Unit 12 Mitosis and Meiosis

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Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 19: The Transitional Metals
Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 27: Energy Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 29: Electricity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
Mitosis
Parent cell
Meiosis
Parent cell
DNA replicates
DNA mixes & replicates
Chromosomes separate
2 daughter cells
2 Daughter cells
4 daughter cells
Unit 12 Mitosis and Meiosis
Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis
Understand:
1. 2.
Keywords:
Inheritance, Genes, Chromosomes, Alleles, Mitosis, Meiosis, Sperm, Ovum, Cells, Division, Clones, Reductive, Traits, Gametes, Variation, Characteristics, Recessive, Dominant, Genetic, Crosses, Diploid & Haploid.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
That lost or damaged cells need to replaced in the human body by mitosis. That mitosis is how organisms like humans grow during pregnancy, through puberty to adult life. That meiosis in humans leads to the production of the sperm and egg cells. That during meiosis, the number of chromosomes in both the sperm and the egg cells are halved. That during meiosis, random crossing of paternal and maternal DNA takes place producing genetically unique sperm and ovum. That this random crossing during meiosis leads to variation in both the genotype and phenotype of humans. How the sex of an individual is determined by the chromosomes we inherit from our parents.
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Numbers of cells
Cells are the building blocks of all life. Unlike simple bacteria and other unicellular organisms, living organisms contain from many millions to billions of cells. Cells can have a very wide range of f___________ in the human body from skin cells, blood cells, muscle cells to nerve cells. Cells can only be viewed using a light microscope. Robert Hook was the first scientist to observe plant and animal cells using a simple light m___________ over 300 years ago. List the cell types that you have observed under a light microscope ? Numbers of cells in living organisms:
Organism Diagram
Word bank: functions microscope
Bacteria
Insect
Small mammal
Human
Notes
A bacteria is a simple single celled organism. All the bacteria found on the surface of this planet weigh more than any other species. They are very successful.
A typical insect like a fly or a bee contains many hundreds of thousands of cells. Insects have very basic organ systems that support life and allow insects to reproduce.
A small mammal, for example a rat contains many millions of cells organised into nine distinct organ system similar to our own. List these organ systems ?
A human contains many billions of cells. Each hour of every day of our lives, we replace over one billion cells in our body. During puberty we produce even more cells.
Essential cell organelles
Cell organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts carry out important functions in plant and animal cells. The n_________ controls the activity of the cell by building new proteins including enzymes. It also contains DNA, the material of inheritance and is able to divide and produce new daughter cells during cell division or mitosis. Mitochondria found in both plant and animal cells respire glucose with o__________ releasing cellular e_________, carbon dioxide and water. Chloroplasts found only in plant cells produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water ! Cell organelles in plants and animals:
Organelle
Word bank: nucleus oxygen energy
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Diagram
Function
Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells. They respire glucose with oxygen to release energy for cellular activities. They release CO2 and water.
Found only in plant cells, chloroplast are able to combine carbon dioxide and water using the energy from light to produce glucose and oxygen.
The cells nucleus contains the necessary genetic information or genes to produce new cells, new enzymes and new proteins. Humans have over 31,000 genes.
The cell membrane controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Movement of molecules happens by passive diffusion or active uptake.
Specialised cells in animals
Cells are designed for the specific function they play in the human body as part of the billions of cells that work to together to support life. A nerve cell for example is long and t_____ and conducts e__________ impulses. A red blood cell has a large surface area and no n________ so it can transport the maximum amount of oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. A muscle cells contains many more mitochondrial organelles than normal cells and are able to contract producing movement. How is a sperm specialised to perform its function ...List three things ? Specialised cells in animals:
Cell Diagram Red blood cell Nerve cell Sperm cell
Word bank: thin electrical nucleus
Muscle cells
Notes
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, have a biconcave shape and no nucleus. They carry oxygen from the lung surface to the rest of the body
Nerve cells form connections with other nerve cells, carry impulses along a huge neural network that connect and coordinate our actions and thoughts.
Sperm cells can propel themselves locating the female egg cell prior to fertilisation as well as carrying paternal DNA. They also have a streamlined head.
Muscle cells contract providing movement. They are also rich in mitochondria. This allows them to respire glucose with oxygen producing energy.
Specialised cells in plants
As in animals, plant cells are also designed for the function they play as part of the millions of cells that work together to support life and produce food in green plants. A root hair cell, for example is long and extremely thin to aid the uptake of w_______ and dissolved minerals like nitrates and phosphates from the s______. The leaf palisade cell contains many chloroplast organelles which during photosynthesis produces glucose and o________ from carbon dioxide and water. Which other cells have large surface areas to aid absorption ? Specialised cells in plants:
Cell Diagram Palisade cells Xylem cells Pollen cell
Word bank: water sun oxygen
Stomata cell
Notes
Green leaves contain many palisade cells which are rich in chloroplasts that enable photosynthesis to occur. Why do root cells not have these cell parts ?
Water moves up the stem through the xylem vessels. They are long tubes reaching from the roots to the leaf tissue. Water moves in xylem cells by capillary action.
Pollen cells, the male gametes in plants are normally transferred to the female carpel by insects. Pollen carries the genetic information to create a new plant.
Stomata cells found on the underside of green leaves allows the exchange of water, carbon dioxide and oxygen through the leaf during photosynthesis.
Cell size in plants and animals
Cells in plants and animals vary in size. To visualize plant or animal cells we need to use a m___________. Animal cells on average, tend to be smaller and less regular in shape, when compared to plant cells. Both plant and animal cells grow and divide before becoming too large. Cells that are too large will have a reduced surface area to volume ratio. A small surface area to volume ratio reduces the amount of o__________ and nutrients that can be absorbed across its surface membrane. Cells must then divide or die. This is called mitosis. Cell size and mitosis:
Cell Diagram
Stage one
Word bank: microscope oxygen
Typical animal cells
Typical plant cells
Cell division in plants and animals

Mitosis
2n Parent cell
Stage two
4n
DNA replicates
Stage three
2n
Chromosomes separate 2 Daughter cells
Stage four
2n
Notes
Photograph of human cheek cells. They are magnified 250 times. Use a ruler to measure their length. Now divide by 250 to find their real size.
Photograph of plant palisade cells. They are magnified 100 times. Find their size using the same method. Are they smaller or larger than human cheek cells ?
As the cell volume increases, the ratio of surface area to volume ratio deceases reducing the cells ability to allow sufficient nutrients and oxygen across the cell membrane. Cells are able to divide and clone themselves during mitosis. Over a billion cells an hour are replaced in your body by cells dividing.
Mitosis for replacing cells

New cells are needed for you to grow and repair. These are made by cell divisions called mitosis. During mitosis, a cell d_________ and forms two identical clone cells. The human body produces up to one billion cells like this every hour replacing old worn out cells. New s______, muscle, blood, and nerve cells are all produced this way. Some species reproduce using mitosis. Bacteria, for example multiply using mitosis. What are the advantages of reproducing asexually ? Replacing cells by mitosis:
Human Diagram Blood cells New skin cells Embryo growth
Word bank: division skin
Bacteria
Notes
A human contains many billions of cells. Each hour of every day, we replace over one billion cells in our body.
Blood cells only about days before need to replaced by marrow of long bones.
last 90 they be the the
Skins cells are lost and replaced due to normal wear and tear by mitosis. Every day we lose about 100 million skin cells.
Embryo grow by cloning cells. A single zygote leads to the formation of an embryos many millions of cells during pregnancy.
Bacteria reproduce multiply and spread by cloning themselves. Each cell is identical to the original bacterial cell.
Mitosis Normal cell division

Mitosis occurs during growth and repair. Mitosis leads to formation of new identical cells. Producing c______ or identical cells has several advantages. They behave just like the old ones and they dont require anything but the original cell. What other advantages are there to producing identical clone cells ? Stages in mitosis:
Mitosis (normal cell division)
Diagram
Stage one
Word bank: clone
Mitosis in plants
Mitosis
2n Parent cell
Stage two
4n
DNA replicates
Stage three
2n
Chromosomes separate
Stage four
2n
2 Daughter cells
Notes
Stage one: Chromosomes become visible and double inside the nucleus. The cell now contains 46 pairs of chromosomes. Stage two:The chromosomes move to the centre and line up before separation. Stage three: Each set of chromosomes separates moving to the cell poles before cell division. Stage four: The cell divides, producing two clone cells each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes. In the shoots and tips of plants new cells are formed during mitotic cell divisions. Each daughter cell is identical to the original cell. This picture shows several cells in various stages of mitosis.
Meiosis gametes in humans

Meiosis leads to the formation of only two types of cells. Meiosis in males forms the s______ and in females the o______ or egg cells. Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, so that when the sperm and egg fuse, the fertilised zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes (23 chromosomal pairs). Meiosis also produces random gene mixing leading to variation of human traits in new individuals.
Gamete production in the male and female:

Gametes
sperm
Word bank: sperm ovum
Fertilisation
Embryo
Pregnancy
egg
Gametes cells (sperm and egg) are produced by the testis and ovaries in the male and female.
Sperm and egg cells are haploid with only 23 single chromosomes only half the normal number
After fertilisation, all cells of the developing embryo now contain 23 pairs of chromosomes with over 31,000 genes.
All of these 31,000 genes code for all the traits and characteristics that make human life unique. Cells now divide by mitosis.
Meiosis Reductive cell division

During meiosis, the number of chromosomes are halved so that the s______ and egg carries 23 single chromosomes. During meiosis, paternal genes that code for your characteristics randomly mix, so that we are all not the same. Name the cells in plants that are produces by the process of meiosis ? Stages in meiosis:
Meiosis (reductive cell division)
Diagram
Stage one
Word bank: sperm
Sperm production
Meiosis
2n Parent cell
Stage two
4n
DNA mixes & replicates
Stage three
2n
2 daughter cells
Stage four
4 daughter cells
Notes
Stage 1: Chromosomes double and randomly mix inside the nucleus. The cell now contains 46 pairs of chromosomes. Stage 2:The chromosomes move to the centre and line up before separation. Stage 3: The cell divides, producing two new cells each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes. Stage 4: The two daughter cells divide again halving the number of chromosomes. Each gamete now contains only 23 single chromosomes. A sperm cell carries 23 single chromosomes and fuses with an egg cell which also carries 23 single chromosomes to form a zygote, which now carries the normal diploid number of chromosomes.
Meiosis Determining sex by chromosomes
Your chromosomes also determine what sex you are at b_______. In humans there are 23 pairs of chromosomes found in every cell. 22 pairs are identical, but pair 23 do not match. Pair 23 are called the sex chromosomes. All eggs from the female contain the X chromosome, sperm from the male contain either the X or Y chromosome. At f_____________, the egg may join with either an X or Y sperm producing equal numbers of males (XY) or females (XX). What are the gametes cells called in plants ? Inheritance of the sex chromosomes:
Male Female Gamete cells Sex inheritance
Egg
Word bank: birth fertilisation
Sperm
XX Female XY Male
Your sex is determined at the moment of fertilisation by the male sperm. An X carrying sperm produces a girl, and a Y carrying sperm produces a boy. There is a 50: 50 chance of either sex.
The gamete cells (sperm and egg) carry only 23 single chromosomes. They are haploid cells.
During fertilisation, the number of chromosomes are restored to their normal diploid number (23 pairs) The embryo now grows by normal cell division called mitosis.
Meiosis gametes in plants
Pollination is the transfer of pollen, the male sex cells from the a_________ of the stamen by b____ or insects to the surface of the female c_________. Once the pollen sex cells have landed on the female carpel, pollination has been achieved. Flowering plants contain both female and male reproductive organs and can either self or cross pollinate. Following fertilisation, where the ovule and pollen cell fuse, the seed begins to develop surrounded by the swollen ovule which forms the f_______. It is the function of the fruit to disperse the seed. What is this organs role in the plant life cycle ? Plant reproductive system:
Pollen cells Female carpel Male anther
Word bank: anther bees carpel fruit
Reproductive system
Diagram
Notes
Pollen, the male sex cells contain the paternal genes and are held on the anther which is part of the male stamen.
The egg cells or ovules contain the maternal genes and are held in the ovule, part of the female carpel.
The stamen is the plant male reproductive organ which contains many millions of microscopic pollen cells.
Flowering plants have both male and female reproductive organs. Plants can self or cross pollinate.
Meiosis Variation in humans one

Humans have many of their genes which are common to us all. Over 99% of our genes in all the races are shared. Only 1% of human g_______ are unique and different. These genes code for differences in the colour of skin, eyes, hair and other features like the shape of our faces. Unless youre an identical twin, your genes, your traits and you are unique amongst the other 5.5 billion human beings found on this planet. What are the advantages of variation in a species like humans ? Variation in humans:
Masai warrior
Diagram
Word bank: genes
Aborigine
Arab
Japanese
Maori
Notes
Variation in humans (traits such as skin and eye colour) occur due to the random mixing of DNA during meiosis ensuring that no egg or sperm carry exactly the same genes or DNA and of course during fertilisation, when the genes from your mother and father mix to form you.
Meiosis Variation in humans two

Variation in the human race is caused by differences in your genes, caused by the random m______ of DNA during the production of sperm and egg and of course when the genes from your father and mother join during fertilisation. Your mother and father both share exactly 50% of your DNA and are your closest biological relatives. Brothers and sisters can share up to 50% of their DNA, but the figure is usually only around 25%. Why do brothers and sisters look very similar to one another ? Variation in humans:
African
Diagram
Word bank: mixing
Europe (North)
Asian
South American
Europe (south)
Notes
Look around you in class, we all have certain similarities, but we are all unique. We belong to the same species, can reproduce with one another but are all different. Some people are taller or heavier or have different colour hair, skin or eyes. This is called variation. This is because we all have different genes in our cells from our parents.
Extension questions and homework

1: 2: Define the following terms: Chromosome, Gene, Allele, Characteristic, Diploid, Haploid, Trait, Genotype, Phenotype, Mutation, Recessive and Dominant. Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table:
Picture
Embryo growing during pregnancy Plant cells dividing at shoot tip Production of sperm and egg
Mitosis/Meiosis
Description
3:
Answer the following: a) Give 3 examples of human traits or characteristics b) Give 3 examples of traits or characteristics in plants. c) Name two cells that have a diploid number of chromosomes and two cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes. Do any cells in humans have no chromosomes. d) From the following, decide whether each cell is the result of mitotic or meiotic cell division. Blood cell Skin cell Sperm cell Plant ovum Pollen Muscle cell Sperm Bacteria
4:
The diagram below shows how the sex of a child is determined by the chromosomes inherited from both parents.
Egg
(a) All human cells contain 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in human egg or sperm cells.
XX Female XY Male
Sperm
(b) Explain why either a daughter or a son will share some of the characteristics from both parents. (c) Explain why your parents are your closest living relatives. (d) What type of cell division leads to the formation of an embryo from a zygote during pregnancy.
5:
Chromosomes occur in pairs in all cells except gametes. (a) What are alleles (b) Why are there two alleles for each characteristic. (c) Explain what is meant by dominant and recessive alleles. (d) The characteristics of humans are either inherited, or are caused by environmental influences. [Blood group, Weight, Eye-colour, Gender and Accidental loss of arm] (i) Which features are controlled by environmental influences (ii) Name one that is controlled by inheritance only (iii) One that is controlled by both.
6:
A plant can either self or cross pollinate. Answer the following questions: (a) Which process (self or cross) leads to the production of (i) Identical offspring (ii) Different offspring. (b) List the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction in plants. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about how cloning in plants is used by commercial growers to improve the quality and yield of a particular crop. Are there any disadvantages to cloning plants for commercial reasons.

Unit 12 Mitosis and Meiosis

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Unit 12 Mitosis and Meiosis

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DNA mixes & replicates