JARINGAN BY ARUM SETIAWAN, M.Si. YUANITA WINDUSARI, M.Si.

Hierarchy of organization
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism
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Tissues are the fundamental units of organs and organ systems.

Tissues are the fundamental units of organs and organ systems.

Tissues are the fundamental units of organs and organ systems.

Tissues are the fundamental units of organs and organ systems.

Tissues

Loose connective tissue

Histology is the study of tissues. A tissue is a group of cells and intercellular materials that have a similar developmental origin, structure, and function.

What you should know about a tissue

Know the structure and be able to identify it from a slide. Know the function. Know location in the body it is likely to be found. Know any special attributes of that tissue.
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How to start identifying a tissue image.

1. 2. Identify where the lumen (space) is in the image if you can. Identify where the basement membrane is in the image is you can. The basement membrane is where the tissue stops. Look at how many layers of cells there are. (1) Look at the shape of the cells closest to the lumen. (long) Look for other special features of the tissue. Give the tissue a complete name.
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3. 4. 5. 6.

An important thing to remember when looking under the microscope To prepare tissue slides, scientists must slice through the tissue. They can slice in different ways.

Cross section

Longitudinal section

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There are four basic tissue types.

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium) = COVERING functions include protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion. Connective Tissue = SUPPORT functions include protecting, supporting, binding together tissues, separating, storing energy, transporting materials.

Muscle Tissue = MOVEMENT

functions in the movement of the skeleton, pumping of the heart and the movement of food. Nervous Tissue = CONTROLLING send electrical signals through the body, thus forming a communication system through the body.
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Four Tissue Types:

1 2 3

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Characteristics of the epithelium

Sheets of cells Cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets and are bound together at many points by cell junctions. Cells have one free surface or edge. This apical surface is exposed to the bodys exterior or to a cavity (the lumen) The lower cell surface rests on a basement membrane, a structureless material secreted by the cells. These tissues are avascular, meaning that they have no blood supply and depend on diffusion from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue If well nourished, they can regenerate easily.
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Characteristics of the epithelium

apical surface of cells near lumen

basement membrane

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Cell Junctions
Desmosome: binding spots between cells with proteins called cadherins Tight junctions: impermeable
E.g. gut tube, doesnt let enzymes from gut into blood stream

Gap junctions: tubes that let small molecules pass between cells

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Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium

Microvilli: (ex) in small intestine
Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane

of apical epithelial cell Increase surface area for absorption

Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes

Whip-like, motile extensions Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way
spermatoza

Flagella: (ex)

Extra long cilia Moves cell

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Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium

Cells are connected to neighboring cells via:
Proteins-link cells together, interdigitate Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together Cell Junctions
Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides Tight Junctions-at apical area, plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes Gap junction-spot-like junction occurring anywhere, lets small molecules pass
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Features of the Basal Surface of Epithelium

Basal lamina: supportive sheet between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Selective filter

Basement membrane = basal lamina plus underlying reticular fiber layer

Attaches epithelium to connective tissue below

Sometimes the two are used interchangeably

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Name that Epithelial Feature!

(name and location on cell) 3 1 2

3 Cilia Tight junction 1 Microvilli Basement 2 membrane 4

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Characteristics of the epithelium

Number of Layers: Simple single layer Stratified multiple-layered Pseudostratified only appears to be multi-layered

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Characteristics of the epithelium

Cell Shape:

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ROLE OF EPITHELIA
Protection.
Skin

Secretion.
Glands

Absorption.
GI

Filtration.
Kidney

Sensory Perception. Excretion.

Kidney & GI Skin, GI

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Classes of Epithelia
Simple: just one layer or cell shape Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes

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Simple Epithelia
Type Squamous Cell shape Squashed Example Endothelium (lines blood vessels), mesothelium (serous lining of celom) Walls of glands

Cuboidal

Cubed

Columnar

Columns

Pseudo-stratified

Flat cells give rise to columns

Lining of gut tube; sometimes with cilia like lining of uterine tube With cilia in respiratory tubes to move mucous/particles out of lungs

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Types of Epithelium
1. Simple Squamous Epithelium 2. Stratified Squamous Epithelium 3. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 4. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium 5. Simple Columnar Epithelium 6. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

7. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

8. Transitional Epithelium
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Epithelium is found everywhere.

Simple squamous Epithelium lines alveoli in lungs.

Stratified squamous Epithelium lines the esophagus.

Simple cuboidal Epithelium Forms tubes in kidneys.

Simple columnar Epithelium lines the intestine.

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Squamous Epithelium
Cells very thin, much wider than they are thick.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Air sacs of respiratory Lining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatic tubes

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Skin Vagina Esophagus Mouth
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Simple squamous epithelium

Thin and leaky Good for exchange of materials by diffusion
Blood vessels Alveoli

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Examples of Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Simple squamous epithelium

These are the same tissue. Why do they look so different?

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Stratified squamous epithelium

Regenerates rapidly by division of cells at its attached surface New cells move toward the free surface; older cells slough off Suited for covering and lining surfaces subject to abrasion 2 types nonkeratinized and keratinized
keratin is a strong, fibrous protein

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Stratified squamous epithelium

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Cuboidal epithelium

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

Secretion, absorption, protection Ducts of many glands, covering of ovary, form kidney tubules

Stratified Cuboidal epithelium

Secretion, absorption

Lines ducts of sweat glands.

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Cuboidal Epithelium
Cells cube shaped- secretion and absorption.
Kidney tubules Duct and small glands Surface of ovary

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Cuboidal epithelium

Kidney section

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Columnar Epithelium
Elongated cells, much longer than they are wide.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands. Has microvilli at surface for absorption.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and some of the uterus. Propels mucus or 43 reproductive cells by ciliary action.

Simple columnar epithelium

Transportation, absorption, secretion, protection

Large surface area

Lines much of the digestive tract, gall bladder, and large ducts of glands

May have a brush border of microvilli

May be ciliated uterus, small bronchi, and paranasal sinuses.

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Simple Columnar epithelium

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Simple columnar epithelium

Brush border Cilia

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Goblet Cell secreting mucous

Cilia

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Stratified columnar epithelium

Surface cells are columnar Secretion, absorption, protection Some large excretory ducts, portions of the male urethra No cilia Not common
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Surface cells are columnar Secretion, absorption, lubrication, protection, transportation Lines most of trachea, primary bronchi, epididymis and ductus deferens, nasal cavity, male urethra, large excretory ducts. Usually ciliated. May contain goblet cells, which secrete mucous
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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trachea

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Transitional epithelium

Surface cells are dome-shaped when relaxes but flattened when streched. Protection, distensible

Lines urinary tract

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Transitional epithelium

Distended bladder

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Quiz!!
Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?

B
C

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