High Speed Networks Lecture 9

Uday Prakash Pethakamsetty Uday3prakash @gmail.com

ATM Addressing
Addressing required for unique identification of the individuals Process of assigning unique numerical identifiers to network entities for purpose of locating or identifying these entities Popular addressing formats:
E.164 addressto route telephony calls Internet Addressing255.255.255.255 NSAP addressing--- Based on Service Access Point
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ATM Addressing
Internet Addressing For identification & message routing ATM addressing only for establishment of virtual circuits (VPC/VCC pair)

Among Various addressing schemes, ATM end system address (AESA) is based on NSAP format NSAPNetwork service access point (NSAP) addressing, defined by ISO, based on concept of service access point (SAP). The 20 bit AESA or ATM-NSAP address is designed for use with private ATM networks , while public networks typically continue to use E.164 addresses.
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Classification of ATM Addressing

1)

Scope based addressing

Based on scope or geographical extent in which a given address is applicable
a) b) Globally Unique addressing Locally Unique addressing

2)

Utility based addressing

Based on utility (purpose) that an address serves
a) b) Locators Identifiers

3)

Layer based addressing

Based on OSI layers
a) b) Link layer addressing Network addressing

4)

Functionality based addressing

Based on the number of entities being addressed
a) b) c) d) Unicast addressing Multicast addressing Broadcast addressing Any-cast addressing

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NSAP addressing
In ATM, the generic NSAP format is of 20 octets. NSAP is divided into two parts:
Initial Domain Part (IDP)identifies a particular network addressing domain that is part of global network addressing domain.
AFI-specifies authority controlling the IDI & format of IDI. IDIIdentifies authority controlling assignment of DSP

Domain Specific Part (DSP)

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NSAP addressing

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ATM end system address (AESA) format

AESA is of four format variants.

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ATM end system address (AESA) format

The last format is Local AESA format which doesnt contain the IDI. Local AESA format is used within a private network. Such addressing are used when interconnection with other networks is not required. DCC3 bit digital fieldspecifies country to which the address is registered ICD4 digit field Identifies an authority responsible for allocation & assignment of values in DSP. E.164--- 15 digit specifies ISDN number ESI- 6 octetsIdentifies end-system For a particular IDP+HO-DSP, the ESI field is unique. Selector fieldI octet fieldnot used for routing purpose, used to identify a protocol within an end-system.
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ATM group addressing

To identify a source, instead of end-system Used for anycast service Have different AFI than that used for individual addresses.
Ex: LAN emulation configuration Server (LECS) service

ATM group is formed by one or more ATM endsystems An ATM end system can enter/leave a group anytime using ILMI registration & deregistration procedures. Group address---called party number
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Acquiring ATM address

Requires permission from appropriate organization Different AESA format are controlled by different bodies ICDcontrolled by British standards institute, on behalf of 150. DCC 3 digit field controls by ISO E.164 controlled by ITU-T Identify interfaces to ATM service provider networks. Local AESA Used for private networks No control or monitoring.
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ATM Name System

Drawbacks of any numeric addressing scheme is difficulty in handling both from users point of view (remembering address) and network administrators point of view (allocating /updating address) Similar to DNS; ATM had ATM Name Space (ANS). ANS maintains mapping between names to ATM address & vice Versa. ANS also facilitates discovering the location of services in a switched virtual circuit (SVC) environment. ANS is based on IETF DNS [RFC 1034]
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ATM architecture

Virtual paths and virtual circuits

Virtual circuits
Normally unicast, but one-way Multicasting supported Unidirectional, but a pair can be created with same ID
Effectively full-duplex

Customers can lease a VP, then allocate VCs within it (Permanent VP) Types of VCs:
Standard VC (PVC)static route Soft VCRoute can be changed in event of failure Signaled VC (SVC)Demand connection initiated by user

VC connection messages

VC set-up process

Pre-allotted VCI-VPI numbers

ATM cell format

ATM interfaces

Broadcast inter-carrier interface

Public Network-to-Network Interface Based on Broadband ISDN User-Part (B-ISUP) messages

NNI interface
Switch to switch interface protocol Two versions: Public and private (similar, more flexibility in private version) NNI includes:
Routing protocol (Link-state/OSPF) Signaling protocol for link setup/ tear-down

NNI header fields

UNI Interface

UNI header fields

PTI field codes

ATM adaptation layer

An impedance matcher between ATM and higher-level protocols with variable-length cells.

Service class & ATM adaptation layer

Service classcharacteristics of traffic offered by an application to the network Traffics Characteristic Parameters
Bit Rate (CBR or VBR) Timing Relationship. Ex: voice, ftp Nature of connection
Connection orientedlow transit delay Connection less---no end-to-end establishment delay
connection

Evolution of AALs

Cell Format

ATM classes of Services

ATM QoS

QoS Parameters
Parameter
PCR SCR MCR Peak Cell Rate Sustained Cell Rate Minimum Cell Rate

Meaning

Maximum Rate Required Average Rate Required Minimum acceptance rate (Used in ABR service) CDVT Cell delay variation tolerance Max. acceptable jitter CLR Cell Loss Ratio Fraction of cells lost or late CTD Cell Transfer Delay Delivery time (mean and max.) CDV Cell Delay Variation Measured jitter CER Cell Error Rate Fraction with one or more errors SECBR Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio Fraction of M cell blocks with N or more errored cells CMR Cell Mis-insertion Rate Fraction delivered to wrong destination BT Burst Tolerance Max. Burst that can be sent at peak rate

ATM Adaptation Layer

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
AAL AAL AAL AAL 1 2 3 / 4 5

AAL 1
Designed to support Class A traffic (Voice) Voice has good error tolerance No bit error control (CRC) needed Sequence numbers needed to ID missing cells.

AAL 1 Convergence Sub-layer

Detect lost cells Detects mis-delivered (mis-inserted) cells Smoothes incoming traffic to minimize jitter Breaks bit stream into 47 / 46-byte segments for SAR sub layer Does not add headers or trailers

AAL 1 SAR PDU (non-pointer type)

Adds sequence no. With protection (checksum) Adds parity bit (even) over header

AAL 1 SAR PDU (Pointer Type)

Pointer field gives offset to start of next message (0-92 bytes).

AAL 2
Designed to support Variable Bit Rate (BANDWIDTH ON DEMAND) Provides for partial payloads to support low-rate data with low latency Error protection over full PDU Simple flag to indicate position in message.

AAL 2 SAR PDU

AAL 3/4
Originally TWO separate AALs:
AAL 3: connection-oriented packet switched virtual circuits (X.25) AAL 4: Connectionless switched virtual circuits (IP)

Eventually combined into a single type for all data services Data support overtaken by AAL 5.

AAL 3/ 4 CS PDU

AAL 3/ 4 SAR PDU

AAL 5
Pushed by computer industry as a lower-overhead data format. IDEA: Instead of using some of the 48-byte cell payload for SAR info, steal a bit from the cell to denote end of message.

AAL 5 CS PDU

AAL 5 SAR
Simply breaks CS PDU into 48-byte chunks and passes them to ATM layer. No overhead bytes added.

Traffic Shaping

IP over ATM connection setup process

One of the applications of ATM

Multi-protocol Over ATM (MPOA)

Application of ATM LANE supports a single legacy LAN format over ATM. MPOA extends this to multiple LAN types.

ATM Service Categories

CBR : Constant Bit Rate rt-VBR : Real-time Variable Bit Rate nrt-VBR : Non Real-time Variable Bit Rate UBR : Unspecified Bit Rate ABR : Available Bit Rate

ATM Service Categories

Elastic ABR traffic VBR Trunk Bandwidth

ABR UBR

CBR
ABR

VBR

CBR Feedback from Network

Constant Bit Rate (CBR)

Emulates a copper wire or optical fiber (circuit emulation) No error checking or processing Provides reserved bandwidth with minimum cell loss or variation in delay (Jitter) Suitable for
Voice grade PCM, Real-time audio and video systems, constant bit rate videos

Real-time Variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR)

Variable bit rate Stringent real-time requirements - tight bound on delay Acceptable loss rate and jitter are specified Suitable for
Compressed real-time video (MPEG) and Audio services

Non Real-time VBR (nrt-VBR)

VBR with less stringent bound in loss rate, delay and delay variation Suitable for Multimedia Email and Frame Relay The loss rate allows for statistical multiplexing

Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)

Provides best effort delivery No guarantee on cell loss or delay variation Open loop system : no feedback about congestion UBR is designed to allow use of excess bandwidth

Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)

In case of congestion, UBR cells will be dropped
Well suited for TCP/IP packets, non real-time bursty data traffic

Available Bit Rate (ABR)

Suitable for Data Traffic Uses excess network bandwidth Data traffic is extremely bursty and it can not be carried using CBR or VBR without disturbing other connections Bandwidth requirements may vary dynamically in time and resource allocation is not an efficient solution

ABR
Based on closed loop feedback mechanism
Reports network congestion Allows end stations to reduce their transmission rate to avoid cell loss

Ideal for transmitting LAN and other bursty unpredictable date traffic over ATM networks

Traffic Descriptors
Peak Cell rate (PCR)
Maximum allowable cell rate on a circuit

Minimum Cell rate (MCR)

the minimum cell rate guaranteed by the service provider

Traffic Descriptors
Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)
the expected or required cell rate averaged over a long time interval

Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (CDVT)

variation in cell transmission time

Burst Tolerance (BT)

the limit to which a transmission can run at its Peak Cell Rate (PCR)

Quality of Service
Loss Guarantees
Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) : Lost Cell / Total Cells

Delay Guarantees
Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) Cell Delay Variation (CDV)

Rate Guarantees
On PCR, SCR, MCR, and ACR (Actual Cell Rate)

QoS for Service Classes

CBR
PCR, CTD and CDV, CLR

rt-VBR
SCR, CTD and CDV, CLR

nrt-VBR
SCR, no delay guarantee, CLR

QoS for Service Classes

ABR
MCR and ACR (Allowed Cell Rate - Dynamically Controlled) No delay guarantee, CLR (Network Specific)

UBR
No rate guarantees No delay guarantees No loss guarantees

ATM + and +
QoS Multimedia Support Hardware switching High Speed Connection-oriented (-?)

IP support LAN arena dominated by huge installed Ethernet base Ethernet growing toward MAN, WAN Connection-oriented (+?) Living up to the hype of the early 90s

Summary
User describe Traffic Descriptors for a connection User can negotiate QoS parameters from the service provider Classes of Service : CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBR, ABR, and UBR