Simple harmonic motion and wave motion T=1/f Tsp = T = 2 v = f

m k

Tp = T = 2

L g

4L fbeat = | f1 f2 |

nv nodes at both ends 2L nv (n is odd) node at one end fn = fn =

vsound = 343 m/s A note: 440 Hz C note: 524 Hz D note: 588 Hz E note: 660 Hz G note: 784 Hz k = 1.38 1023 J/K air 1 kg/m3 water = 1000 kg/m3 k = v 2 ; u = gh Carnot = 1 (Tlow / Thigh) = M/V NA = 6.02 1023

Fluids and Thermodynamics

3

/2 kT = < mv 2>avg P=F/A P = P0 + gh = Av TC=(5/9)(TF 32) Properties of fundamental particles mneutron mproton = 1.7 1027 kg qproton = qelectron= e = 1.6 1019 C rhydrogen atom 0.5 10-10 m

PV = NkT Fbuoy = (waterVdisplaced)g P0 = 1 atm 101,000 Pa P + k + u = constant W = PV =W/Q

melectron = 9.1 1031 kg mproton 1900 melectron hydrogen (H) atomic number Z = 1; helium (He) Z = 2 carbon (C) Z = 6; nitrogen (N) Z = 7; oxygen (O) Z = 8

Light, Atoms, Radioactivity, Nuclear Physics, and Quantum Mechanics (x)(p) h

( He), (e ), (light) decays t/t
4 -

N = N0 ()

(E)(t) h Ephoton = hf = hc/ t = tH ln (N/N0) / ln ()

h = 6.626 1034 Js A X = element X with A nucleons 14 C: tH = 5,730 years

Emass equivalent = mc2 239 P: tH = 24,119 years 1 eV = 1.610-19 J

Light & Optics blue 450 nm green 500 nm red 600 nm Electricity and magnetism FE = k q1q2 / r 2 FE = qE E = V / x Uel = qV Electric circuits V = IR P = E / t = IV = I2R = V2/R I = q/t = V/R U = C(V)2 V = L(I/t) = RC Q = C(V) Rseries = R1 + R2 + Cparallel plate = 0A/d1 / Rparallel = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + Cparallel = C1 + C2 + 1 / Cseries = (1/C1) + (1/C2) + FB = qvB = qvBsin() (direction: RHR) Bwire = o I / 2r (direction: RHR) Fwire = (IB) = IBsin() (direction: RHR) for point charges only, E(r) = k q / r 2 and V(r) = k q / r (k = 1/4o where o = 8.851012 C2/Nm2) k = 9109 Nm 2/C 2 o = 4107 Tm/A = BAcos() emf = N(/t) vlight = c = 3108 m/s nisin(i) = nrsin(r) m = dsin() nair nvacuum = 1.00 nwater = 1.33 nglass = 1.52 primary: Red, Green, Blue secondary: Magenta, Cyan, Yellow 1 1 1 = + m = 2nd M = di/do f d o di

Vector quantities are shown in bold; some equations provide only scalar magnitudes. The symbol means approximately equal to.

Name
Voltage Source Resistor Capacitor Inductor Diode Transistor

Symbols V R C L by type by type

Unit Volt (V) Ohm () Farad (F) Henry (H) none none

Analogy pump rocks in stream or water wheel water tank flow regulator one-way gate control switch

Typical examples
9 V (cell phone charger); 12 V (car); 120 VAC (U.S. wall outlet) 144 (100 W bulb); 500 k (dry skin); 1 k (wet skin) 1 mF (standard-issue lab capacitor); 700 MF (Earth) 7 H (guitar pickup); 130 H (stretched Slinky) light-emitting diode (LED); solar panel TIP31C (guitar amplifier); computer circuitry

Vector quantities are shown in bold; some equations provide only scalar magnitudes. The symbol means approximately equal to.

Mathematics
sin() = b/c b = c sin() cos() = a/c a = c cos() tan() = b/a b = a tan() sin(30) = cos(60) = sin(45) = cos(45) = ln (ab) = b ln (a) ln (ab) = ln (a) + ln (b) ln (a/b) = ln (a) ln (b) If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
b b 2 4ac 2a Kinematics under constant acceleration x=

b a
c2 = a2 + b2

180 = radians Ccircle = 2R Acircle = R2 Vsphere = (4/3)R3 Asphere = 4R2 Vcylinder = R2h

If X is any unit (like meters), then 1 cX = 0.01 X = 102 X 1 mX = 0.001 X = 103 X 1 kX = 1 000 X = 103 X 1 X = 0.000 001 X = 106 X 1 MX = 1 000 000 X = 106 X 9 1 nX = 0.000 000 001 X = 10 X 1 GX = 1 000 000 000 X = 109 X % difference |(value1 value2) / (average of the two)| 100%

x = xfinal xinitial (anything) = final value initial value vavg = x / t aavg = v / t Newtonian physics and centripetal motion

x(t) = x0 + v0t + axt2 v(t) = v0 + at v2 = v02 + 2a(x) (x = x0 and v = v0 at t = 0)

g = 9.81 m/s 2 10 m/s 2 1 km = 1000 m 1 hr = 3600 s 1 meter = 3.28 ft 1 mile = 1.61 km

f k = kFN Fsp = k(x) G = 6.671011 Nm 2/kg 2 f s sFNFG = Gm1m2 / r 2 1 kg = 1000 g 2.2 lbs (equiv) Fnet = Fall individual forces = ma FC = mv 2 / r Fair resistance bvn 1 N = 1 kgm/s2 vC = 2r/T (use with care!) a = Fnet / m Fg = mg Momentum and energy conservation pinitial = pfinal Einitial = Efinal E=K+U+W Rotational motion d = r v = r a = r = 2 / T Astrophysics L = 41026 W M = 2.01030 kg R = 7.0108 m 1 light-year (ly) = 9.451015 m MEarth = 6.01024 kg REarth = 6.4106 m Earth-Sun distance = 1.491011 m MMoon = 7.41022 kg RMoon = 1.7106 m Earth-Moon distance = 3.85108 m (t) = 0 + 0t + t2 = I (t) = 0 + t L = rp = I 2 = 02 + 2() = rF = L / t aC = r2 K = I 2 Iring about cm = MR2 Idisk about cm = MR2 Irod about cm = (1/12)ML2 Irod about end = (1/3)ML2 Isolid sphere about cm = (2/5)MR2 p = mv K = mv2 Favg = p / t Ug = mgh Usp = k(x)2 1 J = 1 Nm 1 W = 1 J/s W = Fx 1 food Calorie = 4180 J P = W / t

Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, (Ceres), Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, (Pluto) Phases of the moon: new, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent Vector quantities are shown in bold; some equations provide only scalar magnitudes. The symbol means approximately equal to.