TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract List Of Diagrams, Graphs & Tables 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 General Introduction Theory Problem Statement Objective Page ii iii iii v

2.0

METHODOLOGY 2.1 2.2 Outlined Technique Procedure

3.0

OBSERVATION, RESULT & DISCUSSIONS 3.1 3.2 Observation & Results Discussions

4.0

CONCLUSION

5.0

REFERENCES

6.0

APPENDIX

DECLARATION
We, U6F1 hereby declare that the work in this thesis our own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged.

Soon Hao Ye Yip Chee Yang Kok De Sheng

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we would like to thank Puan Tsia for the guidance and advice throughout the project .She has help to brief us on the proper way of carrying out research during reports and helped to keep us on

track. Her willingness to motivate and advise us has really been a key factor the completion of our project. Furthermore, I would like to thank to my group members (Soon Hao Ye & Kok De Sheng) for the efforts and hard work they have put into making this research a successful one. Without help from those who are mentioned above, we would not be able to complete our project and go through various difficulties.

ABSTRACT
This report is an outcome of the form 6 physics project. The main objective of this project is to investigate heat transfer using different air window tints and air ventilation techniques. The box was shined by a 60W spotlight, and data is taken from three manipulated condition for 10 minutes. Then a few boxes are tested with different size of openings to temperature change. The result of the experiment shows that temperature inside the box without window tint and air pathways can quickly rise to a level that is not suitable for people to enter the car. Window tints show significant effects in heat reduction, while air ventilation is not so effective compared to window tints. We had repeated the planned experiments for 9 times and made amendments each time in order achieve the best results. We also did a simple experiment on comparing the light permittivity of different window tints, as to see its relationship with heat prevention.

LIST OF DIAGRAMS, GRAPHS & TABLES

Item Diagram 1.2 Diagram 2.2a Diagram2.2b Diagram 2.2c Table 3.1a Table 3.1b Table 3.1c Graph 3.1a Graph 3.1 c Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Solar control coatings or window films have been used extensively in the

automotive industry to cut the glare and the heat out. Window tint film begins its life as plastic sheeting which is treated with chemical UV blockers. These chemical prevent the sun's ultra-violet (UV) rays from getting into your vehicle. These rays are responsible for the fading of a car's interior and can even cause cracking of any plastic panels or the dashboard. The threat of UV rays can also extend to the driver and passengers of a car since UV rays are one of the leading causes of skin cancer. Tinting also cuts the amount of glare thrown up by headlights, ice and rain which helps reduce the amount of eye strain on the driver. All of these reasons are why window tinting is often informally referred to as sunglasses for your car. Most window tinting helps regulate temperature within a vehicle because it not only acts as a layer of insulation but because it is designed to deflect heat, while some tints only reduce glare, they might look dark but they do little in heat prevention. The technologies used are vastly varied, from dye, metalized to ceramics. However, the effectiveness of such films in keeping the car interior cool has not been widely tested and documented. In this report, the results of a car temperature experiment conducted using dyed, metalized and ceramic based films is discussed. The key objective is to simulate the heat filtering effect of installing those window tints compared to a car with no film under radiation from a spotlight.

1.2

THEORY

Window tinting
Window tint is a laminate of strong polyester and metalized coatings bonded by adhesives. Window film/window tint can be clear, colored, or patterned to blend with various design schemes. Solar radiation from the sun is divided into 3 components; visible light we can see, and infrared and ultraviolet rays that we can only feel. As solar radiation strikes a piece of glass, window film blocks UV rays through glass and regulates the levels of heat and light passing through the glass. The amount of heat and light rejected is all dependant on the type of window film selected. Once tinting film is applied to a window, the characteristics of how visible light comes into the car changes. Normal auto glass without tint reflects around 5% of visible light (known as VLR (Visible Light Reflection)%), absorbs another 5% (known as VLA (Visible Light Absorbance)%), and transmits 90% of visible light (known as VLT (Visible Light Transmittance)%) into the car. Depending on the type and quality of tinting film applied to a window, these percentages change dramatically. Some tints are more reflective, and others absorb more light. The number we will most commonly see is the VLT %. It also blocks harmful

cancer-causing ultra-violet (UV-A and UV-B) rays as well as infra-red (IR) rays that cause heat to build up in the car.

Air ventilation
By definition, ventilation is the process by which clean air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space and stale air is removed through convection. Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effect of conduction and fluid motion. Most of the vehicle nowadays has very efficient and reliable heating ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Air enters a large duct at the front of the car, placed so that when the car is moving the entry point is in a high-pressure area and air is forced in. Another common entry point is through grilles on top of the bonnet. Air enters the car interior through the front foot-wells and through vents on the dashboard. The vents can be adjusted to point at the faces of the front-seat occupants. Through this, hot air in the car is able to escape and cold air is able to enter, reducing the hotness inside the car.

1.3

LITERATURE REVIEW
Many papers, books and journal articles reviewed are related to the science of

heat transfer. Glass coating and window tinting is a form of protection from sun light and heat however, is barely over a hundred years old. On March 25, 1902, Irving W. Colburn patented the sheet glass drawing machine, making the mass production of glass for windows possible. Over the years with the increased use of glass as a sort of transparent wall or enclosure, for buildings, homes, and even vehicles, people began to realize that the effects of the sun on the environment were magnified, increasing the temperature, glare, and destructive U. V. Rays. (The History of Window Tinting, 2012). In the beginning, a first generation design window film product was dyed only. The dyed films are considered basic products which work on the principle of absorption. The darker the film, the better it works. As the nineties came with computers, a second generation design product included metallization of some sort, integrated with the dye. This produced a "hybrid" film containing dye to absorb heat and also metal to reject the sun's rays, and therefore heat. Today, a third generation design window film product has been made possible only through the recent development of nano-technologies, using ceramics and rare materials. Now scientists are trying to achieve a custom design "IR blocker" automotive window film, that provides all the benefits of conventional window films while reducing heat much better, yet are virtually colorless for excellent night visibility. (Prescription Windshields, 2007)

1.4

PROBLEM STATEMENT Malaysia, a paradise where we are living in, has a warm and humid climate

throughout the year. The weather can sometimes be so hot that we feel agitated when we enter our vehicles which are parked under the hot sun. To address this problem, we are given the task to investigate the contributing factors to this scenario in our 2012/13 physics project. The blazing hot sun emits harmful rays that enter the car via glasses can fade dashboards and interiors over time, causing aging and discoloration. The accumulation heat cause discomfort to us. This could be a nuisance to us when we leave goods that are not heat resistant like food, electronic devices, medicine, cosmetics and many more. There are many ways that the heat from sun can enter our car and many factors that facilitate it. The heat might come from the metal body, tires or windscreen, whereas the factors might be surface area, interior properties, window tinting and others. So what are the factors that lead to this situation? We hereby wish to identify and tackle the problem through deep research, advice from professionals, brainstorming and carrying out experiments.

1.5

OBJECTIVES

After the research has been carried out, students are hoped to achieve the following objectives: 1. General Objective: - To investigate the effect on rate of heat flow.

2. Specific Objective: -To investigate the types of window tint had effect temperature. -To investigate the effect of window tint on rate of heat flow. -To investigate the effect of air ventilation on the rate of heat flow.

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1

TECHNIQUES

Window tinting
For the investigation on window tint, precision is of utmost importance, which is why it is unsuitable to use direct sunlight for the experiment, for the intensity of light would change. We simulate the sunny weather by using 60W spotlight for thermal radiation instead. A metal box is fitted with a thermometer, and covered by a piece of glass in the opening. Light from the spotlight is shined into the box and the temperature is recorded in intervals. Different window tints are adhered on the glass to study their property of thermal radiation resistance. The experiment is done under room conditions, so heat that enters the box is completely due to radiation energy from the spotlight. A 2 x 3 cm photovoltaic (PV) cell is then connected to a galvanometer. The spotlight is directed towards the cell at a distance of 2 cm, the reading of the galvanometer is recorded. Lastly, the PV cell is covered with different tints and the readings are recorded again. This is to study the light permittivity of different window tints.

Air ventilation
This investigation requires good air flow which makes it unsuitable to be done through simulation experiments in a room. We prepare 3 identical metal boxes with dimensions 25 x 25 x 45 cm. The first is completely enclosed at the opening, the second is half closed, and the third is has a clear opening. All the boxes are fitted with a thermometer. The boxes are placed under the hot sun and their temperatures are recorded in intervals. This study allows us to study the effect of the availability for air ventilation on temperature in a car. A metal box is chosen to simulate the body a car.

2.2
Title

EXPERIMENT (I) WINDOW TINTING

: Heat transfer : To determine the level of heat prevention of different window tints. : Ceramic tint has the highest level of heat prevention. : thermometer, a piece of glass, 60W spotlight : metal box, window tints, cellophane tape, plasticine

Objective Hypothesis Apparatus Materials Procedure

1. A metal box with dimensions 14.3 x 17.2 x 22.5 cm, a round opening of radius 6 cm is fitted with a thermometer by poking a hole at the body of the box and sealing the thermometer with plasticine. 2. A piece of glass big enough to cover the opening of the box is attached at the opening and well sealed with cellophane tape. 3. A 60 W spotlight is placed at a distance of 2 cm from the box opening as in diagram 2.2 (a) 4. The initial temperature is recorded. 5. The spotlight is turned on simultaneously with the stopwatch for ten minutes. 6. The temperatures are recorded every 1 minute until. 7. Steps 4 6 are repeated with dyed tint, metalized tint and ceramic tint adhered on the glass.

Diagram 2.2 (a)

2.2
Title

EXPERIMENT (II) WINDOW TINTING

: permittivity of light : To compare to permittivity of light of different window tints. : Light permittivity is proportional to the level of heat prevention of different window tints.

Objective Hypothesis

Apparatus Materials Procedures

: galvanometer, connecting wires, photovoltaic cell, 60W spotlight : window tints

1. A 2 x 3 cm photovoltaic cell is connected to a galvanometer through connecting wires. 2. A 60 W spotlight is directed toward the cell at a distance of 2 cm as in diagram 2.2 (b).

Diagram 2.2 (b) 3. The reading obtained from the galvanometer is recorded. 4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated using dyed tint, metalized tint and ceramic tint to cover the photovoltaic cell.

2.3
Title

EXPERIMENT (III) AIR VENTILATION

: Convection of air : To determine how air ventilation affects temperature. : The enclosed box has the highest temperature. : Thermometer : 3 identical metal boxes, plastic sheets, plasticine

Objective Hypothesis Apparatus Materials Procedures

1. 3 metal boxes of dimensions 25 x 25 x 45 cm with a round opening of radius 7cm are prepared. 2. The first box is completely covered with a sheet of plastic at the opening, the second box is half covered at the opening, the third box is left with a wide opening. 3. The first and second boxes are fitted with a thermometer by poking a hole on the plastic sheet and applying plasticine to support the thermometer vertically through the plastic sheet. 4. A thermometer is stuck at the wide opening using plasticine. 5. The initial temperatures are recorded 6. The three boxes are placed under the hot sun as shown in diagram 2.2 c for 25 minutes. 7. The temperatures are recorded every 5 minutes.

Diagram 2.2 c

3.0 OBSERVATIONS RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

3.1

OBSERVATIONS

Experiment (I)

Time (s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 36 38 40 42 43 44 45 46 46 47

No tint 2 Average 36 36 38 38 40 40 41 41.5 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 46.5 47 47

1 35 36 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 45

Temperature (0.5 C) Dyed tint Metallic tint 2 Average 1 2 Average 35 35 34 34 34 36 36 35 35 35 39 38.5 36 36 36 40 40 37 37 37 41 41 38 38 38 42 42 40 40 40 43 43 40 41 40.5 44 44 41 41 41 44 44.5 42 42 42 45 45 42 42 42

1 33 34 34 35 35 36 38 38 38 38

Ceramic tint 2 Average 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38

Experiment (II)
No tint Galvanometer reading (arbitrary units) 15 5 2 10 Dyed tint Metalized tint Ceramic tint

Experiment (III)
emperature of box ( Time (s) 1 5 10 15 20 25 39 38 37 36 36 Uncovered 2 40 41 40 39 38 Average 39.5 39.5 38.5 37.5 37 1 39 40 40 39 38 Half-covered 2 40 42 42 41 40 Average 39.5 41 41 40 39 1 38 40 41 42 43 ) Fully covered 2 39 41 43 44 45 Average 38.5 40.5 42 43 44

Experiment (I)
Temperature (0.5 C)
50

45

40

35

30 No Tint Dyed Tint 25 Metallic Tint Ceramic Tint 20

15

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time (minutes)

Graph 3.1 a

Experiment (III)
Temperature of box (0.5 C)
46

44

42

40 Uncovered Half-covered Fully covered 38

36

34

32 5 10 15 20 25

Time (minutes)

Graph 3.1 c

3.2

DISCUSSIONS

Experiment (I)
We can see that the level of heat prevention increases in the order of dyed tint, metalized tint and ceramic tint. These tints are usually dark or colored. They do little for heat control. They are at best for glare reduction and privacy purpose. They are the cheapest and lowest end of the market. It reduces visible light that enter the car but does not block ultraviolet (UV) and infrared rays which account for most of the heat transfer. Metalized films use metals such as aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel and bronze. They cut off heat by blocking some UV and infrared rays, cutting off visible light at the same time, which gives them a mirror-like reflection. This makes it more effective than dyed tints. Ceramic typically use IR absorbing dye in the form of nano-particles or ceramic. The ceramic tint that we use blocks 99% of UV rays and 94% of infrared rays. This accounts for the exceptionally high performance in heat prevention.

Experiment (II)
From this experiment, we can see that that the amount of visible light that can pass through is not proportional to the level of heat prevention. Dyed tint record a lower reading than ceramic tint in the galvanometer, but according to experiment I it is the weakest of all. Ceramic permits the most visible light to enter, at the same time prevents the most heat, all thanks to nano-technology. Metalized tint reflects the most light, giving the lowest reading in the galvanometer.

Experiment (III)
When the air inside the box is exposed to sunlight, it receives thermal energy due to radiation and gains kinetic energy. The mean square speed of air molecules increases, making them slightly further apart, thus decreasing their density. Due to this phenomenon, the heated air in the box tends to rise up and escape from the box, while colder air enters the box because of higher density. The opened box experiences quicker temperature rise than the enclosed box in the first 5 minutes because hot air is able to enter the box through the opening. The enclosed box is heated up through radiation only, while the open and half open box is heated up through radiation and convection of air. The temperature of the open and half open box rises steadily and starts to fall at 15 minutes. This is the effect of air convection, removing the heat through the exchange of air between the box and the surroundings. The temperature of the enclosed box rises to the highest temperature recorded, because the hot air is trapped in the box and heat accumulates.

4.0 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
We had learnt a lot throughout the process of accomplishing this project. I am so thankful to the education ministry for giving form 6 students this opportunity to learn the proper procedure of carrying out researches. This project had thought us the spirit of perseverance, which we have to go through many trials and tribulations in order to achieve a goal.

LIMITATION
There are certain limitations in this experiment. For example, the weather is unstable, the sun might be blocked by clouds sometimes, giving inconsistent heating and inaccurate results. We are also unable to obtain the full details such as the percentage of radiation block of window tints for our experiment as those are scraps given by generous window tinting shops.

SUGGESTIONS
I can see that there is still room for reducing hotness in a car. I would suggest using windshield sun reflectors when parking a car under the sun, as the windscreen accounts for the largest area of transparency, where the most heat enters. These reflectors not only reflect away solar rays, but also provide shade for the car, and yet they are much cheaper than applying window tints. Lastly, I would suggest using solar ventilation fans in the car. They run on solar power, which makes them eco-friendly. They help to maintain air flow to reduce accumulation of hot air.

5.0

REFERENCES

How do Solar Window Tinting Films Work? (2010) Retrieved from http://www.tintplus.com.au/architectual/window_tinting_knowledge_base/how_windo w_tinting_films_work/how_window_tinting_films_work.html

Josh Baun. How does Window Tinting Work? Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4794477_window-tinting-work.html

How Window Film Works. Retrieved from http://www.vista-films.com/en/how-windowfilm-works.aspx

W.M.K Wan Yacob (2009) Analysis of ventilation and heat removing system for waja car. (1-25) Retrieved from http://umpir.ump.edu.my/1306/1/CD_4402.pdf

M.A. Jasni and F.M. Nasir (2012) Experimental Comparison Study of the Passive Methods in Reducing Car Cabin Interior Temperature. (1-5) Retrieved from http://psrcentre.org/images/extraimages/212134.pdf

Eurekalab (2011) Effect of dyed films vs. ceramic solar control films on vehicles interior temperature. Retrieved from http://www.vquestfilms.com/blog/2011/01/window-filmtemperature-test-report/