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Math 126 Final Exam Review: 8.1-8.8 5 May 2012

www-scf.usc.edu/bouma dornsife.usc.edu/supplemental-instruction
bouma@usc.edu
Things You Should Know
Sequences
1. A sequence {a
n
} is said to converge if . . .
2. For a sequence {a
n
} with a
n
= f(n), we compute lim
n
a
n
by . . .
3. Squeeze theorem for sequences. Given three sequences {a
n
}, {b
n
}, and {c
n
} with b
n
a
n
c
n
and lim
n
b
n
= lim
n
c
n
= L, then we can conclude that lim
n
a
n
= L as well.
4. Absolute value theorem for sequences. If lim
n
|a
n
| = 0 then lim
n
a
n
= 0 as well.
5. Monotonic sequence theorem. Every bounded, monotonic sequence converges.
(a) A sequence {a
n
} is called bounded if . . .
(b) A sequence {a
n
} is called monotonic if . . .
Series
1. We dene the n-th partial sum S
n
of a series

n=1
a
n
as the sum S
n
=
n

k=1
a
k
, i.e. the sum of the rst
n terms in the series.
2. A series is said to converge to a number S if the sequence of partial sums of the series converges to
S, i.e. lim
n
S
n
= S, with S
n
dened as above. (Note. This denition is quite cumbersome and as such
is used for telescoping series but few other problems.)
3. Two special series.
(a) Geometric series.

n=1
ar
n1
, where a is the rst term in the series and r is the common ratio,
i.e. the thing you multiply by to get from one term to the next term. This series converges to
a
1 r
if |r| < 1.
(b) p-Series.

n=1
1
n
p
converges if p > 1 and diverges if p 1.
4. Test for convergence of series. (See table on attached sheet.)
5. A series

a
n
is called absolutely convergent if

|a
n
| converges.
6. A series

a
n
is called conditionally convergent if

a
n
converges but

|a
n
| diverges.
7. Power series centered at a.

n=0
c
n
(x a)
n
= c
0
+ c
1
(x a) + c
2
(x a)
2
+ c
3
(x a)
3
+ . . .
(a) The radius of convergence R, usually found by using a root or ratio test to nd an inequality
of the form |x a| < R.
(b) The interval of convergence I, dened as the precise range of x-values that you can plug into

n=0
c
n
(xa)
n
and still have the series converge. This is found by solving the inequality |xa| < R
and by checking the endpoints. Dont forget to check the endpoints!
Math 126 Final Exam SI Review, 8.1-8.8 Page 2 of 4 dornsife.usc.edu/supplemental-instruction
(c) A power series is a function of x, and we can represent many functions of x as power series:
f(x) =

n=0
c
n
(x a)
n
(d) If we know that f(x) =

n=0
c
n
(x a)
n
with radius of convergence R and interval of convergence
I, then we can also compute
_
f(x) dx and
d
dx
f(x) as power series.
i.
d
dx
f(x) =

n=1
nc
n
(x a)
n1
, with radius of convergence . . . and interval of convergence . . . .
ii.
_
f(x) dx = C+

n=0
c
n
(x a)
n+1
n + 1
, with radius of convergence . . . and interval of convergence
8. Taylor series of the function f(x) about a:

n=0
f
(n)
(a)
n!
(x a)
n
. Note that this is nothing fancier
than a power series for f(x) where we know how to nd the c
n
s.
(a) A Maclaurin series is a Taylor series with a = . . . . You should know these Maclaurin series.
Function Maclaurin series Radius of conv.
1
1 x
sinx
cos x
e
x
arctanx
ln(1 + x)
(1 + x)
k
(b) The n-th Taylor polynomial T
n
(x) of f(x) about a is given by T
n
(x) =
n

k=1
f
(k)
(a)
k!
(x a)
k
=
f(a) + f

(a)(x a) +
f

(a)
2!
(x a)
2
+
f

(a)
3!
(x a)
3
+ +
f
(n)
(a)
n!
(x a)
n
.
(c) If f(x) = T
n
(x) + R
n
(x), there are two ways to nd the error R
n
(x) in the n-th Taylor
polynomial.
i. Taylors formula. |R
n
(x)|
Math 126 Final Exam SI Review, 8.1-8.8 Page 3 of 4 dornsife.usc.edu/supplemental-instruction
ii. The alternating series estimation theorem. For an alternating series

n=0
(1)
n
b
n
,

n=0
(1)
n
b
n

N

n=0
(1)
n
b
n

b
N+1
.
Problems
1. Determine whether the sequence converges. If it converges, nd its limit.
(a) a
n
=
_
1 +
2
n
_
n
Answer: converges to e
2
(b) a
n
=
(1)
n
sin(2n)
1 +

n
Answer: converges to 0
(c) a
n
=
n + (1)
n

n
n +

n
Answer: converges to 1
2. Does the sequence {a
n
} given by a
1
= 1, a
n+1
= 3
1
a
n
converge or diverge? Answer: converges
3. Determine whether the following series converge or diverge. If the series converges, determine whether
it converges absolutely.
(a)

n=0
arctann Answer: diverges
(b)

n=1
n + cos
2
n
n
5
+ 3n
4
+ 5n
3
Answer: converges absolutely
(c)

n=1
1
e
n
n
e
Answer: converges absolutely
(d)

n=2
ln
_
n + 1
n 1
_
Answer: diverges
(e)

n=0
cos(n)
n
Answer: converges conditionally
(f)

n=1
lnn
n
3
Answer: converges absolutely
(g)

n=1
2 4 6 (2n)
n!
Answer: diverges
4. Find the radius and interval of convergence of the following power series.
(a)

n=1
(2)
n

n
(x + 3)
n
Answer: R =
1
2
, I = (
7
2
,
5
2
]
(b)

n=0
(1)
n
2
n
x
2n+1
2n + 1
Answer: R =
1

2
, I = [
1

2
,
1

2
]
5. Use the binomial series to expand
1

1 x
2
and use it to nd the Maclaurin series for f(x) = arcsinx.
Answer: arcsinx = x +
1
6
x
3
+
3
32
x
4
+

n=3
1 3 5 (2n 1)
2
n
n!(2n + 1)
x
2n+1
Math 126 Final Exam SI Review, 8.1-8.8 Page 4 of 4 dornsife.usc.edu/supplemental-instruction
6. Find the Maclaurin series for f(x) = x
4
cos(x
5
). What is f
(44)
(0)? Answer: x
4
cos(x
5
) =

n=0
(1)
n
x
10n+4
(2n)!
,
f
(44)
(0) =
44!
8!
7. Let g(x) = x
4
e
x
2
.
(a) Find the Maclaurin series for g(x). Answer: g(x) =

n=0
(1)
n
x
2n+4
n!
(b) Use the Maclaurin series for g(x) to nd a series representation for
dg(x)
dx
. Answer:

n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 4)x
2n+3
n!
8. (a) Approximate the function f(x) = x
1/2
by its Taylor polynomial of degree 2 at a = 16. Answer:
T
2
(x) = 4 +
1
8
(x 16)
1
512
(x 16)
2
(b) Use Taylors formula to determine the accuracy of this approximation when x = 15. Answer:
|R
2
(15)|
1
16 15
5/2
9. (a) Approximate the function f(x) = sec x by its Taylor polynomial of degree 2 about a = 0. Answer:
T
2
(x) = 1 +
1
2
x
2
(b) Use Taylors formula to determine the accuracy of this approximation when 0 x /6. Answer:

R
2
_

6
_

R
3
_

6
_

1
4!

3
_

6
_
4
_
176 +
2
9
_
10. Researchers conducted experiments on the eects of bacon on Gross National Happiness (G(x)) and
found that, if x is the amount of bacon consumed by people in the United States (measured in cubic
light years), then G(x) (measured in billions of smiles per hour) is related to the amount of bacon
consumed by the equation G(x) = xsinx, where x ranges between 0 and , since the bacon capacity of
the United States is precisely cubic light years.
(a) Represent G(x) as a Maclaurin series. Answer: G(x) =

n=0
(1)
n
x
2n+2
(2n + 1)!
(b) Use the Maclaurin series for G(x) to compute
_
1
0
G(x) dx to within 10
3
. This is the number
of billions of smiles per hour that occurred during the consumption of the rst cubic light year of
bacon. Answer:
_
1
0
G(x) dx
1
3

1
30
+
1
840
(c) Use the Maclaurin series for G(x) to nd G
(22)
(0). This is called the candied bacon coecient,
and represents how the number of smiles per hour would be multiplied if we replaced bacon with
candied bacon. Answer: 22