapist,murdererexecuted 13July2009:SixAlQaedaoperatives receivedeathsentence receive death sentence
118
NORMS:WEAPONS CULTURE
ThegovernorofSanaa Province,Nu manDawaid,is Province, Numan Dawaid, is amongYemenipublicfigures callingforYemenistoexercise restraintinresortingto weaponsinsettlingdisputes. Heblameshatefultribal fanaticismformuchofthe gunrelatedviolence,and l l considersitadutyofcity leaderstocombatthisbad tribalcharacteristic. tribal characteristic
119
NORMS:WEAPONS CULTURE
The House of Peace organization, Sana a. One sign reads, Let Sanaa reads Let knowledge and work be our weapon.
NORMS:WEAPONS CULTURE
Yemeni law gives citizens the right to own rifles, rifles machine guns, pistols, shotguns, and ammunition for their personal use, and p gun ownership has long been a cherished symbol of power and manhood. Recently, however, attitudes have begun to change.
YemeniGunDealer
121
122
QAT CULTURE
Drugofchoice:Qat
Greenshrubgrowninhighlands,requires significantwaterconsumption I Intoxicatingeffectproducedbychewinggreat i i ff d db h i quantities Mustbeconsumedwithin48hoursof harvesting Vast efficient system to harvest bring to Vast,efficientsystemtoharvest,bringto market,sell,andconsume
Bundlesofqat
AfternoonQat sessions
Qat salesbegindailyaroundnoon Mostmenandsomewomenspendafternoon chewingQat andsocializing ManyYemenihomeshaveamajlis takhziin,a roomspecificallyreservedforqatchewing sessionswithfriendsandacquaintances(each sessions with friends and acquaintances (each personbringshisownsupplyofleaves)
Manchewingqat
123
QAT FARMERS
QAT SELLERS
126
129
TRIBAL ORGANIZATION
133
SOCIETY:MAJOR TRIBES
Tribeshaveancienthistories Maylooselyorganizeintoconfederaciesofrelatedtribes Primarypurposeistoprotectmembersinterests,control territory,resistothers Havearangeofsizeandpower g p Representedbysheikhs Somearemorepowerfulthanothers Have external connections Haveexternalconnections
Othergovernments,AlQaeda Fellowtribesmenacrossborders
134
TRIBES IN SOCIETY
Primarysocialunit
Primarypurposeistoprotectmembersinterests,controlterritory,resist others
Representedbysheikhs
Tribeshaveancienthistories,tracinglineagetocommonancestor
Tribalidentityastrongculturalvalue widerangeofsizeandpower T ib Tribesubstitutesforsocialroleofstate b tit t f i l l f t t Tribalinterestshavepriority
Manytribesformlooseconfederations(Banu =sonsoforclan)
Fragile alliances Fragilealliances FunctionaldifferencesbetweenNorthandSouth
Politicalpartiesandtriballoyaltiesintersect
Yemenipoliticsareessentiallytribal Struggleforpowerandcontroloverresources Tribes,likereligions,havenofixedboundaries;mixingoccurseverywhere
135
SOCIETY:TRIBAL ORGANIZATION
Basictosocialorganization Integraltostatelegitimacy Substitutesforsocialroleof S b tit t f i l l f state Possessregionalidentities p Susceptibletoexternal influences Fragilealliances Functionaldifferences betweenNorthandSouth between North and South Tribalinterestshavepriority Politicalpartiesandtribal loyaltiesintersect
Tribesandreligionshavenofixedboundaries;mixingoccurseverywhere
136
137
MAJOR GROUPS
TribalFederations
Hashid (largest,controlsgovernment) Bakil Zaraniq
Sayyid
DirectdescendantsofProphet Pastrulingelitenowintellectualsandprofessional (lawyers,doctors)
Qadhi
Currentpoliticalelite Current political elite Islamiclegalspecialists Wealthier
Qabili (Tribespeople) Q ( p p )
Farmers&landowners Bulkofthemilitary
138
TRIBAL STRUCTURE
NorthernYemen:moretribal,lesslikelytohavea nationalYemeniidentity SouthernYemen:moremetropolitan,lesslikelyto identifyprimarilybytribe A i Animportantdistinctionamongthetribesiswhether t t di ti ti th t ib i h th thetribeisnorthernorsouthern.Manyexistingfeuds amongthetribesaretracedtothisdifference. Ayla =Family Bayt =House Fakhdh =Clan Qabila =Tribe Bani =Sonsof
139
140
Shia
141
BAKIL FEDERATION
PartoftheHamdan Tribalconfederation
DatesbacktothefirstmillenniumBCE
BrotherswithBani Hashid
Shareanancientcommonancestor
Locatedprimarilyinthemountainsofthewest,northwest, andfarnorthofthecountry
18subtribes
LeaderstodayareoftheNihm tribe
TerritoriesnortheastofSanaa
142
DefeatedbyZaydi ImamYahya inlate 1920saftertwoyearsofbattle Opposed imamic rule Opposedimamic KnowninthepastasMaaziba tribe ClaimdescentfromtheAkk tribe
143
SOCIETY:CLASS STRUCTURE
Alakhdam,theservants
Of African origin: Ethiopian Somali OfAfricanorigin:Ethiopian,Somali MaybemixedwithArab,butdarkskinned RelegatedtoYemenslowestclass
144
REGIONAL BREAKDOWN
145
GOVERNORATES BY REGION
Houthi North DesertNorth
Capital& Mountains GreatDesert
South
146
GOVERNORATES BY REGION
The Houthi North: Sadah, Amran Red Sea Coast: Al Hudaydah, Hajjah The Capital and Mountains: Al Mahwit, Amanat Al Asimah,
Sanaa, Raymah
Mountains South of the Capital: Dhamar, Ibb, Taiz The Desert North: Al Jawf, Marib Ma rib South Beyond the Mountains: Adan, Lahij, Ad Dali, Abyan,
Al Bayda
148
150
Economy:
j MajorTribes:
Dangers &Concerns:
Significance
152
Economy:
g Significance:
154
155
156
158
159
160
162
Economy:
Significance:
163
164
166
167
168
Significance:
170
171
Terraced Farms
172
173
Mosque in Ibb
174
Significance:
175
Taiz City
176
Economy:
MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Significance: TheRedSeaportofAlMokhawasamajorexporter ofYemenicoffeethroughthecenturies.Itlentits of Yemeni coffee through the centuries It lent its nametothedrink,Mocha.Taiz Cityimportant centerofcommerce&learning.
177
178
179
180
MajorTribes:
Dangers &Concerns:
Significance:
181
SunTemple Ruins,Marib
182
Significance:
184
SOUTH ADEN
186
Significance:
187
SOUTH LAHIJ
188
189
SOUTH AL DALI
190
Significance:
191
SOUTH ABYAN
192
Significance:
193
SOUTH AL BAYDA
194
Significance:
195
196
198
SHABWAH GOVERNORATECAPITAL:ATAQ
GeographyandClimate: Economy: MajorTribes: Dangers &Concerns: Foothills ofHadramaut PlateautoGulfof'Aden; 3,400fttosealevel;hothumidcoast;littlerainfall Poor;pastoral;oilproduction;cultivatedland Poor; pastoral; oil production; cultivated land 22,239ac(allirrigated) Parts ofAulaq (Awlak),Wahidi,andYafai tribal areas Institutionalized kidnapping;AlQaedapresence; governmentairstrikesagainstAlQaeda;weak g government;secessionistsentiment ; Residence ofthekingsofHadramaut
Significance:
199
200
Economy: MajorTribes:
201
202
Economy:
MajorTribes:
LANGUAGE GUIDE
204
LANGUAGE GUIDE
MorethanninetenthsofYemenisspeak somedialectofArabicastheirfirst language ModernStandardArabictheliteraryand culturallanguageofthebroaderArab worldistaughtinschools. Thereareseveralmaindialects,butminor h l d l b differencesoftenoccurwithinsmaller geographicareas. geographic areas
205
Ilal amaam
shamaal
bayna
gharb
sharq
yasaar
yamiin
januub
206
NUMBERS
English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Arabic Sifr Wahid Ithnayn Thalaatha Arbaa Ab Khamsa Sitta Saba Thamaaniya Tisa Ashra
210
NUMBERS
English 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Arabic Hidaashar Ithna ashar Ithnaashar Thalattaashar Arbaattaashar Khamistaashar Sittaashar Sabattaashar Thamantaashar Tis atta ashar Tisattaashar Ishriin
211
NUMBERS
English 21 22 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Arabic Waahid wa ishriin Ithnayn wa ishriin Thalaathiin Waahid wa thalaathiin Arbaiin Khamsiin Sittiin Sittii Sabiin Thamaaniin Tisiin Mia
212
SURVIVAL LANGUAGE
English DoyouspeakEnglish? Do you speak English? Slowdown Calmdown Youaresafe Doyouunderstand? Whereis_____________? Helpme Arabic Haltatakallamul Hal tatakallamul ingliiziyya Bibutin Ihda Antafii amaan. Haltafham? Ayna _______? Saaidnii
213
SURVIVAL LANGUAGE
English Doyouneedhelp? Water Food Shelter Medicine Weapons W Minefield Dangerarea Danger area Whichdirection? Arabic Haltahtaaj ila musaaada? Maa Taaam Mawan Dawaa Asliha A lih Haql alghaam Mintaqat khatar Fii ayy ittijaah?
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Photosource:http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=105117&d=30&m=12&y=2007 Images:YemenTimes http://www.uam.es/otroscentros/TEIM/election_watch/Yemen/Political_Parties_Yemen.htm http://ftp.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS21808.pdf
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http://nowscape.com/islam/FGMAfrica1.htm Figure%202%20%20Yemen%20Mapadelphienergy.com.jpg http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_land_use_2002.jpg htt // lib t d / / iddl t d i / l d 2002 j https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/rankorder/2173rank.html?countryCode=ym#ym https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/rankorder/2179rank.html?countryCode=ym#ym http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7739402.stm http://www.adelphienergy.com.au/projects/documents/Figure%202%20%20Yemen%20Map.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2362/2192344398_e114677517.jpg http //farm3 static flickr com/2362/2192344398 e114677517 jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ORP_Metalowiec_in_Gdynia.JPG http://www.sci.fi/~fta/mig29_012.jpg MAJFMuraisi Map:CriticalThreats,YemenConflictMap,2009 AdditionalGraphics:TRISAThreats;TRISA G2OEAThreatReport(FOUO)17NOV09 CriticalThreats,YemenConflictMap,2009 TRISA G2OEAThreatReport(FOUO)17NOV09 Global Security.Org Yemenpost.net Cartoon:AlSharq AlAwsat,8/15/09 Photo,AlJazeera.netbroadcastBehindtheNews,8/22/09 h l b d h d h / / http://www.internal displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpCountries)/7DD1A5086D64EAF0C12572DD00482DA4?OpenDocument YemenTimes,July2009
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AlJazeera.net AlSharq AlAwsat,7/22/09 AlSharq Al A Al Sh AlAwsat,7/22/09 t 7/22/09 http://www.aawsat.com/2009/07/22/images/news1.528512.jpg http://assets.nydailynews.com/img/2009/12/30/alg_umar_abdulmutallab.jpg http://www.timesonline.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00665/TTH301103aCCcopy3_665513a.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Cole_damage.jpg http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/files/2009/11/nidal.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Awlaki_1008.JPG h // iki di / iki/Fil A l ki 1008 JPG BBC AlSharq AlAwsat,7/25/09 AlSharq AlAwsat,7/25/09 AlSharq Al A Al Sh AlAwsat,7/25/09 t 7/25/09 UnitedNationsWorldFoodProgramme (WFP),Yemen:HumanitarianAssistanceforSa'ada Conflict,2009 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/22/2009_failed_states_index_interactive_map_and_rankings# Photo:http://www.acus.org/content/gulfadenmap http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayt_alFaqih_carrom.jpg htt // iki di / iki/Fil B t l F ih j DavidTannenbaum http://www.huffingtonpost.com/magdaabufadil/arabiafelix103despite_b_275569.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karak_castle_in_Jordan.JPG
77 78 79 80 81 82 90 93 94 100 101
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http://www.daylife.com/photo/0aVOg1C3ZX1U8 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yem5.jpg http://www.yementimes.com/01/iss03/culture.htm htt // ti /01/i 03/ lt ht PhotoDavidTannenbaum PhotoDavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family,_Dupont_Circle.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jambiya_from_Yemen.jpg htt // iki di / iki/Fil J bi f Y j http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kBgNv0jcriU/RXVnO0i1XRI/AAAAAAAAABI/KOjDlSE0Ck/s1600h/images.jpg http://www.justbynature.com/images/Fragrances/fo_Frankincense_Myrrh_200x200.jpg http://www.webmd.com/news/20080922/humblehoneykillsbacteria PhotoDavidTannenbaum PhotoDavidTannenbaum Ph t D id T b http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_BnOcsiQtRf8/SlMdkbkfLmI/AAAAAAAAKwQ/1QNTUoqO5uw/s400/yemen_execution_1 438132f.jpg AlSharq AlAwsat,7/26/09 IRIN(l),AlSharq AlAwsat (r) IRIN http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deakhat.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Qat_man.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Catha_edulis.jpg
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PhotoDavidTannenbaum MAJ FMuraisi PhotoDavidTannenbaum Ph t D id T b RaisinsDavidTannenbaum coffee:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dzezva_kafa_fildzan.jpg MAJFMuraisi Exteriorphoto DavidTannenbaum. Interior: Wikimediacommons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dhar_Al_Hajjar_window.jpg Interior Wikimedia commons http //commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Dhar Al Hajjar window jpg MAJ FMuraisi http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/45048000/jpg/_45048383_de829e939d6d49ac91a12f343bc2da2f.jpg http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg http://www lib utexas edu/maps/middle east and asia/yemen ethno 2002 jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh_2004.jpg http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg Photos ofYemenifamilies:MAJFMuraisi http://www.library.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/yemen_ethno_2002.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tihama.jpg http://commons wikimedia org/wiki/File:Tihama jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tihamaasir.png PhotoDavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shaharah_bridge.jpg
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Sadah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Amran.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tihama.jpg htt // iki di / iki/Fil Tih j http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Hudaydah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Hajjah.svg PhotoDavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Mahwit.svg htt // iki di / iki/Fil L ti f Al M h it http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Amanah_al%27Asmah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Sana%27a.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Raymah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IbbGovernorate.jpg h // iki di / iki/Fil IbbG j http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Dhamar.svg Photo:DavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Ibb.svg Photo:DavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Taizz.svg http://commons wikimedia org/wiki/File:Location of Taizz svg Photo:DavidTannenbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bar%27an_temple_19861.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Jawf.svg Photo:Reuters.
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Marib.svg Photo:WikimediaCommons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aden_crater.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Adan.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Lahij.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Ad_Dali.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Abyan.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Bayda.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Shabwah.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Hadhramaut.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Al_Mahrah.svg Photos:MAJF.Muraisi,and WilliamGreeson http://www.defense.gov/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=11551 GulfStatesNewsletter2008www.gulfstatesnews.com
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TRADOC CULTURE CENTER TRADOCC Purpose Providemissionfocusedcultureeducationandtraining Buildandenhancecrossculturalcompetencyand regionalexpertise IncreaseeffectivenessofUSSoldiersincoalitionand jointenvironment;stability,security,andhumanitarian operations
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TRADOCCultureCenter(TCC) SierraVista,AZ
ToscheduleCultureTraining: https://icon.army.mil/index.cfm
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Notes:
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