FACULTY ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

LAB PROJECT KKKH 2263 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY SEMESTER 2 SESSION 2008/2009 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
LECTURER COORDINATOR DEPARTMENT : PROF. DR. KAMARUDIN MOHD YUSOF : MOHD YAZMIL MD YATIM : CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
GROUP NO. MEMBERS : 11 : 1. A116510 Nurul Huda Bt Mohammad
2. A117994 Chee Khong Siong 3. A118633 Muhd. Harisuddin bin Arifin 4. A119145 Nur Atiqah binti Ngapit 5. A119340 Chin Ket Wing

CONTENTS

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT CONCRETE MIX EXAMPLE 1.0 LABORATORY 1 Sieve Analysis, Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates and Specific Gravity. 2.0 LABORATORY 2 Specific Gravity and Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregates. 3.0 LABORATORY 3 Wet Concrete Test 4.0 LABORATORY 4 AND LABORATORY 5 Hardened Concrete Test (7 and 28 Days) DISCUSSION CONCLUSION APPENDIXES

PAGE
i ii 1- 5

6 - 26

27 - 37

38 - 55

56 73 74 75 77 78 94

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are a few parties that we would like to thank for assisting us in succeeding in this laboratory test. First and foremost, we would like to thank our respective GODs for giving us spiritual strength and emotional needs that enable us to reach great height and to achieve which once was an unthinkable for us. We would like to say a big thank you to our reputable Prof. Dr. Kamarudin Mohd Yusof and Mr. Mohd Yazmil Md Yatim for giving us a brief lecture on what should be included in this laboratory test. We also like to thank our demonstrators and friends for coming through this obstacle with us. Finally, we would like to thank you, all the helps from others that no mention here, in helping us in completing this report.

ABSTRACT

Concrete is composed principally of aggregates, Portland cement and water, and many contain other cementations materials and chemical admixtures. It will contain some amount of entrapped air and may also contain purposely entrained air obtained by use of admixture or airentraining cement. Chemical admixtures are frequently used to accelerate, retard, improve workability, reduce mixing water requirements, increase strength, or alter other properties of the concrete. The selection of concrete proportions involves a balance between economy and requirements of place ability, strength, durability, density and appearance. The objective of this concrete mix design test is enabling us to calculate concrete used for mix designs. Before proportioning a concrete mix, such of the information that need to be concerned are size and shapes of the structural members, required strength of the concrete and exposure conditions. The end use of the concrete and conditions of time of placement are additional factors to consider. The steps that will be taken in designing the mix concrete are: 1. Choose the target slump. 2. Choose the maximum aggregate size remember that the larger the better for reducing shrinkage and curling. 3. Estimate the water and air content. 4. Select the water cement ratio. 5. Calculate the cement content by dividing the water content by the water cement ratio. 6. Estimate the coarse aggregate content. 7. Estimate the fine aggregate content. 8. Adjust for aggregate moisture wet aggregate can significantly reduce the amount of water to be added. 9. Carried out the laboratory test to know the result of the concrete mix.

After all these fancy calculations, the bottom line is that concrete is still designed by experience with previous mixes or by making trial batches in the lab and testing the concrete. The laboratories tests will be carried out are: Laboratory 1: Sieve Analysis, Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates and Specific Gravity. Laboratory 2: Aggregates. Laboratory 3: Wet Concrete Test Laboratory 4: Hardened Concrete Test (7 Days) Laboratory 5: Hardened Concrete Test (28 Days) For our project in group 11, we are going to design the concrete strength for constructing the non-suspended slabs for single storey bungalow. The desired characteristic strength for our design is 25Mpa, slump of 50mm. The maximum sizes of the aggregates are 20mm in size and Ordinary Portland Cement is used in the project This table shows the value that we obtained from laboratory test and the design value that we required before carried out the experiments. Specific Gravity and Moisture Content of Coarse

Type of Tests Air Content Test The Flow Table Test, Slump Test Test of Density Temperature Test Characteristic Strength Density

Test Value 0.8 % 46.90cm 145mm 2912.34 kg/m3 22 0C. 23.36Mpa

Design Value 50mm 2400 kg/m3 25Mpa

2349.06 kg/m3

2400.00 kg/m3

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN EXAMPLE IN ACCORDANCE WITH BRITISH STANDARD (BS)

We are from group 11 and giving a project to design a suitable concrete grade, size of coarse aggregates and slump according to construct the non-suspended slabs for single storey bungalow. After searching information from internet, library and getting information from contractors and lecturers, our concrete product will follow these British Standard:

Characteristic strength, fc Slump Type of cement

= 25Mpa = 50mm

= Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) = 20mm, crushed

Maximum size of aggregate aggregates

60% fine aggregate passed through 600 micron sieve

Step 1 Determination of target strength and water/cement ratio

1. Determination of target strength, fm Based on BS approach, 5% of specimens tested possessed lower actual strength than design strength. Thus, from Table 1.2

k (constant) = 1.65 Standard deviation, s is taken as 8Mpa because the number of data is less than 40.

BS allows 5% difference between characteristic strength and average strength of specimens. This difference is termed margin, M and can be determined as follows, M =kxs = 1.65 x 8 = 13Mpa

Hence, the target strength can be calculated by using equation as follows, fm = fc + M = 25 + 13 = 38Mpa 2. Determination of water/cement ratio By referring to Table 1.3, the compressive strength, f p of concrete using OPC and crushed coarse aggregates at 28 days with w/c ratio of 0.5 is as follows, fp = 49Mpa Refer to figure 1.1, At the intersection of w/c = 0.5 and fp = 49Mpa, construct a new curve.

Then, determine the actual w/c ratio from the curve at fm = 38Mpa. Thus, w/c ratio = 0.57

Step 2 Determination of free water content

From table 1.4, At slump = 50mm, crushed aggregates and maximum size of aggregates = 20mm, Free water content = 210 kg/m3

Step 3 Determination of cement content

Cement content

= free water content/ (w/c ratio) =

210 0.57

= 369 kg/m3

Step 4

Determination of aggregates (fine and coarse aggregates) content

Specific gravity of aggregates shall be obtained from Step 1 and Step 2 results. Assume the specific gravity = 2.7

By referring to Figure 1.2 At free water content Wet concrete density Thus, aggregates content (fine + coarse) = 210 kg/m3 = 2400 kg/m3 = 2400 210 369

= 1821 kg/m3

Step 5 Determination of fine and coarse aggregates proportion

From Figure 1.3, At maximum coarse aggregates size = 20mm, slump = 50 mm and 60% fine aggregate passed through 600 micron sieve, Proportion of fine aggregate Thus, fine aggregate (sand) content = 35% = 35% x 1821 kg/m3

= 637 kg/m3 Coarse aggregate content = 1821 637 = 1184 kg/m3

 Quantities of materials for 1m3 concrete are as follows, Cement Water = 369 kg = 210 kg

Coarse aggregates = 1184 kg Fine aggregates = 637 kg

Volume of concrete for mixing (for Lab 3 Wet Concrete Tests)

1. Cubes 150 x 150 x 150 mm 9 samples

Volume of concrete

= 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 x 9 = 0.030375 m3

2. Cylinders 100 mm diameter x 200 mm height 6 samples

Volume of concrete= 3.142 x 0.05 x 0.05 x 0.2 x 6

= 0.009426 m3

3. Beams 100 x 100 x 500 mm 6 samples

Volume of concrete

= 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.5 x 6 = 0.03 m3

Air content in samples

= 0.008 m3

Total Volume of concrete = 0.030375 + 0.009426 + 0.03 + 0.008 = 0.0778 m3 5% of concrete volume is assumed wasted, Waste concrete = 5% x 0.0778 m3 = 0.00389 m3

Thus, Total volume of concrete for mixing = 0.0778 0.00389 = 0.074 m3

Weight of materials for mixing Cement = 369 x 0.074 = 27 kg

Water

= 210 x 0.074 = 16 kg

Coarse aggregates

= 1184 x 0.074 = 88 kg

Fine aggregates (sand)

= 637 x 0.074 = 47 kg

Laboratory 2 : Specific Gravity and Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregates. Introduction: The specific gravity of a solid substance is the ratio of the weight of the solid to the weight of an equal volume of water. In dealing with soils, the specific gravity is necessary for certain tests, such as hydrometer analysis. It is also necessary for computations involving volume and weight relationships. The specific gravity of a soil mass can be expressed in one of three different forms as follows: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLIDS (G,) is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of soil particles to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water, both at a stated temperature. The specific gravity of solids is only applied to that fraction of a soil that passes a No. 4 sieve. APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Ga) is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of the impermeable portion of soil particles to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water, both at a stated temperature. The impermeable portion of a porous material, such as most large soil grains, includes the solid material plus im-permeable pores or voids within the particles. BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (G~) is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of permeable material (including permeable and im-permeable voids) to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at a stated temperature.

For specific gravity tests, the soil samples may be either disturbed or undisturbed. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that representative samples are obtained. When the sample contains both large and small particles, the sample should be separated on a No. 4 sieve. Then the specific gravity of the fine fraction is determined separately from the coarse fraction. A composite specific gravity for the entire soil sample is then calculated in the manner to be described later.

For samples smaller than the No. 4 sieve, it is easier to begin the test with an ovendried sample. However, some soils, particularly those with high organic content, should be tested at their natural water content; the ovendried weight determined at the end of the test. Coarse Aggregate is a material that will pass the 3-inch screen and will be retained on the No.4 sieve. As with fine aggregate, for increased workability and economy as reflected by the use of less cement, the coarse aggregate should have a rounded shape. Even though the definition seems to limit the size of coarse aggregate, other considerations must be accounted.

2.1 Aggregate Density The density of aggregate will follow the British Standard BS 812: Section 2. Apparatus: 1. Analytical balance 2. Microwave 3. Glass jar with airtight cover 4. Tray 5. Airtight Container Procedures: 1) We took about 1 kg of the aggregate and immersed it into the glass jar at room temperature about 24 hours. 2) Then the glass jar was insert by water until overflow and put the cover by make sure that there is no intrapped air. The jar had been wiped and weighed it (B) 3) The agregate had been removed and dried it. Then filled up the glass jar with water until overflow and closed it by its cover while make sure there is no air trapped before wiped and weighed it (C)

4) The aggregate had been put on the cloth and wiped the aggregate until dry. The aggregate being kept dried but make it still look like damp. Then weighed it (A)
5) The aggregate had been put into the microwave at temperature 105OC about 24

hours. 6) Lastly, we kept it cool in the jar with the airtight cover and weighed it (D)

Result: Weight of jar + Coarse aggregates + Water, B (g) Weight of jar + Water, C (g) Coarse aggregates, A (g) Dried Coarse Aggregates, D (g) 2123.18 1812.63 501.1 498.0

Calculation:
1. Specific gravity oven dry aggregate

D ( A ( B C )) 498 (501.1 (2123.18 1812.63))

= 2.6135
2. Aggregate gravity dry saturated surface

A ( A ( B C ))

501.1 (501.1 (2123.18 1812.63))

= 2.6298
3. Aggregate gravity apparent

D ( D ( B C )) 498 (498 (2123.18 1812.63))

= 2.6567

4. Absorption percent

= 100

( A D) D (501.1 498.0) 498.0

= 100 = 0.62 %

2.2 Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregate Introduction: This test method covers the determination of the percentage of evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying both surface moisture and moisture in the pores of the aggregate. Some aggregate may contain water that is chemically combined with the minerals in the aggregate. Such water is not evaporable and is not included in the percentage determined by this test method. This test method is sufficiently accurate for usual purposes such as adjusting batch quantities of ingredients for concrete. It will generally measure the moisture in the test sample more reliably than the sample can be made to represent the aggregate supply. In rare cases where aggregate itself is altered by heat, or where more refined measurement is required, the test should be conducted using a ventilated, controlledtemperature oven.

Large particles of coarse aggregate, especially those larger than 50 mm (2 in.), will require greater time for the moisture to travel from the interior of the particle to the surface. The user of this test method should determine by trial if rapid drying methods provide sufficient accuracy for the intended use when drying large-size particles.

The moisture content of coarse aggregate given by BS 812 : 109 1990. This test can make some assumption of the moisture content which can control the water mix into the mixer to control the amount that required only. Apparatus: 1. Mikrowave 2. Analytical Balance 3. Container with airtight cover 4. Coarse Aggregate (1.8 2.2kg)

Procedure: 1) The container was dried with its cover

2) The cover and container weighed together (M1) 3) Then 1.8kg of the coarse aggregate was took from the storage and put into the

container with its cover before we weighed it until approximate 0.1 gm (M2)
4) The container had been put into the microwave with its cover but we make

sure that the cover had opened it first from the container about 24 hours at temperature 105OC.
5) We took out the coarse aggregate after 24 hours and closed it with its cover

and let it dried for 0.5 - 1 hours before we took the weight (M3).

Result: Weight of container, M1 (g) Weight of container + Coarse Aggregate, M2 (g) Weight of container + Dried Coarse Aggregate, M3 (g) 271.2 2071.5 2067.89

Calculation: Calculate the moisture content and moisture surface by the following formula : Moisture Content = 100 x ( M2 M3 ) / ( M3 M1 ) = 100 X ( 2071.5 2067.89 ) / ( 2067.89 271.2 ) = 0.2 %

Discussion: Bulk specific gravity is the characteristic generally used for calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate, including Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Bulk specific gravity is also used in the computation of voids in aggregate. Bulk specific gravity is used if the aggregate is wet, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the bulk specific gravity (oven-dry) is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry. Apparent specific gravity pertains to the relative density of the solid material making up the constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles which is accessible to water. Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy most of the absorption potential.

The aggregate which possess the high specific gravity is normally is strong aggregate. The high water absorption shows that the aggregate having high porosity and need strong binder content. When the experiment was carried out, there are some errors occured, that is: 1. There are air bubbles trap inside the container when the weight of the container with full water was measured. 2. The coarse aggregates still consist of water when the weight was measured. 3. The weight of coarse aggregates was measured directly without wait the coarse aggregates turned cool. 4. There are some imputities content in the container. 5. The moisture on the coarse aggregates do not evaporate probably in the mikrowave. Then, the precaution steps that need to be concerned to improve the accurancy of the experiment are: 1. The container should over flow with water and closed it by the cover probably so that the air bubbles do not trap inside the container before the weight was measured. 2. The coarse aggregates must in wet condition before it put into the mikrowave. 3. After the corse aggregates were taken out from the mikrowave, it should be cool for at least one hour before the weight was measured. It is because the weight of the coarse aggregates were not stable after taking out from the mikrowave. 4. The container used must be cleaned so that it is free from impurities which will affect the accurancy of the result.

2.4 CONCLUSION As conclusion, we get the value for the specific gravity and the moisture content in the following table. DATA FOR EXPERIMENT 2.1 AND 2.2 Specific gravity oven dry aggregate Aggregate gravity dry saturated surface Aggregate gravity apparent Absorption percent Moisture Content 2.6135 2.6298 2.6567 0.62 % 0.2 %

From the table above, it shows the value of the specific gravity of coarse aggregates in this experiment are acceptable and fall in the range of 2.4 to 2.9 which follow what we have estimated before the experiment.

References:

1. http://www.logicsphere.com/products/firstmix/hlp/html/aggr5678.htm

2. http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14071/css/14071_289.htm

INTRODUCTION Concrete is a hardened building material created by combining a chemically insert mineral aggregate (usually sand, gravel, and crushed stone), a binder (natural or synthetic cement), chemical addictives, and water. As concrete dries, it acquires stones-like consistency that renders it idea, for construction roads, bridges, water supply and sewage systems, factories, airports, railroads, waterways and even the mass transit system. Concrete is tested to ensure the material that was specified and bought is the same material delivered to the job site. There are a dozen different test methods for freshly mixed concrete and at least another dozen tests for hardened concrete not include test methods unique to organizations like the Army Corps of Engineering, the Federal Highway Administration and state department of transportation. Five tests are carried toward the wet concrete which had been mixed up by the machine namely: a. Temperature measurement Temperature of concrete at the time of placement is important to control and to avoid many possible difficulties. In hot climates, it is important to measure the temperature of the fresh concrete to ensure it is not too hot, which could cause flash setting and rapidly reducing workability. Measurements are generally taken at the point of placement. b. Slump test Slump test is a measure of consistency, or relative ability of the concrete to flow.

c. Air Content Measurement Air content measurement measures the total air content in a sample of fresh concrete, but does not indicate what the final in-place air content will be because a certain amount of air is lost in transportation, consolidating, placement and finishing. d. Compaction Test
To determine the workability of fresh concrete by compacting factor

test as per IS: 1199 1959. e. Flow Table Test A method to determine the consistence of fresh concrete.

These tests were undergoing based on the following standard which are: The British Standard BS 1811 : Bahagian 102 The British Standard BS 1811 : Bahagian 103: 1983 The British Standard BS 1811 : Bahagian 105 The British Standard BS 1811 : Bahagian 106 The British Standard BS 1811 : Bahagian 107: 1983 ASTM C 1064-86

OBJECTIVES To determine the workability of fresh concrete, which would normally be undertaken at the point of delivery to ensure the concrete is of adequate consistency for placement

THEORY Air content Testing carried out on wet concrete includes checking that the air content is correct, testing the amount of water escaping from a compact sample, and the consistency and temperature for placement. Air content of fresh concrete is normally measured, by the use of a special air meter, to assess whether the concrete contains the required amount of air. This would be measured when airs entrapment or entrainment is required by the concrete design. Normal methods will use the principle of replacing the air in a known volume of concrete with water, the volume of which can then be measured.

Slump "Slump" is simply a term coined to describe how consistent a concrete sample is, rather than using obscure descriptions such as "wet" or "runny". The height of the concrete mix after being placed in the slump cone differs from one sample to another. Samples with lower heights are predominantly used in construction, with samples having high slumps commonly used to construct roadway pavements. This test is an in situ test or a laboratory test used to determine and measure how hard and consistent a given sample of concrete is before curing. The Concrete Slump Test is, in essence, a method of quality control. For a particular mix, the slump should be consistent. A change in slump height would demonstrate an undesired change in the ratio of the concrete ingredients; the proportions of the ingredients are then adjusted to keep a concrete batch consistent. This homogeneity improves the quality and structural integrity of the cured concrete. Flow table test The flow table test or flow test is a method to determine the consistence of fresh concrete. The 700 mm square flow table is hinged to a rigid base, proved with a stop that allows the far end to be raised by 40 mm. A cone, similar to that used for slump testing but truncated, is filled with concrete in two layers. Each layer is tamped 10 times with a special wooden bar and the concrete of the upper layer finished off level with the top of the cone. Any excess is cleaned off the outside of the cone. The cone is then raised allowing the concrete to flow out and spread out a little on the flow table. The table top is then raised until it meets the stop and allowed to drop freely 15 times. This causes the concrete to spread further, in a roughly circular shape. The flow diameter is the average of the maximum diameter of the pool of concrete and the diameter at right angles. As well as getting an accurate measurement of the workability of the concrete, the flow test gives an indication of the cohesion. A mix that is prone to segregation will produce a non-circular pool of concrete. Cement paste may be seen separating from the aggregate. If the mix is prone to bleeding, a ring of clear water may form after a few minutes.

Cube making Cubes of fresh concrete are made to test a variety of properties on the eventually cured and hardened concrete. Fresh concrete is subjected to a standard compaction regime in the cube mould and is then normally initially cured under specific laboratory conditions. The moulds themselves are subject to tight dimensional, hardness, squareness and surface finish requirements.

Temperature Temperature of concrete at the time of placement is important to control and to avoid many possible difficulties. In hot climates, it is important to measure the temperature of the fresh concrete to ensure it is not too hot, which could cause flash setting and rapidly reducing workability. Measurements are generally taken at the point of placement.

APPARATUS

Figure 3.1: Concrete mixer moulds

Figure 3.2: 6 Beam

Figure 3.4: 6 Cube moulds Figure 3.3: Balance Table Vibrator Trowel Scoop

Figure 3.5: 6 Cylinder moulds PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS Preparing the Moulds 1. Before assembling the moulds, the moulds are made sure that there is no hardened mortar or dirt on the faces of flange that prevent the sections from fitting together closely. 2. These faces must be thinly coated with mould oil to prevent leakage during filling. The inside of the moulds must also be oiled to prevent the concrete from sticking to it. The two sections must be bolted firmly together. Sampling Fresh Concrete

1. The cement, water, coarse aggregates and fine aggregates is weighted according to the calculations and it is divided into three. 2. Half of the coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and half of water is put with air entraining in the mixer. 3. The mixer is started. 4. Carefully all the cement is added with the mixer running. Try not to make a lot of dust! 5. It is mixed until all the cement is blended in. 6. The rest of the coarse and fine aggregate is added. 7. It is mixed for a while. 8. Enough water is added from the final quarter of the water to produce a workable mix. 9. The temperature is taken. 10. When the concrete has been blended well enough, Slump test is performed using the procedure given below. 11. After the Slump test is complete, the concrete is poured into the cube moulds until half of the moulds. 12. Then, the moulds are vibrated using the table vibrator to compact the concrete. 13. After it is compact enough, the moulds is filled and compacted again until the moulds are full. 14. The procedure 1 until 8 are repeated and the concrete Compaction Factor test is applied which is the procedure is shown below. 15. Then, the concrete is filled into the cylinder moulds using the same procedure as the cube moulds. 16. The procedure 1 until 8 is repeated and the Slump Flow Test is applied which the procedure is shown below. 17. The concrete is then filled into the beam moulds using the same procedure as the cube moulds.
18. The Wet Concrete Air Content Test is not tested since the equipment cannot be

used but we still provide the procedure for this test which is shown below.

3.1

Experiment 1: Wet Concrete Air Content Test

Apparatus

Figure 3.6: Pressure Type B Meter 1. Pressure Type B Meter 2. Metal container 3. Scoop Tamping rod 4. Mallet

Procedure
1. The empty Pressure Type B Meter container is weighted and then it is

placed on a flat, firm surface. 2. The container is filled to 1/3 full and rod with 25 strokes. 3. The sides of the container are tapped ten to fifteen times with the rubber mallet to release large bubbles of air and to close voids left by the tamping rod. 4. The second and third layers are continued, each layer is rod 25 times and the sides of the container are tapped ten to fifteen times with the rubber mallet. 5. The excess concrete is stroked off until the container is just level full.

6. The filled container is weighted and the wet unit weight of concrete is calculated. Carefully clean the upper flanges are cleaned and the apparatus is assembled making a watertight connection. 7. The water is squirted through one petcock valve with a squirt bottle until it flows out the other petcock. 8. The water is continued squirt into the first petcock valve and the second is closed. 9. The first petcock valve is closed and air is pumped in until the pressure gage reads "3" on the initial pressure setting. 10. The air is released, the side of the container is stroked sharply and lightly the pressure gage is tapped to read the air content directly from the gage.

3.2

Experiment 2: Slump Test and Slump Flow Test

A. Slump Test Apparatus

Figure 3.7: Slump cone 1. Slump cone 2. Tamping rod 3. Base plate 4. Scoop Procedure 1. The slump test mould is dampen and placed on a flat, moist, nonabsorbent and rigid surface. 2. The mold is filled with the mould to 1/3 full by volume and the bottom layer is rod with 25 evenly spaced strokes. 3. Then, the mould is filled to 2/3 full by volume and the second layer is rod with 25 strokes penetrating the top of the bottom layer. 4. The concrete is heaped on top of the mould and the top layer is rod with 25 strokes penetrating the top of the second layer. 5. The top surface of the concrete is stroked off to the top of the mould. 6. Carefully, the mold is removed in the vertical direction.

7.

Immediately, the mold is placed beside the slumped concrete and the rod is placed horizontally across the mold and the slump is measured.

B. Slump Flow Test Apparatus

Figure 3.8: Slump Flow cone 1. Trowel 2. Scoop 3. Base Plate 4. Tamping rod Procedure
1. The freshly mixed self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is sampled.

2. The SCC is observed in the wheelbarrow for segregation. 3. The base plate and inside of slump cone is moisten. 4. The base plate is placed on level stable ground. The inverted slump cone is placed centrally on the base plate and hold down firmly. 5. The cone is filled with the scoop or other suitable container in 1 lift. Do not tamp, rod, or vibrate. The SCC level is stroked off with the cone with the trowel. 6. Any surplus SCC is removed from the base plate around the cone. 7. The cone is raised vertically and the SCC is allowed to flow out freely. 8. The final diameter of the SCC is measured in 2 perpendicular directions.

9. The average of the 2 measured diameters is calculated.

3.3

Experiment 3: The Compaction Factor Test

Apparatus

Figure 3.9: Equipment for Compaction Factor test 1. Two hoppers 2. Metal cylinder container 3. Scoop 4. Balance Procedure
1. The sample of concrete is placed in the upper hopper up to the brim. 2. The trap-door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper. 3. The trap-door of the lower hopper is opened and the concrete is allowed to fall

into the cylinder.

4. The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder is then cut

off with the help of plane blades.

5. The concrete in the cylinder is weighed. This is known as weight of partially

compacted concrete.
6. The cylinder is filled with a fresh sample of concrete and vibrated to obtain

full compaction.

7. The concrete in the cylinder is weighted again. This weight s known as the

weight of fully compacted concrete. 3.4 Experiment 4: The Determination of Unit Weight Test

Apparatus 1. Metal cylinder container 2. Scoop 3. Balance 4. Tamping Rod 5. Mallet Procedure
1. The measure is filled with fresh concrete consolidated in three layers as

described for the air-content test.

2. After each layer is rodded, the sides of the container are tapped 10 to 15 times

with a rubber or rawhide mallet to remove any air pockets.

3. After filling and consolidating, the top surface, taking care to leave the

measure level full.

4. All excess concrete is cleaned from the exterior of the measure. 5. Then it is weighted and the net weight of the concrete inside the measure is

determined by subtracting the tare weight of the measure from the gross weight of the measure and concrete.
6. The unit weight is calculated by multiplying the net weight of the concrete by

the calibration factor for the measure.

3.5

Experiment 5: Concrete Temperature Test

Apparatus

Figure 3.10 1. Thermometer 2. Metal container contained concrete Procedure 1. The thermometer is inserted into the new concrete so that the sensing part of the thermometer enters at least 75mm from the surface of the concrete. 2. The reading of temperature is taken at least 2 minutes or after the temperature reading has become stable, the final reading is taken.

RESULT AND CALCULATION CONCRETE MIX DESIGN EXAMPLE (IN ACCORDANCE WITH BRITISH STANDARD (BS)) We are from group 13 and we are given a project to design a suitable concrete grade, size of coarse aggregates and slump according to construct the non-suspended slabs for single storey bungalow. After searching information from internet, library and getting information from contractors and lecturers, our concrete product will follow this British Standard: Characteristic strength, fc Slump Type of cement = 50Mpa = 35mm = Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm, crushed aggregates 60% fine aggregate passed through 600 micron sieve Step 1 Determination of target strength and water/cement ratio
3. Determination of target strength, fm

Based on BS approach, 5% of specimens tested possessed lower actual strength than design strength. Thus, from Table 1.2 k (constant) = 1.65 Standard deviation, s is taken as 8Mpa because the number of data is less than 40. BS allows 5% difference between characteristic strength and average strength of specimens. This difference is termed margin, M and can be determined as follows, M =kxs

= 1.65 x 8 = 13Mpa Hence, the target strength can be calculated by using equation as follows, fm = fc + M = 50 + 13 = 63Mpa 4. Determination of water/cement ratio By referring to Table 1.3, the compressive strength, fp of concrete using OPC and crushed coarse aggregates at 28 days with w/c ratio of 0.5 is as follows, fp = 49Mpa Refer to figure 1.1, At the intersection of w/c = 0.5 and fp = 49Mpa, construct a new curve. Then, determine the actual w/c ratio from the curve at fm = 63Mpa. Thus, w/c ratio = 0.39 Step 2 Determination of free water content From table 1.4, At slump = 35mm, crushed aggregates and maximum size of aggregates = 20mm, Free water content = 210 kg/m3 Step 3 Determination of cement content Cement content = free water content/ (w/c ratio) = = 538.46 kg/m3 Step 4 Determination of aggregates (fine and coarse aggregates) content Specific gravity from:

UK1 = 2.722 UK2 = 2.5508 Proportion of fine aggregate=35% Fine = 0.35 2.722 = 0.9527

Coarse = 0.65 2.5508 = 1.6580 Total = 2.6107 (Specific Gravity) By referring to Figure 1.2 At free water content Wet concrete density Thus, aggregates content (fine + coarse) Step 5 Determination of fine and coarse aggregates proportion From Figure 1.3, At maximum coarse aggregates size = 20mm, slump = 35 mm and 60% fine aggregate passed through 600 micron sieve, Proportion of fine aggregate = 35% Thus, fine aggregate (sand) content = 35% x 1591.54 kg/m3 = 557.039 kg/m3 Coarse aggregate content = 1591.54 557.039 = 1034.501 kg/m3 Quantities of materials for 1m3 concrete are as follows, Cement Water Coarse aggregates Fine aggregates = 538.46 kg = 210 kg = 1034.501kg = 557.039 kg = 210 kg/m3 = 2340 kg/m3 = 2340 210 538.46 = 1591.54 kg/m3

Volume of concrete for mixing (for Lab 3 Wet Concrete Tests) 4. Cubes 150 x 150 x 150 mm

6 samples Volume of concrete = 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 x 6 = 0.02025 m3 5. Cylinders 100 mm diameter x 200 mm height 6 samples Volume of concrete = 3.142 x 0.05 x 0.05 x 0.2 x 6 = 0.009426 m3 6. Beams 100 x 100 x 500 mm 6 samples Volume of concrete = 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.5 x 6 = 0.03 m3 Air content in samples Total Volume of concrete = 0.008 m3 = 0.02025 + 0.009426 + 0.03 + 0.008 = 0.067676 m3 5% of concrete volume is assumed wasted, Waste concrete = 5% x 0.067676 m3 = 0.00016919 m3 Thus, Total volume of concrete for mixing = 0.067676 + 0.00016919 = 0.0678 m3 Weight of materials for mixing Cement Water = 538.46 x 0.0678 = 36.5 kg = 210 x 0.0678 = 14.238 kg

Coarse aggregates Fine aggregates (sand)

= 1034.501 x 0.0678 = 70.139 kg = 557.039 x 0.0678 = 37.767 kg

1. Wet Concrete Air Content Test Unfortunately this test we fail to do it as the machine used was broke down.

2. Slump Test The Concrete slump test (or simply the slump test) is an in situ test or a laboratory test used to determine and measure how hard and consistent a given sample of concrete is before curing. A change in slump height would demonstrate an undesired change in the ratio of the concrete ingredients. Change in slump height = 10mm

3. Slump Flow Test

From the experiment, a = 23.5 cm , b = 13.2 cm , c = 17.3 cm , d = 7.3 cm

Slump Flow = = = 80.15

4. The Compacting Factor Test Weight of cylinder container = 4.58 kg Weight of cylinder container + concrete (half-compacted) = 12.60 kg Weight of cylinder container + concrete (compacted) = 15.48 kg

Compacting Factor = = = 0.7358

5. The Determination of Unit Weight Weight of container, J2 = 9.86 kg Weight of container + concrete, J1 = 32.90 kg Weight of container + water = 19.62 kg

Unit Weight of Concrete, where, J = weight of new mixed concrete (kg) = J1 J2 I = Volume of container = = 0.00976 m3

Therefore, Unit Weight of Concrete,

= = 2360.66 kg/m3 6. Temperature Test Temperature for the mixture = 28oC DISCUSSION Result obtained from experiment Air content measures the total air content in a sample of fresh concrete, but does not indicate what the final in-place air content will be, because a certain amount of air is lost in transportation, consolidating, placement and finishing. In this test, we had tried to determine the air content by using the apparatus which obeyed the British Standard BS 1881: Part 106. However, due to some technical problem, our group did not manage to get the value of air content. From the slump test according the procedure of BS 1881 Part 102, the change in slump height that we obtained is 10mm. It has a large different compare to the theoretical value which is 35mm. A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. All concrete is a combination of aggregate (gravel and/or sand), cement, and water, but the proportions of the mix can be varied. A larger proportion of water causes a softer, wet concrete mix, which is easier to handle during the pour and requires less care during curing. It also results in a slightly softer and less durable finished product. A smaller amount of water causes a stiffer, wet concrete mix, which is harder to manage but makes a stronger and more durable finished product. For the slump flow test according to the procedure of BS 1881 Part 105, we had calculated the slump flow as 80.15. The compacting factor obtained by the procedure BS 1881: Part 103: 1983 is calculated as 0.7358. The compacting factor is to determine the workability of fresh

concrete. The value that we obtained in this test if it was compared to the theoretical value which is 1, there will be a percentage different of 26.42%. The next test is on determination of unit weight according to the procedure of BS 1881: Part 107: 1983. We calculated the unit weight of our concrete as 2360.66 kg/m3. Unit weight measures the weight of a known volume of fresh concrete. We also measured the temperature of the wet concrete to be 28 oC. High temperature will cause the process of dehydration happen rapidly and the problem of inconsistency dehydration may occur and affect the structure formed later. After all the procedure of wet concrete producing, the curing method is one of the important steps to ensure that optimum properties of concrete can be developed. Errors that might occur during experiment 1. The first error that might occur is that some calculation errors occur during the concrete mix design calculation. This might caused the test result required differ large from the theoretical value. 2. The water to cement ratio might got error either because of calculation error or measurement error. 3. The apparatus such as the balance used are quite insensitive. This might caused the error while taking the weight of the material. 4. The measurement error of change in slump height and slump flow might occur. This is because parallax errors occur during the measurement reading. 5. The aggregate and sand are placed outside may contain some particle that might affect the quality of concrete made. Precaution and recommendation 1. The concrete mix design calculation should be confirmed with lecturer to make sure that the portion of concrete production material is correct. 2. Every measurement have to do twice to double confirm that no measurement error.

3. Better weight balance should be provided to obtain more accurate weight measurement. 4. We should make sure that the aggregate used contain no other particle. 5. The sand used must also make sure that dry sand is used. Wet sand will affect the concrete produced. Curing Concrete must be properly cured if its optimum properties are to be developed. An adequate supply of moisture is necessary to ensure that hydration is sufficient to reduce the porosity to a level such that the desired strength and durability can be attained and to minimize volume changes in the concrete due to shrinkage. Concrete structures rarely fail because the specified design strength not attained, but inadequate strength at the time the forms are stripped may cause problems. Concrete needs time to gain strength, even when good curing methods are being used, and the strength should be checked prior to form removal. The most desirable objective is to continuously moist cure the concrete as long as possible---ideally, even after the concrete has attained its specified strength. Obviously, this is seldom a practical proposition, and some compromise must be accepted to allow acceptable construction schedules and to minimize costs. The moist curing for about 7-days will ensure that the 28-days moist-cured strength will eventually be reached. The ACI Standard Practice for Curing Concrete (ACI 308) suggests that 7-days of moist curing for most structural concrete or the time necessary to attain 70% of the specified compressive or flexural strength, whichever is less. There are 2 method of curing which are water curing and sealed curing. In this experiment, water curing method is used which water is supplied to the concrete and is accomplish by ponding.

CONCLUSION

From the 5 tests that we have done, we obtained the following value for our concrete. The air content of wet concrete cannot be determined. The change in slump height is 10mm; The slump flow is 80.15; The compacting factor is 0.7358; The unit weight of concrete is 2360.66kg/m3; The temperature of the concrete is 28oC.

APPENDIX Preparation of the material and apapratus

Aggregates, sand and cement prepared for making concrete

Mold Cubes and Beams

Mold Cylinder

Apply lubricant on mold

Machine used to mix freshly made concrete

Temperature Test

Slump test

Measure the change in slump height

In Air Content Measurement

Compaction Test Apparatus

Flow table test (i)

Flow table test (ii)

Measuring the length from the concrete to the side

The mold filled with cement (before vibration)

The mold filled with cement (after vibration)

The mold filled with cement (after vibration)

REFERENCE 1. http://www.engineeringcivil.com/workability-of-fresh-concrete-by-compactingfactor-test.html 2. http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14071/css/14071_298.htm 3. http://www.civil.umaine.edu/cie111/concrete/mix.htm 4. http://www.scribd.com/doc/24320020/Making-Test-Cubes-From -Fresh-Concrete 5. http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_faq

Laboratory 4 and Laboratory 5: Hardened Concrete Test (7 and 28 Days)

1.0

SUMMARY/SYNOPSIS

There are several reasons why testing of hardened concrete is important: 1) Test can investigate the fundamental physical behavior of concrete such as elastic properties and strength characteristics.

2) When physical laws are not fully understood testing can simulate expected conditions to evaluate performance. 3) Tests to determined physical material constants like the modulus of elasticity and quality control.

Common characteristics of concrete like strength and durability should not be considered fundamental material properties. Variables like specimen geometry and preparation, moisture content, temperature, loading rate, and type of testing device will affect the mechanical behavior. Therefore, when defining some mechanical property it is necessary to specify the test used to determine the value. Also, there is no unique relationship between mechanical properties obtained from different test. In light of these restrictions, a series of standard test have been proposed. There are several organizations such as ASTM, British Standards Institute (BSI), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) which publish standards. These standard test are continually revised as new technologies develop. It is estimated that 1/3 of the ASTM tests are revised annually.

Small representative samples of concrete do not in any way guarantee the quality of the concrete. Studies have shown that there is not a very good correlation between strength of concrete determined by ASTM standard tests and the strength of the concrete in the structure. However, there are many reasons to continue standard testing: 1) Test help ensure proper batching and proportioning. 2) Provide statistical information on properties. 3) Reveal problems associate with the materials. 4) Helps ensure high production standards are maintained. 5) Documented testing will help identify any structural problems that arise. 6) Strength test may be used as a guide for construction operations.

2.0

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

2.1

Compressive strength of cubic specimens (BS 1881: Part

108: 1983)

Objective: To determine the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of molded concrete cylinder specimens.

Apparatus: (1) Universal Loading Machine (2) Compressor meter (3) Extensometer (4) Balance (5) Measuring tape or ruler (6) Concrete cube (150mm x 150mm x 150mm)

Procedures: 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Remove cube from the curing tank. Wipe off surface water and grit with a damp cloth. Wipe test machine platens with dry cloth. Place the test cube centrally on the lower platen of the test machine with the rough surface of the test cube facing towards to you.

5.) cube. 6.) 7.) 8.)

Lower the top platen onto the cube and ensure a uniform seating by gently rotating the top platen as it is brought to bear on the Make sure that test machine is set to the correct loading and pointers are zeroed. Apply the load without shock. Record the maximum load the cube can sustain.

Calculation:

c = P max x 103 A
Where: c Pmax A = compressive strength (MPa) = the maximum load that cube sustained (KN) = the cross sectional area of the cube (mm2

2.2

Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens (ASTM C39 - 96)

Apparatus: (1) Universal Loading Machine (2) Compressor meter (3) Extensometer (4) Balance (5) Measuring tape or ruler (6) Concrete cylinder (200mm height x 100mm diameter)

Procedure: 1) Cap the three small cylinders (which have already been put in the cure room for 28 days). 2) Place the specimen in upright position on the base plate of the compressive testing machine. 3) Centre specimen carefully 4) Take care to apply load uniformly and without shock. 5) Do not attempt to make any adjustment while the specimen is deforming rapidly, just before failure. 6) Record the maximum load sustained by each specimen.

Calculation: c = Pmax r2
Where: c Pmax r = the compressive strength = the maximum load sustained by the specimen = the radius of the specimen

3.0

SPLITTING

TENSILE

STRENGTH

TEST

OF

CYLINDERICAL

SPECIMENS (ASTM C496-85 OR BS 1881 : PART 117 : 1983)

Objective: To determine the splitting tensile strength of the concrete cylinder.

Apparatus: (1) Universal Loading Machine (2) Bearing Strips (Plywood strips) (3) Concrete cylinder (200mm height x 100mm diameter)

Procedure: 1) Remove the cylinders to be tested from curing room and wipe cylinders with a damp cloth to remove surface water.

2) Draw diametrical lines on opposite sides along the length of the specimen.

3) Place the cylinder into the test jig and place the jig centrally in the compression machine. 4) Apply load without shock. 5) Record the maximum load sustained by the specimen.

Calculation: 2P dL

Where: T = the indirect tensile strength (MPa)

P = the maximum load sustained by the specimen (N) d = the diameter of the specimen (mm) L = the length of the specimen (mm)

4.0

DENSITY

MEASUREMENT

OF

HARDENED

CONCRETE

SPECIMENS (BS 1881 : PART 114 : 1983)

Objective: To determine the density of hardened concrete specimens.

Procedure: 1) Measure length and diameter of uncapped specimens. 2) Weigh uncapped specimens.

Calculation:

 = m/V

Where: = density of the hardened concrete m = mass of specimen V = volume of the specimen

5.0 5.1

RESULTS AND DATA COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

5.1.1 CUBE

A = 150mm X 150mm = 22500 mm = 0.0225 m

fc = Pmax A

551 0.0225

= 24.29 MPa

Results for 7 days NO MASS (KG) FORCE (KN) STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL) 4 5 6 NO. AVG 1 2 3 7 8 9 AVG 8.095 8.000 7.970 MASS (KG) 8.022 7.845 7.985 8.050 8.090 7.895 7.950 7.969 301.2 292.8 290.5 FORCE (KN) 294.8 551 507 529 526 521 520 525.67 13.39 13.01 12.91 STRESS (MPa) 13.10 (EXPERIMENTAL) 24.49 22.53 23.51 23.37 23.15 23.11 23.36

Results for 28 days

Conclusion: The result of the whole laboratory test is: 1. For fine aggregates: Bulk specific gravity, (g/m3) Bulk SSD specific gravity, (g/m3) Apparent specific gravity, (g/m3) Absorption, (%) 2.8305 2.8325 2.8362 0.071%

2. For coarse aggregates: Specific gravity oven dry aggregate Aggregate gravity dry saturated surface Aggregate gravity apparent Absorption percent Moisture Content 2.6567 0.62 % 0.2 % 2.6298 2.6135

3. For Wet Concrete test: Type of Tests Air Content Test The Flow Table Test, Slump Test 145mm Test Value 0.8 % 46.90cm

Test of Density Temperature Test

2912.34 kg/m3 22 0C

4. Hardened Concrete Test i. Result for 7 days TEST EXPERIMENT VALUE COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 7 DAYS COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 28 DAYS SPLITTING TENSILE 7 DAYS DENSITY 2373.04kg/m3 1.030Mpa 13.10Mpa THEORY / DESIGN VALUE DIFFERENT PERCENT

2 (25Mpa) 3
= 16.67Mpa -

16.67 13.10 x 100% 16.67

= 21.42% -

10 x 13.10Mpa 100
= 1.310Mpa 2400kg/m3

1.310 1.030 x 100% 1.310

= 21.37%

2400 2373.04 x 100% 2400

= 1.12%

ii. Result for 28 days TEST EXPERIMENT VALUE COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 7 DAYS THEORY / DESIGN VALUE DIFFERENT PERCENT

COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 28 DAYS SPLITTING TENSILE 28 DAYS DENSITY

23.36Mpa

25.00Mpa

1.638Mpa

10 x 23.36Mpa 100
= 2.336Mpa

2.336 1.638 x 100% 2.336

= 29.88%

2349.06kg/m3

2400kg/m3

2400 2349.06 x 100% 2400

= 2.12%

In

conclusion,

the

concrete

design

does

not

achieve

the

characteristic strength that we design before conducting the experiment. The laboratory test for the concrete is necessary to carry out before the concrete mix used in the construction, so that we can know the strength of the concrete mix to avoid the failure of the concrete structure in construction.

5.1.2 CYLINDERICAL

r = (50mm) = 78853.98 mm = 7.854 x 10-3 m

fc = Pmax r

50.6 7.854 x 10-3

= 6.443 MPa

Result for 7 days NO MASS (KG) 2 3 6 AVG 3.710 3.720 3.735 3.722 37.0 26.6 33.5 32.37 FORCE (KN) STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL) 4.711 3.387 4.265 4.121

Result for 28 days NO. MASS (KG) FORCE (KN) STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL) 1 4 5 AVG 3.720 3.535 3.100 3.452 50.6 58.1 45.7 51.47 6.443 7.398 5.819 6.553

5.2

SPLITTING STRENGTH TEST

dL = (100)(200) = 62831.85 mm = 0.063 m

ft =

2P dL

2(50.6) = 1.611 MPa 0.063

Result for 7 days

NO.

MASS (KG)

FORCE (KN)

STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL)

2 3 6 AVG

3.710 3.720 3.735 3.722

37.0 26.6 33.5 32.37

1.178 0.847 1.066 1.030

Result for 28 days

NO.

MASS (KG)

FORCE (KN)

STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL)

1 4

3.720 3.535

50.6 58.1

1.611 1.849

5 AVG

3.100 3.452

45.7 51.47

1.455 1.638

5.3

DENSITY TEST

5.3.1 CUBE

Volume, V = 150mm x 150mm x150mm = 3375000 mm = 3.375 x 10-3 m

Density,

7.845kg 3.375 10 3 m 3

= 2324.44 kg/m

Result for 7 days

NO.

MASS (KG)

FORCE (KN)

STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL )

DENSITY (KG/M)

4 5 6 AVG

8.095 8.000 7.970 8.022

301.2 292.8 290.5 294.83

13.39 13.01 12.91 13.10

2398.51 2370.37 2361.49 2376.79

Result for 28 days NO . MASS (KG) FORCE (KN) STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENT AL) 1 2 3 7 8 9 AV G 5.3.2 CYLINDERICAL 7.845 7.985 8.050 8.090 7.895 7.950 7.969 551 507 529 526 521 520 525.67 24.49 22.53 23.51 23.37 23.15 23.11 23.36 2324.44 2365.93 2385.19 2397.04 2339.26 2355.56 2361.24 DENSITY (KG/M)

Volume, V = rL = (50) (200)

= 1570796.327 mm = 1.571 x 10-3 m

Density,

3.720kg 1.571 10 3 m 3

= 2367.92 kg/m

Result for 7 days

NO . 2 3 6 AV G

MASS (KG)

FORCE (KN)

STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL)

DENSITY (KG/M) 2361.55 2367.92 2377.47 2368.97

3.710 3.720 3.735 3.722

37.0 26.6 33.5 32.37

1.178 0.847 1.066 1.030

Result for 28 days

NO . 1 4 5

MASS (KG)

FORCE (KN)

STRESS (MPa) (EXPERIMENTAL)

DENSITY (KG/M) 2367.92 2250.16 1973.27

3.720 3.535 3.100

50.6 58.1 45.7

1.611 1.849 1.455

AV G

3.452

51.47

1.638

2197.12

5.4

SUMMARY

Result for 7 days TEST EXPERIMENT VALUE COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 7 DAYS COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 28 DAYS SPLITTING TENSILE 7 DAYS DENSITY 2373.04kg/m3 1.030Mpa 13.10Mpa THEORY / DESIGN VALUE DIFFERENT PERCENT

2 (25Mpa) 3
= 16.67Mpa -

16.67 13.10 x 100% 16.67

= 21.42% -

10 x 13.10Mpa 100
= 1.310Mpa 2400kg/m3

1.310 1.030 x 100% 1.310

= 21.37%

2400 2373.04 x 100% 2400

= 1.12%

Result for 28 days TEST EXPERIMENT VALUE COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE THEORY / DESIGN VALUE DIFFERENT PERCENT

7 DAYS COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 28 DAYS SPLITTING TENSILE 28 DAYS DENSITY 2349.06kg/m3 1.638Mpa 23.36Mpa 25.00Mpa -

10 x 23.36Mpa 100
= 2.336Mpa 2400kg/m3

2.336 1.638 x 100% 2.336

= 29.88%

2400 2349.06 x 100% 2400

= 2.12%

6.0

DISCUSSION

Base on the result obtained from the experiment, we can see that the characteristic of the matured concrete are more dependable compared to the imature concrete.on average,most of the concrete show increse in all its characteristic such as on its compressive strength,tebsile strength and its density after having a full maturity.in density case,the value of the density is not depend on the time because there is nothing to do with time and external factor on determining the value of the density and its only depend on the composition of the material used.From the result,the density of the concrete is 2376.79 kg/m3 whereas the theoretical value is 2400 kg/m3 . there is only a slight different between the experimental value and the theoretical one.

In test of compressive strength there is only slight different btween the theoretical value and the characteristic value.The characterictic value is 25 Mpa and the value that we obtained from the test in average is 23.36 Mpa.This situation happen because during the test,the amount of cement used are less from the true amount.insufficient amount of cement will cause the luoad are not distributed uniformly.insufficient amount of

cement also mean increase in the amount of aggregate ratio.it will decrease the bond between the binder and the aggregate which effect the amount of the strengh.The surrounding temperature also effect the value of the test.During the test was conducted,the surrounding temperatureis around 28c and its may effect the strength of the concrete produced.

There was several errors occured during the experiment which lead the deviation in the result which are: 1. 2 concrete. 3 The crack exist at the surface of the concrete which dring the concrete remove from the mould which cause the maximum value of load decrease. 4 During the splitting test, the steel rod are not equally placed at the center of the cylinder so that the load are not uniformly distributed to entire cylinder. 5 The equipment that we use are not properly cleaned so that the cement from the previous experiment attached to the concrete. The machine unable to recognise the error occured which The surface of the concrete are not smooth so that the lad

lead to the overload applied to the specimens. applied at the surface are not uniformly distributed to the entire

Precautions: 1. The machine are cheched for fully functional so that no error occured and the load are not continuosly applied even when the specimen are already failed. 2. The surface of the specimen and the machine are ensured to be smooth and no any others pasticle present at the equipment during the test condected. 3. The reading of the specimens are taken 3 times so that we can get the average value for every readings to increase the precision of the readings.

4. To obtained more precise result,the load applied to the specimen must be in a specific interval or in a level value of load.. 5. The mould use for the concrete must be properly cleaned before used so that no any external particle attached to the concrete. 6. the amount of material used to construct the concrete must be pecisely calculated and prepared in order to avoid any large deviation from the characteristic strength.

7.0

CONCLUSION

Base on the result, we only get the final strength of the concrete in average,23.36 MPa which less than the characterictic strength 25 MPa.we can conclude that our experiment is failed because the concrete not fulfill its specification for production.

The test for the compressive and splitting test on the concrete is very important in the field of producing concrete structure, it is because the production of the concrete strucutre must fulfill the requirement of the market for the suitability. The test provides the chances to the students to explore to the knowledge of concrete construction.

8.0

REFERENCES:

Sidney Mindess, J.Francis Young, David Darwin, 2002, Concrete, second edition, Prentice Hall (363-399)

Hideo Izumida, T.H. 1982. Teori Konkrit. Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur,

Prof. Dr Kamarudin Mohd Yusoft, NotaTeknologi Bahan KH 2263, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur, UKM.

En Mohd Yazmil Md Yatim, Panduan Makmal KH 2263 Teknologi Bahan, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia. Kebangsaan

Discussion: Concrete is tested to ensure that the material that was specified and bought is the same material delivered to the job site. There are a dozen different test methods for freshly mixed concrete and at least another dozen tests for hardened concrete, not including test methods

unique to organizations like the Army Corps of Engineers, the Federal Highway Administration, and state departments of transportation.

Concrete hardens and gains strength as its hydrates. The hydration process continues over a long period of time. It happens rapidly at first and slows down as time goes by. To measure the ultimate strength of concrete would require a wait of several years. This would be impractical, so a time period of 28 days was selected by specification as the age that all concrete should be tested. At this age, a substantial percentage of the hydration has taken place.

In overall, the characteristic strength of the concrete mix design is 23.36Mpa, which is less than the desired design of characteristic strength is 25Mpa. The failure of the concrete mix design is most probably because of several factors, there are: 1. There are voids in the concrete mix affect the concrete strength. The mix concrete in the mold does not vibrate probably during the laboratory 3. 2. Impurities content in coarse and fine aggregates affect the desired requirement of the concrete design. 3. The water cement ratio are inaccurate in the laboratory test, so the strength of the concrete decreases. Conclusion: The result of the whole laboratory test is: 5. For fine aggregates: Bulk specific gravity, (g/m3) Bulk SSD specific gravity, (g/m3) Apparent specific gravity, (g/m3) Absorption, (%) 2.8305 2.8325 2.8362 0.071%

6. For coarse aggregates: Specific gravity oven dry aggregate Aggregate gravity dry saturated surface Aggregate gravity apparent Absorption percent Moisture Content 2.6567 0.62 % 0.2 % 2.6298 2.6135

7. For Wet Concrete test: Type of Tests Air Content Test The Flow Table Test, Slump Test Test of Density Temperature Test 145mm 2912.34 kg/m3 22 0C Test Value 0.8 % 46.90cm

8. Hardened Concrete Test i. Result for 7 days

TEST

EXPERIMENT VALUE

THEORY / DESIGN VALUE

DIFFERENT PERCENT

COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 7 DAYS COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 28 DAYS SPLITTING TENSILE 7 DAYS DENSITY

13.10Mpa

2 (25Mpa) 3
= 16.67Mpa

16.67 13.10 x 100% 16.67

= 21.42% -

1.030Mpa

10 x 13.10Mpa 100
= 1.310Mpa

1.310 1.030 x 100% 1.310

= 21.37%

2373.04kg/m3

2400kg/m3

2400 2373.04 x 100% 2400

= 1.12%

ii. Result for 28 days TEST EXPERIMENT VALUE COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 7 DAYS COMPRESSIVE FOR CUBE 28 DAYS SPLITTING TENSILE 28 DAYS DENSITY 2349.06kg/m3 1.638Mpa 23.36Mpa 25.00Mpa THEORY / DESIGN VALUE DIFFERENT PERCENT

10 x 23.36Mpa 100
= 2.336Mpa 2400kg/m3

2.336 1.638 x 100% 2.336

= 29.88%

2400 2349.06 x 100% 2400

= 2.12%

In

conclusion,

the

concrete

design

does

not

achieve

the

characteristic strength that we design before conducting the experiment. The laboratory test for the concrete is necessary to carry out before the concrete mix used in the construction, so that we can know the strength of the concrete mix to avoid the failure of the concrete structure in construction.