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2011 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed or used without the prior written permission of ZTE. Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information in this document is subjected to change without notice.
ZTE Confidential Proprietary 2011 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 1 Acquisition and Cell Search ......................................................................................... 1 Random Access ........................................................................................................... 1 Uplink Timing Control .................................................................................................. 2 Uplink Power Control ................................................................................................... 3 Technical Description ................................................................................................ 3 Acquisition and Cell Search ......................................................................................... 3 Cell Search Procedure ................................................................................................. 3 Random Access Procedure ......................................................................................... 5 Initialization .................................................................................................................. 5 Random Access Procedures ....................................................................................... 5 Uplink Timing Control .................................................................................................. 9 Initial Timing Adjustments .......................................................................................... 10 Transmission Timing Adjustments ............................................................................. 10 Maintenance of Uplink Time Alignment ..................................................................... 11 Power Allocation and Power Control ......................................................................... 11 Principle ..................................................................................................................... 11 UL Transmission Power for PUSCH .......................................................................... 12 Closed-loop Power Control for PUSCH Intra-cell ...................................................... 13 Power Control for PUSCH by ICIC ............................................................................ 14 UL Transmission Power for PUCCH ......................................................................... 14 Closed-loop Power Control for PUCCH ..................................................................... 15 UL Transmission Power for Sounding RS ................................................................. 15 Configuration of Parameters ................................................................................... 16 Acquisition and Cell Search Parameters ................................................................... 16 Acquisition and Cell Search Parameter List .............................................................. 16 Acquisition and Cell Search Parameter Configuration .............................................. 16 Random Access Parameters ..................................................................................... 16 Random Access Parameter List ................................................................................ 16 Random Access Parameter Configuration ................................................................ 17 Uplink Timing Control Parameters............................................................................. 22 Uplink Timing Control Parameter List ........................................................................ 22 Uplink Timing Control Parameter Configuration ........................................................ 22 Uplink Power Control Parameters ............................................................................. 23 Uplink Power Control Parameter List ........................................................................ 23 Uplink Power Control Parameter Configuration......................................................... 23 Glossary .................................................................................................................... 26
FIGURES
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Cell Search Procedure ................................................................................................... 4 Random Access Procedure ........................................................................................... 6 Random Access Preamble Format ................................................................................ 8
II
Figure 4 Figure 5
TABLES
Table 1 Table 2 TPC Command for Accumulation Disabled Mode ....................................................... 14 TPC Command for Accumulation Mode ...................................................................... 14
III
Introduction
This document provides a high-level description of physical layer procedures available in the ZTE LTE FDD products. The document also contains parameters, counter, alarm related to the physical layer procedures. Acronyms, terms & definitions in this document can be found in Glossary.
Overview
This chapter outlines the procedures necessary for a LTE terminal to be able to access an LTE network and transmit the data. These procedures are as follows: Acquisition and Cell Search; Random Access; Uplink Timing Control; Power Control;
2.1
The first of these steps, often simply referred to as cell search, is explained in details in Section 3.1.
2.2
Random Access
A LTE User Equipment (UE) can only be scheduled for uplink transmission when its uplink transmission timing is synchronized. The LTE Random Access Channel (RACH) plays a key role as an interface between non-synchronized UEs and the orthogonal transmission scheme of the LTE uplink radio access.
In WCDMA, the RACH is primarily used for initial network access and short message transmission. LTE likewise uses the RACH for initial network access, but in LTE the RACH cannot carry any user data, which is exclusively sent on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). Instead, the LTE RACH is used to achieve uplink time synchronization for a UE which either has not yet acquired, or has lost its uplink synchronization. Once uplink synchronization is achieved for a UE, the eNodeB can schedule orthogonal uplink transmission resources for it. Relevant scenarios in which the RACH is used are therefore: 1 A UE in RRC_CONNECTED state, but not uplink-synchronized, needs to send new uplink data or control information (e.g. an event-triggered measurement report); 2 A UE in RRC_CONNECTED state, but not uplink-synchronized, needs to receive new downlink data, and therefore to transmit corresponding ACK/NACK in the uplink; 3 A UE in RRC_CONNECTED state, handovers from its current serving cell to a target cell; 4 A transition from RRC_IDLE state to RRC_CONNECTED, for example for initial access or tracking area updates; 5 Recovering from radio link failure. One additional exceptional case is that an uplink-synchronized UE is allowed to use the RACH to send a Scheduling Request (SR) if it does not have any other uplink resource allocated in which to send the SR. These roles require the LTE RACH to be designed for low latency, as well as good detection probability at low Signal-to-Noise (SNR) (for cell edge UEs undergoing handover) in order to guarantee similar coverage to that of the PUSCH and Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). The related random access procedure and configurations are explained in Section 3.2 in details.
2.3
2.4
The uplink demodulation reference signals are always transmitted together with PUSCH or PUCCH and are then transmitted with the same power as the corresponding physical Channels. Fundamentally, uplink power control is a combination of an open-loop mechanism, implying that the terminal transmit power depends on estimations of the downlink pathloss, and a closed-loop mechanism, implying that the network can,directly control the terminal transmit power by means of explicit power control commands transmitted in the downlink.
3
3.1
3.1.1
Technical Description
Acquisition and Cell Search
Cell Search Procedure
Cell search procedures are applied in two ways in LTE: Initial synchronization: Performed when UE detects an LTE cell and decodes all the information required to register to it. This would be required, for example, when the UE is switched on, or when it has lost the connection to the serving cell. New cell identification: Performed when a UE is already connected to an LTE cell and is in the process of detecting a new neighboring cell. In this case, the UE reports to the serving cell measurement results related to the new cell, in preparation for handover. As illustrated in following Figure 1, if PCI is informed by eNodeB in measurement control message, there is no need for UE to detect PCI during handover procedure. This enables a fast handover procedure.
Figure 1
SSS Detection Radio Frame edge detection PCI detection CP length detection TDD/FDD detection
Two physical synchronization signals are utilized in the synchronization procedure, which are broadcast in each cell: the Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and the Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). Downlink time and frequency synchronization are achieved, via detection of these two signals. At the same time, the following characteristics of the network are also determined: the physical-layer cell identity PCI, the cyclic prefix length, and the frame type, that is Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) or Time Division Duplex (TDD). The cell search and synchronization procedure is summarized in Figure 1, which shows the information obtained by the UE at each stage. The PSS and SSS structure are specifically designed to facilitate this acquisition of information, and is detailed in . As illustrated in Figure 1, the UE firstly detects the PSS via non-coherent detection. After the PSS is detected, the UE knows the slot edge, 5ms edge and part of PCI, except knowing the 10ms radio frame edge, CP length and frame type. Then after the 2nd step, SSS detection, the UE knows the 10ms radio frame edge, the complete PCI, the CP length and which frame type is used in this cell, FDD or TDD. Because the frequency location of PSS and SSS are designed by 3GPP in the central six Resource Blocks (RBs), the frequency mapping of the synchronization signals is invariant independent of the system bandwidth (which can vary from 6 to 110 RBs); So the UE can synchronize to the LTE network without any priori knowledge of the allocated bandwidth, which can only be found after system information is decoded in PBCH. And because PSS in one cell is the same in every sub-frame in which it is transmitted, while the two SSS transmissions in each radio frame change in an alternated manner, the UE is facilitated to find the 10 ms radio frame boundary. Since the location of SSS sequence changes with the CP length, the CP length then can be blindly detected by coherent or non-coherent checking for the SSS at the two possible positions.
(1) (2) cell N ID = 3 N ID + N ID is uniquely defined by a A physical-layer cell identity, PCI, (1) number N ID in the range of 0 to 167, representing the physical-layer cell-identity group,
and a number N ID in the range of 0 to 2, representing the physical-layer identity within (2) (1) the physical-layer cell-identity group. N ID is determined by PSS detection and N ID is determined by SSS detection. After the detection of synchronization signals, in the case of the initial synchronization, the UE proceeds to decode the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), and then obtain the system information. In the case of new cell identification, the UE does not need to decode the PBCH; it simply makes quality-level measurements based on the reference signals transmitted from the newly-detected cell and reports these to the serving cell.
(2)
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
Figure 2
UE Message1: RA Preamble
eNodeB
3.2.2.1
In case of contention free based random access, a UE specific preamble will be configured to UE before the random access procedure, like handover preparation stage during handover procedure, then it shall definitely take this preamble to initiate the random access procedure.
8 Step 3: After the PRACH preamble is chosen, it shall be sent with dedicated power setting. The initial preamble transmission power setting shall be based on open-loop estimation with full compensation for the path-loss by UE. Because the eNodeB has to detect several simultaneous preamble transmissions in the same time-frequency PRACH resource, it is necessary that the received power of the preambles from different UE is independent of the path-loss. The averaging measurement of downlink Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is used by the UE to estimate the path-loss. ii The eNodeB may also configure an additional power offset, depending for example on the desired received Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), the measured uplink interference and noise level in the time-frequency slots allocated to RACH preambles, and possibly also on the preamble format. The detailed transmission power of PRACH preamble by UE shall be set as follows:
iii
iv
PREAMBLE _ RECEIVED _ TARGET _ POWER = preambleInitial Re ceivedT arg etPower + DELTA _ PREAMBLE + ( PREAMBLE _ TRANSMISSION _ COUNTER 1) * powerRampingStep
Where, is UE transmission power for
PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER preamble;
PreambleInitialReceivedTargetPower is eNodeB expected received power for preamble; DELTA_PREAMBLE is a power offset for different preamble format; PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER transmission times for preamble; is counter in UE to count the
PreambleRampingStep is a high layer configured power ramping up parameter for retransmission of preamble; vi One basic concept, RA_RNTI, can then be defined in this step as following equation, and will be used later during message 2 processing:
vii
RA _ RNTI = 1 + t _ id + 10 * f _ id .
viii Where, t_id is the slot number in which PRACH preamble is transmitted; f_id is the frequency resource index on which PRACH preamble is transmitted. For FDD, only one frequency resource is defined in one slot. ix To facilitate the handling of possible retransmissions of preamble, a counter, PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER, is used inside UE to count the
current transmission occasions. For the initial preamble transmission, the counter is set to 1, and if no Random Access Response (Message 2) received inside the RA Response window, the UE shall increment PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER by 1 and delay the subsequent Random Access transmission by a random back-off time, and then repeat the Random Access Message 1 procedure described above.
3.2.2.2
Figure 3
PRACH
RAR
3.2.2.3
message is set to zero. The UE shall postpone the PUSCH transmission to the next available UL sub-frame if the field is set to 1.
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For a contention-based random access procedure, UE shall include a C-RNTI MAC control element in the MAC header of the message 3, which is set to the received Temporary C-RNTI. And in RRC message body of Message 3, an UE Id shall be included, either the C-RNTI if the UE already has one (RRC_CONNECTED UEs) or the (unique) 48-bit UE identity. If more than one UE have sent the same preamble in the same RA-RNTI, a collision occurs. The colliding UEs will receive the same Temporary C-RNTI through the RAR message and will also collide in the same uplink time-frequency resources when transmitting their L2/L3 message. This may result in the fact that no colliding UE can be decoded in eNodeB because of interference, and the UEs restart the random access procedure after reaching the maximum number of HARQ retransmissions. However, if one UE is successfully decoded by eNodeB, the contention remains unresolved for the other UEs. The following downlink message 4 allows a quick resolution of this contention.
3.2.2.4
3.3
The UE shall adjust its uplink transmission timing for PUCCH/PUSCH/SRS, after a valid timing advance command is received. The timing adjustment accuracy of timing advance command is 16 Ts .
3.3.1
N TA = TA 16.
3.3.2
(TA 31)16. From the equation above, the TA value, which could be a positive or a negative amount, indicates advancing or delaying the uplink transmission timing by a given amount respectively. If UE receives a timing advance command on sub-frame N, it shall apply the corresponding adjustment of the UL timing from the beginning of sub-frame n+6, as illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4
eNB DL Tx
N+1
N+2
N+3
N+4
N+5
N+6
UE DL Rx
N+1
N+2
N+3
N+4
N+5
N+6
UE UL Tx
N+1
N+2
N+3
N+4
N+5
New UL timing
eNB UL Rx
N+2
N+3
N+4
N+5
New UL timing
At the sub-frame N when the timing adjustment take effects, the UEs uplink transmissions in sub-frame N and sub-frame N+1 may be overlapped; in this case, the whole sub-frame N shall be transmitted, without the overlapped part of sub-frame N+1.
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3.3.3
3.4
3.4.1
transmission using pre-coding for transmit diversity with 4 cell-specific antenna ports; and is equal to power -offset + PA [dB] in other cases. PB is defined as the ratio of B / A , and is a cell-specific parameter. The principle of uplink power control in LTE is quite different from WCDMA one: WCDMA is a code division and multiplexing system, which requires that the received power of different UEs with different codes in NodeB keeps nearly the same; the power control in WCDMA then aims at adjusting the received power in NodeB, which is intra-cell power control.
11
LTE deploys the OFDM technology, with which no interference between different UEs exists inside cell, if the inter-carrier-interference could be omitted. So in a single-cell environment, its better for UE to transmit UL data as higher as possible, but not necessary higher than power needed by the highest MCS. So the UL power control in LTE aims at: Inter-cell interference co-ordination or cancellation. Fit the transmitted power to the MCS and scheduled PRB.
3.4.2
Alpha
There are open-loop and closed-loop power control in PUSCH power control scheme, as illustrated in Figure 5. AMC is Adaptive Modulation and Coding module, which works for link adaptation; ICIC is inter-cell interference co-ordination module; OLPC is open-loop power control; CLPC is closed-loop power control; SINRSRS is SINR of Sounding RS measured and filtered in physical layer. Power control module receives PRB and MCS grant from AMC module, and OI indicator from ICIC module, and SINRSRS from physical layer report. And after the work of power control algorithm, PO_PUSCH is output to open-loop power control, and f(i) is output to closed-loop power control. And the initial power control parameters setting, like PO_PUSCH , Alpha, etc, are configured by RRC protocol.
12
Figure 5
PHY report
SINRSRS
AMC
PRB,MCS
Power control
OI
ICIC
OLPC
CLPC
Popusch
F(i)
Popusch, Alpha
RRC
3.4.3
PO_PUSCH ( j )
( j)
, PL,
TF (i ) and
f (i ) are
The power headroom shall be rounded to the closest value in the range [40; -23] dB with steps of 1 dB and is delivered by the physical layer to higher layers for power control and scheduling. Closed-Loop Power Control for PUSCH The
SINRSRS , which is reported from Physical Layer as the SINR on Sounding RS with
filtering and combination is checked as following equation:
some
Table 1
SINR >=
3dB TPC_COMMAND 4
SINR >=
0dB 1
Others -4
Table 2
SINR >=
1dB 1
SINR >
-1dB 0
SINR
<= -1dB -1
It should be noted that if the Power Head Room Report from UE equals 0 and TPC_COMMAND is bigger than 0, then: If accumulation mode enabled, the TPC_COMMAND equals 0; If accumulation mode disabled, TPC_COMMAND equals -1.
3.4.4
3.4.5
[dBm]
PO_NOMINAL_ PUCCH
14
h(n ) is a PUCCH format dependent value, where nCQI corresponds to the number
information bits for the channel quality information and n HARQ is the number of HARQ bits.
The power control of PUCCH is different from that of PUSCH: Power control of PUSCH is a power spectrum density (PSD) based power control, and is a fractional path-loss compensational one, with Alpha equal or lower than 1. Power control of PUCCH is a power based power control, and is a full path-loss compensational one, with Alpha equaling one.
The reason is that the power of PUSCH is dependent from number of PRB, so its PSD based; and fractional path-loss compensation factor Alpha is used to control the interference to neighboring cells. From the equation above, there are also open-loop power control (OLPC) and closedpower control (CLPC) for PUCCH. PO_PUCCH is output to OLPC, and g(i) is output to CLPC. The CLPC of PUCCH takes SINR of DMRS of PUCCH.
3.4.6
3.4.7
15
PSRS_OFFSET is a 4-bit UE specific parameter semi-statically configured by higher layers; MSRS is a adjustment for PRB number used by Sounding RS;
PO_PUSCH ( j ) ,
4
4.1
4.1.1
Configuration of Parameters
Acquisition and Cell Search Parameters
Acquisition and Cell Search Parameter List
Abbreviated name wPhyCellId Parameter name Physical Cell ID
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
Description
4.2
4.2.1
16
Abbreviated name byPrachConfig byPrachFreqOffset byCellHighSpdAtt wLogRtSeqStNum byNcs byNumRAPreambles bySizeRAGroupA byPrachPwrStep byPreambleTxMax byPreInitPwr wSelPreGrpThresh byMesPowOffsetGroB byRARspWinSize byMACContResTimer byMaxHARQMsg3Tx
Parameter name PRACH Configuration Index Initial RB Number for Random Access Preambles Cell high-speed attribute Logical root sequence start number used to generate PRACH preamble Ncs used to generate PRACH preamble Number of Non-dedicated Random Access Preambles Size of Random Access Preambles Group A Power Ramping Step for PRACH Maximum Times for Preamble Transmission Initial power for preamble of PRACH Threshold of Selecting Preamble Group Message Power Offset for Group B TTI Window Size for PRACH Response MAC Contention Resolution Timer Max Number of Message3 HARQ Transmissions
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
Description
17
4.2.2.2
4.2.2.3
Description
4.2.2.4
Description
18
4.2.2.5
Description
4.2.2.6
4.2.2.7
4.2.2.8
19
Power Ramping Setp for PRACH byPrachPwrStep If no Random Access Response is received by UE after UE transmitted Random Access Preamble, UE will increase transmit power for PRACH by Power step and retry to transmit Random Access Preamble until Preamble_Transmission_Counter is equal to Max_retransmit_number_for_prach. (0, 2, 4, 6) N/A 2
Description
4.2.2.9
Description
4.2.2.10
4.2.2.11
20
Threshold of Selecting Preamble Group (56, 144, 208, 256) N/A 144
4.2.2.12
4.2.2.13
Description
4.2.2.14
Description
21
4.2.2.15
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.2.1
Description
22
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.2.1
Description
4.4.2.2
Parameter name
P0 Nominal of PUSCH for Dynamic Schedule scheduled grant. This parameter is used to calculate the transmit power of PUSCH, and embodies the power difference among cells.
4.4.2.3
4.4.2.4
P0 Nominal of PUCCH
Parameter name Abbrevatied name Description Range and Step Unit Default Value P0 Nominal of PUCCH byPoNominalPucch This parameter indicates the cell specific nominal power for PUCCH. And it is used to calculate the transmit power for PUCCH and embodies the power difference among cells. (-127, , -96) dBm -100
4.4.2.5
24
4.4.2.6
4.4.2.7
4.4.2.8
4.4.2.9
25
4.4.2.10
4.4.2.11
Glossary
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
C CLPC CP CQI Closed Loop Power Control Cyclic Prefix Channel Quality Indicator
26
H HO Handover
27
OFDM OI OLPC
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Overload Indication Open Loop Power Control
P PBCH PCI PDSCH PRACH PRB PSD PSS PUCCH PUSCH Physical Broadcast Channel Physical Cell ID Physical Downlink Shared Channel Physical Random Access Channel Physical Resource Block Power Spectrum Density Primary Synchronization Signal Physical Uplink Control Channel Physical Uplink Shared Channel
R RA RACH RAR RB RRC RS RSRP RSRQ Random Access Random Access Channel Random Access Response Resource Block Radio Resource Control Reference Signal Reference Signal Received Power Reference Signal Received Quality
S
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Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing Access Serving Gateway System Information Block Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio Signal-to-Noise Ratio Scheduling Request Sounding Reference Signal Secondary Synchronization Signal
T TA TDD TPC Timing Advance Time Division Dulplex Transmit Power Control
U UE User Equipment
29