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Traceroute operation.
z Example: Sending from 137.189.97.122 to
www.netscape.com on a different network in USA.
Tracing route to www24.netscape.com [207.200.73.73]over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 <10 ms <10 ms <10 ms 137.189.99.252
2 20 ms 10 ms 10 ms csc0g05brb.net.cuhk.edu.hk [137.189.196.240]
3 40 ms 10 ms 30 ms csc0g08brb.net.cuhk.edu.hk [202.40.218.9]
4 10 ms 50 ms <10 ms csc0g04brb.net.cuhk.edu.hk [202.40.218.46]
5 561 ms 351 ms 380 ms e1.hongkong.exodus.net [209.1.10.121]
6 291 ms * * SanFrancisco-Cisco1.exodus.net [206.40.71.1]
7 430 ms 381 ms 370 ms core1.exodus.net [206.40.94.121]
8 361 ms * 331 ms scca-02-f9-0-0.core.exodus.net [209.1.169.17]
9 341 ms * * mae-west-ames-h0-0-0.core.exodus.net [209.1.10.166]
10 * * * Request timed out.
11 240 ms 270 ms 241 ms 144.232.8.9
12 430 ms 241 ms 240 ms 144.232.3.5
13 281 ms 350 ms 310 ms 144.232.8.81
14 320 ms 601 ms 330 ms 144.232.4.97
15 311 ms 400 ms 291 ms sl-netscape-1-s-T3.sprintlink.net [144.228.146.26]
16 280 ms * 270 ms h-207-200-71-20.netscape.com [207.200.71.20]
17 321 ms 340 ms 341 ms h-207-200-73-73.netscape.com [207.200.73.73]
Trace complete.
Multicast:
z Is an act of sending datagram to multiple
receivers with single “transmit” operation.
z Analogy: one teacher to many students.
Question: How to achieve multicast?
z Multicast via unicast.
z Network multicast – native IP multicast.
z Application-layer multicast
routers
forward unicast multicast receiver (red)
datagrams
not a multicast receiver (white)
Network multicast:
z Router actively participate in multicast, making
copies of packets as needed and forwarding
towards multicast receivers.
Multicast
routers (red) duplicate and
forward multicast datagrams
Application-layer multicast:
z End systems involved in multicast copy and
forward unicast datagrams among themselves.
z Example: MBone.
128.119.40.186
multicast 128.34.108.63
group
226.17.30.197
128.34.108.60
Multicast groups:
z Hosts addresses IP datagram to multicast group.
Class D Internet addresses reserved for multicast:
wide-area
multicast
routing
query report
S: source LEGEND
R1 2
1 R4 router with attached
group member
R2 5
router with no attached
3 4
R5 group member
R3 6 i link used for forwarding,
R6 R7 i indicates order link
added by algorithm
Center-based trees:
z Single delivery tree shared by all
z Identify one router as “center” of tree.
z To join:
Edge router sends unicast join-msg addressed to
center router.
join-msg “processed” by intermediate routers and
forwarded towards center.
join-msg either hits existing tree branch for this
center, or arrives at center.
Path taken by join-msg becomes new branch of
tree for this router.
LEGEND
MBone tunnel:
Transport Layer
(Forouzan Chapter 22,
Section 24.6 – 24.7)
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