TN H01-Hand Book For Design of Steel Structures

TN H01
ACECOMS
Technical Notes On
Hand Book for Design of Steel

Structures
Naveed Anwar
Buddhi S. Sharma
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
COPYRIGHT
These technical tones and all associated documentation are proprietary and
copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership are those of ACECOMS,
AIT. Reproduction of the documentation in any form, without prior written
authorization from ACECOMS, AIT, explicitly prohibited.
Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:
ACECOMS, AIT,
PO Box 4, Klong Luang
Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand.
Tel: (662) 524-5539
Fax: (662) 524-6059
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Material from various sources including books and websites has been
acknowledged.
Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures
ii
Author
Naveed Anwar
Buddhi S. Sharma
Copyright 2003 by ACECOMS, AIT, Thailand

All rights reserved.
No part of this compilation may be reproduced in any form, by Photostat, microfilm, xerography or
any other means or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical,
without the permission of its copyright owner.
All inquiries should be addressed to:

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
ACECOMS, AIT,
P.O. Box 4,
Klong Luang, Pathumthani,
Thailand 12120.
http://www.acecoms.ait.ac.th
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, the author wishes to express his appreciation to his wife, Farah, for her love,
support and years of understanding during development of software and writing of
these books. Author is also grateful to his parents for their love and support.
Numerous people have guided and helped in writing of these notes. The foremost is
Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai, who as a teacher, advisor and as the Director of
ACECOMS and Dean of School of Civil Engineering has inspired, encouraged and
guided the author for nearly 10 years in both professional as well as personal
endeavors.
RELATED SOFTWARE
Several software packages are available through the Asian Center for Engineering
Computations and Software (ACECOMS), related to analysis and design of slab
systems. These include:
SYSDesigner: SYSDesinger, which stands for 'Siam Yamato Steel Designer', is a

software developed by ACECOMS, AIT for Siam Yamato Co. Ltd.
Thailand. This software, to be used under windows platform
(Win95/98 and WinNT), has been developed for the design of
structural steel members for hot rolled steel specifically those
produced by SYS. The software carries out it internal calculations
based on working stress design method (AISC/ASD).
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Various publications are available through Asian Center for Engineering Computations
and Software (ACECOMS), related to these technical notes, giving in-depth knowledge
and understanding of the topic as a whole. These publications include:
o WN A04-Integrated Approach to Steel Design
o WN E01-Design of Steel Beams
o WN E02-Design of Steel Columns
o WN E03-Design of Strut and Ties
vi
Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENT .........................................................................................................................................................I
GENERAL .................................................................................................................................................................................
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL STRUCTURES...................................................................................................................1-3

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES..............................................................................................................................................1-3
2.1.
Allowable Stress Design (ASD).......................................................................................................................1-3
2.2.
Limit State Design (LRFD) .............................................................................................................................1-3
3. OVERVIEW OF VARIOUS SPECIFICATIONS FOR HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHAPES ........................................................1-4
4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES .......................................................................................................................................1-6
5. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS ....................................................................................................................................1-6
SIAM YAMATO STEEL SECTIONS..................................................................................................................................
1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................2-1
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................................................2-1
SIZES AND PROPERTIES .............................................................................................................................................2-3
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS ....................................................................................................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................3-1
GENERAL PROCEDURE..............................................................................................................................................3-1
EFFECTIVE NET AREA...............................................................................................................................................3-2
DESIGN EXAMPLES ....................................................................................................................................................3-4
DESIGN TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................3-6
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION..................................................................................................................................3-7
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS........................................................................................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................4-1
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STRENGTH OF COMPRESSION MEMBER ......................................................................4-1
MODES OF FAILURE OF COMPRESSION MEMBER ....................................................................................................4-2
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER ...........................................................................4-4
STRESS REDUCTION FACTOR QS ..............................................................................................................................4-6
EFFECTIVE AREA FACTOR QA...................................................................................................................................4-6
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR K................................................................................................................................4-7
DESIGN EXAMPLES ...................................................................................................................................................4-8
DESIGN TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................4-15
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION ...........................................................................................................................4-15
DESIGN OF BEAMS ...............................................................................................................................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................5-1
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING..............................................................................................................................5-5
LOCAL BUCKLING OF BEAM ELEMENTS AND SECTION COMPACTNESS .................................................................5-5
DESIGN FOR MOMENT ..............................................................................................................................................5-7
CHECK FOR SHEAR ....................................................................................................................................................5-8
CHECK FOR CRIPPLING .............................................................................................................................................5-9
CHECK FOR SIDE SWAY WEB BUCKLING ..............................................................................................................5-10
DESIGN EXAMPLES .................................................................................................................................................5-12
DESIGN TABLES AND CHARTS ...........................................................................................................................5-21
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION ...........................................................................................................................5-22
DESIGN OF COLUMNS.........................................................................................................................................................
1.
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................6-1
1-i
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MOMENT AMPLIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................6-1

COLUMN INTERACTION EQUATIONS ........................................................................................................................6-3
DESIGN EXAMPLES ...................................................................................................................................................6-7
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION................................................................................................................................6-11
INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTION DESIGN ..............................................................................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
INTRODUCTION... 7-1
TRUSS CONNECTIONS. 7-1
PORTAL FRAME CONNECTIONS. 7-3
BUILDING FRAME CONNECTIONS. 7-6
COLUMN BASES. 7-11
DESIGN EXAMPLES. 7-15
1-ii
Chapter
General
1. Introduction to Steel Structures
Steel is one of the most versatile building materials. Steel structures have always had
the advantages of lightness, stiffness, and strength and lend themselves to rapid
construction compared to other construction materials. The significant increase in the
use of steel is due to the facts that new improvements have been made in the various
aspect of steel technology. The advances in steel fabrication techniques, improved
understanding of structural behavior, and the upgrading in the standards of structural
steel design as well as the wide dissemination of excellent material are some of these
factors. This manual is intended to present, in a condensed form, the relevant
information likely to be useful to the modern structural steel designer.
2. Design Philosophies
Structures and structural elements must provide adequate safety, no matter what
philosophy of design is used. The design must provide some reserve strength for the
possibility of overload and under strength. These can arise from various sources like
variation of material properties, uncertainties in the estimation of imposed loads,
various assumptions and simplifications made in analysis, and imperfections in
construction procedures. In general, a thorough analysis of all uncertainties that might
influence the structural strength during the service life of the structure is not practical or
perhaps even possible. So, the structural safety can only be based on probabilistic
methods.
Two philosophies of design in current use are:
Working Stress Design
Limit State Design
The Working Stress Design is also known as Allowable Stress Design (ASD). Limit
State Design includes the methods commonly known as "Ultimate Strength Design
(USD)", "Strength Design (SD)", "Plastic Design (PD) ", "Load Factor Design (LFD)",
"Limit Design (LD) " and the recently "Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)".
2.1.
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

In this philosophy all loads are assumed to have the same average variability. The
entire variability of the loads and the strengths is placed on the strength side of the
equation. The design procedure includes the determination of allowable or working
stress on a structure member by applying factor of safety on the actual stress induced
by the expected design load (service load). The analysis and design are fully based on
elastic analysis.
1-3
2.2.
Limit State Design (LRFD)

The structural member or their component is so proportioned that its resistance when
reduced by a resistance factor equals or exceeds the service load multiplied by
overload factors. As this is the probability-based model, more realistic weightage are
given for different type of loads and behavior depending upon the probability of
occurrence and uncertainties involved in their prediction. Plastic design is a special
case of limit state design.
3. Overview of Various Specifications for Hot-rolled Steel

Shapes
Due to their own production and construction situation in various countries, the
classification of hot-rolled steel shapes in various specifications is different. In general,
the higher the industrialization level, the more the classification of structural steel. This
is due to a need of various types and grades of structural steel in the complicated
projects of those industrialized countries. A brief discussion for some of the model
standard specifications is presented in the following section.
3.1.1. ASTM ( American Society for Testing and Materials )
For the specifications of ASTM, there are 16 specifications for structural steel
approved for the use in building construction, and 6 out of those are available in hot
rolled steel shapes. However, for the most commonly used grades, there are only two,
i.e. A36 (Carbon Steel) and A572 (High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel). For other ASTM
hot-rolled grades, they have some specific properties, such as corrosion-resistant of
A242 and A588, etc. All the grades of hot-rolled shape are suitable for welded
fabrication.
In the design specification for steel buildings of American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC, the above-mentioned grades of steel, i.e. A36 and A572, Gr. 50
with included in the design chart and table.
3.1.2. BS (British Standards)
Structural steel available in the UK consists of four main grades: 40, 43, 50 and 55,
where the figures denote the approximated value of ultimate strength in kgf/mm2.
Each grade in subdivided into a descending order of the values of C.E. (Carbon
Equivalent, which is a measure of weldability) from A to E. The grades of 43 and 50,
which have the yield strength of 275 Mpa and 355 Mpa, respectively, are frequently
used in the steel buildings.
3.1.3. DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung)
In general, materials to be used in the hot-rolled shape include only St 37-2, St37-3
and St 52-2 steel, or briefly referred to as St 37 and St 52, which have the yield
strength of 245 Mpa and 355 Mpa, respectively.
3.1.4. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)
In the steel buildings, grades SS and SM are commonly used for hot-rolled shapes, in
which grade SS is specified for the secondary or temporary structural member with the
bolt and rivet, or welded connections. Grades SM, which cover the yield strength from
245 Mpa of SM 400 to 460 Mpa of SM 570 are included in the JIS G3106- Rolled
1-4
Steel for Welded Structure. JIS G3106: Rolled Steels for Welded Structure (1992).
This standard specifies the hot rolled steel product used for buildings, bridges, ships,
rolling stocks, petroleum storage tanks, containers and other constructions which
required superiority in weldability. JIS G3136: Rolled Steels for Building Structure
(1994). This standard specifies the hot-rolled steel products used for structure
members for buildings. In JIS G3136, there are 5 grades of steel available,
i.e.SN400A, SN400B, SN400C, SN490B and SN490B, SM490C, SM 490YA,
SM490YB, SM520B, SM520C and SM570. There are some differences in chemical
composition and mechanical properties between two standards, which can be seen, in
the below Table 1.1.
3.1.5. TIS (Thai Industrial Standards)
From the draft of TIS, the classification of structure steel of Thailand is quit similar to
that of Japan, however not all the Japanese grades are available in Thai standard. For
hot-rolled shape, only grades SM which cover from SM 400 (245 Mpa yield strength)
to SM 570 (460 Mpa yield strength) are used.
3.1.6. AS (Australian Standards)
There are only two grades of structural steel, i.e. 250 and 350 (which have the yield
strength of 250 Mpa and 350 Mpa, respectively) commonly used in steel buildings.
3.1.7. ISO (International Standard Organization) and EN (Europaische Norm)
Both ISO and EN specifications have similar classification of steel grade, and there
are three classes, i.e. Fe 360, Fe 450 and Fe 510 (whose yield strength ranges from
235, 275 and 350 Mpa, respectively).
3.2.
Material Specifications for Hot-Rolled Steel Shapes
3.2.1. Differences in Mechanical Properties
The comparisons of mechanical properties of hot-rolled steel shape in the selected

eight specifications, i.e. JIS, TIS, ASTM, BS, DIN, AS, ISO and EN are shown in Table
1.1. There are totally six groups of steel according to the different level of yield
strength which is a governing material property in the design of steel member. The
mechanical properties mainly include the items of yield and tensile strengths, notch
toughness, and elongation.
Almost all of steel grades tabulated in Table 1.1 for hot-rolled shape are suitable for
welding connection, except Group 1, in which only one Japanese grade, i.e. SS 400,
is for general purpose, and its weldability is not as good as that as SM 400.
In the design of steel structure member, the yield strength is the main material
property. As shown in Table 1.1 for all of the specifications, there is a little bit
difference of yield strength for various thickness of steel plate i.e. the yield strength
decreases as the plate becomes thicker. The reason is the larger effect of residual
stress in the thicker plate, however, in common case, the plate thickness of hot-rolled
shape is not more than 40 mm.
In some specifications, there are several sub-grades under each category of steel, e.g.
for JIS, SM 400A, B, or C in the grade SM 400. The meaning of sub-grade for various
countries is different. In Japanese specification (JIS), the sub-grades indicate the
required values of absorbed energy in Charpy test at the same test temperature 0oC,
which are N/A, 27 J, 47 J, for the sub-grades A, B, C, respectively. On the other hand,
in British Standards (BS), the sub-grades A to F give the index of descending Charpy
1-5
test temperature for the same absorbed energy, i.e. 27 J, as can be seen clearly from
Table 1.1 For Australian Standards (AS), the sub-grades (L0, L15) indicate that the
Charpy test temperature is 0 oC, -15 oC, respectively, for the same absorbed energy,
i.e. 27 J. In ISO specification, the sub-grades B, C and D indicate various Charpy test
temperatures, i.e. +20 oC, 0 oC, or 20 oC, respectively, under the same absorbed
energy of 27 J. In JIS G3106 and JISG3136, it can be seen that yield strength are
almost same, except two cases, i. e. SM400A ( when t=< 16 mm) is 245 Mpa. But
235 Mpa for SN400A ( when 16<t=<40 mm ) is 315 Mpa, but 325 Mpa for SN490,
tensile strength are same, Notch Toughness are almost same, except one case of
sub-grade C, in G3106, the absorbed energy is 47 J, but 27 J in G3136. For
elongations, due to the various gauge length that adopted in two standards, the
requirements of the maximum properties, as shown in Table 1.1.
Due to the ductile requirement for steel structures, the materials used for hot-rolled
shape should have certain values of elongation at an ultimate point. The required
values of elongation for various specification range from 17% to 26 %, and as shown
in Table 1.1, the difference of required elongation among various specifications is
small for the same steel class.
3.2.2. Difference in Chemical Properties
Structural steels are a mixture of iron and carbon with varying amounts of other
elements- primarily manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon. Carbon (C) is the
principle strengthening (hardening) element in steel where each addition increases the
hardness, tensile strength and yield strength of the steel. On the other hand, increased
amount of carbon cause a decrease in ductility, toughness and weldability.
Manganese(Mn) increases the hardness and strength of steels but to a lesser degree
than does carbon and it can minimize the harmful effects of sulfur. Silicon (Si) is the
principal deoxidizer used in the manufacture of structural steels. Sulfur (S) and
Phosphorus (P) adversely affect the surface quality, as a strong tendency to
segregate and decrease ductility, toughness and weldability, therefore it is generally
considered undesirable elements.
Chemical properties of various grades of steels are shown in Table 1.3. As
demonstrated in Table1.3, the chemical compositions for various specifications are
compared in the same steel groups as classified in the comparison of mechanical
properties. The content of adverse elements, such as P and S, are most strictly
controlled in Japanese specifications in comparison with other specifications, i. e. the
maximum content of P and S as seen in Table1.3 This means there is no limitation for
the content of C, Si and Mn. It is noted that there is no similar grade to SS400 in other
countries specifications. In JIS G3106, the requirements of adverse elements (P and
S) for all grade are same ( 0.0345 % ), but in JIS G3136, the requirements are varied
depending on the type of sub-grades, as shown in Table 1.3, especially for subgrade
C, the content of Sulfur (S) should be very low i.e. 0.008%. The requirements of the
content of other elements are similar, as shown in Table 1.3
3.2.3. Differences in Test Procedures
3.2.3.1.
Tensile Test
Mechanical properties depend primarily upon the chemical composition, rolling
processes, and heat treatment of the steels. Other factors, which may influence the
mechanical properties, are the techniques of testing, such as the rate of loading the
specimen, the conditions and geometry of the specimen, the cold work, and the
temperature at the time of testing.
1-6
The usual test coupon is a tensile specimen and for all practical purposes the behavior
in compression is assumed to be similar to that in tension. Because the tensile test is
easier to conduct, most mechanical properties are taken from the tensile stress-strain
diagram. The procedures of the tensile test in various countries are quite similar, and
the dimensions of the coupon are almost similar among various specifications. The
most obvious difference among the specifications is the selection of gauge length. As
shown in Table1.1, ASTM use both 200 mm and 50 mm for gauge length to indicate
the elongation. On the other hand, in European countries and Australia, i. e. BS, DIN,
AS, ISO and EN prefer proportional gauge length, i.e. L o = 5 . 65 S o Where So is the
sectional area of the coupon. It is noted that the later one seems to be more rational
due to the change of specimen section.
3.2.3.2.
Impact Test
Brittle behavior and cleavage-type fractures are the important properties of structural
steel subjected to the impact load. Among various types of impact test, the Charpy
notch test seems to be the one the most commonly used method. The test evaluates
the notch toughness of the steel which is defined as the resistance to fracture in the
presence of notch under impact loads. The test results are used qualitatively in the
selection of a steel for a specific application.
For the Charpy notch test in all specifications selected in this study, there is no much
difference in the specimen dimensions or the test instruments. Therefore, as can be
seen in Table1.1 the test result, which means the absorbed energy under specific
range of temperature, is almost the same for all of the specifications.
1-7
Table 1.1 Comparison of Mechanical Property

Group
Classification
Standard
Description
JIS
G3101
(1)
TIS
ASTM
BS
DIN
AS
ISO
EN
JIS
G3106
Rolled steel
for general
structure
Designation
Thickness
t mm
SS 400
16 < t 40
t 16
40 < t
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
( Mpa )
245
235
215
Tensile
Strength
( Mpa )
400 510
Notch Toughness
Test Temp.
Absorbed
0
C
Energy
( J )
-
27
47
Thickness t
( mm )
Elongation
Gauge
Length
( mm )
Elongation
% ( min.)
t 5
5 < t 16
16 < t 50
50
200
200
21
17
21
t 5
5 < t 16
16 < t 50
50
200
200
23
18
22
200
200
50
17
21
23
A
Rolled steel
for welded
structure
SM
400
B
C
t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 75
245
135
215
215
400 510
75 < t 100
6 t 12
(2)
12 < t < 16
JIS
G3136
Rolled steel
for building
structure
SN 400
16
16 < t 40
40 < t 100
235
235
235
235
215
400 510
16 t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 100
1-8
Table 1.1 Contd.

Group
Standar
d
Classification
Description
Designation
Thickness
t mm
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
(Mpa)
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
Notch Toughness
Test
Absorbed
Temp.
Energy
0
C
(J)
Thickness t
(mm)
Elongtion
Gauge
Length
(mm)
Elongation
% (min)
50
200
200
21
17
21
6 t 12
12 < t < 16
JIS
G3136
SN 400
40 < t 100
Rolled
steel for
building
structure
(2)
JIS
G3136
16
16 < t 40
235
235
235
235
215
400 510
27
16 t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 100
6 t 12
SN 400
12 < t < 16
16
16 < t 40
40 < t 100
16 t 16
235
235
215
400 510
27
16 < t 40
40 < t 100
50
200
200
21
17
21
245
235
215
215
400 510
27
t5
5 < t 16
16 < t 50
50
200
200
23
18
22
t 16
16 < t 40
TIS
SM400
40 < t 75
75 < t 100
1-9
Table 1.1 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard
Descriptio
n
ASTM
Structural
carbon
steel-
BS
4360
Weldable
structural
steels
DIN
17100
Designation
Gr. 40DD
St 37-2
Ust 37-2
RSt 37-2
Gr.
250
Structural
steel
L0
Notch Toughness
Test
Absorbed
Temp.
Energy
0
C
(J)
Thickness t
(mm)
Elongtion
Gauge
Length
(mm)
Elongation
% (min)
200
50
20
21
250 min
400 500
250
245
240
225
340 500
-30
27
40 < t 63
63 < t 100
t 16
16 < t 40
20
27
16 < t 40
235
225
215
215
63 < t 80
t 12
12 < t 40
40 < t
260
250
230
Fe
360
B
C
HR
unalloyed
structural
steel
t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 63
t 40
Fe 360
140t 63
235
225
215
235
215
40 < t 63
340 470
410 min.
L15
D
EN
10025
16 < t 40
40 < t 63
St 37-3
A
ISO
630
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
t 16
(2)
AS
1204
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
(Mpa)
A36
Steel for
general
structural
purpose
Ordinary
weldable
structural
steel
Thickness
t mm
360 - 460
360
340
-20
27
27
-15
27
+20
27
27
-20
27
-20
27
200
o
22
25
26
25
24
22
25
26
25
5.65 S
5.65 S
63 < t 100
5.65 S
5.65 S
5.65 S
1-10
Table 1.1 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard
Descriptio
n
JIS
TIS
ASTM
BS
4360
Designation
High
strength
low alloy
steel
Thickness
t mm
A572
Gr. 42
Gr. 43DD
Notch Toughness
Test
Absorbed
Temp.
Energy
0
C
(J)
Thickness t
(mm)
Elongtion
Gauge
Length
(mm)
Elongation
% (min)
200
50
20
24
290 min
415 min
16 < t 40
275
265
255
245
430 580
-30
27
40 < t 63
Steel for
general
structural
purpose
40 < t 63
63 < t 80
200
5.65 S
20
275
265
255
245
27
20
19
18
40 < t 63
63 < t 100
430 540
St 44-3
3 t 40
-20
27
5.65 S
26
25
24
40 < t 63
63 < t 100
AS
1204
ISO
630
Structural
steel
A
Fe
430
B
C
D
t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 63
20
22
3 t 40
16 < t 40
St 44-2
DIN
17100
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
t 16
Weldable
structural
steels
63 < t 100
t 16
(3)
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
(Mpa)
+20
27
27
-20
27
275
265
255
360 - 460
5.65 S
25
1-11
Table 1.1 Contd.

Group
(3)
Classification
Standard
Descriptio
n
EN
10025
HR
unalloyed
structural
steel
JIS
G3106
Rolled
steel for
welded
structure-
Designation
Fe 430
A
SM490
B
C
(4)
JIS
G3136
Rolled
steel for
welded
structure-
Thickness
t mm
275
430
40 < t 63
255
410
t 16
325
16 < t < 40
315
40 < t 75
295
325
12 < t < 16
325
16
325
16 < t 40
325
Notch Toughness
Test
Absorbed
Temp.
Energy
0
C
(J)
-20
27
0
0
27
47
Thickness t
(mm)
t 40
490 - 610
27
t5
5 < t 16
16 < t 50
SM 490
5.65 S
Elongation
% (min)
22
21
50
22
200
17
200
22
50
22
16 < t < 40
200
17
40 < t 100
200
22
325
16 < t 40
325
295
t5
TIS
Elongtion
Gauge
Length
(mm)
140t 63
6 t 16
295
16
40 < t 100
490 - 610
295
75 < t 100
6 t 12
12 < t < 16
C
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
t 40
40 < t 100
6 t 12
SN490
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
(Mpa)
t 16
325
16 < t 40
315
490 - 610
27
5 < t < 16
16 < t 50
50
22
200
17
200
22
1-12
Table 1.1 Contd.

Group
(4)
Classification
Standard
Descriptio
n
Designation
ASTM
BS
DIN
AS
ISO
EN
JIS
G 3106
Rolled
steel for
general
structure-
SM490
YA
YB
SM520
Thickness
t mm
B
C
t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 75
63 < t 100
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
(Mpa)
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
Notch Toughness
Test
Absorbed
Temp.
Energy
0
C
(J)
TIS
ASTM
A572
High
strength
low alloy
steel
SM520
A572
Gr. 50
16 < t 40
Elongtion
Gauge
Length
(mm)
365
490- 610
355
27
335
27
47
325
520 - 640
t 16
(5)
Thickness t
(mm)
365
355
345 min
490 - 610
450 min
27
Elongation
% (min)
-
t5
50
19
5 < t < 16
200
15
16 < t 50
200
19
t5
50
19
5 < t < 16
200
15
16 < t 50
200
19
200
50
18
21
1-13
Table 1.1 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard
Descriptio
n
BS
4360
Designation
Weldable
structural
steels
Gr. 50E
Thickness
t mm
t 16
355
16 < t 40
345
40 < t 63
340
63 < t 100
t 16
DIN
17100
Steel for
general
structural
purpose
16 < t 40
St 52-3
(5)
AS
1204
Weldable
structural
steels
Gr. 350
L0
L15
A
ISO
630
Structural
steel
Fe
510
B
C
D
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
(Mpa)
27
Elongtion
Gauge
Length
(mm)
Elongatio
n
% (min)
18
200
5.65 S
20
325
t 12
360
12 < t 40
340
40 < t
20
3 t 40
345
63 < t 80
40 < t 63
-30
Thickness t
(mm)
355
335
16 < t 40
430 580
Notch Toughness
Test
Absorbed
Temp.
Energy
0
C
(J)
325
40 < t 63
t 16
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
490 630
-20
27
40 < t 63
5.65 S
63 < t 100
27
330
-15
27
355
345
335
+20
27
27
-20
27
490 - 630
490 - 630
5.65 S
5.65 S
19
18
20
21
1-14
Table 1.1 Contd.

Group
(5)
Classification
Standard
Descriptio
n
EN
10025
HR
unalloyed
structural
steel
JIS
G 3106
Rolled
steel for
general
structure-
Designation
Fe 510
Thickness
t mm
355
510
40 < t 63
335
490
t 16
(6)
TIS
40 < t 75
63 < t 100
SM570
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
t 40
16 < t 40
SM 570
Strength
Min. Yield
Strength
(Mpa)
Notch Toughness
Test
Absorbed
Temp.
Energy
0
C
(J)
-20
27
460
450
430
570 - 720
27
420
t 16
460
16 < t 40
450
40 < t 75
430
63 < t 100
420
450 min
ASTM
A572
High
strength
low alloy
steel
A572
Gr. 65
Weldable
structural
steels
t 16
450
BS
4360
Gr. 55C
16 < t 40
430
40 < t 63
415
490 - 610
27
Thickness t
(mm)
t 40
140t 63
Elongtion
Gauge
Length
(mm)
5.65 S
Elongatio
n
% (min)
21
20
t5
50
19
5 < t < 16
50
26
16 < t 50
50
20
t5
50
19
5 < t < 16
50
26
16 < t 50
50
20
200
50
15
17
200
17
550 min
550 700
27
5.65 S
19
DIN
AS
ISO
EN
1-15
Table 1.2 Sub-grade of BS 4360: Weldable Structural Steels

Chemical Composition
Grade
C
max
Si
m
ax
Mn
max
P
Max
40 DD
40E
43D
43DD
43E
S
max
Tensile Strength
(Mpa)
t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 63
0.16
1.5
0.04
0.04
0.20
0.16
1.30
0.
50
1.30
1.50
260
245
240
225
5.65 S
340/500
Remarks
Shape section
25
-40
-50
Plates/Strip
0.05
0.05
Hollow shapes
0.04
0.045
-20
Hollow shapes
0.04
255
245
0.04
0.04
255
245
-40
255
245
-50
275
265
0.16
1.50
0.16
1.50
0.04
0.03
1.50
0.045
0.045
355
345
50D
0.04
0.04
355
345
50E
0.04
0.04
355
345
50EE
0.04
0.03
355
50F
0.025
0.025
390
43EE
Elongation (%)
for gauge length
-30
0.03
0.21
Charpy V-notch
test
Temp (0c) E (J)
63 < t 100
0.
50
40EE
43C
Yield strength
430/580
-30
22
Shape section
-
27
Plate / Hollow
0.20
0.20
50C
0.20
0.18
0.
50
490/640
21
Hollow shapes
-20
21
Hollow shapes
340
325
-40
20
Shape section
345
340
325
-50
20
Plate / Hollow
390
-60
20
Plates/Strip
0.16
1-16
Table 1.2 Contd.

Chemical Composition
Grade
C
max
Si
ma
x
Mn
max
Yield strength
P
Max
S
max
0.04
0.04
55EE
0.04
55F
0.025
Tensile Strength
(Mpa)
t 16
16 < t 40
Charpy V-notch
test
Temp (0c) E (J)
Elongation (%)
for gauge length
5.65 S
Remarks
40 < t 63
63 < t 100
0.03
415
400
-50
Plate / Hollow
0.025
415
-60
Plate / Hollow
0.6
0.22
55C
0.22
0.16
0
0.5
0
0.5
1.60
1.60
450
430
550/700
19
Plate / shape
1.50
1-17
Table 1.3 Comparison of Chemical Composition

Group
Classification
Standard No
JIS G3101
TIS
ASTM
BS
(1)
DIN
AS
ISO
EN
Designation
SS400
(2)
JIS G3136
ASTM
Notations: C = Carbon Si= Silicon
Max S
0.050
0.050
0.035
0.035
t 50
50 < t 200
t 50
50 < t 200
0.23
0.25
0.20
SM400C
t 100
SN400A
SM400B
SN400B
SN400C
TIS
Remarks
Max P
SM400A
JIS G3106
Chemical Composition %
Max Si
Mn
Max C
2.5 C
0.35
0.60 1.40-
0.035
0.035
0.18
0.35
1.40 max
0.035
0.035
6 < t 100
0.24
0.050
0.050
6 < t 50
50 < t 100
16 < t 50
50 < t 100
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.35
0.60 1.40
0.030
0.015
0.35
0.60 1.40
0.020
0.008
0.22
0.22
SM400
0.20
0.35
0.60 1.40
0.035
0.035
A36
0.26
0.40
0.04
0.05
Mn= Manganese
P= Phosphorus
S= Sulfur
1-18
Table 1.4 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard No
BS 4360
Max C
Gr. 40DD
0.16
0.50
0.20
St 37-2
USt 37-2
DIN
Max Si
Mn
Designation
RSt 37-2
St 37-3
Remarks
Max P
Max S
1.5 max
0.040
0.050
0.050
0.20
0.050
0.050
0.20
0.050
0.050
0.17
0.040
0.040
0.25
0.40
0.040
0.040
0.20
0.060
0.050
0.20
0.050
0.050
0.17
0.045
0.045
0.17
0.040
0.040
0.20
0.045
0.045
Gr 250
(2)
AS
Gr. 250 LO
Gr 250 L15
Fe 360 A
Fe 360 B
ISO 630
Fe 360 C
Fe 360 D
(3)
EN 10025
Fe 360
JIS
TIS
ASTM A572
A 572 Gr 42
0.21
1.35 max
0.04
0.05
BS 4360
Gr 43 DD
0.16
0.50
1.5 max
0.040
0.050
DIN 17100
St 44-2
0.22
0.050
0.050
1-19
Table 1.3 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard No
AS
(3)
ISO 630
EN 10025
Max C
Fe 430 A
0.24
Fe 430 B
0.22
JIS G3136
Max S
0.060
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.20
0.045
0.045
Fe 430 D
0.20
0.040
0.040
0.045
0.045
0.55
1.60 max
0.035
0.035
0.55
1.60 max
0.035
0.035
Fe 430
0.22
t 50
50 < t 200
t 50
50 < t 200
0.20
0.22
0.18
SM490C
t 100
0.18
0.55
1.60 max
0.035
0.035
SN490A
6 < t 100
0.18
0.55
0.030
0.015
6 < t 50
50 < t 100
16 < t 50
50 < t 100
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.55
1.60 max
0.020
0.008
0.55
1.60 max
0.035
0.035
0.55
1.6 max
0.035
0.035
SM490B
SN490B
(4)
SN490C
TIS
Remarks
Max P
Fe 430 C
SM490A
JIS G3106
Max Si
Mn
Designation
-
SM 490
0.18
0.20
0.18
ASTM
BS
DIN
AS
1-20
Table 1.3 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard No
(4)
ISO
Designation
-
EN
Max C
Max Si
Mn
Remarks
Max P
Max S
SM 490 YA
SM 490 YB
JIS G3106
0.55
1.6 max
0.035
0.035
0.20
0.55
1.6 max
0.035
0.035
0.20
0.55
1.6 max
0.035
0.035
SM 520C
SM 520
(5)
0.20
TIS
SM520
ASTM A572
A572 Gr. 50
0.23
1.35 max
0.04
0.05
BS 4360
Gr. 50E
0.18
0.50
1.5 max
0.040
0.040
DIN 17100
St 52-3
0.22
0.040
0.040
0.22
0.50
1.6 max
0.040
0.040
Fe 510 B
0.22
0.050
0.050
Fe 510 C
0.22
0.045
0.045
Gr. 350
AS 1204
Gr. 350 LO
Gr.350 L15
ISO 630
EN 10025
Notations: C = Carbon
Fe 510 D
0.22
0.040
0.040
Fe 510
0.22
0.55
1.60
0.045
0.045
Si= Silicon
Mn= Manganese
P= Phosphorus
S= Sulfur
1-21
Table 1.3 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard No
Max Si
Mn
Max C
JIS G3106
Designation
SM 570
0.18
0.55
TIS
SM 570
0.18
ASTM A572
A 572 Gr. 65
BS 4360
Gr. 55C
DIN
AS
ISO
EN
(6)
Notations: C = Carbon
Si= Silicon
Remarks
Max P
Max S
1.6 max.
0.035
0.035
0.55
1.6 max.
0.035
0.035
0.26
1.35 max.
0.04
0.05
0.22
0.60
1.60 max.
0.040
Mn= Manganese
P= Phosphorus
S= Sulfur
1-22
Table 1.3 Contd.

Group
Classification
Standard No
BS 4360
TIS
ASTM
BS
(7)
DIN
AS
ISO
EN
Designation
Gr 40 DD
(8)
JIS G3136
ASTM
Max S
0.50
1.5 max
0.040
0.050
2.5 C
0.035
0.035
0.35
0.60 1.40-
0.035
0.035
t 50
50 < t 200
t 50
50 < t 200
0.23
0.25
0.20
SM400C
t 100
0.18
0.35
1.40 max
0.035
0.035
SN400A
6 < t 100
0.24
0.050
0.050
6 < t 50
50 < t 100
16 < t 50
50 < t 100
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.35
0.60 1.40
0.030
0.015
0.35
0.60 1.40
0.020
0.008
0.20
0.35
0.60 1.40
0.035
0.035
0.26
0.40
0.04
0.05
SM400B
SN400B
SN400C
TIS
0.16
Remarks
Max P
SM400A
JIS G3106
Max Si
Mn
Max C
SM400
A36
0.22
0.22
1-23
Chapter
Siam Yamato Steel Sections

1. Introduction
Construction industry had been expanding at a remarkable rate for many years due to
the high economy growth of Thailand. Such rapid growth is followed by an increase in
demand of structural steel, which is one of the basic construction materials for both
public and private projects. In response to the increasing demand, Siam Yamato Steel
was established in 1992 as a joint venture between The Siam Cement Public
Company Limited, Yamato Kogyo Co., Ltd., Mitsui & Co., Ltd., Mitsiam International,
Limited, and Sumitomo Corporation. Siam Yamato Steel has been extensively used in
high rise constructions, factory buildings, piling, bridges, refinery plants etc.
Siam Yamato Steel (SYS) has its factory located in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate,
Rayong Province. The worlds leading equipment and technology are employed to
ensure that SYSs quality products conform to international standards and can
compete with imported structural steel. The capital investment is over 6,000 million
baht, with annual production capacity of 600,000 metric tons.
2. Product Specifications
The structural steel products range from sheet materials, through optimized sections
and plates, to heavy forgings and castings of intricate shape. The versatility of steel for
structural applications rests on the fact that it can be readily supplied at a relatively
cheap price in a wide range of different product forms and with a useful range of
material properties. The key to understanding the versatility of steel lies in its basic
metallurgical behavior. Steel is an efficient material for structural purposes because of
its good strength-to-weight ratio. Steel can be supplied with strength levels from about
240 N/mm2 up to about 2000 N/mm2 for common structural applications, although the
strength requirements may limit the product form. Although steel can be made to a
wide range of strengths, it generally behaves as an elastic material with a high(and
relatively constant) value of the elastic modules up to the yield or proof strength. It also
usually has a high capacity for accepting plastic deformation beyond the yield
strength, which is valuable for drawing and forming of different products as well as for
general ductility in structural applications 17
Table2.1 as shown below gives the products manufactured by Siam Yamato Steel Co.
Ltd. and corresponding specifications based on tensile strength and in some cases
Charpy Impact test.
Welded structure
General structure
Type of material
Table 2.1 SYS Steel and Corresponding Specifications
2.1.
Classified by tensile strength
Specifications
Tensile
strength class
2
(N/mm )
Special
specification
TIS
JIS
ASTM
BS
4360
DIN
17100
400
SS400
G3101 SS400
A36
Gr.
43A
St 33
490
SS490
G3101 SS490
Gr.
50A
St 50-2
400
G3106 SM400A
SM 400
G 3106 SM 400B,C
Gr.
43B
Gr.
43C
Charpy impact
test
A572
Gr.42
-
Charpy impact
test for low
temperature
-
Gr.
43D
G3106 SM 490A
Charpy impact
test
-
SM 490
G3106 SM 490B,C
Gr.
43DD
-
G3106 SM 490 YA
A572
Gr.50
Gr.
50B
Charpy impact
test
Charpy impact
test for low
temperature
SM 520
G3106 SM 490YB
SM520 B,C,
-
Gr.
50C
Gr.
50D
St 52-3
490
490
(High yield
point)
St 37-2
RSt 372
-
Mechanical Properties
Steel derives its mechanical properties from a combination of chemical composition,
heat treatment and manufacturing process. As laid down in the different specifications
for manufacture of steel products, tests are carried out on samples representing each
batch of steel and the results recorded on test certificate for mechanical properties
which normally include the yield point, tensile strength and elongation to failure.
Table 2.2 Mechanical Properties of SYS Steel Products
Yield point (N/mm2)
Classifications
Tensile strength
2
(N/mm )
Elongation, %
Thickness (mm)
16 or
under
Over 16
JIS G3101
SS400
245
235
JIS G3101
SS490
285
JIS G3106
SM400 A,B,C
JIS G3106
SM490 A,B,C
Thickness (mm)
5 or under
5 to 16
Over 16
400-510
21
17
21
275
490-610
19
15
19
245
235
400-510
23
18
22
325
315
490-610
22
17
21
2-2
JIS G3106
SM490 YA,YB
365
355
490-610
19
15
19
JIS G3106
SM520 B,C
365
355
520-640
19
15
19
JIS G3106
SM570
460
450
570-720
19
19
26
If the fracture toughness is important, the standard charpy test is also included.
Table2.2 gives the detailed mechanical properties for Siam Yamato Steel products.
2.2.
Chemical Properties
As the chemical composition of steel greatly affects the important structural properties
of steel, it is one of the important criteria for the selection. Although steel is basically
iron, the addition of small amount of other elements can remarkably affect the type of
properties of steel, and sensitivity to heat treatment. A correct proportion of elements
like carbon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, copper may improve the
strength, ductility, fracture toughness, weldability heat and corrosion resistance.
However, elements like vanadium and aluminium can be added in small quantities to
improve grain refinement. However the presence of non-metalic inclusions specially
sulphur and phosphorous must be controlled carefully, the high level of which may
reduce resistance to ductile fracture and possibility of cracking problems in welded
joints. Other impurities which may seriously affect the quality of steel are tin, antimony,
arsenic and some dissolved gases. The following Table 2.3 gives the detailed
chemical composition for Siam Yamato Steel products using the following notations.
C = carbon
SI = silica
Mn = Manganese
P =Phosphorus
S = Sulfur
Table 2.3 Chemical Composition of SYS Products

Classifications
Chemical Compositions, %
Max. C
Max. Si
Mn
Max. P
Max. S
0.050
0.050
JIS G3106 SM400 A
0.23
2.5xCmin.
0.035
0.035
JIS G3106 SM400 B
0.20
0.35
0.60-1.40
0.035
0.035
JIS G3106 SM400 C
0.18
0.35
1.40 max.
0.035
0.035
JIS G3106 SM490 A
0.20
0.55
1.60 max.
0.035
0.035
JIS G3106 SM490 B,C
0.18
0.55
1.60 max.
0.035
0.035
JIS G3106 SM490YA, YB
0.20
0.55
1.60 max.
0.035
0.035
JIS G3101 SS400, 490
JIS G3106 SM520 B, C
0.20
0.55
1.66 max.
0.035
0.035
JIS G3106 SM570
0.18
0.55
1.60 max.
0.035
0.035
3. Sizes and Properties of SYS Sections

The section dimensions and their calculated properties have been expressed in
appropriate units so as to avoid too small or too long digit numbers. All section related
information has been reproduced, from "Siam Yamato Hot Rolled Shapes Product
Specification Book", without any further verifications. A brief description of various
symbols (notations) used for cross-section properties is given below. Notations related
to dimension of the section can be read directly from the figure shown in their
respective tables.
A = The cross-section area of section, including all radii and fillets.
Ixx = The second moment of Inertia of section about XX (generally major) axis.
2-3
Iyy = The second moment of inertia of section about YY (generally minor) axis.
rx = The radius of gyration of cross-section about x-axis, derived as rx =
ry = The radius of gyration of cross-section about y-axis, derived as ry =
I xx
A
I yy
A
Zxx = The section modulus or elastic modulus of section defined as the moment of
Inertia Ixx divided by the extreme fibre distance measured from centroidal YY axis
calculated by the following simple formula.
Z xx =
I xx
y
Where
y = Distance to the extreme fibre from the centroidal YY axis.
Zyy = The section modulus or elastic modulus of section defined as the moment of
Inertia Iyy divided by the extreme fibre distance measured from centroidal XX axis as
calculated as
Z yy =
I yy
x
Where
x = Distance to the extreme fibre from the centroidal XX axis
4. Software Implementation
Steel designers frequently need to find the sections of specific requirements based on
weight, width, height or other properties for design. The section properties listed on the
following tables are grouped based on primary shape of the section i.e. C shapes put
in one table, H shapes in another and so on, which, in most cases, is the practical way
of selection. Further, the shapes have been ordered by their nominal sizes like width
and height instead of weight or any other properties.
To provide the designer, any easy and quick way to find a section or group of sections
which satisfy certain specified criteria, SYS Designer Software provide special tool for
searching, sorting and printing those sections. User can specify the range for
important section properties like weight, width or height, which further be sorted by any
one of the properties. Some common and practical examples to illustrate the
usefulness of this module are:
1. In the design of steel beams the designer frequently need to find the lightest
section satisfying a certain minimum section modulus.
2. In the deflection checks, a sorted list of sections based on moment of inertia
which is the main parameter to control the deflection, will be desirable for quick
and an economic selection of the section.
3. Due to some architectural or connection restriction, in some cases, designer may
need to find the section not exceeding certain width or height.
2-4
Certain SYS Sections of not so common usage are not readily available in the
market, which puts an additional limit on the section selection. This market/stock
availability criterion has also been included in the section selection module. The
following table gives the section designation used in the software.
Table 2.4 SYS Section Designation Used in SYS Designer Software
Sr. No
Actual Shape
Primary
Designation
Complete
Designation
H or WF or W
Channel
T Or TH
Equal Angle
EL
Unequal Angle
UL
Double Angles
LL
ELL
LL
ULLL
LL
ULLS
Remark
Equal Legs
8
Double Angles
Unequal Legs, Longer Leg
Connected
Double Angles
Unequal Legs, Shorter Leg
Connected
10
Double C Open or Like H Shape
CC
CCI
11
Double C Close or Like Box
CC
CCB
2-5
2-6
Table 2.5 Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for Channel Shapes
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Section Designation
t1
t2
r1
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
Wght
kg/m
r2
Moment
Of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3)
Ix
Iy
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
C 200x80x24.6
7.5
11
12
31.33
24.6
1950
168
7.88
2.32
195
29.1
C 200x90x30.3
13.5
14
38.65
30.3
2490
277
8.02
2.68
249
44.2
C 250x90x34.6
13
14
44.07
34.6
4180
294
9.74
2.58
334
44.5
C 250x90x40.2
11
14.5
17
8.5
51.17
40.2
4680
329
9.56
2.54
374
49.9
C 300x90x38.1
13
14
48.57
38.1
6440
309
11.5
2.52
429
45.7
C 300x90x43.8
10
15.5
19
9.5
55.74
43.8
7410
360
11.5
2.54
494
54.1
C 300x90x48.6
12
16
19
9.5
61.9
48.6
7870
379
11.3
2.48
525
56.4
C 380x100x54.5
10.5
16
18
69.39
54.5
14500
535
14.5
2.78
763
70.5
C 380x100x67.3
13
20
24
12
85.71
67.3
17600
655
14.3
2.76
926
87.8
t1
r2
t2
r1
B
Y
2-7
Table 2.6 Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for I Shapes
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Section Designation
t1
t2
r1
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
Wght
kg/m
r2
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3)
Ix
Iy
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
I 200x100x26
10
10
33.06
26
2170
138
8.11
2.05
217
27.7
I 200x150x50.4
16
15
7.5
64.16
50.4
4460
753
8.34
3.43
446
100
I 250x125x38.3
7.5
12.5
12
48.79
38.3
5180
337
10.3
2.63
414
53.9
I 250x125x55.5
10
19
21
10.5
70.73
55.5
7310
538
10.2
2.76
858
86
I 300x150x48.3
13
12
61.58
48.3
9480
588
12.4
3.09
632
78.4
I 300x150x65.5
10
18.5
19
9.5
83.47
65.5
12700
886
12.3
3.26
849
118
I 300x150x76.8
11.5
22
23
11.5
97.88
76.8
14700
1080
12.2
3.32
978
143
I 350x150x58.5
15
13
6.5
74.58
58.5
15200
702
14.3
3.07
870
93.5
I 350x150x87.2
12
24
25
12.5
111.1
87.2
22400
1180
14.2
3.26
1280
158
I 400x150x72
10
18
17
8.5
91.73
72
24100
864
16.2
3.07
1200
115
I 400x150x95.8
12.5
25
27
13.5
122.1
95.8
31700
1240
16.1
3.18
1580
165
I 450x175x91.7
11
20
19
9.5
116.8
91.7
39200
1510
18.3
3.6
1740
173
I 450x175x115
13
26
27
13.5
146.1
115
48800
2020
18.3
3.72
2170
231
I 600x190x133
13
25
25
12.5
169.4
133
98400
2460
24.1
3.81
3280
259
I 600x190x176
16
35
38
19
224.5
176
130000
3540
24.1
3.97
4330
373
r2
t2
t1
X
r1
B
Y
2-8
Table 2.7 Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for H Shapes
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Wght
kg/m
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3)
Y
B
Section Designation
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
t2
r1
Ix
Iy
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
10
21.9
17.2
383
134
4.18
2.47
76.5
26.7
H 125x125x23.8
6.5
10
30.31
23.8
847
293
5.29
3.11
136
47
H 150x100x21.1
11
26.84
21.1
1020
151
6.17
2.37
138
30.1
H 150x150x31.5
10
11
10.14
31.5
1640
563
6.39
3.75
219
75.1
H 175x175x40.2
7.5
11
12
51.21
40.2
2880
984
7.5
4.38
330
112
H 200x100x18.2
4.5
11
23.18
18.2
1580
114
8.26
2.21
160
23
H 200x100x21.3
5.5
11
27.16
21.3
1840
134
8.24
2.22
184
26.8
H 200x150x30.6
13
39.01
30.6
2690
507
8.3
3.61
227
67.6
H 200x200x49.9
12
13
63.53
49.9
4720
1600
8.62
5.02
472
160
H 200x200x56.2
12
12
13
71.53
56.2
4980
1700
8.35
4.88
498
167
H 200x200x65.7
10
16
13
83.69
65.7
6530
2200
8.83
5.13
628
218
H 250x125x25.7
12
32.68
25.7
3540
255
10.4
2.79
285
41.1
H 250x125x29.6
12
37.66
29.6
4050
294
10.4
2.79
324
47
H 250x175x44.1
11
16
56.24
44.1
6120
984
10.4
4.18
502
113
H 250x250x64.4
11
11
16
82.06
64.4
8790
2940
10.3
5.98
720
233
H 250x250x66.5
13
16
84.7
66.5
9930
3350
10.8
6.29
801
269
H 250x250x72.4
14
16
92.18
72.4
10800
3650
10.8
6.29
867
292
H 250x250x82.2
14
14
16
104.7
82.2
11500
3880
10.5
6.09
919
304
H 300x150x32.0
5.5
13
40.8
32
6320
442
10.4
3.29
424
59.3
H 300x150x36.7
6.5
13
46.78
36.7
7210
508
12.4
3.29
481
67.7
H 300x200x56.8
12
18
72.38
56.8
11300
1600
12.5
4.71
771
160
H 300x200x65.4
14
18
83.36
65.4
13300
1900
12.6
4.77
893
189
H 300x300x84.5
12
12
18
107.7
84.5
16900
5520
12.5
7.16
1150
365
t1
t1
H 100x100x17.2
r
Y
2-9
Table 2.7 (Continued) Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for H Shapes
Sectional Dimension
Wght
kg/m
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3)
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
Y
B
(mm)
Section Designation
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
t2
r1
Ix
Iy
H 300x300x87.0
14
18
110.8
87
18800
6240
13
7.51
1270
417
H 300x300x94.0
10
15
18
119.8
94
20400
6750
13.1
7.51
1360
450
H 300x300x106.0
15
15
18
134.8
106
21500
7100
12.6
7.26
1440
466
H 300x300x106.0
11
17
18
134.8
106
23400
7730
13.2
7.57
1540
514
H 350x175x41.4
14
52.68
41.4
11100
792
14.5
3.88
641
91
H 350x175x49.6
11
14
63.14
49.6
13600
984
14.7
3.95
775
112
H 350x175x57.6
13
14
73.68
57.8
16100
1180
14.8
4.01
909
134
248
H 350x250x69.2
12
20
88.15
69.2
18500
3090
14.5
5.92
1100
H 350x250x79.7
14
20
101.5
79.7
21700
3650
14.6
1280
292
H 350x350x106.0
13
13
20
135.3
106
28200
9380
14.4
8.33
1670
534
H 350x350x115.0
10
16
20
146
115
33300
11200
15.1
8.78
1940
646
H350x350x131.0
16
16
20
166.6
131
35300
11800
14.6
8.43
2050
669
H 350x350x137.0
12
19
20
173.9
137
40300
13600
15.2
8.84
2300
776
H 350x350x156.0
19
19
20
198.4
156
42800
14400
14.7
8.53
2450
809
H 400x200x56.6
11
16
72.16
56.6
20000
1450
16.7
4.48
1010
145
H 400x200x66.0
13
16
84.12
66
23700
1740
16.8
4.54
1190
174
H 400x200x75.5
15
16
96.16
75.5
27500
2030
16.9
4.6
1360
202
H 400x300x94.5
14
22
120.1
94.5
33700
6240
16.7
7.21
1740
418
H 400x400x172
13
21
22
218.7
172
66600
22400
17.5
10.1
3330
1120
H400x400x232
18
28
22
295.4
232
92800
31000
17.7
10.02
4480
1530
H 450x200x66.2
12
18
84.3
66.2
28700
1580
18.5
4.33
1290
159
t1
T1
r
Y
2-10
Table 2.7 (Continued) Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for H Shapes
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Wght
kg/m
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3)
iy
Zx
Zy
Y
B
Section Designation
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
t2
r1
Ix
Iy
ix
H 450x200x76.0
14
18
96.76
H 450x200x88.9
10
17
18
113.3
76
33500
1870
18.6
4.4
1490
187
88.9
40400
2310
18.9
4.51
1770
230
H 450x300x106.0
10
15
24
135
H 450x300x124.0
11
18
24
157.4
106
46800
6690
18.6
7.04
2160
448
124
56100
8110
18.9
7.18
2550
541
H 450x300x145.0
13
21
24
H 500x200x79.5
14
20
184.3
145
66400
9660
19
7.24
2980
639
101.3
79.5
41900
1840
20.3
4.27
1690
H 500x200x89.6
10
16
20
185
114.2
89.6
47800
2140
20.5
4.33
1910
H 500x200x103.0
11
19
214
20
131.3
103
56500
2580
20.7
4.43
2230
254
H 500x300x114.0
11
H 500x300x128.0
11
15
26
145.5
114
60400
6760
20.4
6.82
2500
451
18
26
163.5
128
71000
8110
20.8
7.04
2910
H 500x300x150.0
541
13
21
26
191.4
150
83800
9660
20.9
7.1
3390
640
H 600x200x94.6
10
15
22
120.5
94.6
68700
1980
23.9
4.05
2310
199
H 600x200x106.0
11
17
22
134.4
106
77600
2280
24
4.12
2590
228
H 600x200x120.0
12
20
22
152.5
120
90400
2720
24.3
4.22
2980
271
H 600x200x134.0
13
23
22
170.7
134
103000
3180
24.6
4.31
3380
314
H 600x300x137.0
12
17
28
174.5
137
103000
7670
24.3
6.63
3530
511
H 600x300x151.0
12
20
28
192.5
151
118000
9020
24.8
6.85
5020
601
H 600x300x175.0
14
23
28
222.4
175
137000
10600
24.9
6.9
4620
7001
H 700x300x166.0
13
20
28
211.5
166
172000
9020
28.6
6.53
4980
602
H 700x300x185.0
13
24
28
235.5
185
201000
10800
29.3
6.78
5760
722
H 800x300x191.0
14
22
28
243.4
191
254000
9930
32.3
6.39
6410
662
H 800x300x210.0
14
26
28
267.4
210
292000
11700
33
6.62
7290
782
t1
t1
r
Y
2-11
Table 2.8 Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for T or TH Shapes (Cut From H)
Sectional Dimension
Sectional
Wght
Moment
Radius
Modulus
(mm)
Area
kg/m
of Inertia
of Gyration
of Section
(cm4)
(cm)
(cm3)
Section Designation
(cm2)
t1
t2
r1
Ix
Iy
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
Center of
Gravity
from Top
t2
Cx=
T 50x100x8.6
10
10.95
8.6
16.1
66.9
1.21
2.47
4.03
13.4
1.0
T 62.5x125x11.9
6.5
10
15.16
11.9
35
147
1.52
3.11
6.91
23.5
1.19
T 75x100x10.5
11
13.42
10.5
51.7
75.3
1.96
2.37
8.84
15.1
1.55
T 75x150x15.8
10
11
20.07
15.8
66.4
282
1.82
3.75
10.8
37.6
1.37
T 87.5x175x20.1
7.5
11
12
25.61
20.1
115
492
2.12
4.38
15.9
56.2
1.55
2.14
T 100x100x9.1
4.5
11
11.59
9.1
93.8
56.8
2.84
2.21
12.1
11.5
T 100x100x10.7
5.5
11
13.58
10.7
114
67.0
2.9
2.22
14.8
13.4
2.29
T 100x150x15.3
13
19.51
15.3
125
254
2.53
3.61
15.8
33.8
1.79
1.73
T 100x200x24.9
12
13
31.77
24.9
184
801
2.41
5.02
22.3
80.1
T 100x200x28.1
12
12
13
35.77
28.1
256
851
2.67
4.88
32.4
83.4
2.09
T 100x200x32.8
10
16
13
41.85
32.8
251
1100
2.45
5.13
29.4
109
1.91
T 125x125x12.8
12
16.34
12.8
208
127
3.57
2.79
21.3
20.5
2.68
T 125x125x14.8
12
18.83
14.8
248
147
3.63
2.79
25.6
23.5
2.78
T 125x175x22.1
11
16
25.12
22.1
289
492
3.2
4.18
29.1
56.3
2.27
T 125x250x32.2
11
11
16
41.03
32.2
445
1470
3.29
5.98
45.3
117
2.39
T 125x250x33.2
13
16
42.35
33.2
364
1670
2.93
6.29
34.9
134
1.98
T 125x250x36.2
14
16
43.09
36.2
412
1820
2.99
6.29
39.5
146
2.08
T 125x250x41.1
14
14
16
52.34
41.1
589
1940
3.36
6.09
59.4
152
2.58
T 150x150x16.0
5.5
13
30.4
16
393
551
4.39
6.29
33.8
29.7
3.26
T 150x150x18.4
6.5
13
23.39
18.4
464
254
4.45
3.29
40
33.8
3.41
T 150x200x28.4
12
18
36.19
28.4
572
802
3.97
4.71
48.2
80.2
2.83
B
Y
t1
X
2-12
Table 2.8 (Continued) Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for T or TH Shapes (Cut From H)
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Section Designation
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
t1
t2
r1
T 150x200x32.7
14
18
41.68
T 175x175x20.7
14
T 175x175x24.8
11
T 175x250x34.6
12
T 175x250x39.8
T 175x350x53.1
T 175x350x57.3
Wght
kg/m
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3)
Center of
Gravity from
Top
Ix
Ix
Ix
Iy
Zx
Zy
Cx=
32.7
662
949
3.99
4.77
55.2
94.4
2.91
26.34
20.7
679
396
5.08
3.88
50
45.5
3.71
14
31.57
24.8
815
492
5.08
3.95
59.3
56.2
3.75
20
44.08
34.6
881
1540
4.47
5.92
64.0
124
3.02
14
20
50.76
39.8
1020
1830
4.48
6.00
73.1
146
3.09
13
13
20
67.63
53.1
1420
4690
4.59
8.3
104
267
3.21
10
16
20
73
57.3
1230
5620
4.11
8.78
84.7
323
2.67
T 175x350x65.4
16
16
20
83.32
65.4
1800
5920
4.65
8.43
131
335
3.40
T 175x350x68.2
12
19
20
86.94
68.2
1520
6790
4.18
8/.84
104
388
2.86
T 175x350x77.9
19
19
20
99.19
77.9
2200
7220
4.71
8.53
158
4.4
3.59
T 175x350x79.3
14
22
20
101
79.3
1820
8000
4.25
8.9
124
455
3.05
T 200x200x28.3
11
16
36.08
28.3
1190
723
4.76
4.48
76.4
72.7
4.17
T 200x200x33.0
13
16
42.06
33
1400
868
5.76
4.54
88.6
86.8
4.23
T 200x300x47.1
14
22
60.05
47.1
1530
3120
5.04
7.21
95.5
209
3.33
T 200x300x53.4
10
16
22
67.98
53.4
1730
3600
5.05
7.28
108
240
3.41
5.90
T 250x200x39.7
14
20
50.64
39.7
2840
922
7.49
4.27
150
92.6
T 250x200x44.8
10
16
20
57.12
44.8
3210
1070
7.5
4.33
169
107
5.96
T 250x200x51.5
11
19
20
65.65
51.5
3670
1290
7.48
4.43
190
128
5.95
T 250x300x57.1
11
15
26
72.76
57.1
3420
3380
6.85
6.82
178
225
4.92
T 250x300x64.2
11
18
26
81.76
64.2
3620
4060
6.66
7.07
184
70
4.66
T 300x200x47.3
10
15
22
60.23
47.3
5190
989
9.29
4.05
236
99.4
7.79
B
Y
t2
t1
X
2-13
Table 2.8 (Continued) Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for T or TH Shapes (Cut From H)
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Section Designation
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
Wght
kg/m
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3)
Center of
Gravity from
Top
t1
t2
r1
T 300x200x52.8
11
17
22
67.21
T 300x200x59.8
12
20
22
76.24
T 300x200x67.0
13
23
22
85.33
67
7340
1590
9.27
4.31
322
157
7.79
T 300x300x68.5
12
17
28
87.24
68.5
6360
3830
8.54
6.63
280
256
6.39
T 300x300x75.6
12
20
28
96.24
75.6
6710
4510
8.35
6.85
288
301
6.08
T 300x300x87.3
14
23
28
111.2
87.3
7920
5290
8.44
6.9
339
350
6.33
Ix
Ix
Ix
Iy
Zx
Zy
Cx=
52.8
5810
1140
9.3
4.12
262
114
7.84
59.8
6570
1360
9.28
4.22
292
135
7.79
B
Y
t2
t1
X
2-14
Table 2.9 Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for Equal Angles EL
Sectional Dimension
Sectional
(mm)
Area
Wght
kg/m
Moment
Radius
Modulus
of Inertia
of Gyration
of Section
(cm )
Section Designation
t1
t2
r1
r2
EL 25x25x1.12
1.427
EL 30x30x1.36
EL 40x40x1.83
4.5
EL 40x40x2.95
4.5
EL 45x45x2.74
EL 45x45x3.38
EL 50x50x3.06
EL 50x50x3.77
EL 50x50x4.43
(cm )
Center of Gravity
(cm)
(cm )
(From bot and Left)
Ix
Iy
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
Cx
Cy
1.12
0.797
0.797
0.747
0.747
0.448
0.448
0.719
0.719
1.727
1.36
1.42
1.42
0.908
0.908
0.661
0.661
0.844
0.844
2.336
1.83
3.53
3.53
1.23
1.23
1.21
1.21
1.09
1.09
3.755
2.95
5.42
5.42
1.2
1.2
1.91
1.91
1.17
1.17
6.5
3.492
2.74
6.5
6.5
1.36
1.36
1.24
1.24
6.5
4.302
3.38
7.91
7.91
1.36
1.36
2.46
2.46
1.28
1.28
6.5
3.892
3.06
9.06
9.06
1.53
1.53
2.49
2.49
1.37
1.37
6.5
4.802
3.77
11.1
11.1
1.52
1.52
3.08
3.08
1.41
1.41
6.5
4.5
5.644
4.43
12.6
12.6
1.5
1.5
3.55
3.55
1.44
1.44
EL 60x60x3.68
6.5
4.692
3.68
16
16
1.85
1.85
3.66
3.66
1.61
1.61
EL 60x60x4.55
6.5
5.802
4.55
19.6
19.6
1.84
1.84
4.52
4.52
1.66
1.66
EL 65x65x5.0
8.5
6.367
25.3
25.3
1.99
1.99
5.35
5.35
1.77
1.77
EL 65x65x5.91
8.5
7.527
5.91
29.4
29.4
1.98
1.98
6.26
6.26
1.81
1.81
EL 65x65x7.66
8.5
9.761
7.66
36.8
36.8
1.94
1.94
7.96
7.96
1.88
1.88
EL 70x70x6.38
8.5
8.127
6.38
37.1
37.1
2.14
2.14
7.33
7.33
1.93
1.93
EL 75x75x6.85
8.5
8.727
6.85
46.1
46.1
2.3
2.3
8.47
8.47
2.06
2.06
EL 75x75x9.96
8.5
12.69
9.96
64.4
64.4
2.25
2.25
12.1
12.1
2.17
2.17
EL 75x75x13.0
12
12
8.5
16.56
13
81.9
81.9
2.22
2.22
15.7
15.7
2.29
2.29
EL 80x80x7.32
8.5
9.327
7.32
56.4
56.4
1.46
1.46
9.7
9.7
2.18
2.18
EL 90x908.28
10
10.55
8.28
80.7
80.7
2.77
2.77
12.6
12.6
2.42
2.42
EL 90x90x9.59
10
12.22
9.59
93
93
1.76
1.76
14.2
14.2
2.46
2.46
r2
(cm)
3)
Cy
t1
t2
r1
2-15
Cx
Table 2.9 Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for Equal Angles L
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Sectional Wght
Area
kg/m
(cm2)
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
of Section
(cm3))
Section Designation
Center of Gravity
r2
(cm)
(From bot and Left)
t1
t2
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
Cx
Cy
EL 90x90x13.3
10
10
10
17
13.3
125
125
1.71
1.71
19.5
19.5
2.57
2.57
EL 90x90x17.0
13
10
10
21.71
17
156
156
2.68
2.68
24.8
24.8
2.69
2.69
EL100x100x10.7
10
10
13.62
10.7
129
129
3.08
3.08
17.7
17.7
2.71
2.71
EL 100x100x17.9
10
10
10
19
17.9
175
175
3.04
3.04
24.4
24.4
2.82
2.82
EL 100x100x19.1
13
10
10
24.31
19.1
220
220
31.1
31.1
2.94
2.94
EL 120x120x14.7
12
12
18.74
14.7
258
258
3.71
3.71
29.5
29.5
3.24
3.24
EL 130x130x17.9
12
12
22.74
17.9
366
366
4.01
4.01
38.7
38.7
3.53
3.53
EL 130x130x23.4
12
12
12
8.5
29.76
23.4
467
467
3.96
3.96
49.9
49.9
3.64
3.64
EL 130x130x28.8
15
12
12
8.5
36.75
28.8
568
568
3.93
3.93
61.5
61.5
3.76
3.76
EL 150x150x27.3
12
14
12
34.77
27.3
740
740
4.61
4.61
68.1
68.1
4.14
4.14
EL 150x150x33.6
15
14
14
10
42.74
33.6
888
888
4.56
4.56
82.6
82.6
4.24
4.24
EL 150x150x41.9
19
14
14
10
53.38
41.9
1090
1090
4.52
4.52
103
103
4.40
4.40
EL 175x175x31.8
12
15
14
11
40.52
31.8
1170
1170
5.38
5.38
91.8
91.8
4.73
4.73
EL 175x175x39.4
15
15
15
11
50.21
39.4
1440
1440
5.35
5.35
114
114
4.85
4.85
EL 200x200x45.3
15
17
15
12
57.75
45.3
2180
2180
6.14
6.14
150
150
5.46
5.46
EL 200x200x59.7
20
17
17
12
76
59.7
2820
2820
6.09
6.09
197
197
5.67
5.67
EL 200x200x73.6
25
17
17
12
93.75
73.6
3420
3420
6.04
6.04
242
242
5.86
5.86
EL 250x250x93.7
25
24
25
12
119.4
93.7
6950
6950
7.63
7.63
388
388
7.10
7.10
EL 250x250x128.0
35
24
35
18
162.6
128
9110
9110
7.49
7.49
519
519
7.45
7.45
Cy
t1
t2
r1
2-16
Cx
Table 2.10 Sizes and Properties of Sections for Design for Unequal Angles UL
Sectional
Area
(cm2)
Sectional Dimension
(mm)
Section Designation
Wght
kg/m
Moment
of Inertia
(cm4)
Radius
of Gyration
(cm)
Modulus
Of Section
(cm3))
Center of Gravity
(From bot and Left)
t1
t2
r1
r2
UL 90x75x11.0
8.5
14.04
UL 100x75x9.32
10
11.87
UL 100x75x13.0
10
10
10
UL 125x75x10.7
10
Ix
Iy
ix
iy
Zx
Zy
Cx
Cy
11
109
68.1
2.78
2.2
17.4
12.4
2.75
2.00
9.32
118
56.9
3.15
2.19
17
10
3.06
1.83
16.5
13
159
76.1
3.11
2.15
23.3
13.7
3.17
1.94
13.62
10.7
219
60.4
4.01
2.11
26.1
10.3
4.10
1.64
UL 125x75x14.9
10
10
10
19
14.9
299
80.8
3.96
2.06
36.1
14.1
4.22
1.75
UL 125x75x19.1
13
13
10
24.31
19.1
376
101
3.93
2.04
46.1
17.9
4.35
1.87
UL 125x90x16.1
10
10
10
20.5
16.1
318
138
3.94
2.59
37.2
20.3
3.95
2.22
UL 125x90x20.6
13
13
10
26.26
20.6
401
173
3.91
2.57
47.5
25.9
4.07
2.34
UL 150x90x16.4
12
20.94
16.4
485
133
4.81
2.52
48.2
19
4.95
1.99
UL 150x90x21.5
12
12
12
8.5
27.36
21.5
619
167
7.76
2.47
62.3
24.3
5.07
2.10
UL 150x100x17.1
12
21.84
17.1
502
181
4.79
2.88
49.1
23.5
4.76
2.30
UL 150x100x22.4
12
12
12
8.5
28.56
22.4
612
223
4.74
2.83
63.4
30.1
4.88
2.41
UL 150x100x27.7
15
15
12
8.5
35.25
27.7
782
276
4.71
2.8
78.2
37
5.00
2.53
r2
(cm)
Cy
t1
t2
r1
2-17
Cx
Table 2.11 Properties of Sections Limited by Width-Thickness Ratio

Section
Designation
Stem
b/t
For Qa= 1
Fy = 2400 Ksc
Fy = 3900 Ksc
Factor
Qs
Cc '
Factor
Qs
Cc '
--
T 50x100x8.6
6.25
--
--
--
T 62.5x125x11.9
6.94
--
--
--
--
T 74x100x10.5
8.22
--
--
--
---
T 75x150x15.8
7.50
--
--
--
T 87.5x175x20.1
7.95
--
--
--
--
T 99x99x9.1
14.14
--
--
--
--
T 100x100x10.7
12.50
--
--
--
--
T 97x150x15.3
10.78
--
--
--
--
T 100x200x24.9
8.33
--
--
--
--
T 100x204x28.1
8.33
--
--
--
--
T 104x202x32.8
6.50
--
--
--
--
T 124x124x12.8
15.50
--
--
--
--
T 125x125x14.8
13.89
--
--
--
--
T 122x175x22.1
11.09
--
--
--
--
T 122x252x32.2
11.09
--
--
--
--
T 124x249x33.2
9.54
--
--
--
--
T 125x250x36.2
8.93
--
--
--
--
T 125x255x41.1
8.93
--
--
--
--
T 149x149x16
18.63
--
--
0.917
106.17
T 150x150x18.4
16.67
--
--
--
--
T 147x200x28.4
12.25
--
--
--
--
T 149x201x32.7
10.64
--
--
--
--
T 173x176x20.7
19.22
--
--
0.885
108.06
T 175x175x24.8
15.91
--
--
--
--
T 168x249x34.6
14.00
--
--
--
--
T 170x250x39.8
12.14
--
--
--
--
T 169x351x53.1
13.00
--
--
--
--
T 172x348x57.3
10.75
--
--
--
--
T 172x354x65.4
10.75
--
--
--
--
T 175x350x68.2
9.21
--
--
--
--
T 175x357x77.9
9.21
--
--
--
--
T 178x352x79.3
8.09
--
--
--
--
T 198x199x28.3
18.00
--
--
0.950
104.30
T 200x200x33
15.38
--
--
--
--
T193x299x47.1
13.79
--
--
--
--
T 195x300x53.4
12.19
--
--
--
--
T 248x199x39.7
17.71
--
--
0.966
103.48
T 250x200x44.8
15.63
--
--
--
--
T 253x201x51.5
13.32
--
--
--
--
2-18
Table 2.11 Properties of Sections Limited by Width-Thickness Ratio

Stem
b/t
Section Designation
For Qa= 1
Fy = 2400 Ksc
Fy = 3900 Ksc
Factor
Qs
Cc '
Factor
Qs
Cc '
--
T 241x300x57.1
16.07
--
--
--
T 244x300x64.2
13.56
--
--
--
--
T 298x199x47.3
19.87
--
--
0.851
110.22
T 300x200x52.8
17.65
--
--
0.969
103.29
T 303x201x59.8
15.15
--
--
--
--
T 306x202x67
13.30
--
--
--
--
T 291x300x68.5
17.12
--
--
0.997
101.82
T 294x300x75.6
14.70
--
--
--
--
T 297x302x87.3
12.91
--
--
--
--
2-19
Chapter
Design of Tension Member

1. Introduction
This chapter describes the general concepts for the design of steel tension members.
Procedures implemented in the development of SYS Designer software and design
tables for tension members are also presented. Design of an axial tension member
involves considerably simple analysis and design procedures compared to any other
types of members. Two important considerations in the design of tension members
are the net effective area of cross section and permissible tensile stresses. Whenever
a tension member is to be fastened by means of bolts or rivets, holes must be
provided at the connection. As a result, the member cross-sectional area at the
connection is reduced and the strength of the member may also be reduced
depending on the size and location of holes. Thus in most cases, the designer need to
design the member size and end connections together as they influence each other.
Permissible tensile stress and detailed methods to determine net effective area can be
referred to the relevant design codes.
2. General Procedure
A tension member can fail by reaching one of the limit states: yielding or fracture. To
prevent yielding and accompanying excessive elongation, the stress on the gross area
must be limited to yield stress Fy. To prevent fracture, the stress on the net area must
not exceed the tensile strength Fu. With these two basic criteria, the tensile strength of
a steel member is determined by using the following simple general procedures.
Permissible Stresses: (AISC/ASD)
Ft = 0.6 Fy
Ft = 0.5 Fu
on gross area
(3-1)
on effective area
(3-2)
Tensile Strength of a Member:

The tensile strength, corresponding to the above two values for permissible stresses
of, a member based on AISC/ASD is given by the smaller of the following two values
for Pt.
Pt = 0.6 Fy A g
(3-3)
Pt = 0.5 Fu Ae
(3-4)
Where
Fy = Specified Yield Strength

Fu = Specified Ultimate Strength
3-1
Ae = Net effective area

Ag = Gross area
The above formulae can be used for any consistent set of units. For example, for
Metric system of units, if Fy and Fu are taken in Ksc and areas on cm2, the tensile
strength will be in Kg. The procedures for calculations of Ae are explained in the
following sections.
Design Steps:
1)
Compute Ag1 required based on yield criteria (Fy) from Eqn Error! Not a valid
link.
2)
Compute Ae required based on fracture criteria (Fu) from Eqn Error! Not a valid
3)
Select appropriate reduction factor based on connection type and

configuration.(usually 0.75 -1.0)
link.
Ae
U
4)
Compute Ag2 based on Ae from step 3. Ag 2 =
5)
Select section to satisfy higher of Ag1 and Ag2.
6)
Check for other end connection requirements.
3. Effective Net Area

As mentioned in the previous section, detailed methods to find net effective area in
design calculations depends upon the code requirements. In AISC specifications,
calculation of the net effective area is based on actual net area multiplied by an
appropriate reduction factor, which account for efficiency of the connection. This
reduction factor includes various factors affecting the strength of the joint and the
important phenomenon known as shear lag. Shear lag occurs due to the partial
connection of the cross section resulting into an unequal stress distribution in different
cross section elements. One very common example, where this phenomenon is quite
serious, is the connection of only one leg of an angle section to gusset plate.
3.1.1. Effective Area:
For bolted and riveted connections
Ae = UAn
(3-5)
For Welded Connections
Ae = UAg
(3-6)
Where,
U = reduction coefficient/factor
An = net area of cross section. The area after deduction of area for holes
from gross area = Ag - Aholes
Ag = gross area of cross section
3-2
3.1.2. Reduction Factors
The general equation for the calculation of reduction factors is given as below. Figure
Error! Not a valid link.shows the definition of the parameters used for the calculations
of U.
U = 1
x
L
x = Dis tan ce Between Centroid of

the connected Area and the shear plane
L = Length of the connection
Fig. 3.1. Parameters for the Calculation of Reduction Factor U
3.1.2.1. For Bolted and Riveted Connections

The reduction factor for bolted and riveted connections depends mainly on four
parameters namely, the cross section shape of the member, depth to width ratio,
number of fasteners per line and the portion of cross section actually connected. AISC
specifies the following simple rules for the approximate calculations of reduction
factors for some common shapes. Error! Not a valid link. shows reduction factors for
some typical bolted connections.
1) For W, M, S or H shapes with flange widths not less than two-thirds the depth
and structural tees cut from them, connected by the flanges and for bolted and
riveted connections with at least three fasteners per line in the direction of the
stress; U = 0.9
2) For W, M, S or H Shapes not meeting the conditions specified above, for
structural tees cut form them, and all other shapes including built-up sections
and for bolted and riveted connections with at least three fasteners per line in
the directions of stress; U = 1
3-3
3) For all members with bolted or riveted connections with only two fasteners per
line in the directions of stress; U = 0.75

4) If all the elements of a member cross section are connected; U = 1
3-4
WT B f / d>2/3
Bar or Plate
Ae=An
WF B f / d>2/3
Ae=0.9A n
Single or Double
Angle
Ae =0.85 A n
WF B f / d>2/3
Ae =0.75 A n
Ae=0.90A n
WF B f / d<2/3
Ae=0.85A n
Single or Double
Angle
Ae =0.75 A n
WF B f / d<2/3
Ae=0.75A n
Fig. 3.2. Net Effective Area for Bolted or Riveted Connections
3.1.2.2. For Welded Connections

For welded connections with both transverse and longitudinal welds, the reduction
factor U is calculated by the general formula given above. For two special cases of
connections with only longitudinal or only transverse welds, AISC specify the two rules
as given below and illustrated in Fig Error! Not a valid link..
1. For any W, M, S, H or structural tees, connected by transverse welds
alone
2. Ae = area of connected element
3-1
3. For plates and bars connected by longitudinal welds at their ends as in the
following figure three values of U depending upon the relative length of
length l of the weld and their spacing w
U=1.0 for l >= 2w
U=0.87 for 1.5 =< l < 2w
U=1.0 for w =< l < 1.5w
Only Transverse Weld

(a)
Only Logitudinal Weld

(b)
Fig. 3.3. Reduction Factors: Special Cases for Welded Connections
4. Design Examples
Design of tension member needs more considerations on the design of connections
than the in calculations for the tension strength of the member itself. Welded
connections are much simpler in design. The important considerations in the welded
joint are the arrangement of weld so as to coincide the resisting force with center of
gravity of the member and the form of welding. If the tension member is connected by
a large number of rivets or bolts, the design becomes more complicated, requiring
more calculations for determination of critical section for fracture on the cross section
of the member and the other connecting elements like gusset plates etc. In such case
the design strength will be the minimum of the member strength calculated based on
the most critical failure path on the member or on the connecting element. If the
connection is to be designed for eccentric load, additional calculations for the
connection are required.
An example is given here to demonstrate the general procedure for the design of
tension members. However the detailed calculations for design of connections has not
been included. They will be discussed briefly in the Chapter 7 Introduction to Design
of Connections
3-2
SYS
Subject: Design of
Member
Siam Yamato Steel Co. Ltd.
Bolt-Connected
Design Code:
Thailand
Tension
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Example:3 1
Sheet No:1 / 2
Reference Chapter: 3
Problem:
Design the lightest T-section whose net effective area after deduction for holes will be
approximately 70% of the gross area. Maximum tensile load = 29 Ton which does not
include the wind load.
Use SYS steel grade with properties: Fy = 2400 Ksc (34 ksi), Fu = 4000 Ksc (56.8 ksi)
T-Section
29 Tons
Ae=0.90A n
Fig. 3.4. Bolt Connected T-section Tension Member for Design Example Error!
Not a valid link.
Solution:
Tensile strength = Ag 0.6 Fy
.(1)
= Ae 0.5 Fu
.(2)
from (1)
from (2)
A g1 =
Tensile Force
29,000
=
= 20.13 cm 2
0.6Fy
0.6 2400
Ae =
Tensile Force
29,000
=
= 14.50 cm 2
0.5Fu
0.5 4000
Ag 2 =
Ae 14.50
=
= 20.71 cm 2
0.7
0.7
So higher of above two gross area Ag1 and Ag2 is the minimum required gross area.
Ag= 20.71 cm2
The SYS T sections close to this requirement are
T 75x150x15.8 Kg/m
Ag = 20.07 cm2
T 150x150x16.0 Kg/m
Ag = 20.40 cm2
T 150x150x18.4 Kg/m
Ag = 23.39 cm2
So, use T 150x150x18.4 Kg/m
Ag=23.39 cm2
Actual capacity based on gross area = 23.39 0.6 2400 = 33,681 Kg

3-3
SYS
Subject: Design
Member
of
Design Code:
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Bolt-Connected
Tension
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Example:3 1
Sheet No:2 / 2
Actual capacity based on net effective area = 23.39 0.7 0.5 4000 = 32,746 Kg
So safe capacity, the minimum of the above two actual capacities
= 32.75 Ton > 29 Ton
(Section OK)
Use T 150x150x18.4 Kg/m
3-4
SYS
Subject: Design of Weld-Connected Tension

Member
Example:3 2
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 2
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Problem:
Compute the tension capacity of single angle section L 150x150x27.3 Kg/m

connected by welds at the ends as the figure below. The length of the member = 10 m
Use SYS steel grade with properties: Fy = 2400 Ksc (34 ksi), Fu = 4000 Ksc (56.8 ksi)
x
L150x150x27.3 kg/m
c.g.
20 cm
Fig. 3.5.Bolt Connected T-section Tension Member for Design Example Error!
Not a valid link.
Solution:
Computation of Design Strength:

Reduction factor U = 1
x
0. 9
L
Where x = distance from centroid of the connected area (cross section) to the shear
plane
L = length of the connection in the direction of the applied force.
For L 150x150x37.3 Kg/m x = 4.14 cm from the outer face of the legs.
U = 1
4.14
= 0.793 0.8
20
Tensile strength = Ag 0.6 Fy = 34.77 0.6 2400 = 50 Tons

= Ae 0.5 Fu = 0.8 34.77 0.5 4000 = 55.6 Tons
.(1)
.(2)
The minimum of the above two values gives T = 50 Tons

Check for Slenderness Ratio:
Radius of gyration rx = ry = r = 4.16 cm
Slenderness ratio = 10,00 / 4.16 = 240.38 < 300 OK
So the design tensile strength T = 50 Tons.
3-5
5. Design Tables
In many design situations, the designer wants to find some section or sections that
can approximately carry some tensile load without doing any calculation. The following
tables will provide a quick and easy reference for the preliminary selection of the
sections, which can be checked in detail later when the end connection requirements
are finalized. The tensile strengths have been calculated for two different values of
yield strengths Fy =2400 ksc and Fy = 4000 ksc. The tensile strengths are calculated
based only on the following formula.
Pt = 0.6 Fy A g
However the designer must verify the strength using the formula based on the fracture
criteria as given below and take the minimum one as the final design strength.
Pt = 0.5 Fu Ae
3.1 Tension Capacity (Ton) Based on

Ag
H 250x250
64.4
12.309
H 250x250
66.5
12.705
19.20204
19.8198
H 250x250
72.4
13.827
21.57012
24.4998
Section
Wght
( Kg / m)
Fy
(2400 Ksc)
Fy
(4000 Ksc)
H 250x250
82.2
15.705
C 200x80
24.6
4.70
7.33
H 300x150
32
6.12
9.5472
C 200x90
30.3
5.80
9.04
H 300x150
36.7
7.017
10.94652
C 250x90
34.6
6.61
10.31
H 300x200
56.8
10.857
16.93692
C 250x90
40.2
7.68
11.97
H 300x200
65.4
12.504
19.50624
C 300x90
38.1
7.29
11.37
H 300x300
84.5
16.155
25.2018
C 300x90
43.8
8.36
13.04
H 300x300
87
16.62
25.9272
C 300x90
48.6
9.29
14.48
H 300x300
94
17.97
28.0332
C 380x100
54.5
10.41
16.24
H 300x300
106
20.22
31.5432
C 380x100
67.3
12.86
20.06
H 300x300
106
20.22
31.5432
H 100x100
17.2
3.285
5.12
H 350x175
41.4
7.902
12.32712
H 125x125
23.8
4.5465
7.09
H 350x175
49.6
9.471
14.77476
H 150x100
21.1
4.026
6.28
H 350x175
57.8
11.052
17.24112
H 150x150
31.5
1.521
2.37
H 350x250
69.2
13.2225
20.6271
11.98
H 350x250
79.7
15.225
23.751
106
20.295
31.6602
H 175x175
40.2
7.6815
H 200x100
18.2
3.477
5.42
H 350x350
H 200x100
21.3
4.074
6.35
H 350x350
115
21.9
34.164
131
24.99
38.9844
137
26.085
40.6926
H 200x150
30.6
5.8515
9.12
H 350x350
H 200x200
49.9
9.5295
14.86602
H 350x350
H 200x200
56.2
10.7295
16.73802
H 350x350
156
29.76
46.4256
H 200x200
65.7
12.5535
19.58346
H 400x200
56.6
10.824
16.88544
H 250x125
25.7
4.902
7.64712
H 400x200
66
12.618
19.68408
H 250x125
29.6
5.649
8.81244
H 400x200
75.5
14.424
22.50144
H 250x175
44.1
8.436
13.16016
H 400x300
94.5
18.015
28.1034
H 400x300
107
20.4
31.824
3-6
H 400x400
140
26.775
41.769
T 250x200
44.8
8.568
13.36608
H 400x400
147
28.02
43.7112
T 250x200
51.5
9.8475
15.3621
H 400x400
168
32.16
50.1696
T 250x300
57.1
10.914
17.02584
H 400x400
172
32.805
51.1758
T 250x300
64.2
12.264
19.13184
H 400x400
232
44.31
69.1236
T 300x200
47.3
9.0345
14.09382
H 450x200
66.2
12.645
19.7262
T 300x200
52.8
10.0815
15.72714
H 450x200
76
14.514
22.64184
T 300x200
59.8
11.436
17.84016
H 450x200
88.9
16.995
26.5122
T 300x200
67
12.7995
19.96722
H 450x300
106
20.25
31.59
T 300x300
68.5
13.086
20.41416
H 450x300
124
23.61
36.8316
T 300x300
75.6
14.436
22.52016
H 450x300
145
27.645
43.1262
T 300x300
87.3
16.68
26.0208
H 500x200
79.5
15.195
23.7042
H 500x200
89.6
17.13
26.7228
H 500x200
103
19.695
30.7242
H 500x300
114
21.825
34.047
H 500x300
128
24.525
38.259
H 500x300
150
28.71
44.7876
H 600x200
94.6
18.075
28.197
H 600x200
106
20.16
31.4496
H 600x200
120
22.875
35.685
H 600x200
134
25.605
39.9438
T 125x250
33.2
6.3525
9.9099
T 125x250
36.2
6.4635
10.08306
T 125x250
41.1
7.851
12.24756
T 150x150
16
4.56
7.1136
T 150x150
18.4
3.5085
5.47326
T 150x200
28.4
5.4285
8.46846
T 150x200
32.7
6.252
9.75312
T 175x175
20.7
3.951
6.16356
T 175x175
24.8
4.7355
7.38738
T 175x250
34.6
6.612
10.31472
T 175x250
39.8
7.614
11.87784
T 175x350
53.1
10.1445
15.82542
T 175x350
57.3
10.95
17.082
T 175x350
65.4
12.498
19.49688
T 175x350
68.2
13.041
20.34396
T 175x350
77.9
14.8785
23.21046
T 175x350
79.3
15.15
23.634
T 200x200
28.3
5.412
8.44272
T 200x200
33
6.309
9.84204
T 200x300
47.1
9.0075
14.0517
T 200x300
53.4
10.197
15.90732
T 250x200
39.7
7.596
11.84976
3-7
One of the modules included in the SYS Designer software is the Axial Member
Designer which carries out the design and verification of axial tension and
compression members. The program performs internal calculation based on the
specification requirements of AISC/ASD described in Chapter 2 and 3 of this manual.
As the design procedure for a tension member is quite simple, the procedure adopted
in the SYS Designers Software can be described below as steps instead of flow
diagram.
1)
Compute the net effective area based on the user specified net effective area
reduction factor U and the gross area Ag. The user must be aware of that the
reduction factor is applied to the gross section area instead of the net area to
obtain the net effective area. For example a section has a Ag= 25 cm2 ,area
reduced by two 20 mm bolts = 3 cm2 and code specified reduction factor due
to shear lag effect U =0.75 , the net effective area will be equal to (25-3)*0.75
= 16.5 cm2 So the use must enter a value of reduction factor = 16.5/25 = 0.66
in this case. For compressive load this reduction factor is not used for any
calculation.
1) Compute the capacity of a section based on gross area and yield
strength Fy
2) Compute the capacity of a section based on the effective net area and
ultimate tensile strength Fu

3) Compute the design strength from the minimum of the above two
capacities.
4) Compare the design load with the tensile strength of the section. If the
section strength is more than the required, the section will be selected
as the one that satisfies the design load, otherwise section will not be
selected.
More detailed information for the various input parameters and their significance in the
design can be obtained from the software Users Manual. Material and cross-sectional
properties are a part of input data. The gross area for any Siam Yamato Standard
Steel section is obtained directly from the section database. For the section selected
from database, a number of load cases can be defined. The user can select a number
of available SYS sections based on one or more selection criteria e.g. by specifying
type, weight and /or depth range, and ask the program to check whether the section or
sections can fulfill the required strength. Thus the program can be used for two
purposes that a structural steel designer require in their routine work: The first is the
selection of a list of available sections in SYS products catalogue full filling the user
specified section selection criteria as well as the required design strength. The second
use is the code verification (check) of a particular selected SYS section against one or
more input load cases. For each case, a detailed design calculation report is
generated which may be used directly as designers calculation sheet for the design
approval.
3-8
Chapter
Design of Compression Member

4.1. Introduction
Design of structural members subjected only to axial compressive force shall be
discussed in this section. Structural members subjected to both axial compressive
load as well as bending moment shall be discussed in the chapter 6 Design of
Columns. Axial compressive member means that structural member which is loaded
with a load applied through the centroid of the member cross section for which the
compressive stress on the section can be assumed uniform. This chapter will describe
the fundamental concepts about axial compression members from a structural steel
designers point of view. Main topic for discussions will be on what are the factors that
affect the compressive strength of a member, how a compression member fails, how
to compute the effective length and allowable load etc. Some design examples and
aids to assist the designer will be given at the end of the chapter.
4.2. Factors Influencing the Strength of Compression Member

Strength and behavior of a compression member is influenced by a number of
material, member geometry and cross section properties. The interaction between the
response and characteristics of the material, the cross section, the method of
fabrication, the imperfections etc., in some cases, make the seemingly simple
behavior member a complex one. Important parameters influencing the strength of a
column are listed below. Unlike the tension member the holes in a compression
member has little effect on the buckling strength of the member because as the strut
compresses the axial load is transmitted by bearing on the shank of the bolt.
1) Grade of Steel
Stress-strain relations
Yield stress
2) Manufacturing method
Hot rolled shape

Welded built-up shape
Using flame-cut plates
Using universal mill plates
Cold-straightened shape
Rotorizing (continuous straightening)
Gag (point) straightening
3) Size of shape (cross section area of steel)
4) Cross section geometry (W, H, C,WT etc )
5) Bending axis
6) Initial out-of-straightness
Maximum value
Distribution along column length
7) End support conditions
Without sway, pinned or otherwise

With sway, pinned or otherwise
Restrained ends, with or without sway
8) Actual length of the member
4.3. Modes of Failure of Compression member

Euler was the first to recognize that columns could fail through bending or instability
rather than yielding. He also showed that the column will remain straight until some
critical load is reached, at which time the member may remain straight or assume a
half sine wave deflection shape.
Before designing any kind of structural member, it is significantly important for the
designer to understand the possible mode of failure of the member and the modes
which will govern under particular situation and how to provide adequate safety
against the most critical one. A steel compression member can fail due to one or a
combination of the following failure modes depending upon various factors listed in the
previous article: A brief description of each mode of failure will be presented in the
subsequent section.
Excessive compressive stress

Overall flexural buckling of member
Local buckling of cross section elements
Torsional buckling
Flexural-torsional buckling
4.3.1. Excessive compressive stress

When the element width-thickness ratio falls within certain critical limit to prevent the
local buckling and the member is short and stocky (small slenderness ratio), the
Eulers buckling stress is higher than the yield stress of the material. In such cases the
member fails due to excessive compressive stress on the cross section of the
members, leading to direct yielding of the material.
4.3.2. Overall flexural buckling of member
As slenderness ratio increases the member stability becomes more significant than
the direct compressive stresses on the cross sections, so this type of failure occurs
only for slender columns. The failure is associated with the deflection due to bending
or flexure about the axis corresponding to the smallest radius of gyration that is the
one corresponding the greatest slenderness ratio. This failure is shown in Fig. 4.1. (a).
The critical load for such buckling in elastic range is given by the following formula.
Eulers Formula:
4-2
Pcr =
2 EI
(4-1)
( KL) 2
Where
L= Actual unsupported length of the member

K = Effective length factor
E = Modulus of elasticity
I = Moment of inertia of the section about the axis of
bending (buckling)
4.3.3. Local buckling of cross section elements

If the ratio of width to thickness of cross section elements exceed certain critical limit,
the corresponding element will buckle locally at a stress lower than at which overall
buckling or yielding of member occurs. This type of failure is governed by theory of
local buckling of plate elements. The following equation (4-2)
gives the critical buckling load for local buckling of cross section plate elements.
Local buckling of plate element:
Pcr =
K 2 E
b
12(1 )
t
(Units: for any consistent set of units)
(4-2)
Where
Pcr = Critical buckling load

K = Effective length factor
E = Modulus of elasticity
= Poissons ratio
t = Thickness of plate
b = Width of plate
4.3.4. Torsional Buckling
This is the failure due to twisting which occurs only with symmetrical cross sections
with very slender cross- sectional elements. Standard hot rolled shapes are generally
not susceptible to torsional buckling but built-up sections with thin plate elements
should be investigated for this type of failure. The Fig.. 4.1.(b) shows the torsional
buckling type of failure.
4.3.5. Flexural-Torsional buckling
In this failure the twisting of the member about the member longitudinal axis is
accompanied by flexural buckling. For concentric loads this failure mode can occur
only with unsymmetrical cross sections, both those with one-axis of symmetry, such
as structural tees, double-angle shapes and equal-leg single angles, and those with
no axis of symmetry, such as unequal-leg single angles.
In the design calculations all failure cases applicable for a given section should be
investigated and designed according to the specific requirements.
4-3
(a)
Flexural Buckling
(b)
Torsional Buckling
(c)
Flexural-Torsional
Buckling
Fig. 4.1. Common Buckling Modes of Failure of a Compression Member
4.4. General Procedure for Design of Compression Member

4.4.1. General Concepts
The most general procedure to cover all type of cross section shapes for the design of
seemingly simple compression member involves considerations for two factors Qa and
Qs in addition to the method used for commonly used shapes. Design equation for the
allowable stress in a compression member can be expressed in its most general form,
as:
Fa = Qa Qs Fa
'
(4-3)
Where
Fa = Permissible stress as determined by flexural buckling criteria (based on

basic equations without Qa ad Qs ) given by the equations (4-4)
to (4-6)
.
Qa = Effective area correction factor to take into account the non-uniform post
buckling stress distribution on various stiffened elements (mostly webs)
of the compressed section (for unstiffened elements Qa =1.0 )
4-4
Qs = Stress reduction factor to take into account the local buckling effect of
unstiffened elements (e.g projecting flanges) of the cross section based
on width-thickness ratio (for stiffened elements Qs =1.0 )
Fa is calculated by the following formulae based on the overall cross-section
properties and effective length of the member. In the following three formulas, the first
formula (4-4)
gives the critical buckling slenderness ratio, the second formula (4-5)
gives the basic permissible stress for relatively short and medium length columns
while the last equation (4-6) give that value for long columns. It is important to note
here that the capacity of long columns (case 2) is independent Fy and depends solely
on the E, effective length and the cross section properties.
Cc =
2E
Fy
(4-4)
For SYS (standard grade) C c =
Case 1:
KL
Cc
r
Fa ' =
Case 2:
KL
Cc
r
Fa ' =
2E
2 2.1 10 6
=
= 131.42
Fy
2400
1 KL / r 2

Fy 1
2 C c
5 3 KL / r 1 KL / r
+

3 8 Cc
8 C c
12 2 E
23( KL / r ) 2
(4-5)
(4-6)
[ Units: Use any consistent set of units for Fy, L and r.

For Metric System: Fa and Fy in Ksc, L and r in cm ]
For standard hot rolled shapes that are commonly used as axial compression
members, the above capacity reduction factors are generally equal to one in most of
the cases. However for some shapes such as T, channels and angles, whose
capacity may be limited by element width to thickness ratios, these factors need to be
considered to conform to the code requirements. A brief description of the various
factors used in the general form of the axial member design equation (4-3)
is presented in the following sections.
4.4.2. Design Steps:
1) Assume a trial section by judgement and experience or by using design aids for
the compression member given at the end of this chapter.

2) Assume Qa =1.0 for first trial
3) Compute Qs based on the specification formula for the trial section shape.
4) Compute the critical slenderness ratio Cc.
5) Assume or compute the Kx and Ky by using alignment chart or equations.
6) Select correct formula from the two for Fa based on whether Cc is greater than Cact
or not.
4-5
7) Revise the value for Qa by using new value for Fa. If the new Qa computed is within
an acceptable accuracy (tolerance) compared to previous value (that calculated

from the previous step) accept Fa (Go to next step ) otherwise revise the Fa (Go to
step 4). Repeat the procedure until the desired accuracy is obtained.
8) Compute the capacity based on gross area and the Fa computed from step 7.
9) If the section capacity is more than or equal to the required capacity accept the
section otherwise try new section and repeat the whole calculation until suitable
section is found.
The design steps explained above has been presented in more concise form as flow
diagram below. This flow diagram also forms the basis of internal calculations in SYS
Designer software. However the limitations of this procedure is that it does not carry
any checks for possible modes of failures by any torsion which is important for section
with one axis of symmetry or no axis of symmetry.
4-6
Basic Data
Load Data P
Material Data E, Fy
Member Data K, L
Trial Cross
Section
Assume: Qa=1
Compute: Qs
2E
Compute: Cc =
Compute:
Yes
act
act
Q Q F
a s y
(KL/r)x
(KL/r)y
> C
max
No
Compute Fa
Formula ( 1 ) Below
Compute Fa
Formula ( 2 ) Below
Revise: Qa New
Qa New ~ Qa
Compute: Capacity
= Fa Ag
No
No
Qa= Qa New
Capacity
>
Load
Y
e
s
End
Fig. 4.2. Flow Diagram for the Design of Axial Compression Member (AISC/ASD)
4-7
Formula (1)
Fa ' =
Formula (2)
Fa ' =
1 KL / r 2

Fy 1
2 C c
5 3 KL / r 1 KL / r
+

3 8 Cc
8 C c
12 2 E
23( KL / r ) 2
4.5. Stress Reduction Factor Qs

Commonly used hot-rolled shapes are so proportioned that their elements are thick
enough to preclude local buckling yield stress. Two different approaches have been
adopted to take into account the elements with local buckling. The first approach is
limiting the slenderness ratio b/t of element, totally avoiding the element buckling
before member flexural buckling. The second approach is to calculate the effective
width of elements stressed enough to buckle, and design taking into account the post
buckling strength of the plates which can be considerably larger than their
corresponding buckling strength. As the stress reduction factor Qs applies only to the
unstiffened elements of a section, it is important to understand the stiffened and
unstiffened elements in a shape.
Plates supported on both unloaded edges are called stiffened elements while those
supported on only one loaded edge are called unstiffened elements. The following
figure shows the stiffened and unstiffened elements of H and box shapes.
Unstiffened
Element
Stiffened
Element
Qs= 1
All (4)
Elements
Stiffened
Qs = 1
Fig. 4.3. Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements
The AISC/ASD specified formulas in US units to determine the factor Qs for different
shapes are as follows. Permissible critical stress (reduced Fy or usable Fy) FL of the
weakest unstiffened element is then calculated by FL = Qs Fy.
Notations and Units
Fy = Specified yield strength of steel in ksi
b = width of the element in inch
4-8
t = thickness of the element in inch

9) For single angles
76
b 155
b
1.340 0.00447 Fy t for F < t < F

y
y
Qs =
b
155
15,500
for
2
Fy (b/t)
t
Fy
(4-7)
For SYS Grade Fy = 2400 ksc or 34 ksi
b
b
1.340 0.026 t for 12.9 < t < 26.3

Qs =
446.7
for
26
.
3
2
t
(b/t)
10) For angles or plates projecting form columns or other compression members
and for projecting elements of compression flanges of beam and girders
95
b 195
b
1.415 0.00437 Fy t for F < t < F

y
y
Qs =
b
195
20,000
for
2
Fy (b/t)
t
Fy
(4-8)
b
b
1.415 .0257 t for 16.1 < t < 33.1

Qs =
576.4
for
33
.
1
2
t
(b/t)
11) For stems of tees
127 b 176
b
1.908 0.00715 Fy t for F < t < F

y
y
Qs =
b 176
20,000
for
Fy (b/t) 2
t
F
y
(4-9)
b
b
1.908 0.0421 t for 21.6 < t < 29.9

Qs =
576.4
for
29
.
9
(b/t) 2
t
4-9
4.6. Effective Area Factor Qa

When column is short enough not to fail by flexural buckling, the effective width of the
stiffened elements in the section may be less than the actual width due to the nonuniform stress distribution at various elements of the sections (Karman effect).
However the width of the unstiffened elements remain fully effective. So the
compressive strength P of a member containing both stiffened and unstiffened (e.g.
Channel, H shapes) elements is taken to be the product of the effective area of the
cross section which is the sum of the reduced effective area of the stiffened elements
and actual unreduced areas of the unstiffened elements and the critical stress FL of
the weakest unstiffened element (4-11). Method to compute the critical stress FL has
been explained in the previous section.
General definition:
Qa = Effective area / Gross area
(4-10)
Example: Effective area factor for a channel section

In this case of channel section, the
top and bottom flanges are fully
effective and do not need any
reduction but the web depth should
be reduced by some amount as
shown in the figure.
Qa =
b1
t1
b2e
2
2b1t1 + b2 e t 2
2b1t1 + b2 t 2
b2
t2
b 2e
2
So if Qs is the reduction factor

flanges then
FL = Qs .Fy So applying all the

effect together the final capacity P
becomes as
P = FL (2b1t1 + b2 e t 2 )
(4-11)
Fig. 4.4. Effective Area Factor For C
The critical stress FL of the weakest unstiffened element is computed as Qs Fy.

Specification formulas to compute the effective width of uniformly compressed
stiffened elements of various shapes are given in AISC/ASD specifications which are
reproduced here for easy reference.
Notations and Units
Fy = Specified yield strength of steel in ksi
b = width of the element in inch
t = thickness of the element in inch
For flanges of square and rectangular box sections of uniform thickness
be =
326t
64.9
b
1
f (b / t ) f
(4-12)
4-10
For other uniformly compressed stiffened elements
be =
326t
57.2
1
b
f (b / t ) f
(4-13)
For axially loaded compression members f is obtained by dividing the load P by the
actual cross-sectional area, rather than the effective area while for flexural members it
is computed for the effective cross sections.
4.7. Effective Length Factor K

K may be defined as a factor by which the actual length of a compression member is
multiplied in order to determine its effective length. K is a reflection of the length of
curvature between the point of inflections. K is dependent upon the restraint at the
ends of the unsupported (unbraced ) length and the ability of the column to resist
lateral movement. Another important criteria for determining K is the side sway
condition. Figure . 4.1.illustrates some typical cases of braced and unbraced frames.
P
2
P
2
M=0
K=1
K
L
Braced
Frame
Braced by
shearwall
t
Section A-A
Unbraced Frame
Fig. 4.5. Braced (Non-sway) and Unbraced (Sway) Frames
Side sway prevented (braced) frame is the one that receives other means of lateral
support independent of its own stiffness such as special sway bracing, shear wall
parallel to the plane of displacement or attachment to a laterally stable structure. For
such cases K may be taken at less than or equal to unity.
4-11
For unbraced frames where side sway is not prevented a rational method is employed
to determine K. A clear and simplified explanations as to what is meant by a rational
method is not available in references. Therefore the engineer is left with his own good
structural judgment to determine K for a compression member in an unbraced frames.
Considering the column as an individual segment (isolated member or standing alone
or truss member) unrelated to the overall structural system, and for an approximate
value of K the standard alignment charts and tables provided in below an in appendix
can be used. To determine the critical slenderness ratio of a compression member, it
is necessary to investigate the effective length with respect to both, XX and YY axis
using their respective values of Kx and Ky. The largest slenderness ratio will be used
for the design.
Model
Example
Factor
1.0
0.85
0.7
2.0
1.0
Fig. 4.6. Typical K Factors for Columns in Various Structures
ACI 318-95 Approach:

The following simplified equations for computing the effective length factors for braced
and unbraced members are suggested in the ACI 318-95 commentary (Article 10.12)
For braced compression members, an upper bound to the effective length factor may
be taken as the smaller of the following two expressions:
K = 0.7 + 0.05(G A + GB ) 1.0

K = 0.85 + 0.05 G min 1.0
(4-14)
4-12
where GA and GB are stiffness ratio values at the two ends (top an bottom) of the
column and Gmin is the smaller of the two values.
G=
( EI / L) Columns
( EI / L) Beams
[ Note : K G
(4-15)
K Increase as G Increases]
For unbraced compression members restrained at both ends, the effective length
factor may be taken as
For Gm<2
K=
20 Gm
1 + Gm
20
(4-16)
For Gm 2
K = 0.9 (1 +Gm )
(4-17)
Gm is the mean of the relative stiffness ratios at two ends.

For unbraced compression members hinged at one end, the effective length factor
may be taken as:
K = 2.0 + 0.3G
(4-18)
Where G is the relative stiffness at the restrained end.
4.8. Design Examples

The examples presented in this section will illustrate design procedures for the design
of some typical compression members. The first example will explain the simple
procedure where the calculation steps for K factor are not required. In the subsequent
examples, more emphasis has been given on the methods to calculate K factor for
various cases.
Two common tasks, a structure steel designer has to perform are:
Verification
The determination of the strength of a member for a given geometric and crosssection properties and comparing (verifying) with actual design loads.
Design:
The design (or selection) of an appropriate cross section for given load and end
conditions.
In the first procedure, that is the strength determination, the calculation has to be
performed only one time. However, design of a compression member fulfilling both
functional and cost requirements, may need a number of trial calculations. The
designer has to consider various possibilities and select the most appropriate one. The
last example is meant to explain the iterative and economic aspects of the design
process. The example also describes the various alternatives for the same geometric
and load values. If may be noted that a lighter steel section may sometimes provide
higher compressive strength than a higher weight section under the same design
conditions.
4-13
As described in the preceding sections, the design of any type of compression

member needs the determination of the effective length factor K. For this purpose,
there may be two cases to choose at first, that is, whether the member to be designed
is an isolated element(standing alone e.g. an electrical pole) or a part of a framed
system (structure). If the compression member is an isolated one, the effective length
can be readily obtained by referring to standard diagrams provided in the previous
sections or in appendix. The typical K value may range from 0.5 (both end fix) to 2.0
(for one end fix, another free) depending upon the end conditions. On the other hand,
if the member is a compression element forming part of a frame, the determination of
the effective length factor requires more calculation steps. For framed members,
irrespective of the sway conditions, the first three steps in the calculation for K will be
common as explained in Example 4.2 below. The only difference, after first three
steps, in the procedure to calculate K for sway and no sway is the selection of the
different alignment chart or equations. For the illustration purpose, the frame of
Design Example 4.2 has been analyzed for both braced and un-braced conditions.
The frame dimensions, cross-section and the support conditions have been selected
to cover various end conditions commonly encountered in practical design. However
in all the design example the calculations for two factors Qs and Qa are not included.
4-14
SYS
Subject: Design of Axial Compression Member
Example:4.1
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 2
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design an outdoor stadium electrical pole of height 6 m which carries a lamp and
attachment weight of 6 tons at the top and the bottom is rigidly fixed with some other
huge structure. Neglect the effect of lateral (wind) loads. Select a hollow circular
section of approximate diameter 20 -25 cm and wall thickness of 10 12 mm.
Use SYS steel grade: Fy = 2400 Ksc (34 ksi)
E = 2.1E6 Ksc (2900 ksi)
6 m high
6 tons on top
Fig. 4.7.Electric Lamp Pole for Design Example Error! Not a valid link.
Solution:
The design of an isolated compression member does not need any calculations for K factor. The
value can be readily read from the standard values based on top and bottom end conditions .For
example if one end fixed and other free K = 2 etc.
Cc =
2E
2 2.1 10 6
=
= 131.42
2400
Fy
Case 1:
KL
Cc
r
Fa =
Case 2:
KL
Cc
r
Fa =
1 KL / r 2

Fy 1
2 C c
5 3 KL / r 1 KL / r
+

3 8 Cc
8 C c
12 2 E
23( KL / r ) 2
From equation Error!

3
Not a valid link.
From equation (4-6)
Take thickness = 10 mm
The following table gives the detailed calculations for Fa and Pc for various trial diameters.
4-15
SYS
Example:4.1
Design Code:
Sheet No:2 / 2
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Dia.
Area
Ixx
Cm
Cm2
Cm4
cm
20
59.69
3645
6.72
357
22
65.97
2700
7.43
323
25
75.38
5438
8.5
282
KL/r
Checked by: NA
Wt
Fa
Ksc
Capacity =
Fa Ag
Wt./Cap.
Kg/m
46.85
80.74
4,819
9.72
51.78
98.70
6,511
7.95
59.17
129.17
9,737
6.08
-3
X10
Some important remarks:
For circular section Qa = 1 and Qs = 1 as it does not contain any well

defined stiffened and unstiffened elements.
Member being an isolated member, no calculations for K factor are

required.
The weight to capacity ratio is decreasing with increasing diameter as

illustrated in the above table.
The required capacity is satisfied by the minimum diameter of 22 cm.
The slenderness ratio is more than 200, which is generally the limiting
value for compression members.
Now it is up to the designer whether to provide 22 cm x 1 cm with capacity just enough

for the requirement by accepting a very slender member or go for 25 cm x 1 cm with
an additional capacity and weight which indirectly means the additional cost.
4-16
SYS
Example:4.2
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 3
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Problem:
Compute axial compressive strength of a SYS H 30015036.7 section with the

following data:
E = 2.1 10 6 Ksc (29000 ksi)

Fy = 2400 Ksc (34.0 ksi).
L=4 m
H150X150
L=3
C
H200X100
L=3
L=3
B
3.0
H200X100
H300X150
5.0
H300X150
H200X100
L=3 m
H200X100
L=3
2.0
H200X100
H300X150
L=4 m
H150X150
The column is a part of a multi-story structure and is located on the exterior face. The
framing conditions for the member in major axis and minor axis are as shown below.
The frame is braced against side sway by shear walls.
10
In Major Axis
In Minor Axis
Plane
Plane
Braced Frame
Fig. 4.8. Frame for Design Example Error! Not a valid link.
Solution:
1. Trial section properties
Section
Ix (cm4)
Ix (in4)
Ax (cm2)
Ax(in2)
H 150x150
1640
39.40
51.21
7.94
H 200x100
1840
44.21
27.16
4.21
H 300x150
7210
17.30
46.78
7.25
As in this case, the bracing conditions for major and minor axis are different, we need
to consider both the axis separately. Moreover, two segments for minor axis buckling
are also not identical with respect to member actual length and end conditions. So
critical slenderness ratio shall be selected considering all the three cases and
choosing the maximum.
4-17
SYS
Subject: Design of Compression Member
Example:4.2
Design Code:
Sheet No:2 / 3
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
2. For segment (A)
Top end
7210 3 1640
5 4 4
c
=
= 2.4
GA =
1840
I
L
3
b
(Note: The stiffness of the member with far end hinged, will be reduced by 25% i.e.
multiplied by )
Bottom end
GB = 10 (Approximate value for hinged base)
Using alignment chart for braced frame (From Appendix), KA = 0.92 (Note: values of K
obtained using ACI (1995) code equations may differ slightly with this one.)
3. For segment (B)
Top end
7210 3 7210
3 4 2
c
= 4.4
=
GA =
1840
I
2
L
3
b
Bottom end
G B = 10 (Hinged Base)
From the alignment chart for braced frame(From Appendix), K B = 0.94
4. For segment (C)
Top end
1640 7210
4 2
c
= 4.4
GA =
=
1840
I
2
L
3
b
Bottom end
7210 3 7210
+
3 4 2
c
=
= 4.4
GB =
1840
I
2
L
3
b
From the alignment chart for braced case, Kc = 0.92

4-18
SYS
Subject: Design of Compression Member
Example:4.2
Design Code:
Sheet No:3 / 3
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
5. Critical KL/r
The next step is to compute the most critical slenderness ratio KL / r for the three
segments.
K A L A 0.92 5 100
=
= 37.0
12.4
rx
K B L B 0.94 3 100
=
= 85.71
3.29
ry
K C LC 0.92 2 100
=
= 55.92
3.29
ry
So, maximum ( KL / r ) act = ( KL / r ) max = 85.71
6. Compression capacity
Cc =
2E
2 2.1 10 6
=
= 131.42 so, C c > KL / r
Fy
2400
2
1 KL / r 2
85.7

Fy 1
Fy 1 0.5

2 Cc
131.42
=
Fa =
3
3
5 3 85.7 1 85.7
5 3 KL / r 1 KL / r
+
+

3 8 131.42 8 131.42
3 8 Cc
8 Cc
= 0.41 Fy
Fa = 0.41 x Fy = 0.41 x 2400 = 984 ksc.
Compressive strength Pc = Fa A
= 984 46.78
= 46.03 ton (101.26 kips)
The design safe compressive load on the SYS H 300x150x36.7 Kg/m
= 46.03 Ton (101.26 kips)
(Note: Calculations for Qs and Qa are not included in the design as they are not
essential for most standard hot rolled sections.)
4-19
SYS
Example:4.3
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 2
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design (select) the lightest SYS H Section to carry safely, an axial compressive load
of 40 Ton (66.0 kips) with the following data.
L x = 6m. (19.68 ft.)
K x = 1.0.
L y = 3m. (9.84 ft.)
K y = 0.65.
E = 2.1E6 Ksc (29000 ksi)
Fy = 2400 Ksc (34 ksi)
Solution:
Design of a compression member is a trail and error procedure. For a given member
end conditions, two important parameters related to section which affect the capacity
are the radius of gyrations and the gross cross section area. In this example the
effective lengths of the member are given directly but if required the designer can refer
to the previous examples for the procedure to compute K.
First Trial Section, SYS H 300x150x36.7 (24.7 lb/ft)
Section properties from SYS steel section catalogue or chapter 2 of this manual:
Ax = 46.78 cm2 (7.25 in2)
rx = 12.4 cm (4.88 in)
ry = 3.29 cm (1.3 in)
K x Lx
rx
K y Ly
ry
1 6 100
12.4
= 48.38
0.65 3 100
= 59.27
3.29
(Any consistent unit can be used here to compute KL/r.)

So critical KL / r = 59.27
From the previous example, for Fy=2400 ksc, Cc =131.42
As KL / r < C c
Fa =
1 KL/r
Fy 1
2 Cc
3
3 KL/r 1 KL/r

+
3 8 Cc 8 Cc
5
59.27
1 0.5
Fy
131.42
3
3 59.27 1 59.27
+

3 8 131.42 8 131.42
5
= 0.493 x Fy = 1183.20 ksc (16.79 ksi)

Axial Capacity Pc = Fa Ag = 1183.20 x 46.78 = 56.38 Ton (124.03 kips)
As 56.03 > 40, we have try to smaller section. Proceeding in the similar way, the
following table can be obtained.
4-20
SYS
Subject: Design
Member
Axial
Design Code:
Thailand
Section
Name
of
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Axial Compressive
Capacity
Compression
Example:4.3
Sheet No:2 / 2
Checked by: NA
Weight
Capacity
Weight
Remark
Ton
Kips
kg/m
lb/ft
(Normalized)
H 250x125x29.6
42.84
94.16
29.6
19.9
0.690
H 200x150x30.6
43.76
96.27
30.6
20.6
0.699
H 150x150x31.5
37.57
82.65
31.5
21.2
0.838
Max.
H 300x150x36.7
56.38
124.03
36.7
24.7
0.650
Min.
H 175x175x40.2
54.7
120.34
40.2
27.0
0.734
The table is presented to illustrate the fact that in some cases, a much lighter section
can carry more axial compressive load than a heavier section If other section criteria
are not governing, the designer should select the lightest section satisfying the load
capacity. We should choose the section with the smallest weight to capacity ratio to
make the design economic.
So use: SYS H250 x 125 x 29.6 kg/m
Actual Capacity = 42.84 Ton (94.248 kips) > 40 Ton (88 kips)
4-21
4.9. Design Tables

The design of a typical steel compression member using specification equations is a
trial-and -error procedure. The effective length factor K for a compression member in
a frame depends upon the bending stiffness of the member relative to the stiffness of
other members that connect to the ends of the member. Another important cross
section parameter for design is the radius of gyration r of the cross-section. So
unless the size of the member is known, the slenderness ratio kL/r and other stress
calculation can not be carried out. That necessitates a preliminary selection
(assumption) of the size of the member to be designed, which depends upon the
experience and the judgement of the designer. However, The tables for the design of
compression members" given in this section may furnish a tool to assist the designer
to make a preliminary selection that shall need minimum revision later for detailed
design. In certain design situation like members of a truss, where the effective length
factor k can be assumed in advance, even the final selection of member size may be
based on the values in these tables. Another important application of these design
tables provided here, can be to provide the designer, a set of sections of comparable
compressive strength so the detailed design checks can be limited to only those
shapes. This may save the designer time, especially when calculations are carried out
by hand.
Standard hot-rolled sections are generally so proportioned that their bending strength
in major axis is significantly higher than in minor axis. As the compression capacity
calculations are based on first critical buckling mode, generally, the strength is
governed by minor axis buckling strength. However, the compressive strength can be
increased considerably by providing lateral bracing at some intermediate points so as
to reduce the effective length for minor axis buckling. By keeping this practical design
requirement in mind, the design tables for compression member includes two
common cases: Equal effective length on both major and minor axis and minor axis
effective length half of major axis effective length i.e. the member is braced laterally at
midpoint. It should be noted that the member lengths shown at he top of the tables are
the effective lengths KxLx and KyLy, in their respective axes.
Although some of the shapes are not used commonly as compression member, they
have also been included in design tables for the purpose of completeness. It is very
important to note here that all the listed capacities are calculated based on flexural or
bend buckling mode of the member. No reduction or checks for other modes of failure
are included in the capacities shown in the following tables though they are important
for unsymmetrical shapes like T or L etc. For such shapes the capacity values can be
used as preliminary selection. In other words the following compression capacities are
calculated based only on formulae Eqs nos 4-4 to 4-6. Moreover the effect of slender
stiffened and unstiffened cross sectional elements (Qa and Qs) are also not included
as they are very few sections that require these factors.
[Note: The availability of the sections can be checked from Chapter 2 Table for
Properties of SYS Steel Sections ].
4-22
Table 4.1: Compression Capacity (Ton) For C Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
cm2
C 50x25
3.86
4.92
C 75x40
6.92
8.818
C 100x50
9.36
C 125x65
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
1.85
0.71
2.55
0.64
0.28
1.14
0.16
0.64
0.10
0.41
0.07
0.28
0.05
0.21
0.04
0.16
0.03
0.13
2.92
1.17
8.89
3.11
1.38
5.79
0.78
3.11
0.50
1.99
0.35
1.38
0.25
1.01
0.19
0.78
0.15
0.61
11.92
3.97
1.48
13.47
6.72
2.99
10.59
1.68
6.72
1.08
4.30
0.75
2.99
0.55
2.19
0.42
1.68
0.33
1.33
13.4
17.11
4.98
1.9
20.88
14.66
7.07
18.05
3.98
14.66
2.54
10.18
1.77
7.07
1.30
5.19
0.99
3.98
0.79
3.14
C 150x75
18.6
23.71
6.03
2.22
29.92
23.11
13.37
26.80
7.52
23.11
4.81
18.86
3.34
13.37
2.46
9.82
1.88
7.52
1.49
5.94
C 150x75
24
30.59
5.86
2.19
38.50
29.54
16.79
34.40
9.44
29.54
6.04
23.93
4.20
16.79
3.08
12.33
2.36
9.44
1.87
7.46
C 180x75
21.4
27.2
7.12
2.19
34.24
26.27
14.93
30.59
8.40
26.27
5.37
21.28
3.73
14.93
2.74
10.97
2.10
8.40
1.66
6.63
C 200x80
24.6
31.33
7.88
2.32
39.85
31.43
20.24
35.99
10.85
31.43
6.95
26.20
4.82
20.24
3.54
14.18
2.71
10.85
2.14
8.58
C 200x90
30.3
38.65
8.02
2.68
50.29
41.90
30.97
46.43
17.87
41.90
11.44
36.75
7.94
30.97
5.83
24.50
4.47
17.87
3.53
14.12
C 250x90
34.6
44.07
9.74
2.58
57.03
46.92
33.67
52.38
18.88
46.92
12.08
40.68
8.39
33.67
6.17
24.66
4.72
18.88
3.73
14.92
C 250x90
40.2
51.17
9.56
2.54
66.06
54.05
38.27
60.54
21.25
54.05
13.60
46.63
9.44
38.27
6.94
27.75
5.31
21.25
4.20
16.79
C 300x90
38.1
48.57
11.5
2.52
62.63
51.09
35.93
57.32
19.85
51.09
12.71
43.96
8.82
35.93
6.48
25.93
4.96
19.85
3.92
15.69
C 300x90
43.8
55.74
11.5
2.54
71.96
58.87
41.69
65.94
23.15
58.87
14.81
50.80
10.29
41.69
7.56
30.23
5.79
23.15
4.57
18.29
C 300x90
48.6
61.9
11.3
2.48
79.62
64.56
44.73
72.70
24.50
64.56
15.68
55.25
10.89
44.73
8.00
32.00
6.13
24.50
4.84
19.36
C 380x100
54.5
69.39
14.5
2.78
90.73
76.47
57.94
84.16
34.52
76.47
22.09
67.73
15.34
57.94
11.27
47.03
8.63
34.52
6.82
27.27
8.30
33.20
C 380x100
67.3
85.71
rx
14.3
2.76
111.96
94.16
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLy=3 KLy=1.5 KLy=4 KLy=2
71.01
103.76
42.02
94.16
KLx=5
KLx=6
26.89
83.24
18.68
71.01
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
KLy=7 KLy=3.5 KLy=8 KLy=4 KLy=9 KLy=4.5
13.72
57.37
10.51
42.02
[Note: The availability of the sections can be checked from Chapter 2 Tables for Properties of SYS Steel Sections].
4-23
Table 4.2: Compression Capacity (Ton) For I Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
I 100x75
12.9
16.43
4.14
1.7
19.46
12.36
5.43
16.24
3.06
12.36
1.96
7.82
1.36
5.43
1.00
3.99
0.76
3.06
0.60
2.41
I 125x75
16.1
20.45
5.13
1.68
24.14
15.13
6.60
20.06
3.71
15.13
2.38
9.51
1.65
6.60
1.21
4.85
0.93
3.71
0.73
2.94
I 150x75
17.1
21.83
6.12
1.62
25.47
15.28
6.56
20.87
3.69
15.28
2.36
9.44
1.64
6.56
1.20
4.82
0.92
3.69
0.73
2.91
I 150x125
36.2
46.15
6.18
2.89
60.64
51.68
40.08
56.51
24.81
51.68
15.88
46.20
11.03
40.08
8.10
33.29
6.20
24.81
4.90
19.60
I 180x100
23.6
30.06
7.45
2.14
37.66
28.54
15.75
33.49
8.86
28.54
5.67
22.82
3.94
15.75
2.89
11.57
2.22
8.86
1.75
7.00
I 200x100
26
33.06
8.11
2.05
41.06
30.35
15.90
36.17
8.94
30.35
5.72
23.60
3.97
15.90
2.92
11.68
2.24
8.94
1.77
7.07
I 200x150
50.4
64.16
8.34
3.43
85.90
76.19
63.79
81.41
48.83
76.19
31.09
70.31
21.59
63.79
15.86
56.63
12.15
48.83
9.60
40.31
I 250x125
38.3
48.79
10.3
2.63
63.31
52.43
38.21
58.31
21.72
52.43
13.90
45.73
9.65
38.21
7.09
28.37
5.43
21.72
4.29
17.16
I 250x125
55.5
70.73
10.2
2.76
92.39
77.70
58.60
85.63
34.68
77.70
22.19
68.69
15.41
58.60
11.32
47.35
8.67
34.68
6.85
27.40
I 300x150
48.3
61.58
12.4
3.09
81.56
70.72
56.76
76.55
39.70
70.72
24.22
64.11
16.82
56.76
12.36
48.64
9.46
39.70
7.48
29.90
I 300x150
65.5
83.47
12.3
3.26
111.19
97.59
80.16
104.90
59.01
97.59
36.54
89.34
25.38
80.16
18.64
70.07
14.27
59.01
11.28
45.11
I 300x150
76.8
97.88
12.2
3.32
130.63 115.10
95.22
123.45
71.15 115.10 44.44
105.68
30.86
95.22
22.67
83.73
17.36
71.15
13.72
54.87
I 350x150
58.5
74.58
14.3
3.07
98.70
68.37
92.58
47.49
28.95
77.37
20.11
68.37
14.77
58.44
11.31
47.49
8.94
35.75
I 350x150
87.2
111.1
14.2
3.26
147.99 129.90 106.70
139.63
78.55 129.90 48.64
118.91
33.78 106.70
24.81
93.27
19.00
78.55
15.01
60.05
I 400x150
72
91.73
16.2
3.07
121.40 105.10
84.10
113.88
58.41 105.10 35.61
95.16
24.73
84.10
18.17
71.88
13.91
58.41
10.99
43.97
I 400x150
95.8
122.1
16.1
3.18
162.22 141.61 115.12
152.70
82.89 141.61 50.86
129.07
35.32 115.12
25.95
99.76
19.87
82.89
15.70
62.79
I 450x175
91.7
116.8
18.3
3.6
157.08 140.59 119.60
149.44
94.40 140.59 62.35
130.63
43.30 119.60
31.81
107.53
24.36
94.40
19.25
80.13
I 450x175
115
146.1
18.3
3.72
197.04 177.36 152.38
187.92 122.45 177.36 83.28
165.49
57.84 152.38
42.49
138.03
32.53 122.45 25.70
105.57
I 600x190
133
169.4
24.1
3.81
228.92 206.87 178.92
218.69 145.51 206.87 106.36 193.59
70.34 178.92
51.68
162.89
39.57 145.51 31.26
126.70
I 600x190
176
224.5
24.1
3.97
304.38 276.82 241.98
291.58 200.47 276.82 152.08 260.26 101.22 241.98
74.36
222.05
56.93 200.47 44.99
177.18
85.45
KLy=3 KLy=1.5 KLy=4 KLy=2 KLy=5 KLy=2.5 KLy=6 KLy=3
KLx=7
85.45
[Note: The availability of the sections can be checked from Chapter 2 Table s for Properties of SYS Steel Sections].
4-24
Table 4.3: Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
**H 100x50
9.3
11.85
3.98
1.12
11.62
3.83
1.70
6.80
0.96
3.83
0.61
2.45
0.43
1.70
0.31
1.25
0.24
0.96
0.19
0.76
H 100x100
17.2
21.9
4.18
2.47
28.15
22.79
15.73
24.16
8.60
20.42
5.50
16.09
3.82
10.95
2.81
8.04
2.15
6.16
1.70
4.86
**H 125x60
13.2
16.84
4.95
1.32
18.13
7.55
3.36
13.25
1.89
7.55
1.21
4.83
0.84
3.36
0.62
2.47
0.47
1.89
0.37
1.49
H 125x125
23.8
30.31
5.29
3.11
40.17
34.89
28.08
36.28
19.78
32.66
12.08
28.54
8.39
23.90
6.16
17.83
4.72
13.65
3.73
10.78
7.67
H 148x100
21.1
26.84
6.17
2.37
34.27
27.28
18.02
31.06
9.70
27.28
6.21
22.95
4.31
18.02
3.17
12.67
2.43
9.70
1.92
**H 150x75
14
17.85
6.11
1.66
20.99
12.98
5.63
17.36
3.17
12.98
2.03
8.10
1.41
5.63
1.03
4.14
0.79
3.17
0.63
2.50
H 150x150
31.5
40.14
6.39
3.75
54.17
48.83
42.04
50.25
33.93
46.63
23.25
42.53
16.15
37.98
11.86
32.97
9.08
27.47
7.18
20.84
**H 175x90
18.1
23.04
7.26
2.06
28.64
21.24
11.19
25.26
6.29
21.24
4.03
16.57
2.80
11.19
2.05
8.22
1.57
6.29
1.24
4.97
H 175x175
40.2
51.21
7.5
4.38
69.92
64.46
57.59
65.95
49.45
62.29
40.06
58.18
28.10
53.64
20.65
48.68
15.81
43.28
12.49
37.45
H 194x150
30.6
39.01
8.3
3.61
52.47
46.99
40.01
49.93
31.63
46.99
20.94
43.68
14.54
40.01
10.68
36.00
8.18
31.63
6.46
26.89
H 198x99
18.2
23.18
8.26
2.21
29.23
22.53
12.95
26.16
7.29
22.53
4.66
18.34
3.24
12.95
2.38
9.52
1.82
7.29
1.44
5.76
H 200x100
21.3
27.16
8.24
2.22
34.27
26.48
15.32
30.70
8.62
26.48
5.51
21.61
3.83
15.32
2.81
11.25
2.15
8.62
1.70
6.81
H 200x200
49.9
63.53
8.62
5.02
87.47
81.87
74.89
83.42
66.69
79.71
57.31
75.56
46.72
70.98
33.65
66.01
25.76
60.64
20.35
54.87
H 200x204
56.2
71.53
8.35
4.88
98.33
91.76
83.58
93.54
73.94
89.17
62.90
84.27
50.41
78.87
35.80
72.99
27.41
66.64
21.66
59.80
H 208x202
65.7
83.69
8.83
5.13
115.37 108.20
99.30
110.22
88.83 105.50 76.89
100.21
63.44
94.40
46.29
88.08
35.44
81.27
28.00
73.95
H 244x175
44.1
56.24
10.4
4.18
76.54
62.04
73.56
52.44
41.31
66.28
28.11
62.04
20.65
57.43
15.81
52.44
12.49
47.08
H 244x252
64.4
82.06
10.3
5.98
113.96 108.27 101.28
109.87
93.12 106.15 83.87
102.01
73.55
97.47
62.13
92.56
47.22
87.28
37.31
81.63
H 248x124
25.7
32.68
10.4
2.79
42.75
27.39
39.67
16.37
10.48
31.98
7.28
27.39
5.35
22.29
4.09
16.37
3.23
12.94
H 248x249
66.5
84.7
10.8
6.28
117.87 112.38 105.65
113.91
97.81 110.31 88.94
106.32
79.08 101.95
68.20
97.22
56.24
92.15
42.47
86.73
H 250x125
29.6
37.66
10.4
2.79
49.27
45.72
18.87
36.85
8.39
6.16
25.68
4.72
18.87
3.73
14.91
70.13
36.07
41.57
31.56
70.13
36.07
41.57
12.08
31.56
[Note: The availability of the sections can be checked from Chapter 2 Table s for Properties of SYS Steel Sections **- Currently not available].
4-25
Table 4.3 (Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
H 250x250
72.4
92.18
10.8
6.29
128.29 122.32 115.02
123.97 106.51 120.06 96.88
115.71
86.17 110.95
74.36
105.81
61.38 100.28 46.37
94.39
H 250x255
82.2
104.7
10.5
6.09
145.52 138.44 129.75
140.44 119.61 135.82 108.13 130.68
95.33 125.05
81.20
118.96
65.61 112.41 49.37
105.42
H 294x200
56.8
72.38
12.5
4.70
99.28
96.01
47.91
83.53
33.63
78.56
25.75
20.34
67.48
H 294x302
84.5
107.7
12.5
7.16
150.62 144.76 137.66
146.57 129.44 142.85 120.17 138.75 109.92 134.26
98.69
129.43
86.47 124.26 73.19
118.76
92.28
KLx=7
83.53
73.21
92.28
61.37
88.11
73.21
H 298x149
32
408
3.9
1.04
379.25 113.79
50.58
202.30
28.45 113.79 18.21
72.83
12.64
50.58
9.29
37.16
7.11
28.45
5.62
22.48
H 298x201
65.4
83.36
12.6
4.77
114.44 106.56
96.71
110.76
85.09 106.56 71.78
101.86
56.67
96.71
39.93
91.11
30.57
85.09
24.16
78.65
H 298x299
87
110.8
13.0
7.50
155.20 149.54 142.70
151.20 134.80 147.58 125.92 143.58 116.09 139.22 105.36
134.53
93.71 129.50 81.09
124.17
H 300x150
36.7
46.78
12.4
3.30
62.38
39.71
8.17
6.46
25.83
H 300x300
94
119.8
13.0
7.51
167.81 161.69 154.30
163.50 145.76 159.60 136.15 155.28 125.54 150.58 113.94
145.52 101.35 140.10 87.71
134.35
H 300x305
106
134.8
12.6
7.26
188.61 181.41 172.69
183.56 162.60 178.96 151.23 173.87 138.66 168.33 124.91
162.35 109.95 155.96 93.70
149.16
H 304x301
106
134.8
13.2
7.57
188.88 182.07 173.86
184.09 164.37 179.76 153.70 174.97 141.91 169.75 129.04
164.13 115.07 158.13 99.94
151.74
H 336x249
69.2
88.15
14.5
5.92
122.37 116.17 108.55
119.46
104.25
39.29
94.75
H 338x351
106
135.3
14.4
8.33
190.12 184.09 176.87
185.84 168.57 182.00 159.26 177.77 149.00 173.18 137.83
168.24 125.76 162.97 112.77
157.38
H 340x250
79.7
101.5
14.6
6.00
140.98 133.97 125.35
137.69 115.30 133.97 103.90 129.85
120.50
H 344x348
115
146
15.1
8.76
205.44 199.35 192.09
H 344x354
131
166.6
14.6
8.42
H 346x174
41.4
52.68
14.5
3.88
H 350x175
49.6
63.14
14.7
H 350x350
137
173.9
15.2
H 350x357
156
198.4
14.7
54.88
45.27
58.91
33.63
54.88
20.93
99.65 116.17 89.56
50.33
112.53
14.53
45.27
78.30 108.55
91.20 125.35
10.68
65.84
77.14
49.72
33.63
99.65
58.73 115.30 46.41
109.76
201.05 183.76 197.15 174.43 192.87 164.17 188.22 153.01
183.23 140.97 177.90 128.04
172.25
234.17 226.85 218.10
228.94 208.03 224.26 196.74 219.12 184.31 213.53 170.78
207.52 156.16 201.11 140.44
194.30
71.29
64.60
56.14
68.19
46.03
64.60
34.21
60.58
22.66
56.14
16.65
51.29
12.74
46.03
10.07
40.35
3.95
85.57
77.76
67.87
81.94
56.10
77.76
42.36
73.06
28.15
67.87
20.68
62.22
15.83
56.10
12.51
49.48
8.84
244.76 237.60 229.06
239.58 219.27 234.98 208.32 229.93 196.27 224.46 183.17
218.58 169.04 212.31 153.88
205.66
8.52
278.97 270.39 260.13
272.78 248.35 267.28 235.15 261.23 220.62 254.66 204.80
247.59 187.72 240.05 169.36
232.06
[Note: The availability of the sections can be checked from Chapter 2 Tables for Properties of SYS Steel Sections **- Currently not available].
4-26
Table 4.3(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
H 354x176
57.8
73.68
14.8
4.00
99.96
91.02
79.72
H 386x299
94.3
120.1
16.8
7.21
168.00 161.53 153.69
H 388x402
140
178.5
16.6
9.56
H 390x300
107
136
16.9
7.28
H 394x398
147
186.8
17.3
10.06
263.74 257.22 249.54
H 394x405
168
214.4
16.7
9.65
302.42 294.53 285.20
H 396x199
56.6
72.16
16.6
4.48
98.68
91.22
95.80
66.26
91.02
24.80
73.26
18.99
15.00
58.72
164.95 144.60 161.53 134.38 157.77 123.06 153.69 110.67
149.29
97.19 144.60 82.55
139.63
251.72 245.07 237.20
246.99 228.20 242.78 218.16 238.17 207.13 233.19 195.17
227.84 182.29 222.15 168.51
216.13
190.31 183.08 174.32
186.90 164.19 183.08 152.78 178.88 140.16 174.32 126.35
169.42 111.33 164.19 95.04
158.64
259.03 240.78 254.87 231.03 250.34 220.33 245.44 208.73
240.20 196.27 234.62 182.95
228.71
296.78 274.54 291.78 262.65 286.30 249.60 280.38 235.44
274.03 220.20 267.28 203.90
260.12
81.87
95.21
70.80
58.06
86.77
41.48
81.87
30.47
76.54
23.33
70.80
18.43
64.65
95.95
111.17
83.33 106.62 68.82
101.54
49.77
95.95
36.57
89.88
28.00
83.33
91.22
50.59
85.64
33.75
79.72
66.26
H 400x200
66
84.12
16.8
4.55
115.14 106.62
22.12
76.32
H 400x400
172
218.7
17.5
10.12
308.82 301.25 292.33
303.36 282.17 298.54 270.84 293.28 258.43 287.61 244.98
281.52 230.52 275.05 215.08
268.21
H 400x408
197
250.7
16.8
9.74
353.70 344.59 333.82
347.14 321.53 341.35 307.82 335.01 292.77 328.15 276.45
320.80 258.89 312.98 240.12
304.70
H 404x201
75.5
96.16
16.9
4.59
131.71 122.11 110.09
127.23
103.25
H 414x405
232
295.4
17.7
10.24
417.24 407.17 395.32
410.03 381.83 403.66 366.80 396.71 350.33 389.21 332.48
**H 428x407
283
360.7
18.2
10.45
509.70 497.71 483.63
H 434x299
106
135
18.6
7.04
188.69 181.18 172.06
H 440x300
124
157.4
18.9
7.18
H 446x199
66.2
84.3
18.5
H 446x302
145
184.3
19.0
H 450x200
76
96.76
18.6
4.40
H 456x201
88.9
113.3
18.9
4.52
**H 458x417
415
528.6
18.8
10.70
25.81
87.99
381.17 313.31 372.63 292.84
363.59
501.21 467.61 493.68 449.78 485.47 430.25 476.61 409.10
467.14 386.40 457.06 362.15
446.41
185.15 161.50 181.18 149.59 176.81 136.40 172.06 121.95
166.95 106.20 161.50 89.07
155.71
220.15 211.62 201.28
216.12 189.30 211.62 175.81 206.66 160.89 201.28 144.55
195.49 126.76 189.30 107.44
182.74
4.33
115.02 105.86
110.76
7.24
257.85 247.97 236.01
94.36
95.89 122.11 79.56
80.73 105.86 64.98
116.38
100.39
60.97 110.09
45.20
94.36
42.66
33.21
87.80
32.66
25.42
95.89
20.09
73.12
253.19 222.16 247.97 206.57 242.24 189.32 236.01 170.44
229.31 149.90 222.16 127.60
80.73
214.58
132.15 121.87 108.96
127.37
93.68 121.87 76.04
115.73
53.49 108.96
39.30
101.61
30.09
23.77
85.16
155.01 143.42 128.89
149.61 111.71 143.42 91.93
136.50
66.08 128.89
48.55
120.62
37.17 111.71 29.37
102.15
747.32 730.27 710.27
735.59 687.55 725.05 662.29 713.58 634.63 701.21 604.70
688.00 572.57 673.95 538.29
659.12
93.68
[Note: The availability of the sections can be checked from Chapter 2 Table for Properties of SYS Steel Sections **- Currently not available].
4-27
Table 4.3 (Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation[Note: * = Not Available]
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
H 482x300
114
145.5
20.4
6.82
203.13 194.68 184.39
199.15 172.46 194.68 158.99 189.75 144.06 184.39 127.67
178.62 109.77 172.46 85.94
165.91
H 488x300
128
163.5
20.8
7.04
228.53 219.44 208.41
224.24 195.62 219.44 181.20 214.15 165.25 208.41 147.76
202.22 128.70 195.62 107.96
188.61
H 494x302
150
191.4
20.9
7.10
267.61 257.09 244.33
262.65 229.55 257.09 212.89 250.98 194.46 244.33 174.26
237.18 152.26 229.55 128.34
221.45
H 496x199
79.5
101.3
20.3
4.26
138.06 126.82 112.67
132.83
104.60
23.39
86.52
**H 498x432
605
770.1
19.7
11.07
1089.5 1065.7 1037.9 1073.57 1006.6 1059.0 971.33 1043.37 933.00 1026.4 891.55 1008.36 847.10 989.17 799.70
968.91
H 500x200
89.6
114.2
20.5
4.33
155.81 143.41 127.82
150.04 109.35 143.41 88.01
135.99
61.22 127.82
44.98
118.94
34.43 109.35 27.21
99.05
H 506x201
103
131.3
20.7
4.43
179.42 165.64 148.33
173.00 127.85 165.64 104.24 157.40
73.80 148.33
54.22
138.48
41.51 127.85 32.80
116.45
H 582x300
137
174.5
24.3
6.63
243.37 232.85 220.01
238.41 205.10 232.85 188.26 226.70 169.58 220.01 149.04
212.81 126.56 205.10 97.51
196.92
H 588x300
151
192.5
24.8
6.85
268.79 257.67 244.15
263.55 228.45 257.67 210.74 251.19 191.12 244.15 169.58
236.56 146.07 228.45 114.68
219.84
H 594x302
175
222.4
24.8
6.90
310.64 297.94 282.50
304.65 264.59 297.94 244.39 290.54 222.01 282.50 197.46
273.84 170.68 264.59 141.47
254.77
H 596x199
94.6
120.5
23.9
4.05
163.63 149.27 131.15
156.96 109.57 149.27 84.49
140.65
56.64 131.15
41.61
120.78
31.86 109.57 25.17
97.49
H 600x200
106
134.4
24.0
4.12
182.72 167.07 147.32
175.45 123.85 167.07 96.60
157.67
65.22 147.32
47.92
136.04
36.69 123.85 28.99
110.72
H 606x201
120
152.5
24.3
4.22
207.71 190.56 168.97
199.73 143.35 190.56 113.68 180.29
77.81 168.97
57.17
156.66
43.77 143.35 34.58
129.04
H 612x202
134
170.7
24.6
4.32
232.85 214.24 190.84
224.19 163.10 214.24 131.05 203.10
90.97 190.84
66.83
177.50
51.17 163.10 40.43
147.63
H 692x300
166
211.5
28.5
6.53
294.80 281.78 265.89
288.67 247.41 281.78 226.54 274.18 203.36 265.89 177.86
256.96 149.91 247.41 114.68
237.27
H 700x300
185
235.5
29.2
6.77
328.70 314.90 298.10
322.20 278.59 314.90 256.58 306.86 232.17 298.10 205.37
288.67 176.09 278.59 137.31
267.89
H 792x300
191
243.4
32.3
6.39
338.97 323.53 304.66
331.71 282.69 323.53 257.85 314.50 230.24 304.66 199.82
294.04 166.43 282.69 126.25
270.62
301.49
95.89 126.82 76.47
120.08
52.63 112.67
38.67
29.61
95.89
H 800x300
210
267.4
33.0
6.61
372.90 356.73 337.00
365.28 314.07 356.73 288.18 347.28 259.45 337.00 227.86
325.92 193.28 314.07 148.75
**H 890x299
213
270.9
35.7
6.17
376.72 358.70 336.61
368.25 310.85 358.70 281.70 348.13 249.23 336.61 213.40
324.17 173.92 310.85 130.95
296.69
**H 900x300
243
309.8
36.4
6.38
431.41 411.72 387.65
422.15 359.62 411.72 327.93 400.20 292.70 387.65 253.90
374.11 211.29 359.62 160.19
344.22
**H 912x302
286
364
37.0
6.57
507.47 485.24 458.11
497.01 426.57 485.24 390.95 472.25 351.40 458.11 307.90
442.87 260.26 426.57 199.61
409.26
4-28
Table 4.4(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For T Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
T 50x100
8.6
10.95
1.21
2.47
11.27
4.13
1.83
1.83
1.03
1.03
0.66
0.66
0.46
0.46
0.34
0.34
0.26
0.26
0.20
0.20
T 62.5x125
11.9
15.16
1.52
3.11
17.31
9.02
4.01
4.01
2.25
2.25
1.44
1.44
1.00
1.00
0.74
0.74
0.56
0.56
0.45
0.45
T 75x100
10.5
13.42
1.96
2.37
16.50
11.85
5.90
5.90
3.32
3.32
2.12
2.12
1.47
1.47
1.08
1.08
0.83
0.83
0.66
0.66
T 75x150
15.8
20.07
1.82
3.75
24.23
16.43
7.61
7.61
4.28
4.28
2.74
2.74
1.90
1.90
1.40
1.40
1.07
1.07
0.85
0.85
T 87.5x175
20.1
25.61
2.12
4.38
32.03
24.15
13.17
13.17
7.41
7.41
4.74
4.74
3.29
3.29
2.42
2.42
1.85
1.85
1.46
1.46
T 99x99
9.1
11.59
2.84
2.21
14.61
11.26
6.48
9.89
3.64
6.02
2.33
3.85
1.62
2.67
1.19
1.96
0.91
1.50
0.72
1.19
T 100x100
10.7
13.58
2.9
2.22
17.14
13.24
7.66
11.83
4.31
7.35
2.76
4.70
1.91
3.27
1.41
2.40
1.08
1.84
0.85
1.45
T 97x150
15.3
19.51
2.53
3.61
25.17
20.56
14.51
14.51
8.04
8.04
5.14
5.14
3.57
3.57
2.62
2.62
2.01
2.01
1.59
1.59
T 100x200
24.9
31.77
2.41
5.02
40.67
32.61
21.95
21.95
11.88
11.88
7.60
7.60
5.28
5.28
3.88
3.88
2.97
2.97
2.35
2.35
T 100x204
28.1
35.77
2.67
4.88
46.52
38.71
28.53
28.53
16.41
16.41
10.50
10.50
7.29
7.29
5.36
5.36
4.10
4.10
3.24
3.24
T 104x202
32.8
41.85
2.45
5.13
53.72
43.36
29.68
29.68
16.17
16.17
10.35
10.35
7.19
7.19
5.28
5.28
4.04
4.04
3.19
3.19
T 124x124
12.8
16.34
3.57
2.79
21.38
18.04
13.70
16.65
8.19
13.08
5.24
8.58
3.64
5.96
2.67
4.38
2.05
3.35
1.62
2.65
T 125x125
14.8
18.83
3.63
2.79
24.63
20.78
15.78
19.37
9.43
15.36
6.04
10.22
4.19
7.10
3.08
5.21
2.36
3.99
1.86
3.15
T 122x175
22.1
28.12
3.2
4.18
37.39
32.68
26.64
26.64
19.29
19.29
11.86
11.86
8.24
8.24
6.05
6.05
4.63
4.63
3.66
3.66
T 122x252
32.2
41.03
3.29
5.98
54.71
48.11
39.66
39.66
29.42
29.42
18.29
18.29
12.70
12.70
9.33
9.33
7.15
7.15
5.65
5.65
T 124x249
33.2
42.35
2.93
6.29
55.74
47.69
37.26
37.26
23.40
23.40
14.98
14.98
10.40
10.40
7.64
7.64
5.85
5.85
4.62
4.62
T 125x250
36.2
46.09
2.99
6.29
60.81
52.30
41.31
41.31
26.52
26.52
16.97
16.97
11.79
11.79
8.66
8.66
6.63
6.63
5.24
5.24
T 125x255
41.1
52.34
3.36
6.09
69.93
61.77
51.34
51.34
38.71
38.71
24.34
24.34
16.90
16.90
12.42
12.42
9.51
9.51
7.51
7.51
T 149x149
16
20.4
4.39
3.29
27.20
23.92
19.72
22.96
14.63
19.73
9.10
16.00
6.32
11.25
4.64
8.26
3.55
6.33
2.81
5.00
T 150x150
18.4
23.39
4.45
3.29
31.19
27.43
22.61
26.46
16.77
22.84
10.43
18.66
7.24
13.25
5.32
9.73
4.07
7.45
3.22
5.89
4-29
Table 4.4(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For T Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
T 147x200
28.4
36.19
3.97
4.71
49.07
44.62
39.01
39.01
32.32
32.32
24.51
24.51
16.32
16.32
11.99
11.99
9.18
9.18
7.25
7.25
T 149x201
32.7
41.68
3.99
4.77
56.53
51.45
45.03
45.03
37.38
37.38
28.48
28.48
18.98
18.98
13.95
13.95
10.68
10.68
8.44
8.44
T147x302
42.3
53.83
3.99
7.16
73.01
66.45
58.16
58.16
48.28
48.28
36.78
36.78
24.51
24.51
18.01
18.01
13.79
13.79
10.90
10.90
T 149x299
43.5
55.40
3.59
7.51
74.49
66.63
56.64
56.64
44.63
44.63
29.41
29.41
20.42
20.42
15.01
15.01
11.49
11.49
9.08
9.08
T 150x300
47.0
59.89
3.65
7.51
80.64
72.35
61.81
61.81
49.17
49.17
32.87
32.87
22.82
22.82
16.77
16.77
12.84
12.84
10.14
10.14
T 150x305
52.9
67.39
4.05
7.26
91.51
83.47
73.31
73.31
61.23
61.23
47.18
47.18
31.62
31.62
23.23
23.23
17.79
17.79
14.05
14.05
52.9
67.41
3.66
7.57
90.79
81.49
69.68
69.68
55.51
55.51
37.20
37.20
25.83
25.83
18.98
18.98
14.53
14.53
11.48
11.48
T 152x301
T 173x174
20.7
26.34
5.08
3.88
35.65
32.31
28.08
31.16
23.03
27.82
17.13
24.00
11.34
19.70
8.33
14.29
6.38
10.94
5.04
8.64
T 175x175
24.8
31.57
5.08
3.95
42.79
38.88
33.95
37.35
28.06
33.34
21.20
28.77
14.09
23.61
10.35
17.12
7.93
13.11
6.26
10.36
T 168x249
34.6
44.08
4.47
5.92
60.27
55.69
49.96
49.96
43.17
43.17
35.35
35.35
25.19
25.19
18.51
18.51
14.17
14.17
11.20
11.20
T 170x250
39.8
50.76
4.48
69.41
64.16
57.58
57.58
49.79
49.79
40.81
40.81
29.14
29.14
21.41
21.41
16.39
16.39
12.95
12.95
T 169x351
53.1
67.63
4.59
8.33
92.63
85.86
77.40
77.40
67.39
67.39
55.89
55.89
42.79
42.79
29.95
29.95
22.93
22.93
18.11
18.11
T 172x348
57.3
73
4.11
8.78
99.23
90.70
79.94
79.94
67.15
67.15
52.30
52.30
35.27
35.27
25.92
25.92
19.84
19.84
15.68
15.68
T 172x354
65.4
83.32
4.65
8.43
114.21 106.03
95.79
95.79
83.71
83.71
69.83
69.83
54.05
54.05
37.86
37.86
28.99
28.99
22.90
22.90
T 175x350
68.2
86.94
4.18
8.84
118.33 108.41
95.91
95.91
81.07
81.07
63.87
63.87
43.45
43.45
31.93
31.93
24.44
24.44
19.31
19.31
T 175x357
77.9
99.19
4.71
8.53
136.07 126.50 114.55
114.55 100.44 100.44 84.25
84.25
65.87
65.87
46.25
46.25
35.41
35.41
27.98
27.98
T 178x352
79.3
101
4.25
8.9
137.62 126.37 112.20
112.20
95.40
95.40
75.95
75.95
52.19
52.19
38.34
38.34
29.35
29.35
23.19
23.19
T 198x199
28.3
36.08
5.76
4.48
49.34
45.61
40.92
44.14
35.39
40.35
29.01
36.04
20.71
31.23
15.22
25.89
11.65
19.26
9.21
15.22
T 200x200
33
42.06
5.76
4.54
57.57
53.29
47.94
51.46
41.62
47.04
34.34
42.02
24.80
36.41
18.22
30.18
13.95
22.45
11.02
17.74
T 193x299
47.1
60.05
5.04
7.21
82.70
77.43
70.87
70.87
63.16
63.16
54.36
54.36
44.42
44.42
32.06
32.06
24.54
24.54
19.39
19.39
4-30
Table 4.4(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For T Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
53.4
67.98
5.05
7.28
93.63
87.68
80.28
80.28
71.58
71.58
61.64
61.64
50.42
50.42
36.44
36.44
27.90
27.90
22.04
22.04
T 194x400
70.0
89.23
5.27
9.54
123.18 115.82 106.69
106.69
95.98
95.98
83.76
83.76
70.04
70.04
52.08
52.08
39.88
39.88
31.51
31.51
T 197x398
73.3
93.41
4.68
10.10
128.09 119.00 107.63
107.63
94.22
94.22
78.82
78.82
61.32
61.32
43.00
43.00
32.92
32.92
26.01
26.01
T 197x405
84.1
107.20
5.34
9.65
148.09 139.40 128.64
128.64 116.02 116.02 101.65 101.65
85.51
85.51
67.46
67.46
49.19
49.19
38.86
38.86
T 200x400
85.8
109.30
4.76
10.10
150.03 139.64 126.67
126.67 111.38 111.38 93.83
73.93
73.93
52.05
52.05
39.85
39.85
31.49
31.49
T 200x408
98.4
125.30
5.40
9.75
172.77 162.80 150.46
150.46 135.99 135.99 119.51 119.51 101.03 101.03
80.38
80.38
58.65
58.65
46.34
46.34
T 207x405
116.0 147.70
4.95
10.20
203.20 189.91 173.36
173.36 153.88 153.88 131.59 131.59 106.40 106.40
76.06
76.06
58.23
58.23
46.01
46.01
T 223x199
33.1
42.15
6.67
4.33
57.51
52.93
47.18
53.20
40.37
49.63
32.50
45.60
22.61
41.13
16.61
36.22
12.72
30.84
10.05
23.84
T 225x200
38.0
48.38
6.68
4.40
66.08
60.95
54.50
61.09
46.87
57.00
38.06
52.38
26.79
47.26
19.68
41.63
15.07
35.48
11.91
27.45
53.0
67.52
5.89
7.04
93.71
88.93
83.05
83.05
76.18
76.18
68.39
68.39
59.69
59.69
50.06
50.06
37.69
37.69
29.78
29.78
T 195x300
T 217x299
93.83
T 220x300
61.8
78.69
5.84
7.68
109.17 103.53
96.59
96.59
88.49
88.49
79.29
79.29
69.02
69.02
57.64
57.64
43.18
43.18
34.12
34.12
T 248x199
39.7
50.64
7.49
4.27
69.03
56.37
65.20
48.00
61.58
38.33
57.51
26.41
53.01
19.40
48.09
14.86
42.74
11.74
36.96
T 250x200
44.8
57.12
7.5
4.33
77.93
71.73
63.94
73.56
54.70
69.48
44.04
64.90
30.64
59.83
22.51
54.29
17.23
48.28
13.62
41.77
T 253x201
51.5
65.65
7.48
4.43
89.71
82.81
74.15
84.51
63.90
79.81
52.08
74.51
36.86
68.67
27.08
62.28
20.73
55.34
16.38
47.82
T 241x300
57.1
72.76
6.85
6.82
101.58
97.36
92.22
92.29
86.25
86.37
79.52
79.68
72.06
72.27
63.88
64.14
54.94
55.26
43.03
45.58
63.42
T 244x300
64.2
81.76
6.66
7.07
114.05 109.15 103.17
103.17
96.23
96.23
88.40
88.40
79.70
79.70
70.15
70.15
59.70
59.70
46.11
46.11
T 298x199
47.3
60.23
9.29
4.05
81.78
74.60
65.52
78.44
54.73
74.60
42.17
70.28
28.26
65.52
20.76
60.34
15.90
54.73
12.56
48.68
T 300x200
52.8
67.21
9.3
4.12
91.38
83.55
73.68
87.74
61.95
83.55
48.33
78.86
32.63
73.68
23.98
68.04
18.36
61.95
14.50
55.38
T 303x201
59.8
76.24
9.28
4.22
103.83
95.25
84.45
99.84
71.62
95.25
56.77
90.11
38.84
84.45
28.53
78.28
21.85
71.62
17.26
64.46
4-31
Table 4.4 (Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For T Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=2
KLx=3
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
T 306x202
67.0
85.33
9.27
4.31
116.39 107.06
T 291x300
68.5
87.24
8.54
6.63
121.67 116.41 109.99
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
95.34
112.05
81.45 107.06 65.39
101.48
45.34
95.34
33.31
88.66
25.51
81.45
20.15
73.70
114.42 102.54 109.26 94.12
103.47
84.78
97.11
74.51
90.18
63.28
82.69
48.75
74.65
89.66
T 294x300
75.6
96.24
8.35
6.85
134.39 128.83 122.08
125.86 114.24 119.97 105.39 113.38
95.59 106.12
84.84
98.21
73.10
60.28
80.46
T 297x302
87.3
111.2
8.44
6.9
155.32 148.96 141.24
145.63 132.27 138.93 122.17 131.43 110.97 123.17
98.68
114.18
85.28 104.47 70.66
94.02
T 346x300
83
105.7
10.3
6.53
147.33 140.82 132.88
141.53 123.65 136.74 113.21 131.40 101.62 125.55
88.88
119.22
74.91 112.42 57.30
105.15
T 350x300
92.4
117.7
10.1
6.78
164.29 157.40 149.02
157.30 139.29 151.81 128.30 145.70 116.13 139.00 102.76
131.74
88.15 123.93 68.79
115.59
T 396x300
95.6
121.7
12.1
6.38
169.48 161.75 152.29
165.20 141.29 160.80 128.85 155.92 115.02 150.60
99.79
144.85
83.06 138.70 62.98
132.15
T 400x300
105
133.7
11.9
6.62
186.46 178.38 168.52
181.26 157.07 176.31 144.15 170.82 129.80 164.83 114.02
158.36
96.76 151.43 74.49
144.05
4-32
Table 4.5: Compression Capacity (Ton) For EL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
1.427
0.747
0.747
0.82
0.21
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.73
0.73
1.24
0.31
0.14
0.14
0.08
0.908
0.908
1.41
0.37
0.16
0.16
0.09
0.88
0.88
2.19
0.55
0.25
0.25
2.336
1.23
1.23
2.43
0.91
0.40
3.08
1.21
1.21
3.17
1.16
0.52
1.2
1.2
3.85
1.39
1.19
1.19
4.57
1.63
1.36
1.36
3.81
1.66
4.302
1.36
1.36
4.70
2.96
1.52
1.52
3.38
3.892
1.53
1.53
4.45
EL 25x25
1.12
EL 25x25
1.77
2.26
EL 30x30
1.36
1.727
EL 30x30
2.18
2.78
EL 40x40
1.83
EL 40x40
2.42
EL 40x40
2.95
3.755
EL 40x40
3.52
4.48
EL 45x45
2.74
3.492
EL 45x45
3.38
EL 50x50
2.33
EL 50x50
3.06
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.14
0.14
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.40
0.23
0.23
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.52
0.29
0.29
0.19
0.19
0.13
0.13
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.62
0.62
0.35
0.35
0.22
0.22
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.73
0.73
0.41
0.41
0.26
0.26
0.18
0.18
0.13
0.13
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.74
0.74
0.42
0.42
0.27
0.27
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
2.05
0.91
0.91
0.51
0.51
0.33
0.33
0.23
0.23
0.17
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.10
0.10
1.76
0.78
0.78
0.44
0.44
0.28
0.28
0.20
0.20
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
2.46
1.04
1.04
0.59
0.59
0.38
0.38
0.26
0.26
0.19
0.19
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.12
EL 50x50
3.77
4.802
1.52
1.52
5.48
2.86
1.27
1.27
0.71
0.71
0.46
0.46
0.32
0.32
0.23
0.23
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.14
EL 50x50
4.43
5.644
1.5
1.5
6.41
3.27
1.45
1.45
0.82
0.82
0.52
0.52
0.36
0.36
0.27
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.16
0.16
EL 60x60
3.68
4.692
1.85
1.85
5.69
3.91
1.84
1.84
1.03
1.03
0.66
0.66
0.46
0.46
0.34
0.34
0.26
0.26
0.20
0.20
EL 60x60
4.55
5.802
1.84
1.84
7.02
4.81
2.25
2.25
1.26
1.26
0.81
0.81
0.56
0.56
0.41
0.41
0.32
0.32
0.25
0.25
EL 65x65
6.367
1.99
1.99
7.86
5.70
2.89
2.89
1.62
1.62
1.04
1.04
0.72
0.72
0.53
0.53
0.41
0.41
0.32
0.32
EL 65x65
5.91
7.527
1.98
1.98
9.28
6.71
3.38
3.38
1.90
1.90
1.22
1.22
0.84
0.84
0.62
0.62
0.47
0.47
0.38
0.38
EL 65x65
7.66
9.761
1.94
1.94
11.97
8.53
4.20
4.20
2.36
2.36
1.51
1.51
1.05
1.05
0.77
0.77
0.59
0.59
0.47
0.47
EL 70x70
6.38
8.127
2.14
2.14
10.18
7.72
4.26
4.26
2.40
2.40
1.53
1.53
1.06
1.06
0.78
0.78
0.60
0.60
0.47
0.47
4-33
Table 4.5(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For EL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1)-Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
EL 75x75
6.85
8.727
2.3
2.3
11.08
8.71
5.55
5.55
2.97
2.97
1.90
1.90
1.32
1.32
0.97
0.97
0.74
0.74
0.59
0.59
EL 75x75
9.96
12.69
2.25
2.25
16.05
12.48
7.35
7.35
4.13
4.13
2.65
2.65
1.84
1.84
1.35
1.35
1.03
1.03
0.82
0.82
EL 75x75
13
16.56
2.22
2.22
20.90
16.14
9.34
9.34
5.25
5.25
3.36
3.36
2.33
2.33
1.72
1.72
1.31
1.31
1.04
1.04
EL 80x80
7.32
9.327
2.46
2.46
11.98
9.68
6.66
6.66
3.63
3.63
2.33
2.33
1.61
1.61
1.19
1.19
0.91
0.91
0.72
0.72
EL 90x90
8.28
10.55
2.77
2.77
13.79
11.61
8.77
8.77
5.21
5.21
3.33
3.33
2.32
2.32
1.70
1.70
1.30
1.30
1.03
1.03
EL 90x90
9.59
12.22
2.76
2.76
15.96
13.43
10.12
10.12
5.99
5.99
3.83
3.83
2.66
2.66
1.96
1.96
1.50
1.50
1.18
1.18
EL 90x90
13.3
17
2.71
2.71
22.15
18.53
13.80
13.80
8.04
8.04
5.14
5.14
3.57
3.57
2.62
2.62
2.01
2.01
1.59
1.59
EL 90x90
15.9
20.3
2.7
2.7
26.44
22.08
16.41
16.41
9.52
9.52
6.10
6.10
4.23
4.23
3.11
3.11
2.38
2.38
1.88
1.88
EL 90x90
17
21.71
2.68
2.68
28.25
23.54
17.39
17.39
10.04
10.04
6.42
6.42
4.46
4.46
3.28
3.28
2.51
2.51
1.98
1.98
EL 100x100
10.7
13.62
3.08
3.08
18.03
15.62
12.52
12.52
8.73
8.73
5.32
5.32
3.70
3.70
2.72
2.72
2.08
2.08
1.64
1.64
EL 100x100
14.9
19
3.04
3.04
25.12
21.69
17.28
17.28
11.30
11.30
7.23
7.23
5.02
5.02
3.69
3.69
2.83
2.83
2.23
2.23
EL 100x100
17.8
22.7
3.02
3.02
29.99
25.85
20.52
20.52
13.33
13.33
8.53
8.53
5.92
5.92
4.35
4.35
3.33
3.33
2.63
2.63
EL 100x100
19.1
24.31
32.09
27.62
21.85
21.85
14.08
14.08
9.01
9.01
6.26
6.26
4.60
4.60
3.52
3.52
2.78
2.78
EL 120x120
14.7
18.76
3.71
3.71
25.30
22.76
19.54
19.54
15.68
15.68
10.64
10.64
7.39
7.39
5.43
5.43
4.15
4.15
3.28
3.28
EL 130x130
17.9
22.74
4.01
4.01
30.85
28.10
24.63
24.63
20.49
20.49
15.67
15.67
10.46
10.46
7.68
7.68
5.88
5.88
4.65
4.65
EL 130x130
23.4
29.76
3.96
3.96
40.34
36.67
32.04
32.04
26.51
26.51
20.07
20.07
13.35
13.35
9.81
9.81
7.51
7.51
5.93
5.93
EL 130x130
28.8
36.75
3.93
3.93
49.79
45.21
39.42
39.42
32.52
32.52
24.46
24.46
16.24
16.24
11.93
11.93
9.13
9.13
7.22
7.22
EL 150x150
27.3
34.77
4.61
4.61
47.63
44.18
39.85
39.85
34.74
34.74
28.87
28.87
22.19
22.19
15.53
15.53
11.89
11.89
9.39
9.39
EL 150x150
33.6
42.74
4.56
4.56
58.51
54.20
48.80
48.80
42.41
42.41
35.07
35.07
25.42
25.42
18.68
18.68
14.30
14.30
11.30
11.30
EL 150x150
41.9
53.38
4.52
4.52
73.04
67.58
60.75
60.75
52.67
52.67
43.36
43.36
31.20
31.20
22.92
22.92
17.55
17.55
13.87
13.87
4-34
Table 4.5(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For EL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
EL 175x175
31.8
40.52
5.38
5.38
56.00
52.75
48.72
48.72
44.01
44.01
38.64
38.64
32.61
32.61
25.87
25.87
18.87
18.87
14.91
14.91
EL 175x175
39.4
50.21
5.35
5.35
69.37
65.31
60.28
60.28
54.39
54.39
47.68
47.68
40.14
40.14
31.71
31.71
23.12
23.12
18.27
18.27
EL 200x200
45.3
57.75
6.14
6.14
80.29
76.43
71.69
71.69
66.17
66.17
59.91
59.91
52.95
52.95
45.25
45.25
36.77
36.77
27.68
27.68
EL 200x200
59.7
76
6.09
6.09
105.63 100.49
94.18
94.18
86.82
86.82
78.49
78.49
69.20
69.20
58.94
58.94
47.62
47.62
35.84
35.84
96.37
84.76
84.76
71.93
71.93
55.03
55.03
EL 200x200
73.6
93.75
6.04
6.04
130.26 123.84 115.97
115.97 106.78 106.78 96.37
43.48
43.48
EL 250x250
93.7
119.4
7.63
7.63
167.34 161.37 154.17
154.17 145.86 145.86 136.51 136.51 126.19 126.19 114.92
114.92 102.69 102.69 89.47
89.47
EL 250x250
128.0
162.6
7.49
7.49
227.75 219.42 209.36
209.36 197.73 197.73 184.65 184.65 170.19 170.19 154.40
154.40 137.24 137.24 118.66
118.66
4-35
Table 4.6(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For UL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
UL 90x75
11
14.04
2.78
2.2
17.69
13.60
UL 100x75
9.32
11.87
3.15
2.19
14.94
11.46
6.51
11.11
UL 100x75
13
16.5
3.11
2.15
20.69
15.72
8.73
15.29
UL 125x75
10.7
13.62
4.01
2.11
17.02
12.80
6.94
14.75
UL 125x75
14.9
19.00
3.96
2.06
23.62
17.51
9.23
UL 125x75
19.1
24.31
3.93
2.04
30.16
22.23
11.58
UL 125x90
16.1
20.5
3.94
2.59
26.54
21.87
15.74
UL 125x90
20.6
26.26
3.91
2.57
33.96
27.90
19.96
UL 150x90
16.4
20.94
4.81
2.52
27.00
22.03
15.49
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
7.78
11.72
4.37
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
6.98
2.80
4.47
1.94
3.10
1.43
2.28
1.09
1.75
0.86
1.38
3.66
7.93
2.35
4.85
1.63
3.37
1.20
2.48
0.92
1.90
0.72
1.50
4.91
10.77
3.14
6.57
2.18
4.57
1.60
3.35
1.23
2.57
0.97
2.03
3.90
12.27
2.50
9.38
1.73
6.26
1.27
4.60
0.98
3.52
0.77
2.78
20.45
5.19
16.93
3.32
12.81
2.31
8.52
1.69
6.26
1.30
4.79
1.03
3.79
26.08
6.51
21.51
4.17
16.18
2.89
10.74
2.13
7.89
1.63
6.04
1.29
4.77
22.02
8.85
18.18
5.66
13.70
3.93
9.10
2.89
6.69
2.21
5.12
1.75
4.05
28.10
11.16
23.13
7.14
17.32
4.96
11.48
3.65
8.44
2.79
6.46
2.21
5.10
24.35
8.56
21.47
5.48
18.16
3.80
14.42
2.79
10.18
2.14
7.80
1.69
6.16
7.88
UL 150x90
21.5
27.36
4.76
2.47
35.17
28.47
19.65
31.71
10.74
27.88
6.88
23.49
4.77
18.51
3.51
13.03
2.69
9.97
2.12
UL 150x100
17.1
21.84
4.79
2.88
28.69
24.43
18.90
25.36
11.66
22.34
7.46
18.87
5.18
14.93
3.81
10.53
2.91
8.06
2.30
6.37
UL 150x100
22.4
28.56
4.74
2.83
37.43
31.71
24.29
33.05
14.72
29.03
9.42
24.42
6.54
19.18
4.81
13.49
3.68
10.33
2.91
8.16
UL 150x100
27.7
35.25
4.71
2.8
46.13
38.97
29.66
40.71
17.79
35.69
11.38
29.94
7.91
23.41
5.81
16.43
4.45
12.58
3.51
9.94
4-36
Table 4.7: Compression Capacity (Ton) For ELL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
2.854
0.75
1.15
1.64
0.41
0.18
0.18
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.73
1.28
2.47
0.62
0.27
0.27
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.91
1.35
2.82
0.73
0.32
0.32
0.18
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.88
1.46
4.38
1.11
0.49
0.49
0.28
0.28
0.18
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.05
4.672
1.23
1.75
4.85
1.82
0.81
0.81
0.45
0.45
0.29
0.29
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
6.16
1.20
1.79
6.32
2.30
1.02
1.02
0.58
0.58
0.37
0.37
0.26
0.26
0.19
0.19
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.11
7.70
2.79
1.24
1.24
0.70
0.70
0.45
0.45
0.31
0.31
0.23
0.23
0.17
0.17
0.14
0.14
9.12
3.25
1.44
1.44
0.81
0.81
0.52
0.52
0.36
0.36
0.27
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.16
0.16
7.63
3.35
1.49
1.49
0.84
0.84
0.54
0.54
0.37
0.37
0.27
0.27
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.17
2.04
9.38
4.07
1.81
1.81
1.02
1.02
0.65
0.65
0.45
0.45
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
2.11
6.76
3.71
1.57
1.57
0.88
0.88
0.57
0.57
0.39
0.39
0.29
0.29
0.22
0.22
0.17
0.17
2.19
8.90
4.90
2.07
2.07
1.17
1.17
0.75
0.75
0.52
0.52
0.38
0.38
0.29
0.29
0.23
0.23
ELL 25x25
2.24
ELL 25x25
3.54
4.52
ELL 30x30
2.72
3.454
ELL 30x30
4.36
5.56
ELL 40x40
3.66
ELL 40x40
4.84
ELL 40x40
5.9
7.51
1.20
1.86
ELL 40x40
7.04
8.96
1.19
1.91
ELL 45x45
5.48
6.984
1.36
1.98
ELL 45x45
6.76
8.604
1.36
ELL 50x50
4.66
5.92
1.52
ELL 50x50
6.12
7.784
1.53
KLx=7
ELL 50x50
7.54
9.604
1.52
2.25
10.97
5.72
2.54
2.54
1.43
1.43
0.91
0.91
0.64
0.64
0.47
0.47
0.36
0.36
0.28
0.28
ELL 50x50
8.86
11.288
1.49
2.29
12.81
6.49
2.88
2.88
1.62
1.62
1.04
1.04
0.72
0.72
0.53
0.53
0.41
0.41
0.32
0.32
ELL 60x60
7.36
9.384
1.85
2.59
11.37
7.80
3.66
3.66
2.06
2.06
1.32
1.32
0.92
0.92
0.67
0.67
0.51
0.51
0.41
0.41
ELL 60x60
9.1
11.604
1.84
2.65
14.04
9.60
4.49
4.49
2.52
2.52
1.61
1.61
1.12
1.12
0.82
0.82
0.63
0.63
0.50
0.50
ELL 65x65
10
12.734
1.99
2.84
15.72
11.41
5.79
5.79
3.26
3.26
2.08
2.08
1.45
1.45
1.06
1.06
0.81
0.81
0.64
0.64
ELL 65x65
11.82
15.054
1.98
2.89
18.54
13.39
6.73
6.73
3.78
3.78
2.42
2.42
1.68
1.68
1.24
1.24
0.95
0.95
0.75
0.75
ELL 65x65
15.32
19.522
1.94
2.99
23.95
17.08
8.42
8.42
4.74
4.74
3.03
3.03
2.11
2.11
1.55
1.55
1.18
1.18
0.94
0.94
ELL 70x70
12.76
16.254
2.14
3.09
20.36
15.42
8.49
8.49
4.78
4.78
3.06
3.06
2.12
2.12
1.56
1.56
1.19
1.19
0.94
0.94
4-37
Table 4.7(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For ELL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
17.454
2.30
3.29
22.17
17.41
11.08
11.08
32.11
24.99
14.74
14.74
8.29
8.29
5.31
41.81
32.33
18.74
18.74
10.54
10.54
6.75
ELL 75x75
13.7
5.93
5.93
3.80
3.80
ELL 75x75
19.92
25.38
2.25
3.46
ELL 75x75
26
33.12
2.22
3.65
ELL 80x80
14.64
18.654
2.46
3.49
23.96
19.37
13.31
13.31
7.26
7.26
4.65
ELL 90x90
16.56
21.1
2.77
3.88
27.57
23.20
17.52
17.52
10.39
10.39
6.65
ELL 90x90
19.18
24.44
2.76
3.94
31.92
26.84
20.24
20.24
11.97
11.97
7.66
7.66
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
2.64
2.64
1.94
5.31
3.68
3.68
2.71
6.75
4.69
4.69
3.44
4.65
3.23
3.23
2.37
6.65
4.62
4.62
3.39
5.32
5.32
1.94
1.48
1.48
1.17
1.17
2.71
2.07
2.07
1.64
1.64
3.44
2.64
2.64
2.08
2.08
2.37
1.82
1.82
1.43
1.43
3.39
2.60
2.60
2.05
2.05
3.91
3.91
2.99
2.99
2.36
2.36
ELL 90x90
26.6
34
2.71
4.10
44.31
37.06
27.62
27.62
16.09
16.09
10.30
10.30
7.15
7.15
5.25
5.25
4.02
4.02
3.18
3.18
ELL 90x90
31.8
40.6
2.70
4.23
52.88
44.17
32.82
32.82
19.05
19.05
12.19
12.19
8.47
8.47
6.22
6.22
4.76
4.76
3.76
3.76
ELL 90x90
34
43.42
2.68
4.28
56.49
47.08
34.80
34.80
20.08
20.08
12.85
12.85
8.93
8.93
6.56
6.56
5.02
5.02
3.97
3.97
ELL 100x100
21.4
27.24
3.08
4.34
36.06
31.24
25.02
25.02
17.43
17.43
10.63
10.63
7.38
7.38
5.42
5.42
4.15
4.15
3.28
3.28
ELL 100x100
29.8
38
3.03
4.50
50.23
43.36
34.50
34.50
22.53
22.53
14.42
14.42
10.01
10.01
7.36
7.36
5.63
5.63
4.45
4.45
ELL 100x100
35.6
45.4
3.02
4.62
59.97
51.71
41.05
41.05
26.65
26.65
17.05
17.05
11.84
11.84
8.70
8.70
6.66
6.66
5.26
5.26
ELL 100x100
38.2
48.62
3.01
4.68
64.20
55.30
43.81
43.81
28.32
28.32
18.12
18.12
12.59
12.59
9.25
9.25
7.08
7.08
5.59
5.59
ELL 120x120
29.4
37.52
3.71
5.20
50.59
45.51
39.07
39.07
31.34
31.34
21.26
21.26
14.76
14.76
10.84
10.84
8.30
8.30
6.56
6.56
ELL 130x130
35.8
45.48
4.01
5.65
61.71
56.21
49.26
49.26
40.99
40.99
31.36
31.36
20.94
20.94
15.38
15.38
11.78
11.78
9.31
9.31
ELL 130x130
46.8
59.52
3.96
5.80
80.68
73.36
64.09
64.09
53.04
53.04
40.17
40.17
26.72
26.72
19.63
19.63
15.03
15.03
11.87
11.87
ELL 130x130
57.6
73.5
3.93
5.98
99.58
90.43
78.85
78.85
65.05
65.05
48.95
48.95
32.50
32.50
23.87
23.87
18.28
18.28
14.44
14.44
ELL 150x150
54.6
69.54
4.61
6.61
95.27
88.37
79.73
79.73
69.52
69.52
57.79
57.79
44.44
44.44
31.10
31.10
23.81
23.81
18.82
18.82
ELL 150x150
67.2
85.48
4.56
6.76
117.02 108.39
97.58
97.58
84.80
84.80
70.10
70.10
50.80
50.80
37.33
37.33
28.58
28.58
22.58
22.58
ELL 150x150
83.8
106.76
4.52
7.00
146.07 135.16 121.48
121.48 105.31 105.31 86.70
86.70
62.36
62.36
45.82
45.82
35.08
35.08
27.72
27.72
4-38
Table 4.7(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For ELL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=2
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
ELL 175x175
63.6
81.04
5.37
7.57
111.98 105.48
ELL 175x175
78.8 100.42
5.36
7.75
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
97.42
97.42
87.97
87.97
77.20
77.20
65.12
65.12
51.62
51.62
37.65
37.65
29.75
29.75
138.74 130.64 120.60
120.60 108.83 108.83 95.43
95.43
80.37
80.37
63.55
63.55
46.34
46.34
36.62
36.62
ELL 200x200
90.6
115.5
6.14
8.74
160.59 152.87 143.40
143.40 132.36 132.36 119.87 119.87 105.95 105.95
90.58
90.58
73.64
73.64
55.43
55.43
ELL 200x200
119.4
152
6.09
9.03
211.27 200.99 188.37
188.37 173.66 173.66 156.99 156.99 138.43 138.43 117.92
117.92
95.29
95.29
71.71
71.71
ELL 200x200
147.2 187.5
6.04
9.33
260.51 247.68 231.93
231.93 213.55 213.55 192.73 192.73 169.52 169.52 143.86
143.86 110.06 110.06 86.96
86.96
ELL 250x250
187.4 238.8
7.63
11.31
334.68 322.74 308.34
308.34 291.71 291.71 273.02 273.02 252.38 252.38 229.83
229.83 205.37 205.37 178.91
178.91
7.49
11.86
455.49 438.81 418.67
418.67 395.39 395.39 369.21 369.21 340.27 340.27 308.65
308.65 274.30 274.30 237.10
237.10
ELL 250x250
256
325.2
4-39
Table 4.8: Compression Capacity (Ton) For ULL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
ULLL 90x75
ULLL 100x75
22
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
28.08
2.79
3.29
36.73
30.98
23.50
18.64 23.74
23.50
14.03
14.03
8.98
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
8.98
6.24
6.24
4.58
4.58
3.51
3.51
2.77
2.77
3.00
3.15
3.09
31.44
27.26
21.88
22.24
15.30
15.88
9.34
9.72
6.48
6.75
4.76
4.96
3.65
3.80
2.88
ULLL 100x75
26
33
3.10
3.25
43.73
37.96
30.53
30.53
21.46
21.46
13.10
13.10
9.10
9.10
6.68
6.68
5.12
5.12
4.04
4.04
ULLL 125x75
21.4
27.24
4.01
2.90
35.81
30.54
23.72
29.50
14.72
24.54
9.42
18.77
6.54
12.53
4.81
9.21
3.68
7.05
2.91
5.57
ULLL 125x75
29.8
38
3.97
3.05
50.26
43.45
34.67
40.94
23.92
33.91
14.58
25.71
10.13
17.11
7.44
12.57
5.70
9.62
4.50
7.60
ULLL 125x75
38.2
48.62
3.93
3.24
64.73
56.74
46.50
52.17
34.06
43.05
21.04
32.40
14.61
21.51
10.73
15.80
8.22
12.10
6.49
9.56
ULLL 125x90
32.2
41
3.94
3.76
55.34
49.90
43.00
44.03
34.74
36.35
23.86
27.39
16.57
18.19
12.18
13.37
9.32
10.23
7.37
8.09
ULLL 125x90
41.2
52.52
3.91
3.94
71.12
64.53
56.18
56.18
46.23
46.23
34.60
34.60
22.94
22.94
16.86
16.86
12.90
12.90
10.20
10.20
ULLL 150x90
32.8
41.88
4.81
3.51
56.19
50.05
42.23
48.71
32.81
42.95
21.23
36.34
14.74
28.86
10.83
20.39
8.29
15.61
6.55
12.33
15.74
ULLL 150x90
43
54.72
4.76
3.66
73.70
66.15
56.56
63.40
45.06
55.74
30.19
46.94
20.97
36.97
15.40
26.02
11.79
19.92
9.32
ULLL 150x100
34.2
43.68
4.79
3.98
59.23
53.89
47.14
50.74
39.10
44.70
29.73
37.77
19.80
29.91
14.55
21.10
11.14
16.16
8.80
12.76
ULLL 150x100
44.8
57.12
4.74
4.13
77.67
71.04
62.68
66.11
52.74
58.07
41.20
48.84
27.85
38.37
20.46
26.99
15.66
20.66
12.38
16.32
ULLL 150x100
55.4
70.5
4.71
4.31
96.16
88.46
78.78
81.41
67.31
71.39
54.05
59.88
37.49
46.81
27.54
32.87
21.09
25.17
16.66
19.88
4-41
Table 4.9: Compression Capacity (Ton) For ULLS Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
ULLS 75x90
22
28.08
2.20
4.24
35.38
27.22
15.58
ULLS 75x100
18.6
23.74
2.19
4.64
29.88
22.92
13.02
13.02
7.32
7.32
4.69
ULLS 75x100
26
33
2.15
4.81
41.38
31.42
17.42
17.42
9.80
9.80
6.27
ULLS 75x125
21.4
27.24
2.11
5.99
34.02
25.55
13.82
13.82
7.78
7.78
4.98
ULLS 75x125
29.8
38
2.06
6.17
47.25
35.06
18.49
18.49
10.40
10.40
ULLS 75x125
38.2
48.62
2.04
6.36
60.30
44.42
23.11
23.11
13.00
13.00
15.58
8.77
8.77
5.61
5.61
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
3.90
3.90
2.86
4.69
3.26
3.26
2.39
6.27
4.35
4.35
3.20
4.98
3.46
3.46
2.54
6.66
6.66
4.62
4.62
8.32
8.32
5.78
5.78
2.86
2.19
2.19
1.73
1.73
2.39
1.83
1.83
1.45
1.45
3.20
2.45
2.45
1.94
1.94
2.54
1.94
1.94
1.54
1.54
3.40
3.40
2.60
2.60
2.05
2.05
4.25
4.25
3.25
3.25
2.57
2.57
ULLS 90x125
32.2
41
2.59
5.94
53.10
43.77
31.55
31.55
17.76
17.76
11.37
11.37
7.90
7.90
5.80
5.80
4.44
4.44
3.51
3.51
ULLS 90x125
41.2
52.52
2.57
6.13
67.91
55.77
39.85
39.85
22.27
22.27
14.25
14.25
9.90
9.90
7.27
7.27
5.57
5.57
4.40
4.40
ULLS 90x150
32.8
41.88
2.52
7.23
54.00
44.05
30.98
30.98
17.12
17.12
10.96
10.96
7.61
7.61
5.59
5.59
4.28
4.28
3.38
3.38
ULLS 90x150
43.0
54.72
2.47
7.40
70.34
56.95
39.31
39.31
21.50
21.50
13.76
13.76
9.55
9.55
7.02
7.02
5.37
5.37
4.25
4.25
ULLS 100x150
34.2
43.68
2.88
7.08
57.37
48.84
37.79
37.79
23.30
23.30
14.91
14.91
10.36
10.36
7.61
7.61
5.82
5.82
4.60
4.60
ULLS 100x150
44.8
57.12
2.83
7.25
74.84
63.38
48.51
48.51
29.35
29.35
18.78
18.78
13.04
13.04
9.58
9.58
7.34
7.34
5.80
5.80
ULLS 100x150
55.4
70.5
2.80
7.43
92.26
77.91
59.27
59.27
35.53
35.53
22.74
22.74
15.79
15.79
11.60
11.60
8.88
8.88
7.02
7.02
4-42
Table 4.10: Compression Capacity (Ton) For CCI Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
CCI 50x25
7.72
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
9.84
1.85
1.28
10.42
4.13
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
1.83
3.84
1.03
2.16
0.66
1.38
0.46
0.96
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
0.34
0.71
0.26
0.54
0.20
0.43
1.91
CCI 75x40
13.84 17.636
2.92
1.93
21.60
15.34
7.52
15.48
4.23
9.69
2.71
6.20
1.88
4.31
1.38
3.17
1.06
2.42
0.84
CCI 100x50
18.72 23.84
3.97
2.32
30.33
23.92
15.41
25.70
8.26
21.29
5.29
16.16
3.67
10.76
2.70
7.90
2.07
6.05
1.63
4.78
CCI 125x65
26.8
4.98
2.91
45.00
38.41
29.89
40.24
18.62
35.76
11.91
30.64
8.27
24.86
6.08
17.82
4.65
13.64
3.68
10.78
CCI 150x75
37.2
47.42
6.03
3.42
63.48
56.28
47.09
58.63
36.00
53.96
22.89
48.68
15.90
42.79
11.68
36.27
8.94
27.71
7.07
21.89
CCI 150x75
48
61.18
5.86
3.52
82.12
73.22
61.87
75.16
48.21
68.88
31.31
61.77
21.74
53.82
15.97
45.02
12.23
33.79
9.66
26.70
CCI 180x75
42.8
54.4
7.12
3.31
72.58
63.92
52.83
68.58
39.40
63.92
24.57
58.66
17.07
52.83
12.54
46.42
9.60
39.40
7.58
30.34
CCI 200x80
49.2
62.66
7.89
3.47
83.98
74.66
62.76
79.67
48.42
74.66
31.09
69.02
21.59
62.76
15.86
55.91
12.14
48.42
9.60
40.27
CCI 200x90
60.6
77.3
8.03
4.13
105.11
96.13
84.80
100.55
71.34
95.55
55.71
89.93
37.65
83.74
27.66
76.99
21.18
69.69
16.73
61.81
CCI 250x90
69.2
88.14
9.74
3.85
119.20 107.88
93.54
113.95
76.42 107.88 56.37
101.07
37.30
93.54
27.40
85.33
20.98
76.42
16.58
66.78
CCI 250x90
80.4 102.34
9.56
3.89
138.53 125.60 109.23
132.53
89.69 125.60 66.86
117.82
44.30 109.23
32.55
99.85
24.92
89.69
19.69
78.71
CCI 300x90
76.2
97.14
11.51
3.67
130.87 117.54 100.61
124.69
80.31 117.54 53.98
109.50
37.49 100.61
27.54
90.88
21.09
80.31
16.66
68.84
CCI 300x90
87.6 111.48
11.53
3.81
150.65 136.15 117.76
143.92
95.78 136.15 70.03
127.41
46.32 117.76
34.03
107.22
26.05
95.78
20.59
83.41
CCI 300x90
97.2
123.8
11.28
3.80
167.25 151.06 130.53
159.74 105.98 151.06 73.52
141.30
51.06 130.53
37.51
118.75
28.72 105.98 22.69
92.15
109
138.78
14.46
4.04
188.41 171.80 150.81
180.69 125.84 171.80 96.79
161.82
64.81 150.81
47.61
138.82
36.45 125.84 28.80
111.85
134.6 171.42
14.33
4.22
233.47 214.18 189.90
224.50 161.07 214.18 127.70 202.62
87.37 189.90
64.19
176.04
49.15 161.07 38.83
144.97
CCI 380x100
CCI 380x100
34.22
4-43
Table 4.11: Compression Capacity (Ton) For CCB Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Designation
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
CCB 50x25
7.72
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
9.84
19.91
1.83
11.90
8.12
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
3.79
10.18
2.13
8.12
1.36
5.45
0.95
3.79
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
0.70
2.78
0.53
2.13
0.42
1.68
CCB 75x40
13.84 17.636
14.87
2.96
23.25
19.95
15.68
21.72
9.97
19.95
6.38
17.93
4.43
15.68
3.26
13.19
2.49
9.97
1.97
7.88
CCB 100x50
18.72 23.84
12.79
3.76
32.18
29.02
25.01
30.72
20.22
29.02
13.90
27.12
9.65
25.01
7.09
22.71
5.43
20.22
4.29
17.51
CCB 125x65
26.8
10.68
4.98
47.09
44.04
40.23
45.67
35.76
44.04
30.64
42.22
24.85
40.23
17.82
38.08
13.64
35.76
10.78
33.28
CCB 150x75
37.2
47.42
9.07
5.67
65.70
62.17
57.81
62.65
52.70
60.07
46.91
57.19
40.43
54.03
33.23
50.59
24.56
46.88
19.40
42.91
CCB 150x75
48
61.18
7.98
5.63
84.74
80.13
74.45
79.52
67.80
75.53
60.25
71.06
51.80
66.12
42.40
60.73
31.25
54.90
24.69
48.61
CCB 180x75
42.8
54.4
8.47
5.80
75.45
71.52
66.67
71.27
61.01
68.01
54.59
64.36
47.41
60.34
39.46
55.96
29.46
51.23
23.28
46.15
CCB 200x80
49.2
62.66
7.89
6.24
87.18
83.07
78.04
81.31
72.18
77.15
65.55
72.48
58.18
67.33
50.04
61.72
41.08
55.63
30.98
49.06
CCB 200x90
60.6
77.3
8.03
6.81
107.91 103.42
97.94
100.55
91.59
95.55
84.42
89.93
76.48
83.74
67.75
76.99
58.23
69.69
45.56
61.81
CCB 250x90
69.2
88.14
9.74
7.09
123.22 118.36 112.47
117.36 105.64 113.03 97.94
108.21
89.42 102.92
80.09
97.17
69.92
91.00
58.86
84.39
CCB 250x90
80.4 102.34
9.56
7.07
143.07 137.40 130.54
136.01 122.58 130.85 113.61 125.10 103.68 118.79
92.80
111.94
80.94 104.56 68.05
96.67
CCB 300x90
76.2
97.14
11.51
7.23
135.90 130.69 124.38
131.35 117.07 127.58 108.84 123.41
89.78
113.91
78.94 108.62 67.17
102.99
CCB 300x90
87.6 111.48
11.53
7.13
155.89 149.79 142.39
150.76 133.82 146.44 124.17 141.66 113.49 136.43 101.79
130.78
89.05 124.72 75.20
118.27
CCB 300x90
97.2
123.8
11.28
7.16
173.14 166.41 158.25
167.11 148.80 162.17 138.15 156.68 126.37 150.68 113.47
144.20
99.43 137.24 84.16
129.83
CCB 380x100
109
138.78
14.46
8.08
194.84 188.41 180.69
190.63 171.80 186.70 161.83 182.37 150.83 177.67 138.84
172.61 125.86 167.22 111.87
161.49
CCB 380x100 134.6 171.42
14.46
7.96
240.55 232.45 222.70
235.47 211.47 230.61 198.85 225.26 184.94 219.46 169.77
213.21 153.34 206.54 135.61
199.47
34.22
99.74 118.84
4-44
Table 4.12: Compression Capacity (Ton) For C Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
cm2
C 50x25
3.86
4.92
C 75x40
6.92
8.818
C 100x50
9.36
C 125x65
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
1.85
0.71
2.55
0.64
0.28
1.14
0.16
0.64
0.10
0.41
0.07
0.28
0.05
0.21
0.04
0.16
0.03
0.13
2.92
1.17
8.89
3.11
1.38
5.79
0.78
3.11
0.50
1.99
0.35
1.38
0.25
1.01
0.19
0.78
0.15
0.61
11.92
3.97
1.48
13.47
6.72
2.99
10.59
1.68
6.72
1.08
4.30
0.75
2.99
0.55
2.19
0.42
1.68
0.33
1.33
13.4
17.11
4.98
1.9
20.88
14.66
7.07
18.05
3.98
14.66
2.54
10.18
1.77
7.07
1.30
5.19
0.99
3.98
0.79
3.14
C 150x75
18.6
23.71
6.03
2.22
29.92
23.11
13.37
26.80
7.52
23.11
4.81
18.86
3.34
13.37
2.46
9.82
1.88
7.52
1.49
5.94
C 180x75
21.4
27.2
7.12
2.19
34.24
26.27
14.93
30.59
8.40
26.27
5.37
21.28
3.73
14.93
2.74
10.97
2.10
8.40
1.66
6.63
C 150x75
24
30.59
5.86
2.19
38.50
29.54
16.79
34.40
9.44
29.54
6.04
23.93
4.20
16.79
3.08
12.33
2.36
9.44
1.87
7.46
C 200x80
24.6
31.33
7.88
2.32
39.85
31.43
20.24
35.99
10.85
31.43
6.95
26.20
4.82
20.24
3.54
14.18
2.71
10.85
2.14
8.58
C 200x90
30.3
38.65
8.02
2.68
50.29
41.90
30.97
46.43
17.87
41.90
11.44
36.75
7.94
30.97
5.83
24.50
4.47
17.87
3.53
14.12
C 250x90
34.6
44.07
9.74
2.58
57.03
46.92
33.67
52.38
18.88
46.92
12.08
40.68
8.39
33.67
6.17
24.66
4.72
18.88
3.73
14.92
C 300x90
38.1
48.57
11.5
2.52
62.63
51.09
35.93
57.32
19.85
51.09
12.71
43.96
8.82
35.93
6.48
25.93
4.96
19.85
3.92
15.69
C 250x90
40.2
51.17
9.56
2.54
66.06
54.05
38.27
60.54
21.25
54.05
13.60
46.63
9.44
38.27
6.94
27.75
5.31
21.25
4.20
16.79
C 300x90
43.8
55.74
11.5
2.54
71.96
58.87
41.69
65.94
23.15
58.87
14.81
50.80
10.29
41.69
7.56
30.23
5.79
23.15
4.57
18.29
C 300x90
48.6
61.9
11.3
2.48
79.62
64.56
44.73
72.70
24.50
64.56
15.68
55.25
10.89
44.73
8.00
32.00
6.13
24.50
4.84
19.36
C 380x100
54.5
69.39
14.5
2.78
90.73
76.47
57.94
84.16
34.52
76.47
22.09
67.73
15.34
57.94
11.27
47.03
8.63
34.52
6.82
27.27
8.30
33.20
C 380x100
67.3
85.71
rx
14.3
2.76
111.96
94.16
KLx=3
KLx=4
71.01
103.76
42.02
94.16
KLx=5
KLx=6
26.89
83.24
18.68
71.01
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
13.72
57.37
10.51
42.02
4-45
Table 4.13: Compression Capacity (Ton) For I Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
cm2
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
I 100x75
12.9
16.43
4.14
1.7
19.46
12.36
5.43
16.24
3.06
12.36
1.96
7.82
1.36
5.43
1.00
3.99
0.76
3.06
0.60
2.41
I 125x75
16.1
20.45
5.13
1.68
24.14
15.13
6.60
20.06
3.71
15.13
2.38
9.51
1.65
6.60
1.21
4.85
0.93
3.71
0.73
2.94
I 150x75
17.1
21.83
6.12
1.62
25.47
15.28
6.56
20.87
3.69
15.28
2.36
9.44
1.64
6.56
1.20
4.82
0.92
3.69
0.73
2.91
I 180x100
23.6
30.06
7.45
2.14
37.66
28.54
15.75
33.49
8.86
28.54
5.67
22.82
3.94
15.75
2.89
11.57
2.22
8.86
1.75
7.00
I 200x100
26
33.06
8.11
2.05
41.06
30.35
15.90
36.17
8.94
30.35
5.72
23.60
3.97
15.90
2.92
11.68
2.24
8.94
1.77
7.07
I 150x125
36.2
46.15
6.18
2.89
60.64
51.68
40.08
56.51
24.81
51.68
15.88
46.20
11.03
40.08
8.10
33.29
6.20
24.81
4.90
19.60
I 250x125
38.3
48.79
10.3
2.63
63.31
52.43
38.21
58.31
21.72
52.43
13.90
45.73
9.65
38.21
7.09
28.37
5.43
21.72
4.29
17.16
I 300x150
48.3
61.58
12.4
3.09
81.56
70.72
56.76
76.55
39.70
70.72
24.22
64.11
16.82
56.76
12.36
48.64
9.46
39.70
7.48
29.90
I 200x150
50.4
64.16
8.34
3.43
85.90
76.19
63.79
81.41
48.83
76.19
31.09
70.31
21.59
63.79
15.86
56.63
12.15
48.83
9.60
40.31
I 250x125
55.5
70.73
10.2
2.76
92.39
77.70
58.60
85.63
34.68
77.70
22.19
68.69
15.41
58.60
11.32
47.35
8.67
34.68
6.85
27.40
I 350x150
58.5
74.58
14.3
3.07
98.70
85.45
68.37
92.58
47.49
85.45
28.95
77.37
20.11
68.37
14.77
58.44
11.31
47.49
8.94
35.75
I 300x150
65.5
83.47
12.3
3.26
111.19
97.59
80.16
104.90
59.01
97.59
36.54
89.34
25.38
80.16
18.64
70.07
14.27
59.01
11.28
45.11
I 400x150
72
91.73
16.2
3.07
121.40 105.10
84.10
113.88
58.41 105.10 35.61
95.16
24.73
84.10
18.17
71.88
13.91
58.41
10.99
43.97
I 300x150
76.8
97.88
12.2
3.32
130.63 115.10
95.22
123.45
71.15 115.10 44.44
105.68
30.86
95.22
22.67
83.73
17.36
71.15
13.72
54.87
I 350x150
87.2
111.1
14.2
3.26
147.99 129.90 106.70
139.63
78.55 129.90 48.64
118.91
33.78 106.70
24.81
93.27
19.00
78.55
15.01
60.05
I 450x175
91.7
116.8
18.3
3.6
157.08 140.59 119.60
149.44
94.40 140.59 62.35
130.63
43.30 119.60
31.81
107.53
24.36
94.40
19.25
80.13
I 400x150
95.8
122.1
16.1
3.18
162.22 141.61 115.12
152.70
82.89 141.61 50.86
129.07
35.32 115.12
25.95
99.76
19.87
82.89
15.70
62.79
I 450x175
115
146.1
18.3
3.72
197.04 177.36 152.38
187.92 122.45 177.36 83.28
165.49
57.84 152.38
42.49
138.03
32.53 122.45 25.70
105.57
I 600x190
133
169.4
24.1
3.81
228.92 206.87 178.92
218.69 145.51 206.87 106.36 193.59
70.34 178.92
51.68
162.89
39.57 145.51 31.26
126.70
I 600x190
176
224.5
24.1
3.97
304.38 276.82 241.98
291.58 200.47 276.82 152.08 260.26 101.22 241.98
74.36
222.05
56.93 200.47 44.99
177.18
4-46
Table 4.14: Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
H 100x50
9.3
11.85
3.98
1.12
11.62
3.83
1.70
6.80
0.96
3.83
0.61
2.45
0.43
1.70
0.31
1.25
0.24
0.96
0.19
0.76
H 125x60
13.2
16.84
4.95
1.32
18.13
7.55
3.36
13.25
1.89
7.55
1.21
4.83
0.84
3.36
0.62
2.47
0.47
1.89
0.37
1.49
H 150x75
14
17.85
6.11
1.66
20.99
12.98
5.63
17.36
3.17
12.98
2.03
8.10
1.41
5.63
1.03
4.14
0.79
3.17
0.63
2.50
H 100x100
17.2
21.9
4.18
2.47
28.15
22.79
15.73
24.16
8.60
20.42
5.50
16.09
3.82
10.95
2.81
8.04
2.15
6.16
1.70
4.86
H 175x90
18.1
23.04
7.26
2.06
28.64
21.24
11.19
25.26
6.29
21.24
4.03
16.57
2.80
11.19
2.05
8.22
1.57
6.29
1.24
4.97
H 198x99
18.2
23.18
8.26
2.21
29.23
22.53
12.95
26.16
7.29
22.53
4.66
18.34
3.24
12.95
2.38
9.52
1.82
7.29
1.44
5.76
H 148x100
21.1
26.84
6.17
2.37
34.27
27.28
18.02
31.06
9.70
27.28
6.21
22.95
4.31
18.02
3.17
12.67
2.43
9.70
1.92
7.67
H 200x100
21.3
27.16
8.24
2.22
34.27
26.48
15.32
30.70
8.62
26.48
5.51
21.61
3.83
15.32
2.81
11.25
2.15
8.62
1.70
6.81
H 125x125
23.8
30.31
5.29
3.11
40.17
34.89
28.08
36.28
19.78
32.66
12.08
28.54
8.39
23.90
6.16
17.83
4.72
13.65
3.73
10.78
H 248x124
25.7
32.68
10.4
2.79
42.75
36.07
27.39
39.67
16.37
36.07
10.48
31.98
7.28
27.39
5.35
22.29
4.09
16.37
3.23
12.94
H 250x125
29.6
37.66
10.4
2.79
49.27
41.57
31.56
45.72
18.87
41.57
12.08
36.85
8.39
31.56
6.16
25.68
4.72
18.87
3.73
14.91
H 194x150
30.6
39.01
8.3
3.61
52.47
46.99
40.01
49.93
31.63
46.99
20.94
43.68
14.54
40.01
10.68
36.00
8.18
31.63
6.46
26.89
H 150x150
31.5
40.14
6.39
3.75
54.17
48.83
42.04
50.25
33.93
46.63
23.25
42.53
16.15
37.98
11.86
32.97
9.08
27.47
7.18
20.84
H 298x149
32
408
3.9
1.04
379.25 113.79
50.58
202.30
28.45 113.79 18.21
72.83
12.64
50.58
9.29
37.16
7.11
28.45
5.62
22.48
H 300x150
36.7
46.78
12.4
3.30
62.38
45.27
58.91
33.63
54.88
20.93
50.33
14.53
45.27
10.68
39.71
8.17
33.63
6.46
25.83
H 175x175
40.2
51.21
7.5
4.38
69.92
64.46
57.59
65.95
49.45
62.29
40.06
58.18
28.10
53.64
20.65
48.68
15.81
43.28
12.49
37.45
H 346x174
41.4
52.68
14.5
3.88
71.29
64.60
56.14
68.19
46.03
64.60
34.21
60.58
22.66
56.14
16.65
51.29
12.74
46.03
10.07
40.35
H 244x175
44.1
56.24
10.4
4.18
76.54
70.13
62.04
73.56
52.44
70.13
41.31
66.28
28.11
62.04
20.65
57.43
15.81
52.44
12.49
47.08
H 350x175
49.6
63.14
14.7
3.95
85.57
77.76
67.87
81.94
56.10
77.76
42.36
73.06
28.15
67.87
20.68
62.22
15.83
56.10
12.51
49.48
H 200x200
49.9
63.53
8.62
5.02
87.47
81.87
74.89
83.42
66.69
79.71
57.31
75.56
46.72
70.98
33.65
66.01
25.76
60.64
20.35
54.87
54.88
4-47
Table 4.14(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
H 200x204
56.2
71.53
8.35
4.88
98.33
91.76
83.58
93.54
73.94
89.17
62.90
84.27
50.41
78.87
35.80
72.99
27.41
66.64
21.66
59.80
H 396x199
56.6
72.16
16.6
4.48
98.68
91.22
81.87
95.21
70.80
91.22
58.06
86.77
41.48
81.87
30.47
76.54
23.33
70.80
18.43
64.65
H 294x200
56.8
72.38
12.5
4.70
99.28
92.28
83.53
96.01
73.21
92.28
61.37
88.11
47.91
83.53
33.63
78.56
25.75
73.21
20.34
67.48
H 354x176
57.8
73.68
14.8
4.00
99.96
91.02
79.72
95.80
66.26
91.02
50.59
85.64
33.75
79.72
24.80
73.26
18.99
66.26
15.00
58.72
H 244x252
64.4
82.06
10.3
5.98
113.96 108.27 101.28
109.87
93.12 106.15 83.87
102.01
73.55
97.47
62.13
92.56
47.22
87.28
37.31
81.63
H 298x201
65.4
83.36
12.6
4.77
114.44 106.56
96.71
110.76
85.09 106.56 71.78
101.86
56.67
96.71
39.93
91.11
30.57
85.09
24.16
78.65
H 208x202
65.7
83.69
8.83
5.13
115.37 108.20
99.30
110.22
88.83 105.50 76.89
100.21
63.44
94.40
46.29
88.08
35.44
81.27
28.00
73.95
H 400x200
66
84.12
16.8
4.55
115.14 106.62
95.95
111.17
83.33 106.62 68.82
101.54
49.77
95.95
36.57
89.88
28.00
83.33
22.12
76.32
H 446x199
66.2
84.3
18.5
4.33
115.02 105.86
94.36
110.76
80.73 105.86 64.98
100.39
45.20
94.36
33.21
87.80
25.42
80.73
20.09
73.12
H 248x249
66.5
84.7
10.8
6.28
117.87 112.38 105.65
113.91
97.81 110.31 88.94
106.32
79.08 101.95
68.20
97.22
56.24
92.15
42.47
86.73
H 336x249
69.2
88.15
14.5
5.92
122.37 116.17 108.55
119.46
99.65 116.17 89.56
112.53
78.30 108.55
65.84
104.25
49.72
99.65
39.29
94.75
H 250x250
72.4
92.18
10.8
6.29
128.29 122.32 115.02
123.97 106.51 120.06 96.88
115.71
86.17 110.95
74.36
105.81
61.38 100.28 46.37
94.39
H 404x201
75.5
96.16
16.9
4.59
131.71 122.11 110.09
127.23
95.89 122.11 79.56
116.38
60.97 110.09
42.66
103.25
32.66
95.89
25.81
87.99
H 450x200
76
96.76
18.6
4.40
132.15 121.87 108.96
127.37
93.68 121.87 76.04
115.73
53.49 108.96
39.30
101.61
30.09
93.68
23.77
85.16
H 496x199
79.5
101.3
20.3
4.26
138.06 126.82 112.67
132.83
95.89 126.82 76.47
120.08
52.63 112.67
38.67
104.60
29.61
95.89
23.39
86.52
H 340x250
79.7
101.5
14.6
6.00
140.98 133.97 125.35
137.69 115.30 133.97 103.90 129.85
91.20 125.35
77.14
120.50
58.73 115.30 46.41
109.76
H 250x255
82.2
104.7
10.5
6.09
145.52 138.44 129.75
140.44 119.61 135.82 108.13 130.68
95.33 125.05
81.20
118.96
65.61 112.41 49.37
105.42
H 294x302
84.5
107.7
12.5
7.16
150.62 144.76 137.66
146.57 129.44 142.85 120.17 138.75 109.92 134.26
98.69
129.43
86.47 124.26 73.19
118.76
H 298x299
87
110.8
13.0
7.50
155.20 149.54 142.70
151.20 134.80 147.58 125.92 143.58 116.09 139.22 105.36
134.53
93.71 129.50 81.09
124.17
H 456x201
88.9
113.3
18.9
4.52
155.01 143.42 128.89
149.61 111.71 143.42 91.93
120.62
37.17 111.71 29.37
102.15
136.50
66.08 128.89
48.55
4-48
Table 4.14(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
H 500x200
89.6
114.2
20.5
4.33
155.81 143.41 127.82
150.04 109.35 143.41 88.01
34.43 109.35 27.21
99.05
H 300x300
94
119.8
13.0
7.51
167.81 161.69 154.30
163.50 145.76 159.60 136.15 155.28 125.54 150.58 113.94
145.52 101.35 140.10 87.71
134.35
H 386x299
94.3
120.1
16.8
7.21
168.00 161.53 153.69
164.95 144.60 161.53 134.38 157.77 123.06 153.69 110.67
149.29
97.19 144.60 82.55
139.63
H 596x199
94.6
120.5
23.9
4.05
163.63 149.27 131.15
156.96 109.57 149.27 84.49
140.65
56.64 131.15
41.61
120.78
31.86 109.57 25.17
97.49
H 506x201
103
131.3
20.7
4.43
179.42 165.64 148.33
173.00 127.85 165.64 104.24 157.40
73.80 148.33
54.22
138.48
41.51 127.85 32.80
116.45
H 300x305
106
134.8
12.6
7.26
188.61 181.41 172.69
183.56 162.60 178.96 151.23 173.87 138.66 168.33 124.91
162.35 109.95 155.96 93.70
149.16
H 304x301
106
134.8
13.2
7.57
188.88 182.07 173.86
184.09 164.37 179.76 153.70 174.97 141.91 169.75 129.04
164.13 115.07 158.13 99.94
151.74
H 338x351
106
135.3
14.4
8.33
190.12 184.09 176.87
185.84 168.57 182.00 159.26 177.77 149.00 173.18 137.83
168.24 125.76 162.97 112.77
157.38
H 434x299
106
135
18.6
7.04
188.69 181.18 172.06
185.15 161.50 181.18 149.59 176.81 136.40 172.06 121.95
166.95 106.20 161.50 89.07
155.71
H 600x200
106
134.4
24.0
4.12
182.72 167.07 147.32
175.45 123.85 167.07 96.60
136.04
110.72
135.99
157.67
61.22 127.82
65.22 147.32
44.98
47.92
118.94
36.69 123.85 28.99
H 390x300
107
136
16.9
7.28
190.31 183.08 174.32
186.90 164.19 183.08 152.78 178.88 140.16 174.32 126.35
169.42 111.33 164.19 95.04
158.64
H 482x300
114
145.5
20.4
6.82
203.13 194.68 184.39
199.15 172.46 194.68 158.99 189.75 144.06 184.39 127.67
178.62 109.77 172.46 85.94
165.91
172.25
H 344x348
115
146
15.1
8.76
205.44 199.35 192.09
201.05 183.76 197.15 174.43 192.87 164.17 188.22 153.01
183.23 140.97 177.90 128.04
H 606x201
120
152.5
24.3
4.22
207.71 190.56 168.97
199.73 143.35 190.56 113.68 180.29
156.66
H 440x300
124
157.4
18.9
7.18
220.15 211.62 201.28
H 488x300
128
163.5
20.8
7.04
H 344x354
131
166.6
14.6
8.42
H 612x202
134
170.7
24.6
H 350x350
137
173.9
15.2
H 582x300
137
174.5
H 388x402
140
178.5
43.77 143.35 34.58
129.04
216.12 189.30 211.62 175.81 206.66 160.89 201.28 144.55
195.49 126.76 189.30 107.44
182.74
228.53 219.44 208.41
224.24 195.62 219.44 181.20 214.15 165.25 208.41 147.76
202.22 128.70 195.62 107.96
188.61
234.17 226.85 218.10
228.94 208.03 224.26 196.74 219.12 184.31 213.53 170.78
207.52 156.16 201.11 140.44
194.30
4.32
232.85 214.24 190.84
224.19 163.10 214.24 131.05 203.10
51.17 163.10 40.43
147.63
8.84
244.76 237.60 229.06
239.58 219.27 234.98 208.32 229.93 196.27 224.46 183.17
218.58 169.04 212.31 153.88
205.66
24.3
6.63
243.37 232.85 220.01
238.41 205.10 232.85 188.26 226.70 169.58 220.01 149.04
212.81 126.56 205.10 97.51
196.92
16.6
9.56
251.72 245.07 237.20
246.99 228.20 242.78 218.16 238.17 207.13 233.19 195.17
227.84 182.29 222.15 168.51
216.13
77.81 168.97
90.97 190.84
57.17
66.83
177.50
4-49
Table 4.14(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For H Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight [Note: * = Not Available]
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
Cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
H 388x402
140
178.5
16.6
9.56
251.72 245.07 237.20
246.99 228.20 242.78 218.16 238.17 207.13 233.19 195.17
227.84 182.29 222.15 168.51
216.13
H 446x302
145
184.3
19.0
7.24
257.85 247.97 236.01
253.19 222.16 247.97 206.57 242.24 189.32 236.01 170.44
229.31 149.90 222.16 127.60
214.58
H 394x398
147
186.8
17.3
10.06
263.74 257.22 249.54
259.03 240.78 254.87 231.03 250.34 220.33 245.44 208.73
240.20 196.27 234.62 182.95
228.71
H 494x302
150
191.4
20.9
7.10
267.61 257.09 244.33
262.65 229.55 257.09 212.89 250.98 194.46 244.33 174.26
237.18 152.26 229.55 128.34
221.45
H 588x300
151
192.5
24.8
6.85
268.79 257.67 244.15
263.55 228.45 257.67 210.74 251.19 191.12 244.15 169.58
236.56 146.07 228.45 114.68
219.84
H 350x357
156
198.4
14.7
8.52
278.97 270.39 260.13
272.78 248.35 267.28 235.15 261.23 220.62 254.66 204.80
247.59 187.72 240.05 169.36
232.06
H 692x300
166
211.5
28.5
6.53
294.80 281.78 265.89
288.67 247.41 281.78 226.54 274.18 203.36 265.89 177.86
256.96 149.91 247.41 114.68
237.27
H 394x405
168
214.4
16.7
9.65
302.42 294.53 285.20
296.78 274.54 291.78 262.65 286.30 249.60 280.38 235.44
274.03 220.20 267.28 203.90
260.12
H 400x400
172
218.7
17.5
10.12
308.82 301.25 292.33
303.36 282.17 298.54 270.84 293.28 258.43 287.61 244.98
281.52 230.52 275.05 215.08
268.21
H 594x302
175
222.4
24.8
6.90
310.64 297.94 282.50
304.65 264.59 297.94 244.39 290.54 222.01 282.50 197.46
273.84 170.68 264.59 141.47
254.77
H 700x300
185
235.5
29.2
6.77
328.70 314.90 298.10
322.20 278.59 314.90 256.58 306.86 232.17 298.10 205.37
288.67 176.09 278.59 137.31
267.89
H 792x300
191
243.4
32.3
6.39
338.97 323.53 304.66
331.71 282.69 323.53 257.85 314.50 230.24 304.66 199.82
294.04 166.43 282.69 126.25
270.62
H 400x408
197
250.7
16.8
9.74
353.70 344.59 333.82
347.14 321.53 341.35 307.82 335.01 292.77 328.15 276.45
320.80 258.89 312.98 240.12
304.70
H 800x300
210
267.4
33.0
6.61
372.90 356.73 337.00
365.28 314.07 356.73 288.18 347.28 259.45 337.00 227.86
325.92 193.28 314.07 148.75
301.49
*H 890x299
213
270.9
35.7
6.17
376.72 358.70 336.61
368.25 310.85 358.70 281.70 348.13 249.23 336.61 213.40
324.17 173.92 310.85 130.95
296.69
H 414x405
232
295.4
17.7
10.24
417.24 407.17 395.32
410.03 381.83 403.66 366.80 396.71 350.33 389.21 332.48
381.17 313.31 372.63 292.84
363.59
*H 900x300
243
309.8
36.4
6.38
431.41 411.72 387.65
422.15 359.62 411.72 327.93 400.20 292.70 387.65 253.90
374.11 211.29 359.62 160.19
344.22
*H 428x407
283
360.7
18.2
10.45
509.70 497.71 483.63
501.21 467.61 493.68 449.78 485.47 430.25 476.61 409.10
467.14 386.40 457.06 362.15
446.41
*H 912x302
286
364
37.0
6.57
507.47 485.24 458.11
497.01 426.57 485.24 390.95 472.25 351.40 458.11 307.90
442.87 260.26 426.57 199.61
409.26
*H 458x417
415
528.6
18.8
10.70
747.32 730.27 710.27
735.59 687.55 725.05 662.29 713.58 634.63 701.21 604.70
688.00 572.57 673.95 538.29
659.12
*H 498x432
605
770.1
19.7
11.07
1089.5 1065.7 1037.9 1073.57 1006.4 1059.1 971.33 1043.37 933.00 1026.4 891.55 1008.36 847.10 989.17 799.70
968.91
4-50
Table 4.15: Compression Capacity (Ton) For T Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
T 50x100
8.6
10.95
1.21
2.47
11.27
4.13
1.83
1.83
1.03
1.03
0.66
0.66
0.46
0.46
0.34
0.34
0.26
0.26
0.20
0.20
T 99x99
9.1
11.59
2.84
2.21
14.61
11.26
6.48
9.89
3.64
6.02
2.33
3.85
1.62
2.67
1.19
1.96
0.91
1.50
0.72
1.19
T 74x100
10.5
13.42
1.96
2.37
16.50
11.85
5.90
5.90
3.32
3.32
2.12
2.12
1.47
1.47
1.08
1.08
0.83
0.83
0.66
0.66
T 100x100
10.7
13.58
2.9
2.22
17.14
13.24
7.66
11.83
4.31
7.35
2.76
4.70
1.91
3.27
1.41
2.40
1.08
1.84
0.85
1.45
T 62.5x125
11.9
15.16
1.52
3.11
17.31
9.02
4.01
4.01
2.25
2.25
1.44
1.44
1.00
1.00
0.74
0.74
0.56
0.56
0.45
0.45
T 124x124
12.8
16.34
3.57
2.79
21.38
18.04
13.70
16.65
8.19
13.08
5.24
8.58
3.64
5.96
2.67
4.38
2.05
3.35
1.62
2.65
T 125x125
14.8
18.83
3.63
2.79
24.63
20.78
15.78
19.37
9.43
15.36
6.04
10.22
4.19
7.10
3.08
5.21
2.36
3.99
1.86
3.15
T 97x150
15.3
19.51
2.53
3.61
25.17
20.56
14.51
14.51
8.04
8.04
5.14
5.14
3.57
3.57
2.62
2.62
2.01
2.01
1.59
1.59
T 75x150
15.8
20.07
1.82
3.75
24.23
16.43
7.61
7.61
4.28
4.28
2.74
2.74
1.90
1.90
1.40
1.40
1.07
1.07
0.85
0.85
T 149x149
16
20.4
4.39
3.29
27.20
23.92
19.72
22.96
14.63
19.73
9.10
16.00
6.32
11.25
4.64
8.26
3.55
6.33
2.81
5.00
T 150x150
18.4
23.39
4.45
3.29
31.19
27.43
22.61
26.46
16.77
22.84
10.43
18.66
7.24
13.25
5.32
9.73
4.07
7.45
3.22
5.89
T 87.5x175
20.1
25.61
2.12
4.38
32.03
24.15
13.17
13.17
7.41
7.41
4.74
4.74
3.29
3.29
2.42
2.42
1.85
1.85
1.46
1.46
T 173x174
20.7
26.34
5.08
3.88
35.65
32.31
28.08
31.16
23.03
27.82
17.13
24.00
11.34
19.70
8.33
14.29
6.38
10.94
5.04
8.64
T 122x175
22.1
28.12
3.2
4.18
37.39
32.68
26.64
26.64
19.29
19.29
11.86
11.86
8.24
8.24
6.05
6.05
4.63
4.63
3.66
3.66
T 175x175
24.8
31.57
5.08
3.95
42.79
38.88
33.95
37.35
28.06
33.34
21.20
28.77
14.09
23.61
10.35
17.12
7.93
13.11
6.26
10.36
T 100x200
24.9
31.77
2.41
5.02
40.67
32.61
21.95
21.95
11.88
11.88
7.60
7.60
5.28
5.28
3.88
3.88
2.97
2.97
2.35
2.35
T 100x204
28.1
35.77
2.67
4.88
46.52
38.71
28.53
28.53
16.41
16.41
10.50
10.50
7.29
7.29
5.36
5.36
4.10
4.10
3.24
3.24
T 198x199
28.3
36.08
5.76
4.48
49.34
45.61
40.92
44.14
35.39
40.35
29.01
36.04
20.71
31.23
15.22
25.89
11.65
19.26
9.21
15.22
T 147x200
28.4
36.19
3.97
4.71
49.07
44.62
39.01
39.01
32.32
32.32
24.51
24.51
16.32
16.32
11.99
11.99
9.18
9.18
7.25
7.25
T 122x252
32.2
41.03
3.29
5.98
54.71
48.11
39.66
39.66
29.42
29.42
18.29
18.29
12.70
12.70
9.33
9.33
7.15
7.15
5.65
5.65
4-51
Table 4.15(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For T Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
T 149x201
32.7
41.68
3.99
4.77
56.53
51.45
45.03
45.03
37.38
37.38
13.95
T 104x202
32.8
41.85
2.45
5.13
53.72
43.36
29.68
29.68
16.17
16.17
10.35
10.35
7.19
7.19
5.28
5.28
4.04
4.04
3.19
3.19
T 200x200
33.0
42.06
5.76
4.54
57.57
53.29
47.94
51.46
41.62
47.04
34.34
42.02
24.80
36.41
18.22
30.18
13.95
22.45
11.02
17.74
23.84
28.48
28.48
18.98
18.98
13.95
10.68
10.68
8.44
8.44
T 223x199
33.1
42.15
6.67
4.33
57.51
52.93
47.18
53.20
40.37
49.63
32.50
45.60
22.61
41.13
16.61
36.22
12.72
30.84
10.05
T 124x249
33.2
42.35
2.93
6.29
55.74
47.69
37.26
37.26
23.40
23.40
14.98
14.98
10.40
10.40
7.64
7.64
5.85
5.85
4.62
4.62
T 168x249
34.6
44.08
4.47
5.92
60.27
55.69
49.96
49.96
43.17
43.17
35.35
35.35
25.19
25.19
18.51
18.51
14.17
14.17
11.20
11.20
T 125x250
36.2
46.09
2.99
6.29
60.81
52.30
41.31
41.31
26.52
26.52
16.97
16.97
11.79
11.79
8.66
8.66
6.63
6.63
5.24
5.24
T 225x200
38.0
48.38
6.68
4.40
66.08
60.95
54.50
61.09
46.87
57.00
38.06
52.38
26.79
47.26
19.68
41.63
15.07
35.48
11.91
27.45
T 248x199
39.7
50.64
7.49
4.27
69.03
63.42
56.37
65.20
48.00
61.58
38.33
57.51
26.41
53.01
19.40
48.09
14.86
42.74
11.74
36.96
T 170x250
39.8
50.76
4.48
69.41
64.16
57.58
57.58
49.79
49.79
40.81
40.81
29.14
29.14
21.41
21.41
16.39
16.39
12.95
12.95
T 125x255
41.1
52.34
3.36
6.09
679.93
61.77
51.34
51.34
38.71
38.71
24.34
24.34
16.90
16.90
12.42
12.42
9.51
9.51
7.51
7.51
T147x302
42.3
53.83
3.99
7.16
73.01
66.45
58.16
58.16
48.28
48.28
36.78
36.78
24.51
24.51
18.01
18.01
13.79
13.79
10.90
10.90
T 149x299
43.5
55.40
3.59
7.51
74.49
66.63
56.64
56.64
44.63
44.63
29.41
29.41
20.42
20.42
15.01
15.01
11.49
11.49
9.08
9.08
T 250x200
44.8
57.12
7.5
4.33
77.93
71.73
63.94
73.56
54.70
69.48
44.04
64.90
30.64
59.83
22.51
54.29
17.23
48.28
13.62
41.77
T 150x300
47.0
59.89
3.65
7.51
80.64
72.35
61.81
61.81
49.17
49.17
32.87
32.87
22.82
22.82
16.77
16.77
12.84
12.84
10.14
10.14
T 193x299
47.1
60.05
5.04
7.21
82.70
77.43
70.87
70.87
63.16
63.16
54.36
54.36
44.42
44.42
32.06
32.06
24.54
24.54
19.39
19.39
T 298x199
47.3
60.23
9.29
4.05
81.78
74.60
65.52
78.44
54.73
74.60
42.17
70.28
28.26
65.52
20.76
60.34
15.90
54.73
12.56
48.68
T 253x201
51.5
65.65
7.48
4.43
89.71
82.81
74.15
84.51
63.90
79.81
52.08
74.51
36.86
68.67
27.08
62.28
20.73
55.34
16.38
47.82
T 300x200
52.8
67.21
9.3
4.12
91.38
83.55
73.68
87.74
61.95
83.55
48.33
78.86
32.63
73.68
23.98
68.04
18.36
61.95
14.50
55.38
4-52
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
T 150x305
52.9
67.39
4.05
7.26
91.51
83.47
73.31
73.31
61.23
61.23
47.18
47.18
31.62
31.62
23.23
23.23
17.79
17.79
14.05
14.05
T 152x301
52.9
67.41
3.66
7.57
90.79
81.49
69.68
69.68
55.51
55.51
37.20
37.20
25.83
25.83
18.98
18.98
14.53
14.53
11.48
11.48
T 217x299
53.0
67.52
5.89
7.04
93.71
88.93
83.05
83.05
76.18
76.18
68.39
68.39
59.69
59.69
50.06
50.06
37.69
37.69
29.78
29.78
T 169x351
53.1
67.63
4.59
8.33
92.63
85.86
77.40
77.40
67.39
67.39
55.89
55.89
42.79
42.79
29.95
29.95
22.93
22.93
18.11
18.11
T 195x300
53.4
67.98
5.05
7.28
93.63
87.68
80.28
80.28
71.58
71.58
61.64
61.64
50.42
50.42
36.44
36.44
27.90
27.90
22.04
22.04
T 241x300
57.1
72.76
6.85
6.82
101.58
97.36
92.22
92.29
86.25
86.37
79.52
79.68
72.06
72.27
63.88
64.14
54.94
55.26
43.03
45.58
T 172x348
57.3
73
4.11
8.78
99.23
90.70
79.94
79.94
67.15
67.15
52.30
52.30
35.27
35.27
25.92
25.92
19.84
19.84
15.68
15.68
T 303x201
59.8
76.24
9.28
4.22
103.83
95.25
84.45
99.84
71.62
95.25
56.77
90.11
38.84
84.45
28.53
78.28
21.85
71.62
17.26
64.46
T 220x300
61.8
78.69
5.84
7.68
109.17 103.53
96.59
96.59
88.49
88.49
79.29
79.29
69.02
69.02
57.64
57.64
43.18
43.18
34.12
34.12
T 244x300
64.2
81.76
6.66
7.07
114.05 109.15 103.17
103.17
96.23
96.23
88.40
88.40
79.70
79.70
70.15
70.15
59.70
59.70
46.11
46.11
T 172x354
65.4
83.32
4.65
8.43
114.21 106.03
95.79
95.79
83.71
83.71
69.83
69.83
54.05
54.05
37.86
37.86
28.99
28.99
22.90
22.90
T 306x202
67.0
85.33
9.27
4.31
116.39 107.06
95.34
112.05
81.45 107.06 65.39
101.48
45.34
95.34
33.31
88.66
25.51
81.45
20.15
73.70
T 175x350
68.2
86.94
4.18
8.84
118.33 108.41
95.91
95.91
81.07
63.87
63.87
43.45
43.45
31.93
31.93
24.44
24.44
19.31
19.31
T 291x300
68.5
87.24
8.54
6.63
121.67 116.41 109.99
114.42 102.54 109.26 94.12
103.47
84.78
97.11
74.51
90.18
63.28
82.69
48.75
74.65
5.27
9.54
123.18 115.82 106.69
106.69
95.98
95.98
83.76
83.76
70.04
70.04
52.08
52.08
39.88
39.88
31.51
31.51
94.22
94.22
78.82
78.82
61.32
81.07
70.0
89.23
T 197x398
73.3
93.41
4.68
10.10
128.09 119.00 107.63
107.63
61.32
43.00
43.00
32.92
32.92
26.01
26.01
T 294x300
75.6
96.24
8.35
6.85
134.39 128.83 122.08
125.86 114.24 119.97 105.39 113.38
95.59 106.12
84.84
98.21
73.10
89.66
60.28
80.46
T 175x357
77.9
99.19
4.71
8.53
136.07 126.50 114.55
114.55 100.44 100.44 84.25
84.25
65.87
65.87
46.25
46.25
35.41
35.41
27.98
27.98
T 178x352
79.3
101
4.25
8.9
137.62 126.37 112.20
112.20
75.95
52.19
52.19
38.34
38.34
29.35
29.35
23.19
23.19
T 194x400
95.40
95.40
75.95
4-53
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=1
Kly=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
T 346x300
83
105.7
10.3
6.53
147.33 140.82 132.88
141.53 123.65 136.74 113.21 131.40 101.62 125.55
88.88
119.22
74.91 112.42 57.30
105.15
T 197x405
84.1
107.20
5.34
9.65
148.09 139.40 128.64
128.64 116.02 116.02 101.65 101.65
85.51
85.51
67.46
67.46
49.19
49.19
38.86
38.86
T 200x400
85.8
109.30
4.76
10.10
150.03 139.64 126.67
126.67 111.38 111.38 93.83
73.93
73.93
52.05
52.05
39.85
39.85
31.49
31.49
T 297x302
87.3
111.2
8.44
6.9
155.32 148.96 141.24
145.63 132.27 138.93 122.17 131.43 110.97 123.17
98.68
114.18
85.28 104.47 70.66
94.02
T 350x300
92.4
117.7
10.1
6.78
164.29 157.40 149.02
157.30 139.29 151.81 128.30 145.70 116.13 139.00 102.76
131.74
88.15 123.93 68.79
115.59
T 396x300
95.6
121.7
12.1
6.38
169.48 161.75 152.29
165.20 141.29 160.80 128.85 155.92 115.02 150.60
99.79
144.85
83.06 138.70 62.98
132.15
98.4
125.30
5.40
9.75
172.77 162.80 150.46
150.46 135.99 135.99 119.51 119.51 101.03 101.03
80.38
80.38
58.65
46.34
46.34
T 400x300
105
133.7
11.9
6.62
186.46 178.38 168.52
181.26 157.07 176.31 144.15 170.82 129.80 164.83 114.02
158.36
96.76 151.43 74.49
144.05
T 207x405
116.0 147.70
4.95
10.20
203.20 189.91 173.36
173.36 153.88 153.88 131.59 131.59 106.40 106.40
76.06
58.23
46.01
T 200x408
KLx=7
93.83
76.06
58.65
58.23
46.01
Note: The availability of the sections can be checked from Chapter 2 Table for Properties of SYS Steel Sections **- Currently not available].
4-54
Table 4.16: Compression Capacity (Ton) For EL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
1.12
1.427
0.747
0.747
0.82
0.21
EL 30x30
1.36
1.727
0.908
0.908
1.41
0.37
0.16
0.16
EL 25x25
1.77
2.26
0.73
0.73
1.24
0.31
0.14
0.14
EL 40x40
1.83
2.336
1.23
1.23
2.43
0.91
0.40
0.40
EL 30x30
2.18
2.78
0.88
0.88
2.19
0.55
0.25
EL 50x50
2.33
2.96
1.52
1.52
3.38
1.76
0.78
EL 40x40
2.42
3.08
1.21
1.21
3.17
1.16
EL 45x45
2.74
3.492
1.36
1.36
3.81
1.66
EL 40x40
2.95
3.755
1.2
1.2
3.85
EL 50x50
3.06
3.892
1.53
1.53
EL 45x45
3.38
4.302
1.36
1.36
EL 40x40
3.52
4.48
1.19
EL 60x60
3.68
4.692
EL 50x50
3.77
4.802
EL 50x50
4.43
5.644
EL 60x60
4.55
5.802
EL 65x65
5.00
6.367
EL 25x25
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.23
0.23
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.25
0.14
0.14
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.78
0.44
0.44
0.28
0.28
0.20
0.52
0.52
0.29
0.29
0.19
0.19
0.74
0.74
0.42
0.42
0.27
0.27
1.39
0.62
0.62
0.35
0.35
0.22
4.45
2.46
1.04
1.04
0.59
0.59
4.70
2.05
0.91
0.91
0.51
0.51
1.19
4.57
1.63
0.73
0.73
0.41
1.85
1.85
5.69
3.91
1.84
1.84
1.52
1.52
5.48
2.86
1.27
1.27
1.5
1.5
6.41
3.27
1.45
1.45
0.82
0.82
0.52
1.84
1.84
7.02
4.81
2.25
2.25
1.26
1.26
0.81
1.99
1.99
7.86
5.70
2.89
2.89
1.62
1.62
1.04
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.20
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.13
0.13
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.22
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.38
0.38
0.26
0.26
0.19
0.19
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.12
0.33
0.33
0.23
0.23
0.17
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.10
0.10
0.41
0.26
0.26
0.18
0.18
0.13
0.13
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
1.03
1.03
0.66
0.66
0.46
0.46
0.34
0.34
0.26
0.26
0.20
0.20
0.71
0.71
0.46
0.46
0.32
0.32
0.23
0.23
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.52
0.36
0.36
0.27
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.16
0.16
0.81
0.56
0.56
0.41
0.41
0.32
0.32
0.25
0.25
1.04
0.72
0.72
0.53
0.53
0.41
0.41
0.32
0.32
EL 65x65
5.91
7.527
1.98
1.98
9.28
6.71
3.38
3.38
1.90
1.90
1.22
1.22
0.84
0.84
0.62
0.62
0.47
0.47
0.38
0.38
EL 70x70
6.38
8.127
2.14
2.14
10.18
7.72
4.26
4.26
2.40
2.40
1.53
1.53
1.06
1.06
0.78
0.78
0.60
0.60
0.47
0.47
EL 75x75
6.85
8.727
2.3
2.3
11.08
8.71
5.55
5.55
2.97
2.97
1.90
1.90
1.32
1.32
0.97
0.97
0.74
0.74
0.59
0.59
4-55
Table 4.16(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For EL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
EL 80x80
7.32
9.327
2.46
2.46
11.98
9.68
6.66
6.66
3.63
3.63
2.33
2.33
1.61
1.61
1.19
1.19
0.91
0.91
0.72
0.72
EL 65x65
7.66
9.761
1.94
1.94
11.97
8.53
4.20
4.20
2.36
2.36
1.51
1.51
1.05
1.05
0.77
0.77
0.59
0.59
0.47
0.47
EL 90x90
8.28
10.55
2.77
2.77
13.79
11.61
8.77
8.77
5.21
5.21
3.33
3.33
2.32
2.32
1.70
1.70
1.30
1.30
1.03
1.03
EL 90x90
9.59
12.22
2.76
2.76
15.96
13.43
10.12
10.12
5.99
5.99
3.83
3.83
2.66
2.66
1.96
1.96
1.50
1.50
1.18
1.18
EL 75x75
9.96
12.69
2.25
2.25
16.05
12.48
7.35
7.35
4.13
4.13
2.65
2.65
1.84
1.84
1.35
1.35
1.03
1.03
0.82
0.82
EL 100x100
10.7
13.62
3.08
3.08
18.03
15.62
12.52
12.52
8.73
8.73
5.32
5.32
3.70
3.70
2.72
2.72
2.08
2.08
1.64
1.64
EL 75x75
13
16.56
2.22
2.22
20.90
16.14
9.34
9.34
5.25
5.25
3.36
3.36
2.33
2.33
1.72
1.72
1.31
1.31
1.04
1.04
EL 90x90
13.3
17
2.71
2.71
22.15
18.53
13.80
13.80
8.04
8.04
5.14
5.14
3.57
3.57
2.62
2.62
2.01
2.01
1.59
1.59
EL 120x120
14.7
18.76
3.71
3.71
25.30
22.76
19.54
19.54
15.68
15.68
10.64
10.64
7.39
7.39
5.43
5.43
4.15
4.15
3.28
3.28
EL 100x100
14.9
19
3.04
3.04
25.12
21.69
17.28
17.28
11.30
11.30
7.23
7.23
5.02
5.02
3.69
3.69
2.83
2.83
2.23
2.23
EL 90x90
15.9
20.3
2.7
2.7
26.44
22.08
16.41
16.41
9.52
9.52
6.10
6.10
4.23
4.23
3.11
3.11
2.38
2.38
1.88
1.88
EL 90x90
17.0
21.71
2.68
2.68
28.25
23.54
17.39
17.39
10.04
10.04
6.42
6.42
4.46
4.46
3.28
3.28
2.51
2.51
1.98
1.98
EL 100x100
17.8
22.7
3.02
3.02
29.99
25.85
20.52
20.52
13.33
13.33
8.53
8.53
5.92
5.92
4.35
4.35
3.33
3.33
2.63
2.63
EL 130x130
17.9
22.74
4.01
4.01
30.85
28.10
24.63
24.63
20.49
20.49
15.67
15.67
10.46
10.46
7.68
7.68
5.88
5.88
4.65
4.65
EL 100x100
19.1
24.31
32.09
27.62
21.85
21.85
14.08
14.08
9.01
9.01
6.26
6.26
4.60
4.60
3.52
3.52
2.78
2.78
EL 130x130
23.40
29.76
3.96
3.96
40.34
36.67
32.04
32.04
26.51
26.51
20.07
20.07
13.35
13.35
9.81
9.81
7.51
7.51
5.93
5.93
EL 150x150
27.3
34.77
4.61
4.61
47.63
44.18
39.85
39.85
34.74
34.74
28.87
28.87
22.19
22.19
15.53
15.53
11.89
11.89
9.39
9.39
EL 130x130
28.8
36.75
3.93
3.93
49.79
45.21
39.42
39.42
32.52
32.52
24.46
24.46
16.24
16.24
11.93
11.93
9.13
9.13
7.22
7.22
EL 175x175
31.8
40.52
5.38
5.38
56.00
52.75
48.72
48.72
44.01
44.01
38.64
38.64
32.61
32.61
25.87
25.87
18.87
18.87
14.91
14.91
EL 150x150
33.6
42.74
4.56
4.56
58.51
54.20
48.80
48.80
42.41
42.41
35.07
35.07
25.42
25.42
18.68
18.68
14.30
14.30
11.30
11.30
4-56
Table 4.16(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For L Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
EL 175x175
39.4
50.21
5.35
5.35
69.37
65.31
60.28
60.28
54.39
54.39
47.68
47.68
40.14
40.14
31.71
31.71
23.12
23.12
18.27
18.27
EL 150x150
41.9
53.38
4.52
4.52
73.04
67.58
60.75
60.75
52.67
52.67
43.36
43.36
31.20
31.20
22.92
22.92
17.55
17.55
13.87
13.87
EL 200x200
45.3
57.75
6.14
6.14
80.29
76.43
71.69
71.69
66.17
66.17
59.91
59.91
52.95
52.95
45.25
45.25
36.77
36.77
27.68
27.68
EL 200x200
59.7
76
6.09
6.09
105.63 100.49
94.18
94.18
86.82
86.82
78.49
78.49
69.20
69.20
58.94
58.94
47.62
47.62
35.84
35.84
96.37
84.76
84.76
71.93
71.93
55.03
55.03
EL 200x200
73.6
93.75
6.04
6.04
130.26 123.84 115.97
115.97 106.78 106.78 96.37
43.48
43.48
EL 250x250
93.7
119.4
7.63
7.63
167.34 161.37 154.17
154.17 145.86 145.86 136.51 136.51 126.19 126.19 114.92
114.92 102.69 102.69 89.47
89.47
EL 250x250
128.0
162.6
7.49
7.49
227.75 219.42 209.36
209.36 197.73 197.73 184.65 184.65 170.19 170.19 154.40
154.40 137.24 137.24 118.66
118.66
4-57
Table 4.17: Compression Capacity (Ton) For UL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
11.87
3.15
2.19
14.94
11.46
13.62
4.01
2.11
17.02
12.80
6.94
14.04
2.78
2.2
17.69
13.60
7.78
3.11
2.15
20.69
15.72
8.73
15.29
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
UL 100x75
9.32
6.51
UL 125x75
10.7
UL 90x75
11
UL 100x75
13
16.5
UL 125x75
14.9
19.00
3.96
2.06
23.62
17.51
9.23
UL 125x90
16.1
20.5
3.94
2.59
26.54
21.87
15.74
11.11
3.66
7.93
2.35
4.85
1.63
14.75
3.90
12.27
2.50
9.38
1.73
11.72
4.37
6.98
2.80
4.47
1.94
4.91
10.77
3.14
6.57
2.18
20.45
5.19
16.93
3.32
12.81
22.02
8.85
18.18
5.66
13.70
3.37
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
1.20
2.48
0.92
1.90
0.72
1.50
6.26
1.27
4.60
0.98
3.52
0.77
2.78
3.10
1.43
2.28
1.09
1.75
0.86
1.38
4.57
1.60
3.35
1.23
2.57
0.97
2.03
2.31
8.52
1.69
6.26
1.30
4.79
1.03
3.79
3.93
9.10
2.89
6.69
2.21
5.12
1.75
4.05
UL 150x90
16.4
20.94
4.81
2.52
27.00
22.03
15.49
24.35
8.56
21.47
5.48
18.16
3.80
14.42
2.79
10.18
2.14
7.80
1.69
6.16
UL 150x100
17.1
21.84
4.79
2.88
28.69
24.43
18.90
25.36
11.66
22.34
7.46
18.87
5.18
14.93
3.81
10.53
2.91
8.06
2.30
6.37
UL 125x75
19.1
24.31
3.93
2.04
30.16
22.23
11.58
26.08
6.51
21.51
4.17
16.18
2.89
10.74
2.13
7.89
1.63
6.04
1.29
4.77
UL 125x90
20.6
26.26
3.91
2.57
33.96
27.90
19.96
28.10
11.16
23.13
7.14
17.32
4.96
11.48
3.65
8.44
2.79
6.46
2.21
5.10
UL 150x90
21.5
27.36
4.76
2.47
35.17
28.47
19.65
31.71
10.74
27.88
6.88
23.49
4.77
18.51
3.51
13.03
2.69
9.97
2.12
7.88
UL 150x100
22.4
28.56
4.74
2.83
37.43
31.71
24.29
33.05
14.72
29.03
9.42
24.42
6.54
19.18
4.81
13.49
3.68
10.33
2.91
8.16
UL 150x100
27.7
35.25
4.71
2.8
46.13
38.97
29.66
40.71
17.79
35.69
11.38
29.94
7.91
23.41
5.81
16.43
4.45
12.58
3.51
9.94
4-58
Table 4.18: Compression Capacity (Ton) For ELL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
ELL 25x25
2.24
2.854
0.75
1.15
1.64
0.41
0.18
0.18
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
ELL 25x25
2.72
3.454
0.73
1.28
1.89
0.47
0.21
0.21
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
ELL 30x30
3.54
4.52
0.91
1.35
3.68
0.96
0.43
0.43
0.24
0.24
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
ELL 30x30
3.66
4.672
0.88
1.46
3.68
0.93
0.42
0.42
0.23
0.23
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
ELL 40x40
4.36
5.56
1.23
1.75
5.77
2.16
0.96
0.96
0.54
0.54
0.35
0.35
0.24
0.24
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.11
ELL 40x40
4.66
5.92
1.20
1.79
6.08
2.21
0.98
0.98
0.55
0.55
0.35
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.11
ELL 40x40
4.84
6.16
1.20
1.86
6.31
2.29
1.02
1.02
0.57
0.57
0.37
0.37
0.25
0.25
0.19
0.19
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.11
ELL 40x40
5.48
6.984
1.19
1.91
7.11
2.53
1.13
1.13
0.63
0.63
0.41
0.41
0.28
0.28
0.21
0.21
0.16
0.16
0.13
0.13
ELL 45x45
5.9
7.51
1.36
1.98
8.21
3.60
1.60
1.60
0.90
0.90
0.58
0.58
0.40
0.40
0.29
0.29
0.22
0.22
0.18
0.18
ELL 45x45
6.12
7.784
1.36
2.04
8.49
3.68
1.64
1.64
0.92
0.92
0.59
0.59
0.41
0.41
0.30
0.30
0.23
0.23
0.18
0.18
ELL 50x50
6.76
8.604
1.52
2.11
9.83
5.39
2.28
2.28
1.28
1.28
0.82
0.82
0.57
0.57
0.42
0.42
0.32
0.32
0.25
0.25
ELL 50x50
7.04
8.96
1.53
2.19
10.24
5.64
2.39
2.39
1.34
1.34
0.86
0.86
0.60
0.60
0.44
0.44
0.34
0.34
0.27
0.27
ELL 50x50
7.36
9.384
1.52
2.25
10.71
5.58
2.48
2.48
1.40
1.40
0.89
0.89
0.62
0.62
0.46
0.46
0.35
0.35
0.28
0.28
ELL 50x50
7.54
9.604
1.49
2.29
10.90
5.52
2.45
2.45
1.38
1.38
0.88
0.88
0.61
0.61
0.45
0.45
0.34
0.34
0.27
0.27
ELL 60x60
8.86
11.288
1.85
2.59
13.68
9.39
4.40
4.40
2.48
2.48
1.59
1.59
1.10
1.10
0.81
0.81
0.62
0.62
0.49
0.49
ELL 60x60
9.1
11.604
1.84
2.65
14.04
9.60
4.49
4.49
2.52
2.52
1.61
1.61
1.12
1.12
0.82
0.82
0.63
0.63
0.50
0.50
ELL 65x65
10
12.734
1.99
2.84
15.72
11.41
5.79
5.79
3.26
3.26
2.08
2.08
1.45
1.45
1.06
1.06
0.81
0.81
0.64
0.64
ELL 65x65
11.82
15.054
1.98
2.89
18.54
13.39
6.73
6.73
3.78
3.78
2.42
2.42
1.68
1.68
1.24
1.24
0.95
0.95
0.75
0.75
ELL 65x65
12.76
16.254
1.94
2.99
19.94
14.22
7.01
7.01
3.94
3.94
2.52
2.52
1.75
1.75
1.29
1.29
0.99
0.99
0.78
0.78
ELL 70x70
13.7
17.454
2.14
3.09
21.86
16.55
9.12
9.12
5.13
5.13
3.28
3.28
2.28
2.28
1.67
1.67
1.28
1.28
1.01
1.01
KLx=7
4-59
Table 4.18(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For ELL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
ELL 75x75
14.64
18.654
2.30
3.29
23.69
18.61
11.84
11.84
6.34
6.34
4.06
4.06
2.82
2.82
2.07
2.07
1.59
1.59
1.25
1.25
ELL 75x75
15.32
19.522
2.25
3.46
24.70
19.22
11.34
11.34
6.38
6.38
4.08
4.08
2.83
2.83
2.08
2.08
1.59
1.59
1.26
1.26
ELL 75x75
16.56
21.1
2.22
3.65
26.63
20.59
11.94
11.94
6.72
6.72
4.30
4.30
2.99
2.99
2.19
2.19
1.68
1.68
1.33
1.33
ELL 80x80
19.18
24.44
2.46
3.49
31.39
25.37
17.43
17.43
9.51
9.51
6.09
6.09
4.23
4.23
3.11
3.11
2.38
2.38
1.88
1.88
ELL 90x90
19.92
25.38
2.77
3.88
33.16
27.91
21.07
21.07
12.50
12.50
8.00
8.00
5.55
5.55
4.08
4.08
3.12
3.12
2.47
2.47
ELL 90x90
21.4
27.24
2.76
3.94
35.58
29.92
22.56
22.56
13.34
13.34
8.54
8.54
5.93
5.93
4.36
4.36
3.34
3.34
2.64
2.64
ELL 90x90
26
33.12
2.71
4.10
43.16
36.10
26.90
26.90
15.67
15.67
10.03
10.03
6.97
6.97
5.12
5.12
3.92
3.92
3.10
3.10
ELL 90x90
26.6
34
2.70
4.23
44.28
36.99
27.48
27.48
15.95
15.95
10.21
10.21
7.09
7.09
5.21
5.21
3.99
3.99
3.15
3.15
ELL 90x90
29.4
37.52
2.68
4.28
48.82
40.68
30.07
30.07
17.35
17.35
11.11
11.11
7.71
7.71
5.67
5.67
4.34
4.34
3.43
3.43
ELL 100x100
29.8
38
3.08
4.34
50.31
43.58
34.91
34.91
24.31
24.31
14.83
14.83
10.30
10.30
7.56
7.56
5.79
5.79
4.58
4.58
ELL 100x100
31.8
40.6
3.03
4.50
53.66
46.33
36.86
36.86
24.07
24.07
15.40
15.40
10.70
10.70
7.86
7.86
6.02
6.02
4.75
4.75
ELL 100x100
34
43.42
3.02
4.62
57.36
49.45
39.26
39.26
25.48
25.48
16.31
16.31
11.33
11.33
8.32
8.32
6.37
6.37
5.03
5.03
ELL 100x100
35.6
45.4
3.01
4.68
59.95
51.63
40.91
40.91
26.44
26.44
16.92
16.92
11.75
11.75
8.63
8.63
6.61
6.61
5.22
5.22
ELL 120x120
35.8
45.48
3.71
5.20
61.32
55.17
47.35
47.35
37.99
37.99
25.76
25.76
17.89
17.89
13.15
13.15
10.06
10.06
7.95
7.95
ELL 130x130
38.2
48.62
4.01
5.65
65.97
60.09
52.66
52.66
43.82
43.82
33.52
33.52
22.39
22.39
16.45
16.45
12.59
12.59
9.95
9.95
ELL 130x130
46.8
59.52
3.96
5.80
80.68
73.36
64.09
64.09
53.04
53.04
40.17
40.17
26.72
26.72
19.63
19.63
15.03
15.03
11.87
11.87
ELL 130x130
54.6
69.54
3.93
5.98
94.21
85.56
74.61
74.61
61.55
61.55
46.31
46.31
30.75
30.75
22.59
22.59
17.29
17.29
13.66
13.66
ELL 150x150
57.6
73.5
4.61
6.61
100.70
93.40
84.27
84.27
73.48
73.48
61.08
61.08
46.97
46.97
32.88
32.88
25.17
25.17
19.89
19.89
ELL 150x150
63.6
81.04
4.56
6.76
110.94 102.76
92.51
92.51
80.40
80.40
66.46
66.46
48.17
48.17
35.39
35.39
27.09
27.09
21.41
21.41
ELL 150x150
67.2
85.48
4.52
7.00
116.96 108.22
97.27
97.27
84.32
84.32
69.42
69.42
49.93
49.93
36.68
36.68
28.09
28.09
22.19
22.19
4-60
Table 4.18(Continued): Compression Capacity (Ton) For ELL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
cm
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
Kly=1
Kly=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
ELL 175x175
78.8 100.42
5.37
7.57
138.76 130.70 120.71
120.71 109.00 109.00 95.67
95.67
80.70
80.70
63.97
63.97
46.66
46.66
36.86
36.86
ELL 175x175
83.8 106.76
5.36
7.75
147.50 138.89 128.22
128.22 115.70 115.70 101.45 101.45
85.45
85.45
67.56
67.56
49.27
49.27
38.93
38.93
ELL 200x200
90.6
115.5
6.14
8.74
160.59 152.87 143.40
143.40 132.36 132.36 119.87 119.87 105.95 105.95
90.58
90.58
73.64
73.64
55.43
55.43
ELL 200x200
119.4
152
6.09
9.03
211.27 200.99 188.37
188.37 173.66 173.66 156.99 156.99 138.43 138.43 117.92
117.92
95.29
95.29
71.71
71.71
ELL 200x200
147.2 187.5
6.04
9.33
260.51 247.68 231.93
231.93 213.55 213.55 192.73 192.73 169.52 169.52 143.86
143.86 110.06 110.06 86.96
86.96
ELL 250x250
187.4 238.8
7.63
11.31
334.68 322.74 308.34
308.34 291.71 291.71 273.02 273.02 252.38 252.38 229.83
229.83 205.37 205.37 178.91
178.91
7.49
11.86
455.49 438.81 418.67
418.67 395.39 395.39 369.21 369.21 340.27 340.27 308.65
308.65 274.30 274.30 237.10
237.10
ELL 250x250
256
325.2
4-61
Table 4.18: Compression Capacity (Ton) For ULLL Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
cm
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
ULLL 90x75
18.64 23.74
2.79
3.29
31.05
26.19
19.87
19.87
11.86
11.86
7.59
7.59
5.27
5.27
3.87
3.87
2.97
2.97
2.34
2.34
ULLL 100x75
21.4
27.24
3.15
3.09
36.08
31.28
25.11
25.51
17.56
18.22
10.71
11.15
7.44
7.75
5.46
5.69
4.18
4.36
3.31
3.44
ULLL 100x75
22
28.08
3.10
3.25
37.21
32.30
25.98
25.98
18.26
18.26
11.15
11.15
7.74
7.74
5.69
5.69
4.35
4.35
3.44
3.44
ULLL 125x75
26
33
4.01
2.90
43.38
36.99
28.73
35.74
17.83
29.73
11.41
22.73
7.92
15.18
5.82
11.15
4.46
8.54
3.52
6.75
ULLL 125x75
29.8
38
3.97
3.05
50.26
43.45
34.67
40.94
23.92
33.91
14.58
25.71
10.13
17.11
7.44
12.57
5.70
9.62
4.50
7.60
ULLL 125x75
32.2
41
3.93
3.24
54.58
47.85
39.21
43.99
28.72
36.30
17.74
27.32
12.32
18.14
9.05
13.33
6.93
10.20
5.48
8.06
ULLL 125x90
32.8
41.88
3.94
3.76
56.53
50.98
43.92
44.97
35.49
37.13
24.38
27.98
16.93
18.58
12.44
13.65
9.52
10.45
7.52
8.26
ULLL 125x90
34.2
43.68
3.91
3.94
59.15
53.66
46.72
46.72
38.44
38.44
28.78
28.78
19.08
19.08
14.02
14.02
10.73
10.73
8.48
8.48
ULLL 150x90
38.2
48.62
4.81
3.51
65.23
58.11
49.02
56.55
38.09
49.86
24.64
42.19
17.11
33.50
12.57
23.67
9.63
18.12
7.61
14.32
ULLL 150x90
41.2
52.52
4.76
3.66
70.73
63.49
54.29
60.85
43.25
53.49
28.98
45.06
20.12
35.48
14.78
24.97
11.32
19.12
8.94
15.11
ULLL 150x100
43
54.72
4.79
3.98
74.21
67.52
59.06
63.57
48.98
55.99
37.25
47.31
24.81
37.47
18.23
26.43
13.96
20.24
11.03
15.99
ULLL 150x100
44.8
57.12
4.74
4.13
77.67
71.04
62.68
66.11
52.74
58.07
41.20
48.84
27.85
38.37
20.46
26.99
15.66
20.66
12.38
16.32
ULLL 150x100
55.4
70.5
4.71
4.31
96.16
88.46
78.78
81.41
67.31
71.39
54.05
59.88
37.49
46.81
27.54
32.87
21.09
25.17
16.66
19.88
4-62
Table 4.19: Compression Capacity (Ton) For ULLS Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
cm
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
2.20
4.24
29.91
23.02
13.18
ULLS 75x90
18.64 23.74
ULLS 75x100
21.4
27.24
2.19
4.64
34.28
26.30
ULLS 75x100
22
28.08
2.15
4.81
35.21
26.73
ULLS 75x125
26
33
2.11
5.99
41.21
30.95
ULLS 75x125
29.8
38
2.06
6.17
47.25
ULLS 75x125
32.2
41
2.04
6.36
50.85
ULLS 90x125
32.8
41.88
2.59
5.94
ULLS 90x125
34.2
43.68
2.57
6.13
ULLS 90x150
38.2
48.62
2.52
7.23
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
13.18
7.41
7.41
4.74
4.74
3.29
3.29
2.42
2.42
1.85
1.85
1.46
1.46
14.94
14.94
8.40
8.40
5.38
5.38
3.74
3.74
2.74
2.74
2.10
2.10
1.66
1.66
14.82
14.82
8.34
8.34
5.33
5.33
3.70
3.70
2.72
2.72
2.08
2.08
1.65
1.65
16.75
16.75
9.42
9.42
6.03
6.03
4.19
4.19
3.08
3.08
2.35
2.35
1.86
1.86
35.06
18.49
18.49
10.40
10.40
6.66
6.66
4.62
4.62
3.40
3.40
2.60
2.60
2.05
2.05
37.46
19.49
19.49
10.96
10.96
7.02
7.02
4.87
4.87
3.58
3.58
2.74
2.74
2.17
2.17
54.24
44.71
32.23
32.23
18.15
18.15
11.61
11.61
8.06
8.06
5.93
5.93
4.54
4.54
3.58
3.58
56.48
46.38
33.14
33.14
18.52
18.52
11.85
11.85
8.23
8.23
6.05
6.05
4.63
4.63
3.66
3.66
62.69
51.14
35.97
35.97
19.88
19.88
12.72
12.72
8.83
8.83
6.49
6.49
4.97
4.97
3.93
3.93
4.08
ULLS 90x150
41.2
52.52
2.47
7.40
67.51
54.66
37.73
37.73
20.63
20.63
13.21
13.21
9.17
9.17
6.74
6.74
5.16
5.16
4.08
ULLS 100x150
43
54.72
2.88
7.08
71.87
61.19
47.35
47.35
29.19
29.19
18.68
18.68
12.97
12.97
9.53
9.53
7.30
7.30
5.77
5.77
ULLS 100x150
44.8
57.12
2.83
7.25
74.84
63.38
48.51
48.51
29.35
29.35
18.78
18.78
13.04
13.04
9.58
9.58
7.34
7.34
5.80
5.80
ULLS 100x150
55.4
70.5
2.80
7.43
92.26
77.91
59.27
59.27
35.53
35.53
22.74
22.74
15.79
15.79
11.60
11.60
8.88
8.88
7.02
7.02
4-63
Table 4.20: Compression Capacity (Ton) For CCI Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
9.84
1.85
1.28
10.42
4.13
13.84 17.636
2.92
1.93
21.60
18.72 23.84
3.97
2.32
30.33
CCI 125x65
26.8
34.22
4.98
2.91
CCI 150x75
37.2
47.42
6.03
CCI 150x75
42.8
54.4
5.86
CCI 180x75
48
61.18
CCI 200x80
49.2
62.66
CCI 200x90
60.6
77.3
CCI 50x25
7.72
CCI 75x40
CCI 100x50
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
2.16
0.66
1.38
0.46
0.96
KLx=7
KLx=8
KLx=9
1.83
3.84
1.03
0.34
0.71
0.26
0.54
0.20
0.43
15.34
7.52
15.48
4.23
9.69
2.71
6.20
1.88
4.31
1.38
23.92
15.41
25.70
8.26
21.29
5.29
16.16
3.67
10.76
2.70
3.17
1.06
2.42
0.84
1.91
7.90
2.07
6.05
1.63
45.00
38.41
29.89
40.24
18.62
35.76
11.91
30.64
8.27
24.86
6.08
17.82
4.78
4.65
13.64
3.68
10.78
3.42
63.48
56.28
47.09
58.63
36.00
53.96
22.89
48.68
15.90
42.79
11.68
36.27
8.94
27.71
7.07
21.89
3.52
73.02
65.10
55.01
66.83
42.87
61.25
27.84
54.92
19.33
47.86
14.20
40.03
10.87
30.05
8.59
23.74
7.12
3.31
81.63
71.89
59.41
77.12
44.31
71.89
27.64
65.97
19.19
59.41
14.10
52.20
10.80
44.31
8.53
34.12
7.89
3.47
83.98
74.66
62.76
79.67
48.42
74.66
31.09
69.02
21.59
62.76
15.86
55.91
12.14
48.42
9.60
40.27
8.03
4.13
105.11
96.13
84.80
100.55
71.34
95.55
55.71
89.93
37.65
83.74
27.66
76.99
21.18
69.69
16.73
61.81
CCI 250x90
69.2
88.14
9.74
3.85
119.20 107.88
93.54
113.95
76.42 107.88 56.37
101.07
37.30
93.54
27.40
85.33
20.98
76.42
16.58
66.78
CCI 250x90
76.2
97.14
9.56
3.89
131.49 119.22 103.68
125.79
85.13 119.22 63.47
111.83
42.05 103.68
30.89
94.78
23.65
85.13
18.69
74.71
CCI 300x90
80.4 102.34
11.51
3.67
137.87 123.84 105.99
131.37
84.61 123.84 56.87
115.36
39.49 105.99
29.02
95.75
22.22
84.61
17.55
72.53
CCI 300x90
87.6 111.48
11.53
3.81
150.65 136.15 117.76
143.92
95.78 136.15 70.03
127.41
46.32 117.76
34.03
107.22
26.05
95.78
20.59
83.41
CCI 300x90
97.2
123.8
11.28
3.80
167.25 151.06 130.53
159.74 105.98 151.06 73.52
141.30
51.06 130.53
37.51
118.75
28.72 105.98 22.69
92.15
CCI 380x100
109
138.78
14.46
4.04
188.41 171.80 150.81
180.69 125.84 171.80 96.79
161.82
64.81 150.81
47.61
138.82
36.45 125.84 28.80
111.85
CCI 380x100 134.6 171.42
14.33
4.22
233.47 214.18 189.90
224.50 161.07 214.18 127.70 202.62
87.37 189.90
64.19
176.04
49.15 161.07 38.83
144.97
4-64
Table 4.21: Compression Capacity (Ton) For CCB Sections For L=1 m To 9 m (Qs = 1and Qa = 1) -Sorted by Section Weight
Effective KL (m)
Section
Name
Wght
Kg/m
Ax
2
rx
ry
KLx=1
KLx=2
KLx=3
KLx=4
KLx=5
KLx=6
KLx=8
KLx=9
cm
cm
cm
Kly=1
Kly=2
9.84
19.91
1.83
11.90
8.12
3.79
10.18
13.84 17.636
14.87
2.96
23.25
19.95
15.68
21.72
9.97
19.95
6.38
17.93
18.72 23.84
12.79
3.76
32.18
29.02
25.01
30.72
20.22
29.02
13.90
27.12
26.8
34.22
10.68
4.98
47.09
44.04
40.23
45.67
35.76
44.04
30.64
42.22
CCB 150x75
37.2
47.42
9.07
5.67
65.70
62.17
57.81
62.65
52.70
60.07
46.91
CCB 150x75
42.8
54.4
7.98
5.63
75.35
71.25
66.20
70.71
60.29
67.16
53.57
CCB 180x75
48
61.18
8.47
5.80
84.85
80.43
74.98
80.15
68.62
76.49
CCB 200x80
49.2
62.66
7.89
6.24
87.18
83.07
78.04
81.31
72.18
77.15
CCB 200x90
60.6
77.3
8.03
6.81
107.91 103.42
97.94
100.55
91.59
95.55
CCB 250x90
69.2
88.14
9.74
7.09
CCB 250x90
76.2
97.14
9.56
7.07
CCB 300x90
80.4 102.34
11.51
7.23
CCB 300x90
87.6 111.48
11.53
7.13
155.89 149.79 142.39
150.76 133.82 146.44 124.17 141.66 113.49 136.43 101.79
CCB 300x90
97.2
123.8
11.28
7.16
173.14 166.41 158.25
167.11 148.80 162.17 138.15 156.68 126.37 150.68 113.47
CCB 380x100 109
138.78
14.46
8.08
194.84 188.41 180.69
190.63 171.80 186.70 161.83 182.37 150.83 177.67 138.84
172.61 125.86 167.22 111.87
161.49
CCB 380x100 134.6 171.42
14.46
7.96
240.55 232.45 222.70
235.47 211.47 230.61 198.85 225.26 184.94 219.46 169.77
213.21 153.34 206.54 135.61
199.47
CCB 50x25
7.72
CCB 75x40
CCB 100x50
CCB 125x65
KLx=7
2.13
8.12
1.36
5.45
0.95
3.79
0.70
2.78
4.43
15.68
3.26
13.19
9.65
25.01
7.09
22.71
24.85
40.23
17.82
38.08
57.19
40.43
54.03
33.23
63.18
46.06
58.79
37.70
61.39
72.38
53.32
67.86
65.55
72.48
58.18
67.33
84.42
89.93
76.48
83.74
123.22 118.36 112.47
117.36 105.64 113.03 97.94
108.21
89.42 102.92
135.80 130.42 123.90
129.10 116.35 124.20 107.83 118.74
98.41 112.75
143.18 137.69 131.04
138.38 123.34 134.41 114.67 130.01 105.08 125.20
94.58
0.53
2.13
0.42
1.68
2.49
9.97
1.97
7.88
5.43
20.22
4.29
17.51
13.64
35.76
10.78
33.28
50.59
24.56
46.88
19.40
42.91
54.00
27.78
48.82
21.95
43.22
44.37
62.93
33.13
57.62
26.18
51.90
50.04
61.72
41.08
55.63
30.98
49.06
67.75
76.99
58.23
69.69
45.56
61.81
80.09
97.17
69.92
91.00
58.86
84.39
88.08
106.25
76.83
99.25
64.59
91.76
120.00
83.16 114.43 70.76
108.50
130.78
89.05 124.72 75.20
118.27
144.20
99.43 137.24 84.16
129.83
4-65
4.10. Software Implementation

The axial member design module of the SYSDesigner (SYS Steel Designers
Software) has been developed based on the theory described in chapter 3 and 4 of
this manual. The flow diagram for the design of axial compression member on which
this module has been based is shown in the General Procedure section of this
chapter. However the factors Qa and Qs are not incorporated into the program thought
they are shown in the flow diagram because these factors are applicable for very few
hot rolled sections and the effect is also not so significant. Moreover the program will
check only the bend buckling or flexural buckling mode of failure of member which
may be important for some shapes such as T or L.
The program computes the axial compression capacity of a member based on the
user specified geometric and restraint conditions. User can specify different bracing
and end conditions, independently for two principal axes of the section. In general Lx
and Kx are related to buckling about the major axis i.e. the moment of inertia of the
section is higher than the other axis (which may be an exception for shapes such as T
or L). However they can very easily be checked in the detailed design report
generated by the program. The module also includes the graphical built-in effective
length factor K calculator which is linked very conveniently to the SYS section
database. This can be used for almost all practically possible end restraint conditions,
ranging from a simple isolated member to any general member in a frame, based on
ACI318-95 code recommended method.
The concept of Design Segments and Unified Code Ratio-R used in the program
have been described in the Technical Background chapter of the SYSDesigners
Software Users Manual. Some major screen captures of the program related to
design of compression member are shown below.
4-68
4-69
4-70
4-71
Chapter
Design of Beams
1. Introduction
Structural members that support transverse loads and are therefore subjected to
flexure (bending) are called beams. Beams are more specifically described by various
names depending upon their purpose or location in a structural system. The term used
in this chapter include all the structural members whose design is primarily governed
by uniaxial bending such as floor beam, girder, girt, header, joist, lintel, purlin, rafter,
spandrel, beam stringer, trimmer etc. The most common shapes that are used as
beam are H, I and Channels.
The basic concept of bending behavior of beams can be studied by considering a
originally straight beam subjected to transverse load causing a moment M. Assuming
that the plane cross section normal to the length of the unbent beam are still plane
after the beam is bent and referring to the Fig 5.1, the bending moment M can be
expressed as:
M = f
(5-1)
y
Fig. 5.1. Elastic Analysis of Beam
Where
fb = Extreme fiber stress

Sx =
IX
y max
= Section modulus
This is the basic equation used in the design of beam member by elastic methods.
A beam can fail by any one of the following modes due to the flexural effects:
1) Development of full plastic moment
2) Lateral torsional buckling, either elastically or inelastically
3) Flange local buckling, either elastically or inelastically
4) Web local buckling , either elastically or inelasticlally
So the general procedure for the design of beam needs the consideration for all the
above possible mode of failure. The first failure mode is associated with excessive
stresses on the section so as to the form enough plastic hinges before failure while the
rest three are related to stability of the beam. Lateral instability of a member can be
controlled by providing enough lateral bracing to preclude the lateral displacement
accompanied with twist while the cross section element stability can be achieved by
limiting the ratio b/t of each element under compression or taking into account their
post buckling strength. The general design procedure must take into account the
following important criteria.
1) Axis of bending ( Major or Minor )
2) Spacing of lateral bracing ( longest unbraced length )
3) Compactness of the section ( compact ,noncompact or slender)
4) Shape of the section ( symmetrical or asymmetrical)
5) Moment variation along the unbraced segment
6) Shear, deflection and effects due to concentrated loads like web yielding,
crippling, side sway buckling etc

The flow diagram shown in this chapter, represent schematically the general design
procedure for moment and also forms the basis for the development of the beam
design module of SYS Steel Designers Software.
5-2
Flow Diagram For the Design of

Beam
Basic
Info
Trial
Unbraced
Length
Trial Cross
Section
Bending
about
Major Axis
Yes
Box-type
Section
Yes
No
No
76b
Lb < 2500
No
Yes
b
Fy
Yes
b
t
190
F
y
3
b
2t
Lb
No
Doubly sym. I & H,

solid round, square
& rectag. shape
52.5
F
y
Yes
MR=0.75 F Y
Sminor
Fy
and
No
No
20,000
Lb
d
A Fy
f
L
b
No
f
r
t
No
102000C
b
F
y
Yes
5
b
Yes
Yes
MR=0.66 F y
Smajor
No
2t
95
F
y
b
f
MR= 0.79 .002

Fy Fy Smajor
2t
No
MR=0.60 F y
Smajor
Shape with
slender elements
( special design )
MR > M max
Yes
End
Fig. 5.2.(a) Flow Diagram for Design of Beam Based on AISC/ASD (1991)
5-3
b
t
238
F
y
MR=0.60 F y
S
No
Special
Design
MR > M max
Yes
End
Yes
L
b
r
t
No
L
b
510000C
b
F
y
r
t
2 F Lb
3 y rT
3
Fb = 1530x10 Cb
12x103
Lbd / Af
Comp. flange solid

,appx. rect. and
510000C
b
F
y
170x103Cb
2
Lb
Fb = rT
12x103
Lbd / Af
max
2 F Lb
3 y rT
Fb =
1530x103Cb
Fb =
170x103Cb
2
Lb
r
T
max
Yes
Yes
MR=F b Smajor
No
MR > M max
Yes
End
Fig. 5.2(b) Flow Diagram for Design of Beam Based on AISC/ASD (1991)
5-4
3. Lateral Torsional Buckling

The most economical beam shapes are the ones whose moment of inertia about the
major principal axis is considerably larger than that about the minor principle axis. As a
result , they are relatively weak in resistance to torsion and to bending about the minor
axis. So, if they are not supported laterally by some bracing or floor construction, they
may become unstable under load. This phenomenon of sidewise bending associated
to torsion is called lateral-torsional buckling. There are various ways to provide lateral
support to a member like complete or compression flange embedment into floor slab,
support from a laterally stable component or by specifically providing a bracing
member. It has been observed from laboratory test that the bracing member provides
reliable lateral support if designed for 2 percent of the compressive force in the flange
of the beam it braces.
Fig. 5.3. Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beam
Most of the specification formula for flexural design are the simplified form of the
general equations to compute critical end moments from lateral-torsional buckling
analysis of an perfectly straight, simply supported unbraced segment of a beam
subjected to equal end moments. The following equation is the generalized form of the
equation which can be used for any combination of end restraint and moments.
Mcr =Const.( Saint-Venant torsional stiffness + warping stiffness )0.5
2
M cr = C b
(KL )
EI y GJ +
(KL )
EI y EC W
(5-2)
(5-3)
Where
M cr = Critical end moment at which a perfect beam just begins to bend

out of plane.
Cb = Coefficient to take into account the variability of moment along the
unbraced length.
K = Effective length factor whose value depends upon the restraint
condition at the ends.
AISC/ASD uses the following equation obtained from numerical analysis
for Cb
5-5
M1
M
2
M
+ 0.3 1
C b = 1.75 1.05
(5-4)
2.3
where M1 is smaller of the two end moments M1 and M2 and the ratio
M1/M2 is positive for reverse curvature and negative for single curvature
bending. The following figure shows the variation of Cb for various end
moment ratios.
Cb For Beams
2.50
2.00
Cb
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
M1/M2 Ratio
Fig. 5.4. Variation of Cb (AISC/ASD) with Different End Moment Ratios
However Limit State Design(AISC/LRFD) uses the more refined

expression for Cb which takes into account the nonlinear variation of the
moment along the unbraced segment. The nonlinearity is accounted for by
using the moment at every quarter points of the unbraced segment.
4. Local Buckling of Beam Elements and Section

Compactness
The maximum moment which a beam can support depends not only on the over all
lateral buckling of the beam but also on the integrity of the cross-sectional elements.
The cross-sectional integrity will be lost either by buckling of the compression flange
called flange local buckling, or by buckling of the compression part of the web, called
web local buckling. The strength of a section for local buckling depends upon the
width-to-thickness ratio and end stiffness condition.
However, commonly used hot-rolled beam shapes are usually large enough and have
plate elements thick enough to preclude local buckling at stresses less than the yield
stress. The following equation derived for the buckling strength of a simply supported
rectangular plate subjected to in-plane uniform compression forms the basis for the
classification of shapes into some standard types with respect to local buckling. The
same equation can be used for various end support and loading conditions by using
an appropriate value of K
Fcr =
K 2 E
( t)
12(1 2 ) b
(5-5)
Where
5-6
K = A constant which depends upon how the edges are supported, upon
the ratio of plate length to plate width and upon the nature of the
loading.
= Poissons ratio
b = Length of loaded edge of plate (except that it is the smaller lateral
dimension when the plate is subjected only to shearing force )
t = Plate thickness
Simple
Fixed
K=4
Fixed
Simple
K = 5.4
Simple
Simple
Simple
Fixed
K=7
Fixed
Simple
Simple
Simple
Simple
Simple
Simple
Values of K to be used in the above equation for common cases are shown below. In
the figures below simple indicates the simply supported edge and fixed means that
for fixed edge.
Free
K = 1.33
Fig. 5.5. Constant K for Plate Buckling
In specifications, depending upon the slenderness ratio of cross section elements, a

section may be termed as compact, non compact or slender elements as defined in
the following paragraph. Compactness of the section is one of the important
parameters to be considered in the design of beams.
Compact Section
Section which can develop a fully plastic moment Mp (= plastic section modulus Z x Fy)
before local buckling of any of its compression elements. Thus for compact shapes the
design strength for moment is governed by either the lateral torsional buckling or
yielding depending upon the unbraced length of the compression flange. Most of the
hot rolled shapes fall in this category. Design Aids Table 5.1 gives the details for
compactness classification of all SYS shapes commonly used as beams.
NonCompact Section
Section that can develop a moment equal to or greater than My (= elastic section
modulus S x Fy)but less than Mp , before local buckling of any of its cross section
element occurs.
Slender Section
Shapes with elements slenderer than those designated by noncompact are

categorized as slender section or shape with slender elements.
5-7
5. Design for Moment

As described in General Procedure section of this chapter, the factors that govern
the design for flexure are :
5) Axis of bending
6) Spacing of lateral bracing
7) Section compactness
8) Section shape (symmetry )
9) Moment variation along the unbraced segment
10) Maximum moment
It is not always necessary to consider all the criteria to design a beam. A typical design
involves the design of a symmetric I or channel compact section bending about major
axis with adequate bracing. Some common design cases shall be explained in the
following paragraphs for stepwise calculations based on AISC/ASD specifications.
Case 1: Bending About Minor Axis
Design Steps:
1) No need to check for the lateral bracing if loaded through shear center
2) Check the compactness of section. Allowable stress may vary from 0.75Fy
to 0.6Fy for shapes commonly used as beams. Refer to relevant code or

Appendix for the appropriate specification formulas.
3) Applicable shapes for normal design procedure are symmetrical I shapes,
round and square bars, and solid rectangular bars bent about minor axis.
Permissible stresses for minor axis bending is usually higher than the corresponding
major axis bending. The reason for this is the stronger lateral resistance and higher
shape factor of cross section for minor axis.
Case 2: Bending About Major Axis
Design Steps:
1)
Compute the critical laterally unsupported length Lc.
2) If the actual laterally unsupported length or unbraced length Lb is less than the
critical length Lc, it is not necessary to consider the lateral stability of the
member. But it is necessary to examine the compactness of the section.
Depending upon the compactness of the section the permissible stress vary
from 0.66 Fy to 0.6 Fy according to AISC/ASD. The typical moment strength
curves for commonly used shapes are shown in Fig.5.5. It is very clear from
the figure that the moment strength reduces considerably as the unbraced
length increases.
3) If the actual unbraced length Lb is more than the critical unbraced length, the
design is governed by the design equations simplified from the lateral torsional
buckling.
To further illustrate the design procedure explained above, design examples have
been presented later in this chapter.
5-8
Typical Moment Strength Curves
Moment (Kg-m)
35000.00
30000.00
H 300x305x106 Kg/m
25000.00
H 304x301x106 Kg/m
20000.00
H 346x174x41.4 Kg/m
15000.00
H 350x175x49.6 Kg/m
10000.00
H 354x176x57.8 Kg/m
5000.00
H 336x249x69.2 Kg/m
0.00
0
10
15
Unbraced Length (m)

Fig. 5.6. Moment Strength Curves for H Shapes
6. Check for Shear

Steel beams are rarely designed for shearing stress but it is usually calculated as a
check after the beam has been designed for flexure. However it may govern the
design of beams which support heavy concentrated loads near the reaction points and
of very short span beams with heavy uniform load. In such cases the web of the beam
may buckle at shearing stresses less than the shearing yield strength of the steel. The
phenomenon of shear buckling of web on the basis of which the permissible shear
stresses are specified, shall be discussed in the following paragraphs.
Fig. 5.7. Shear in Beam
Let us consider a flat plate acted upon by shear stresses distributed uniformly along
the four boundaries as shown in Fig. . 5.1. . In this case, the shear stresses are
equivalent to principal stresses of the same magnitude, one tension and another
compression acting at 45 degree to the shear stresses as shown in the figure for an
interior element of the beam web. The critical shear stress Fv ,cr at which buckling of a
perfect plate begins is given by the following equation
5-9
Fv ,cr =
k 2 E
( t)
12(1 2 ) h
(5-6)
This equation is similar to the equation already described in the section Local
buckling of plate elements and section compactness in this chapter. The factor k
depends upon the type of support on the edges. Two most common cases are
1)
All four edges simply supported
k = 4+
5.34
k = 5.34 +
2)
( h ) < 1.0
(5-7)
( )
(5-8)
for a
(a / h )2
4.0
for a 1.0
h
(a / h )2
All four edges clamped
k = 5. 6 +
8.98
(a / h )2
k = 8.98 +
( h ) < 1. 0
for a
( )
5.6
for a 1.0
h
(a / h )2
(5-9)
(5-10)
Most of the formulae in the specifications for permissible shear stresses are based on
the above equations though they may appear in different and, normally, in simplified
forms in the codes. As an example the AISC/ASD uses the following form of equations
for shear strength calculation.
( t ) 380F
Fv = 0.4 Fy for h
(5-11)
Fv =
( )
Cv Fv
380
0.4 Fy for h >
t
2.89
Fy
(5-12)
Where Cv is the ratio of the critical shear stress to the yield stress in shear.
Cv =
Cv =
45,000k
if Cv < 0.8
2
Fy h
t
( )
190
(h t )
k
if Cv > 0.8
Fy
(5-13)
(5-14)
It is important to note that the stress Fv is defined as the average stress on the area
equal to the overall depth d of the beam times the web thickness (area of the web).
7. Check for Web Yielding and Crippling

When a beam carries a heavy concentrated load on the top flange or reaction from the
support is large, significant direct compressive stresses in the vertical direction of the
web are produced. The concentrated compressive stresses are dispersed gradually
5-10
into larger area from the maximum at the point of application to zero at the opposite
flange (bottom flange). When the load is transmitted through the thin web plate, the
web plate is crippled at the section nearest to the load and of thickness t w . In hot
rolled sections, this will be at the toe of the fillet, a distance k, as shown in figure below
, from the outside face of the flange. Specifications generally assume the divergence
1
angle of 2 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. So the area nearest to the fillet bearing the load
will be (2.5k + N )t w near the support (one side divergence) and (5k + N )t w at any
intermediate locations(both sides divergence).
Locally high
Bearing
Stresses at
the Junction
tw
Fig. 5.8. Concentrated Load in Beam
AISC/ASD uses the following equations to calculate the resistance capacity of a beam
for web yielding and crippling:
[Units: US system R in Kips; Fy and Fyw in ksi; tw, tf, N and d in inches]
For support reaction (or load within d/2 distance from end):
R = 0.66 FY t w ( N + 2.5k )
(5-15)
1. 5
F t
N t
2
yw f
R = 34t w 1 + 3 w
d t f t w
(5-16)
Web yielding:
R = 0.66 FY t w ( N + 5k )
(5-17)
Web crippling:
1. 5
N t w Fywt f
R = 67.5t w 1 + 3
d t f t w
(5-18)
Web yielding:
Web crippling:
For interior loads:
Where
R = capacity (resistance) to concentrated load or reaction
N = bearing length (length over which the load in acting)
t w = web thickness
k =distance from extreme fiber to toe of fillet (available in section properties
tables)
Fy = Yield strength of the steel
Fyw = Yield strength of the web for hybrid beams (Different grades of steels for
web and flange. For SYS hot rolled sections Fy = Fyw)
5-11
8. Check for Side Sway Web Buckling

Side sway web buckling is an overall buckling failure of a beam web. An exact solution
of this problem requires a stability analysis of the entire web with different load
systems on two opposite edges(top and bottom). However for approximate analysis it
is assumed that the critical vertical compression stress for the web of a beam
supporting a uniformly distributed load is twice the critical stress for a plate uniformly
compressed on two opposite edges for which analytical solutions are available.
Several cases of plate buckling have been described in the preceding sections Local
buckljng of plate elements and section compactness and Check for shear. The
following equation gives the critical compression stress for the web of a beam for side
sway web buckling.
Fv ,cr =
2 2 E
( t)
12(1 2 ) b
(5-19)
Where
E =Modulus of elasticity of steel
= Poissons ratio
b = depth of the web
t = thickness of the web
Various forms of web buckling due to loads applied to the compression flange are
shown in figures 5.9 and 5.10. Web buckling due to concentrated loads is more
complex to determine than that for uniform loads. Let us consider a beam of
rectangular cross section of unit thickness and depth d supporting a concentrated
load P. Figure 5.10 shows the variation of the stresses along the depth of the section.
It will be noted that at all the three levels, the stress is compressive over a length
(along the span) approximately equal to the depth d. The stress at the mid depth
varies from zero at each end of the length d to 0.91P/d at the center. The average
stress on the area is about 0.5P/d. In the average stress, the decrease in the
compression with depth is the same as that for a uniformly distributed load. The web
stability analysis of this case is very complex without many approximations.
Fig. 5.9. Various Forms of Beam Side Sway Web Buckling Due To Loads On Top
5-12
2.46 P
d
P
0.91 d
0.29 P
d
d/2
d/2
Fig. 5.10.Stress Distribution Under The Concentrated Load on Rectangular Section of

Unit Thickness (Similar for Beam Webs)
In AISC/ASD specification the following formulas have been specified for the side
sway web buckling.
Loaded flange restrained against rotation and (d c / t w ) /(l / b f ) < 2.3
6800t w
R=
h
1 + 0.4 d c / t w
l /b
(5-20)
if (d c / t w ) /(l / b f ) > 2.3 No limit

Loaded flange not restrained against rotation and (d c / t w ) /(l / b f ) < 1.7
3
2
6800t w d c / t w
R=
0.4
h
l / b f
(5-21)
if (d c / t w ) /(l / b f ) > 1.7 : No limit

where
R = Resistance of the beam to side sway web buckling
d c = web depth clear of fillets or corner radius (= h)

t w = web thickness
l = largest unbraced length along the either flange (max of Lb,ten and Lb,comp) at
the point of load
b f = flange width
If the applied load or reaction is more than the capacity of the section for web yielding
web crippling, web stiffeners must be provided. The stiffeners must be proportioned
such that the applied load is carried directly as column. The weld connecting the web
stiffeners (transverse or vertical) must be sized to transmit the force in the stiffener to
the web. However, for cases when the strength provided by the beam is not enough
for side sway web buckling, local lateral bracing shall be provided at both the flanges
at the point of application of the concentrated load.
5-13
9. Design Examples
Design calculations for a steel beam may vary from that involving very few steps to
few pages. The simplest calculation is for the simply supported beams of only one
segment with enough lateral bracing at compression flange and compact I or C
sections. On the other hand, the design of a beam with long multiple segments with
variation of moment along the segments and trial sections which needs to check for
compactness, requires calculations significantly more than the former case. Common
design cases in practice are the design or verification of H shapes for small to medium
spans (typically 2 - 6m) as floor or other beams and Channels as purlins.
The examples presented in this section have been selected to illustrate design cases
ranging from very simple ones to quite complicated ones. They are intended to cover
the following three major aspects of steel beam design.
1) Computing the capacity of a beam section for bending about any one or
both principal axis.

2) Selecting appropriate SYS beam sections for given loading and support
condition.
3) Various checks for shear and concentrated load on beams.
The problems have been solved in two different unit systems wherever logical to help
the users to understand the solution. The Beam Design module of the SYS
designers software can also be used as a tool to carry out the calculations similar to
the one presented in the following examples.
5-14
SYS
Example:
Subject: Design of Beam
Design Code:
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
51
Sheet No:1 / 2
Problem:
Find the moment capacity for

1) major axis bending
2) minor axis bending
of SYS H200x150x 30.6 kg/m whose compression flange is supported against lateral
bracing by the floor slab or by close spacing of lateral ties. Fy = 2400 ksc (34.0 ksi)
Solution:
Section properties for SYS H200x150 x 30.6 kg/m (20.6 lb/ft)

bf = 15 cm = 5.91 in
d = 19.4 cm = 7.64 in
tf = 9 mm = 0.354 in
tw = 6 mm = 0.236 in
Sx = 227 cm3 = 16.9 in4
Sy = 67.6 cm3 = 4.13 in4
The allowable bending stress for H shaped members of steels with Fy 65 ksi (4580
ksc), supported against lateral buckling and bent about the major or minor axis are
computed as follow.
1. Major Axis Bending
Fb = 0.66 Fy for compact section
Fb = 0.6 Fy < Fb < 0.66 Fy for non compact section
Check the compactness:

b
f = 5.91 = 8.347
2t
2 0.354
f
65
65
=
= 11.14
Fy
34
As
bf
2t f
<
65
Fy
Section is compact
The section compactness can also be read directly from the

design aid table provided at the end of this chapter.
Mx = 0.66 x 34 x 16.9
= 379.23 kips-in
= 31.60 kips-ft
5-15
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
51
Sheet No:2 / 2
2. Minor Axis Bending
Fb = 0.75 Fy for compact section
0.5 Fy Fb < 0.75 Fy for non compact section
As the shape is compact

My = 0.75 x 34 x 4.13
= 105.315 in-kips
= 8.77 ft-kips
[Note: Lateral bracing is not required for members bent about the minor axis if the load
is applied through the shear center of the section.]
5-16
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
52
Sheet No:1 / 2
Problem:
Design (select) the lightest SYS H section for the following floor beam carrying heavy
UDL of 10 ton. The top flange of the beam shall be partly embedded into the slab.
Neglect the shear check.
UDL = 10 t/m
5m
Fig. 5.11.Simply Supported Floor Beam for Design Example
Solution:
M max =
10000 x5 2
= 31250 kg-m
8
max
10000 x 5
= 25000 kg
2
1. Preliminary Section Selection
For the first trial assuming Fb = 0.6 Fy = 0.6 x 2400 = 1440 Ksc
S xx , req =
31250 x 100
= 2170 cm 3
1440
SYS H sections with Sxx very close to this requirements are:

Sxx (cm3)
Weight (Kg/m)
H 344x348x115 kg/m
1940
115
H 434x299x106 kg/m
2160
106
H 506x201x103 kg/m
2230
103
H 350x350x137 kg/m
2300
137
H 596x199x94.6 kg/m
2310
94.6
Section
[Note: Quick and an easy way to find the sections of certain type or types, sorted in
some order (by A or Sxx or Weight), is to use Section properties in the SYS Designers
software SYS Designer. It provides complete tools for the selection, viewing and
printing of shapes which can be selected by various criteria e.g. max. and min. weight,
width, depth etc. and further they can be sorted by any property. The above table was
prepared by searching the database by H shape and sorted by Sxx .]
2. Detailed Checks:
5-17
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
52
Sheet No:2 / 2
It is given in the problem that the compression flange of the beam is fully restrained (braced) from
lateral buckling. So in this case it is not necessary to check for the lateral torsional buckling
requirements.
Only check necessary to determine the moment capacity is the section compactness. Depending
upon the compactness the permissible stress Fb may vary from 0.66 Fy to 0.6 Fy . However it is
always safe if Fb = 0.6 Fy is used without checking for compactness.
Compactness Checks
Section
bf
65
95
Fy
Fy
2t f
H 596x199x94.6 kg/m
6.63
H 506x201x103 kg/m
5.29
H 434x299x106 kg/m
9.96
H 344x348x115 kg/m
10.87
H 350x350x137 kg/m
9.21
11.1
16.2
Fb
ksc
Kg-m
Type
All
shapes
compact
Moment
Capacity
0.66Fy
Weight /
Capacity
X
10-2
3659
2.58
3532
2.91
3421
3.09
1584
3072
3.74
3643
3.76
[Note: The compactness of any section can be read directly from design aids tables provided at
the end of this chapter.]
Important Points:
1. All the sections that are considered in this example are compact for flange local buckling.
2. The moment capacity of the section does not vary in the same proportion of the weight. That
means much lighter section, sometimes, may give higher moment capacity than heavier
section. This fact is point is important for economical design of the beams.
3. Efficient way to design for such fully braced beams is to sort the section first by Sxx and the by
weight and pick the lightest section giving the required Sxx.
4. The design procedure for fully braced beam is very simple and needs only few checks.
So use H 596x199x94.6 kg/m giving, Mr =3659 Kg-m > 3125 Kg-m.
5-18
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
53
Sheet No:1 / 3
Problem:
Determine the moment capacity of SYS H 300x150x36.7 kg/m (24.7 lb/ft) of Fy = 2400
ksc (34 ksi) steel with compression flange braced at intervals of 3.0 m (9.84 ft).
Assume Cb = 1.0 [Case: maximum moment occurs at some point between the braced
points or the most conservative capacity for any other cases]
Solution:
1. Trial Section
Section properties for SYS H300x150x36.7

Section parameter
Fy
Metric Unit
U.S. Unit
2400 ksc
34 ksi
Bf
15 cm
5.91 inch
30 cm
11.81 inch
tf
9.0mm
0.354 inch
tw
6.5 mm
0.256 inch
Sx
481 cm3
29.35 inch3
Af
13.9 cm
2.154 inch2
Ix
7210 cm4
173.22 inch4
Iy
12.2 inch4
508 cm
2. Checks For Lateral Bracing
Critical lateral bracing Lc is given by the smaller of the following two formulae
Lc =
76 b f
Lc =
Fy
For US units Lc1 =
Lc2 =
76 x5.9
34
20,000
F y xd / A f
= 76.89 in = 6.40 ft
20,000
=107.28in = 8.94 ft.
34 x 11.81 / 2.154
So critical unbraced length
Lc = 8.94 ft
Actual unbraced length
Lb = 9.84 ft. (3m)
So, Lb > Lc
Therefore, the lateral bracing condition will govern the design. The procedure to
design for the case when the lateral bracing is the governing condition is given below.
5-19
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
53
Sheet No:2 / 3
For H shapes and when Lb > Lc then permissible Fb must be computed using two
formulas - one based on
Ld
Lb
and the other based on b criteria and the larger be
rT
Af
taken for design.

3. Permissible Stress Fb Based on Lb/rT Ratio
rT
Iy /2
Af
12.2 / 2
=1.6828 in
2.154
Lb 9.8 12
=
= 70.168 in
rT 1.6828
So this value of Lb/rT shall be checked against the following specified limits
based on Cb and Fy.
102,000 Cb
102,000 x 1
=
= 54.77 in
Fy
34
510,000 C b
510,000 x 1
=
=122.47 in
Fy
34
So the case is
102,000 C b
L
b
Fy
rT
54.77
For the value of
70.168
510,000 C b
Fy
122.47
Lb
calculate above, Fb is computed as:
rT
Fy b
2
rT
Fb1 =
3 1530 10 3 C b
2 34 (70.168)2
F
=
y 3 1530 10 3 1 Fy = 0.55 Fy
Fb1 = 0.55 x 34 = 18.7 Ksi

So Fb based on
lb
criteria: Fb1 = 18.7 Ksi
rT
4. Permissible Stress Fb Based on Lb d/Af Ratio
5-20
SYS
Example:5 3
Design Code:
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Sheet No:3 / 3
Lb d 9.84 12 11.81
=
= 647.41
2.154
Af
20,000Cb
= 588.23
Fy
The case is:
Fb based on
Fb2 =
Lb d 20,000 Cb
>
Af
Fy
Lb d
criteria is given by
Af
12,000C b 12,000 x 1
=
= 18.53 ksi
Lbd
647.41
Af
5. Final Permissible Stress Fb and Moment Capacity
Fb1 = 19.61 ksi

Fb2 = 18.53 ksi
So higher of the two values should be used for design. Fb = 19.61 ksi (1380 ksc)
Moment capacity = Fb x Sx
= 19.61 x 29.35
= 575.55 in-kips
= 48 ft-kips (6.64 ton-m)
Safe design moment capacity = 48 ft-kips (6.64 ton-m)
5-21
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
54
Sheet No:1 / 3
Problem:
Select the lightest SYS H section for a beam (or beam segment) subjected to the
bending moment due to two point loads as shown in the diagram below. The
compression flange is braced at 4.0 m (13.12 ft) interval. (Unit conversion: 1 kip-inch
= 11.5 kg-m)
Fy = 2400 ksc = 34 ksi
M1 = 1300 kips-in. (14.95 ton-m)
M2 = 1480 kips-in (17.02 ton-m)
M1=14.95 ton-m
( 1300 kips-in )
1.0 m
M2=16.95 ton-m
( 1470 kips-in )
4.0 m
1.0 m
Fig. 5.12.:Moment Diagram for Design Example

Solution:
1. Preliminary Section Selection
Assume the self weight of the beam = 66 Kg/m (44.25 lb/ft)

Max. moment due to self weight =
=
1
l2
8
1
44.25 19.68 2
8
= 2.14 in-kips (too small compared to the applied

moment)
Assuming Fb = 0.6 Fy = 0.6 x 34.0 = 20.4 ksi (1440 ksc)
Sx required =
M max
Fb
1470
20.4
= 72.05 in 3
From the Siam Yamato Steel Tables select

H 400x200x66 Kg/m (44.4 lb/ft), with Sx =72.6 in3(1190 cm3)
2. Check for Bracing Criteria
Critical spacing of lateral bracing for the selected H 400x200x66 section is

calculated as:
5-22
SYS
Design Code:
Thailand
Lc 1 =
Lc 2 =
Example:
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
76 b f
Fy
76 7.87
34
Checked by: NA
54
Sheet No:2 / 3
= 102.57 in = 8.54 ft (2.60 m)
20,000
20,000
=
= 173.71 in = 14.47 ft (4.4 m)
Fy d/Af 34 15.75 /(7.87 0.591)
So critical is the smaller of the above two critical length values: Lc = 8.54 ft (2.6 m)
This shows that the design condition is Lb > Lc where Lb = 10.16 ft
3. Design for Lb>Lc
The largest lateral bracing spacing Lc for which the allowable stress 0.6 Fy may be
used is given by the larger of the following two lengths for Lc.
L c 1 = rT
Lc 2 =
102,000 C b
Fy
20,000C b
F y d/A f
Before be able to use these two equations we need to compute Cb and rT

4. Computation for Cb and rT
rT
I y /2
Af
10.62/2
(7.87 0.512 )
M1
M
2
C b = 1.75 1.05
= 1.1479 in
M
+ 0.3 1
M2
2
2.3 (Where M1< M2 )
[Units: Any consistent units for moments can be used]

2
Cb = 1 . 75 1 .05 1300 + 0 . 3 1300 = 1 .058 2 . 3
1470
1470
5. Permissible Stress Fb and Final Capacity
So substituting rT and Cb into above equations for Lc

Lc 1 = 1.1479
102,000 1.058
34
= 56.33 in = 4.69 ft. (1.42 m)
5-23
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Lc 2 =
20,000 1.058
34 15.75 / 7.87 0.512
Checked by: NA
54
Sheet No:1 / 3
= 159.22 in = 13.26 ft (4.04 m)
Adopting higher of Lc1 and Lc2 final
Lc = 13.26 ft (4.04 m)
Actual unbraced length
Lb = 10.16 ft (3.09 m)
So the final design case is: Lb <Lc and the permissible stress is given by
Fb = 0.6 Fy = 0.6 x 34.0 = 20.4 Ksi

Or
Fb = 0.6 Fy = 0.6 x 2400 = 1440 ksc

Moment Capacity = Fb x Sx
= 20.4 x 72.6
= 1481 in-kips > (1470 + 2.14 due to self wt.)
Hence use H 400 x 200 x 66 kg/m
5-24
SYS
Example:
Subject: Beam Checks
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
55
Sheet No:1 / 3
Problem:
Check the capacity of the beam shown in the figure below for
shear
web crippling
side sway web buckling

7.8 in
H 350 x 175 x 49.6 kg/m
20'
Fig. 5.13.:Concentrated Load on Beam Example Problem

Solution:
Section properties for H350x175x49.6 (33 lb/ft)
bf = 17.5 cm = 6.89 in
d = 35 cm = 13.78 in
tw = 7 mm = 0.276 in
tf = 11 mm = 0.433 in
r = 14 mm = 0.551 in
1. Shear Capacity:
h = d-2tf 2 radius
= 13.78 2 x 0.433 2 x 0.551
= 11.812 in
h 11.812
=
= 42.8
t w 0.276
380 380
=
= 65.169
34
Fy
So,
h 380
tw
Fy
Fv = 0.4 Fy = 0.4 x 34 = 13.6 ksi

Shear Capacity V = d x tw x Fv
5-25
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
54
5
Sheet No:2 / 32
= 13.78 x 0.276 x 13.6

= 51 kips (24.54 ton)
2. Local Web Yielding
Length of bearing N = 7.8 in

Thickness of web tw = 0.276 in
Distance from extreme fiber to toe of fillet k = tf + r = 0.433 + 0.551 = 0.984 in
For the concentrated load which is not near by the support
Web yielding capacity = 0.66 Fy x tw (N + 5k)
R = 0.66 x 34 x 0.276 (7.8 + 5 * 0.984)

R = 77.66 kips ( 35.30 ton)
3. Web Crippling
R = 67.5t
2
w
N t
1 + 3 w
d t f
1.5
F yw t f
tw
where:
d = length between the vertical stiffeners
Assume d = 80 in.
R = 67.5 (0.276
)2 1 + 3 7.8
0.276
80 0.433
1.5
= 5.14 [1 + 0.1488 ] x 7.303
34x 0.433
0.276
= 43.12 kips (16.9 ton)

4. Side sway web buckling
Assume the largest unbraced length along either flange l = 180 in and loaded flange
not restrained against rotation.
d c h 11.812
= =
= 42.8
t w t w 0.276
180
l
=
= 26.124
b f 6.89
d c /t w
42.8
=
= 1.63
l /b f
26.124
For loaded flange not restrained and d c /t w < 1.7

l /b f
5-26
SYS
Example:
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
54
Sheet No:3 / 3
The resistance to side sway web buckling is given by
R =
6800 t w 3
0.4
d c /t w
l /b f
6800 x 0.276 3
0.4 1.63 3
11.812
= 20.96 kips (9.53 ton)
=
5. Design (Checks) Summary

Final Capacities
For shear = 51 kips (24.54 ton)

Web yielding = 77.66 kips (35.30 ton)
Web crippling = 43.12 kips (16.9 ton)
Side sway web buckling = 2096 kips (9.53 ton)
5-27
10. Design Aids

It has been mentioned earlier in this chapter that the design of a beam primarily needs
calculations for the determination of the critical unbraced lengths Lc and Lu and
checking the section compactness. In some cases if the compression flange of the
compact section beam has a continuous lateral support, the moment strength can be
obtained without any calculations to check the adequacy of the lateral bracing. So the
following three types of SYS beam design aids shall be provided to assist the
structural steel designer in his regular design works.
Table 5.1 Allowable Stress Design Selection (For Shapes Used as Beam)
These tables are useful to check the critical unbraced length limits and to find the
moment capacity when the lateral torsional buckling checks are not required or the
unbraced length is less than that given by Lc. The table also gives the compactness of
the sections for Fy = 2400 ksc (the most common standard grade of Siam Yamato
steel) based on Fy criteria as explained below.
Notations:
Lc = Maximum unbraced length of the compression flange at which the allowable
bending stress may be taken as 0.66 Fy for compact shapes and between 0.6
Fy and 0.66 Fy for noncompact shapes.
Lu = Maximum unbraced length of the compression flange at which the allowable
bending stress may be taken as 0.6 Fy.
Lb = Unbraced length of the compression flange.
Mr = Moment capacity of the section when Lb< Lu.
Fy = The theoretical maximum yield stress based on the width-thickness ratio of onehalf the unstiffened compression flange, beyond which a particular shape is not
compact based on flange local buckling criteria and is given by the following
formula.
65
=
b f
2t f
Fy = The theoretical maximum yield stress based on the depth-thickness ratio of web,
beyond which a particular shape is not compact based on web local buckling
criteria and is given by the following formula. It is only applicable for the cases of
pure bending i.e. fa = 0 (no axial load)
412
=
d
t w
Fy = The theoretical maximum yield stress based on the depth-thickness ratio of web,
beyond which a particular shape is not compact for any condition of combined
bending and axial stresses based on web local buckling criteria and is given by
the following formula.
5-28
257
=
d
t w
Table 5.2 Properties of Sections for Beam Design
These tables are meat to assist the designer in saving time and effort for the
calculation of important parameters when the beam design is carried out by hand
calculation. Some intermediate calculations can be avoided by directly reading the
values from these tables. Although some of the parameters for compactness checks
are repeated from the previous tables, they are presented in slightly different form to
provide more easy and practical way of beam design. As the notations used are quite
obvious and standard ones, no explanation are provided here.
Table 5.3 Allowable Moment Capacity (Arranged According to Section
Designations)
The allowable moment tables give the capacity in ton-m for various shapes that are
commonly used as beam. Only parameter required to pick the correct value of the
moment capacity for a given shape is the unbraced length of the compression flange.
To cover most practical cases, the capacity have been computed for the unbraced
length of 1 m to 10 m which may be too large for small sections. The sections in these
tables have been arranged in the increasing order of the width and depth in the similar
way in the SYS product catalogues.
Table 5.4 Allowable Moment Capacity (Arranged According to Section
Weight)
Minimum weight criteria is one of the most important consideration in the design of
steel structures. These tables provide an easy way to find a particular section or
sections that has the minimum weight for a given moment strength requirement.
These are the tables produced by rearranging the Tables 5.4 in the increasing order of
weight instead of designation as in Tables 5.4. To pick a section that can carry certain
required moment for a known unbraced length, the designer should move down along
the column for that unbraced length, until he gets the moment capacity equal to more
than that required. The section corresponding to this first occurrence will be the
lightest section (most economical section) for the requirement.
5-29
Table 5.1 Allowable Stress Design Selection (For Shapes Used as Beam)
Section
Designation
Sx
cm3
Fy
Ksc
Fy
Ksc
Fy
Ksc
Compactness for
Fy=2400
ksc
Lc
m
Lu
m
Mr
(=0.6FySx)
ton-m
C 200x90x30.3 Kg/m
195.00
5639
Comp
1.04
2.59
2808.0
C 200x90x30.3 Kg/m
249.00
6710
Comp
1.17
3.57
3585.6
C 250x90x34.6 Kg/m
334.00
6222
Comp
1.17
2.75
4809.6
C 250x90x40.2 Kg/m
374.00
7741
Comp
1.17
3.07
5385.6
C 300x90x38.1 Kg/m
429.00
6222
Comp
1.17
2.29
6177.6
C 300x90x43.8 Kg/m
494.00
8846
Comp
1.17
2.74
7113.6
C 300x90x48.6 Kg/m
525.00
9426
Comp
1.17
2.82
7560.0
C 380x100x54.5 Kg/m
763.00
7635
Comp
1.30
2.48
10987.2
C 380x100x67.3 Kg/m
926.00
11929
Comp
1.30
3.10
13334.4
H 100x100x17.2 Kg/m
76.50
4295
Comp
1.30
3.53
1101.6
H 125x125x23.8 Kg/m
136.00
3226
Comp
1.63
3.82
1958.4
H 148x100x21.1 Kg/m
138.00
4295
Comp
1.30
2.39
1987.2
H 150x150x31.5 Kg/m
219.00
2598
Comp
1.96
4.12
3153.6
H 175x175x40.2 Kg/m
330.00
2191
NonComp
2.28
4.41
4752.0
H 198x99x18.2 Kg/m
160.00
2465
Comp
1.29
1.96
2304.0
H 200x100x21.3 Kg/m
184.00
3609
Comp
1.30
1.91
2649.6
H 194x150x30.6 Kg/m
227.00
1909
NonComp
1.96
2.91
3268.8
H 200x200x49.9 Kg/m
472.00
1909
NonComp
2.61
4.71
6796.8
H 200x204x56.2 Kg/m
498.00
4128
Comp
2.66
7.20
7171.2
H 208x202x65.7 Kg/m
628.00
2924
Comp
2.63
5.71
9043.2
H 248x124x25.7 Kg/m
285.00
1940
NonComp
1.47
2.48
4104.0
H 250x125x29.6 Kg/m
324.00
2749
Comp
1.63
2.43
4665.6
H 244x175x44.1 Kg/m
502.00
1909
NonComp
2.28
3.47
7228.8
H 244x252x64.4 Kg/m
720.00
2273
NonComp
3.29
6.68
10368.0
H 248x249x66.5 Kg/m
801.00
1231
NonComp
3.25
5.02
11534.4
H 250x250x72.4 Kg/m
867.00
1546
NonComp
3.26
5.30
12484.8
H 250x255x82.2 Kg/m
919.00
3596
Comp
3.32
8.40
13233.6
H 298x149x32 Kg/m
424.00
1625
NonComp
1.62
2.85
6105.6
H 300x150x36.7 Kg/m
481.00
2240
NonComp
1.91
2.80
6926.4
H 294x200x56.8 Kg/m
771.00
1909
NonComp
2.61
3.87
11102.4
H 298x201x65.4 Kg/m
893.00
H 294x302x84.5 Kg/m
1150.00
1884
NonComp
3.94
7.25
16560.0
H 298x299x87 Kg/m
1270.00
1081
NonComp
3.90
5.90
18288.0
2392
NonComp
2.62
3.97
12859.2
5-30
Table 5.1 (Continued) Allowable Stress Design Selection (For Shapes Used as Beam)
Section
Designation
Sx
cm3
Fy
Ksc
Fy
Ksc
Fy
Ksc
Compactness for
Fy=2400
ksc
Lc
m
Lu
m
Mr
(=0.6FySx)
ton-m
C 200x90x30.3 Kg/m
195.00
5639
Comp
1.04
2.59
2808.0
C 200x90x30.3 Kg/m
249.00
6710
Comp
1.17
3.57
3585.6
C 250x90x34.6 Kg/m
334.00
6222
Comp
1.17
2.75
4809.6
C 250x90x40.2 Kg/m
374.00
7741
Comp
1.17
3.07
5385.6
C 300x90x38.1 Kg/m
429.00
6222
Comp
1.17
2.29
6177.6
C 300x90x43.8 Kg/m
494.00
8846
Comp
1.17
2.74
7113.6
C 300x90x48.6 Kg/m
525.00
9426
Comp
1.17
2.82
7560.0
C 380x100x54.5 Kg/m
763.00
7635
Comp
1.30
2.48
10987.2
C 380x100x67.3 Kg/m
926.00
11929
Comp
1.30
3.10
13334.4
H 100x100x17.2 Kg/m
76.50
4295
Comp
1.30
3.53
1101.6
H 125x125x23.8 Kg/m
136.00
3226
Comp
1.63
3.82
1958.4
H 148x100x21.1 Kg/m
138.00
4295
Comp
1.30
2.39
1987.2
H 150x150x31.5 Kg/m
219.00
2598
Comp
1.96
4.12
3153.6
H 175x175x40.2 Kg/m
330.00
2191
NonComp
2.28
4.41
4752.0
H 198x99x18.2 Kg/m
160.00
2465
Comp
1.29
1.96
2304.0
H 200x100x21.3 Kg/m
184.00
3609
Comp
1.30
1.91
2649.6
H 194x150x30.6 Kg/m
227.00
1909
NonComp
1.96
2.91
3268.8
H 200x200x49.9 Kg/m
472.00
1909
NonComp
2.61
4.71
6796.8
H 200x204x56.2 Kg/m
498.00
4128
Comp
2.66
7.20
7171.2
H 208x202x65.7 Kg/m
628.00
2924
Comp
2.63
5.71
9043.2
H 248x124x25.7 Kg/m
285.00
1940
NonComp
1.47
2.48
4104.0
H 250x125x29.6 Kg/m
324.00
2749
Comp
1.63
2.43
4665.6
H 244x175x44.1 Kg/m
502.00
1909
NonComp
2.28
3.47
7228.8
H 244x252x64.4 Kg/m
720.00
2273
NonComp
3.29
6.68
10368.0
H 248x249x66.5 Kg/m
801.00
1231
NonComp
3.25
5.02
11534.4
H 250x250x72.4 Kg/m
867.00
1546
NonComp
3.26
5.30
12484.8
H 250x255x82.2 Kg/m
919.00
3596
Comp
3.32
8.40
13233.6
H 298x149x32 Kg/m
424.00
1625
NonComp
1.62
2.85
6105.6
H 300x150x36.7 Kg/m
481.00
2240
NonComp
1.91
2.80
6926.4
H 294x200x56.8 Kg/m
771.00
1909
NonComp
2.61
3.87
11102.4
H 298x201x65.4 Kg/m
893.00
H 294x302x84.5 Kg/m
1150.00
1884
NonComp
3.94
7.25
16560.0
H 298x299x87 Kg/m
1270.00
1081
NonComp
3.90
5.90
18288.0
2392
NonComp
2.62
3.97
12859.2
5-31
Table 5.2 Properties of Section for Beam Design (For Shapes Used as Beam)
Section
Designation
Radius
rT
Compact Section Criteria

d / Af
Bf / 2tf
cm
Fy'
d / tw
Ksc
Fy''
Fy''
Torsional
Constant
J
Ksc
Ksc
cm4
Warping
Constant
Cw
cm6
C200x80x24.6
2.95
0.33
5.33
--
16.82
--
--
5.06
12,047.06
C200x90x30.3
3.44
0.28
5.63
--
13.63
--
--
6.49
17,601.08
C250x90x34.6
3.30
0.31
5.00
--
17.85
--
--
10.45
33,306.76
C250x90x40.2
3.21
0.25
4.09
--
15.72
--
--
19.08
40,708.27
C300x90x38.1
3.25
0.37
5.00
--
21.69
--
--
11.66
50,964.91
C300x90x43.8
3.28
0.33
4.50
--
18.06
--
--
16.00
56,627.68
C300x90x48.6
3.17
0.28
3.75
--
17.25
--
--
27.65
67,953.21
C380x100x54.5
3.60
0.36
4.76
--
22.44
--
--
22.38
136,664.29
C380x100x67.3
3.57
0.29
3.85
--
17.70
--
--
42.48
169,203.40
H100x100x17.2
2.73
0.13
6.25
--
14.00
--
--
5.12
3,333.33
H125x125x23.8
3.41
0.11
6.94
--
16.46
--
--
9.11
11,444.09
H148x100x21.1
2.68
0.16
5.56
--
21.67
--
--
8.46
8,214.00
H150x150x31.5
4.10
0.10
7.50
--
18.57
--
--
15.00
31,640.63
H175x175x40.2
4.79
0.09
7.95
--
20.40
--
--
23.29
75,226.64
H198x99x18.2
2.60
0.29
7.07
--
40.89
--
--
4.53
11,094.88
H200x100x21.3
2.61
0.25
6.25
--
33.45
--
--
6.83
13,333.33
H194x150x30.6
4.05
0.14
8.33
--
29.33
--
--
12.00
47,633.06
H200x200x49.9
5.48
0.08
8.33
--
22.00
--
--
34.56
160,000.00
H200x204x56.2
5.46
0.08
8.50
--
14.67
--
--
35.02
169,793.28
H208x202x65.7
5.54
0.06
6.31
--
17.60
--
--
83.56
237,733.03
H248x124x25.7
3.26
0.25
7.75
--
46.40
--
--
8.47
39,088.33
H250x125x29.6
3.27
0.22
6.94
--
38.67
--
--
12.15
45,776.37
H244x175x44.1
4.72
0.13
7.95
--
31.71
--
--
26.35
146,243.05
H244x252x64.4
6.76
0.09
11.45
2,269
20.18
--
--
33.19
436,679.41
H248x249x66.5
6.85
0.08
9.58
3,246
27.75
--
--
54.63
514,320.12
H250x250x72.4
6.86
0.07
8.93
3,734
24.67
--
--
68.60
569,661.46
H250x255x82.2
6.83
0.07
9.11
3,589
15.86
--
--
69.51
604,529.30
H298x149x32
3.88
0.25
9.31
3,432
51.27
--
--
10.17
97,919.70
H300x150x36.7
3.89
0.22
8.33
--
43.38
--
--
14.58
113,906.25
H294x200x56.8
5.35
0.12
8.33
--
33.75
--
--
39.97
345,744.00
H298x201x65.4
5.40
0.11
7.18
--
30.00
--
--
64.03
420,666.08
5-32
Table 5.3 Properties of Section for Beam Design (For Shapes Used as Beam)
Section
Designation
Radius
rT
Compact Section Criteria

d / Af
Bf / 2tf
cm
Fy'
d / tw
Ksc
Fy''
Fy''
Torsional
Constant
J
Ksc
Ksc
cm4
Warping
Constant
Cw
cm6
H294x302x84.5
8.09
0.08
12.58
1,880
22.50
--
--
51.72
1,190,379.65
H298x299x87
8.21
0.07
10.68
2,610
30.00
--
--
81.95
1,384,722.94
H300x300x94
8.22
0.07
10.00
2,977
27.00
--
--
101.25
1,518,750.00
H300x305x106
8.16
0.07
10.17
2,880
18.00
--
--
102.38
1,595,960.16
H304x301x106
8.25
0.06
8.85
3,798
24.55
--
--
148.37
1,785,189.54
H346x174x41.4
4.55
0.22
9.67
3,186
54.67
--
--
16.86
236,500.04
H350x175x49.6
4.59
0.18
7.95
--
46.86
--
--
31.06
300,906.58
H354x176x57.8
4.62
0.15
6.77
--
41.00
--
--
51.70
370,063.83
H336x249x69.2
6.71
0.11
10.38
2,765
39.00
--
--
48.04
871,458.28
5-33
Table 5.4 Allowable Moment Capacity (ton-m)

SYS
Section
Unbraced Length
5m
6m
1m
2m
3m
4m
7m
8m
9m
10m
C 200x90x30.3 Kg/m
4008.46
3644.06
3144.70
2358.52
1886.82
1572.35
1347.73
1179.26
1048.23
943.41
C 200x90x30.3 Kg/m
5118.50
4653.18
4653.18
4158.13
3326.51
2772.09
2376.08
2079.07
1848.06
1663.25
C 250x90x34.6 Kg/m
6865.78
6241.61
5729.07
4296.80
3437.44
2864.53
2455.31
2148.40
1909.69
1718.72
C 250x90x40.2 Kg/m
7688.02
6989.11
6989.11
5366.55
4293.24
3577.70
3066.60
2683.27
2385.13
2146.62
C 300x90x38.1 Kg/m
8818.62
8016.92
6132.16
4599.12
3679.30
3066.08
2628.07
2299.56
2044.05
1839.65
C 300x90x43.8 Kg/m
10154.77
9231.61
8419.21
6314.41
5051.53
4209.61
3608.23
3157.20
2806.40
2525.76
C 300x90x48.6 Kg/m
10792.01
9810.92
9236.17
6927.13
5541.70
4618.09
3958.36
3463.56
3078.72
2770.85
C 380x100x54.5 Kg/m
15684.39
14258.54
11774.77
8831.08
7064.86
5887.38
5046.33
4415.54
3924.92
3532.43
C 380x100x67.3 Kg/m
19035.06
17304.60
17304.60
13397.08
10717.66
8931.39
7655.47
6698.54
5954.26
5358.83
H 100x100x17.2 Kg/m
1572.55
1429.59
1429.59
1261.73
1009.38
841.15
720.99
630.86
560.77
504.69
H 125x125x23.8 Kg/m
2795.65
2541.50
2541.50
2429.99
1943.99
1620.00
1388.57
1215.00
1080.00
972.00
H 148x100x21.1 Kg/m
2836.76
2578.87
2182.62
1651.55
1230.30
1025.25
878.79
768.94
683.50
615.15
H 150x150x31.5 Kg/m
4501.81
4092.56
4092.56
4092.56
3371.20
2809.34
2408.00
2107.00
1872.89
1685.60
H 175x175x40.2 Kg/m
6721.31
6721.31
6166.86
6166.86
5442.74
4659.70
3887.67
3401.72
3023.75
2721.37
H 198x99x18.2 Kg/m
3288.99
2976.18
2543.64
1938.09
1275.85
886.00
650.94
498.38
439.82
395.84
H 200x100x21.3 Kg/m
3782.34
3402.59
2880.15
2148.73
1396.95
970.11
794.81
695.46
618.19
556.37
H 194x150x30.6 Kg/m
4554.74
4242.06
4211.63
3821.37
3319.61
2706.35
2033.09
1556.59
1286.58
1157.92
H 200x200x49.9 Kg/m
9470.65
9470.65
8820.48
8820.48
8303.76
7449.61
6600.67
5621.12
4613.20
4151.88
H 200x204x56.2 Kg/m
10237.00
10237.00
9306.36
9306.36
9306.36
9306.36
9306.36
8377.87
7446.99
6702.29
H 208x202x65.7 Kg/m
12909.30
12909.30
11735.73
11735.73
11735.73
11176.59
9579.93
8382.44
7451.06
6705.95
5-34

SYS
Section
H 248x124x25.7 Kg/m
1m
2m
3m
4m
5728.86
5325.93
5054.85
4383.75
Unbraced Length
5m
6m
3520.90
2536.60
7m
8m
9m
10m
1863.63
1426.84
1127.38
913.18
H 250x125x29.6 Kg/m
6660.21
6054.74
5698.30
4897.82
3868.63
2748.46
2019.28
1546.01
1221.54
1068.76
H 244x175x44.1 Kg/m
10072.59
10072.59
9381.11
9040.02
8261.84
7310.72
6186.68
4908.45
3878.28
3141.41
H 244x252x64.4 Kg/m
14720.15
14720.15
14720.15
13454.98
13454.98
13454.98
12848.45
11242.39
9993.24
8993.91
H 248x249x66.5 Kg/m
15181.01
15181.01
15181.01
14968.66
14968.66
14259.52
13402.85
12414.38
11294.12
10042.06
H 250x250x72.4 Kg/m
16958.92
16958.92
16958.92
16202.03
16202.03
15340.27
14379.00
13269.84
12012.79
10607.86
H 250x255x82.2 Kg/m
18891.16
18891.16
18891.16
17173.78
17173.78
17173.78
17173.78
17173.78
16032.97
14429.67
H 298x149x32 Kg/m
8346.52
7923.49
7824.99
7063.64
6084.76
4888.35
3635.84
2783.69
2199.46
1781.56
H 300x150x36.7 Kg/m
9819.22
8988.67
8837.88
7943.79
6794.26
5389.27
3984.46
3050.60
2410.35
1952.39
H 294x200x56.8 Kg/m
15470.06
15470.06
14408.04
14302.19
13342.14
12168.75
10782.02
9181.95
7415.34
6006.42
H 298x201x65.4 Kg/m
18350.45
18350.45
16687.91
16659.99
15601.28
14307.32
12778.08
11013.58
9020.76
7306.82
H 294x302x84.5 Kg/m
23039.86
23039.86
23039.86
21490.59
21490.59
21490.59
21490.59
19483.25
17318.45
15586.60
H 298x299x87 Kg/m
23586.05
23586.05
23586.05
23733.08
23733.08
23642.19
22657.11
21520.48
20232.30
18792.57
H 300x300x94 Kg/m
26053.36
26053.36
26053.36
25414.96
25414.96
25228.24
24141.08
22886.66
21464.99
19876.06
H 300x305x106 Kg/m
29600.95
29600.95
29600.95
26909.95
26909.95
26909.95
26909.95
26909.95
26828.88
24146.00
H 304x301x106 Kg/m
30238.93
30238.93
30238.93
28778.70
28778.70
28778.70
27504.45
26135.50
24584.03
22850.03
H 346x174x41.4 Kg/m
12395.97
11978.67
11978.67
11439.17
10387.04
9101.10
7581.36
5919.22
4676.91
3788.30
H 350x175x49.6 Kg/m
15550.32
15550.32
14482.79
13956.20
12754.83
11286.48
9551.15
7577.79
5987.39
4849.78
H 354x176x57.8 Kg/m
18685.60
18685.60
16986.91
16473.31
15122.72
13472.01
11521.17
9273.10
7326.89
5934.78
H 336x249x69.2 Kg/m
20847.83
20847.83
20847.83
20556.21
20387.46
19308.24
18032.80
16561.13
14893.25
13029.14
5-35

SYS
Section
1m
2m
3m
4m
7m
8m
9m
10m
H 340x250x79.7 Kg/m
25037.38
25037.38
25037.38
23919.96
23848.54
22647.69
21228.52
19591.00
17735.15
15660.97
H 340x250x79.7 Kg/m
25037.38
25037.38
25037.38
23919.96
23848.54
22647.69
21228.52
19591.00
17735.15
15660.97
H 338x351x106 Kg/m
32901.85
32901.85
32901.85
32901.85
31208.07
31208.07
31208.07
30986.53
27543.58
24789.23
H 344x348x115 Kg/m
35473.20
35473.20
35473.20
35473.20
36253.69
36253.69
36195.36
34944.38
33526.61
31942.04
H 344x354x131 Kg/m
42140.24
42140.24
42140.24
42140.24
38309.31
38309.31
38309.31
38309.31
38309.31
37113.46
H 350x350x137 Kg/m
44408.91
44408.91
44408.91
44408.91
42981.18
42981.18
42981.18
41467.42
39796.78
37929.60
H 350x357x156 Kg/m
50362.73
50362.73
50362.73
50362.73
45784.30
45784.30
45784.30
45784.30
45784.30
45784.30
H 396x199x56.6 Kg/m
19636.69
19636.69
18874.34
18823.57
17615.36
16138.66
14393.48
12379.80
10111.48
8190.30
H 400x200x66 Kg/m
23877.26
23877.26
22238.09
22238.09
20924.11
19258.76
17290.62
15019.70
12445.98
10081.80
H 404x201x75.5 Kg/m
27946.94
27946.94
25414.96
25414.96
24046.89
22202.44
20022.63
17507.46
14656.93
11889.35
H 386x299x94.5 Kg/m
32314.75
32314.75
32314.75
32516.19
32516.19
32391.66
31042.02
29484.75
27719.85
25747.30
H 390x300x107 Kg/m
37930.62
37930.62
37930.62
37001.19
37001.19
37001.19
35527.20
33817.43
31879.69
29713.99
H 388x4002x140 Kg/m
49739.84
49739.84
49739.84
49739.84
49739.84
47092.42
47092.42
47092.42
47092.42
43062.46
H 394x398x147 Kg/m
51397.48
51397.48
51397.48
51397.48
51397.48
53259.28
53259.28
53259.28
51778.58
50043.15
H 394x405x168 Kg/m
62172.43
62172.43
62172.43
62172.43
62172.43
56623.03
56623.03
56623.03
56623.03
56623.03
H 400x400x172 Kg/m
63327.21
63327.21
63327.21
63327.21
63327.21
62229.27
62229.27
62229.27
60480.42
58448.31
Unbraced Length
5m
6m
H 414x405x232 Kg/m
91924.91
91924.91
91924.91
91924.91
91924.91
83719.86
83719.86
83719.86
83719.86
83719.86
H 446x199x66.2 Kg/m
25913.04
25913.04
24106.83
23908.04
22289.54
20311.37
17973.54
15276.04
12313.47
9973.91
14887.85
12059.16
H 450x200x76 Kg/m
30628.76
30628.76
27844.33
27763.23
25977.34
23794.59
21214.98
18238.50
H 456x201x88.9 Kg/m
36384.50
36384.50
33076.82
33076.82
31424.91
29080.98
26310.89
23114.62

5-36
SYS
Section
1m
2m
3m
4m
Unbraced Length
5m
6m
7m
8m
H 434x299x106 Kg/m
41418.09
41418.09
41418.09
40364.93
40364.93
40041.58
38305.23
36301.75
H 440x300x124 Kg/m
50113.06
50113.06
50113.06
47653.04
47653.04
47653.04
45913.48
H 446x302x145 Kg/m
60750.99
60750.99
60750.99
55688.65
55688.65
55688.65
53665.59
H 496x199x79.5 Kg/m
34740.00
34740.00
31581.82
31449.42
29401.09
26897.57
H 500x200x89.6 Kg/m
39262.37
39262.37
35693.06
35693.06
33484.71
30768.04
H 506x201x103 Kg/m
45840.36
45840.36
41673.05
41673.05
39693.29
H 482x300x114 Kg/m
49130.45
49130.45
49130.45
46718.67
46718.67
H 488x300x128 Kg/m
57187.84
57187.84
57187.84
54380.53
H 494x302x150 Kg/m
69109.35
69109.35
69109.35
63350.52
9m
10m
43760.11
41319.63
38592.02
51152.11
48303.50
45119.77
23938.86
20524.96
16698.81
13526.04
27557.44
23852.89
19655.94
15921.31
36784.84
33347.59
29381.53
24886.66
20272.04
45831.03
43635.98
41103.22
38232.77
35024.61
54380.53
54380.53
52395.39
49938.01
47152.99
44040.31
63350.52
63350.52
61049.11
58189.82
54949.28
51327.52
H 596x199x94.6 Kg/m
47484.86
43168.05
43168.05
42825.08
39934.16
36400.81
32225.03
27406.82
22105.52
17905.47
H 600x200x106 Kg/m
53240.60
53240.60
48400.54
48246.13
45134.24
41330.81
36835.86
31649.37
25815.97
20910.94
H 606x201x120 Kg/m
61257.52
61257.52
55688.65
55688.65
52736.02
48714.29
43961.36
38477.19
32261.81
26179.99
H 612x202x134 Kg/m
69480.01
69480.01
63163.64
63163.64
60527.58
56279.70
51259.49
45466.94
38902.05
31886.78
H 582x300x137 Kg/m
70829.19
70829.19
70829.19
65966.76
65966.76
65044.03
62064.02
58625.53
54728.57
50373.16
H 588x300x151 Kg/m
100725.93
100725.93
100725.93
93811.09
93811.09
93811.09
90651.72
86493.72
81781.30
76514.50
H 594x302x175 Kg/m
94969.72
94969.72
94969.72
86336.10
86336.10
86336.10
83436.15
79611.81
75277.56
70433.40
H 692x300x166 Kg/m
101662.60
101662.60
101662.60
93063.59
93063.59
92679.32
88806.51
84337.90
79273.47
73613.22
H 700x300x185 Kg/m
117585.65
117585.65
117585.65
107639.81
107639.81
107639.81
105498.68
101182.00
96289.78
90822.00
H 792x300x191 Kg/m
131765.34
131765.34
131765.34
119786.67
119786.67
119592.53
114716.17
109089.61
102712.83
95585.84
5-37

SYS
Section
1m
2m
3m
4m
Unbraced Length
5m
6m
H 800x300x210 Kg/m
149854.81
149854.81
149854.81
136231.64
136231.64
I 200x100x26 Kg/m
4460.70
4055.18
3976.68
2982.51
2386.01
I 200x150x50.4 Kg/m
9168.07
8334.61
8334.61
8334.61
I 250x125x38.3 Kg/m
8510.27
7736.61
7736.61
7112.68
I 250x125x55.5 Kg/m
17637.23
16033.85
16033.85
I 300x150x48.3 Kg/m
12991.53
11810.48
11810.48
I 300x150x65.5 Kg/m
17452.23
15865.66
I 300x150x76.8 Kg/m
20103.98
18276.34
I 350x150x58.5 Kg/m
17883.91
7m
8m
9m
10m
136231.64
133627.36
128196.39
122041.32
115162.10
1988.34
1704.29
1491.26
1325.56
1193.01
8334.61
8334.61
8334.61
7355.95
6538.62
5884.76
5690.14
4741.78
4064.39
3556.34
3161.19
2845.07
16033.85
16033.85
14937.31
12803.41
11202.98
9958.21
8962.39
11292.32
9033.86
7528.21
6452.75
5646.16
5018.81
4516.93
15865.66
15865.66
15865.66
14391.66
12335.71
10793.75
9594.44
8635.00
18276.34
18276.34
18276.34
18276.34
16898.43
14786.12
13143.22
11828.90
16258.10
16258.10
15373.99
12299.19
10249.32
8785.14
7686.99
6832.88
6149.59
I 350x150x87.2 Kg/m
26311.96
23919.96
23919.96
23919.96
23919.96
23919.96
20680.41
18095.36
16084.76
14476.29
I 400x150x72 Kg/m
24667.46
22424.96
22424.96
22265.77
17812.62
14843.85
12723.30
11132.89
9895.90
8906.31
I 400x150x95.8 Kg/m
32478.82
29526.20
29526.20
29526.20
29526.20
27145.00
23267.14
20358.75
18096.67
16287.00
I 450x175x91.7 Kg/m
35767.81
35767.81
32516.19
32516.19
29761.00
24800.83
21257.86
18600.62
16533.89
14880.50
I 450x175x115 Kg/m
44606.99
44606.99
40551.81
40551.81
40551.81
40208.71
34464.61
30156.53
26805.80
24125.22
I 600x190x133 Kg/m
67424.39
67424.39
61294.89
61294.89
57103.00
47585.83
40787.86
35689.37
31723.89
28551.50
I 600x190x176 Kg/m
89008.41
89008.41
80916.74
80916.74
80916.74
80916.74
75382.93
65960.06
58631.16
52768.05
5-38

The beam design module of the SYS Designers Software has been developed based
on the flow diagram as described in General Procedure section of this chapter. The
module can carry out all necessary design, investigation and checks according to
AISC/ASD (1992) specifications. In addition to flexural strength calculation about both
principal axis, various standard beam checks like shear, web yielding, crippling and
side sway web buckling can also be carried out Built-in SYS section database
facilitates the quick selection, design and verification of the beam.
5-39
Chapter
Design of Columns
1. Introduction
In the previous two chapters, we have discussed about the design of members
subjected to only axial compression or flexure. While many structural members can be
treated as either axially loaded members or beams with only flexural loading, many of
them are subjected to some degree, of both bending and axial load. In many cases,
the effects due to bending are so small that they can be considered as secondary
effects and can be neglected, with negligible errors.
P
Mx Top
My Top
My Bot
Mx Bot
Fig. 6.1.General Steel Column
Structural members subjected to both significant compression and flexure are called
beam-columns or columns in general. The rafter and column of a gable frame and top
chord member of a truss with a purlin placed between the joints are the some
common examples of such columns. Design of a column requires the determination of
the stresses due to the axial loads and bending, and checks the combined effect by
using some interaction formulae. The basic concepts for axial load are explained in
Chapter 3 and 4 and for bending in chapter 5. This chapter describes the additional
concepts and considerations specific to columns. Important topics to be covered in this
chapter are the magnification (amplification) of actual moment due to presence of axial
6-1
force and column design using interaction formulae. Design examples and flow
diagrams that form the basis of internal calculation for SYS designer are also included
at the end.
2. Moment Amplification
For the design of columns, the moments obtained from elastic first-order analysis are
magnified to take into account the following two type of effects.
Secondary moment due to the deflection within the length of the member ( P
effects ) Fig 6.1(a)
Secondary moment due to the effect of sway when the member is a part of a part
of an unbraced frame ( P effects ) Fig.6.2(b).
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6.2.Second Order Effects
Some specifications (e.g. AISC/LRFD) require separate first-order elastic analysis for lateral
translation (LT) and No lateral Translation (NT) cases and using different amplification factor for
moment obtained from each analysis. An analytical expression for a column subjected to an axial
load P and unequal end moments M 1 and M 2 is given as follows.
M max = MF x M 2
(6-1)
Where
MF = moment magnification factor
Mmax = maximum or magnified moment for design
The analytical solution for the pin-ended column segment as shown in figure 6.3 is given by
MF =
(M1 / M 2 ) + 2(M1 / M 2 ) cos kl + 1

sin2 kl
(6-2)
6-2
The location of the point of maximum moment can be calculated using the following
equation.
M1
M2
xc
M1
M2
Mmax
Fig. 6.3. Single Curvature Bending
tan( kx c ) =
(M1 / M 2 ) cos kl + 1
(M1 / M 2 ) sin kl
(6-3)
Where
(6-4)
EI
And M1/M2 is positive for double curvature bending and negative for single curvature.
The MF can also be written as
k=
MF = Cm . sec(Kl / 2)
(6-5)
Where
1
Cm =
(6-6)
Sec (kl / 2)
where the above exact solution has been simplified with the following assumptions for
practical design purposes.
sec( kl / 2) =
1
1
P
Pe
(6-7)
And
Cm = 0.6 0.4(M1 / M 2 )
Finally the moment magnification factor takes the form as
Cm
P
1
Pe
Where Eulers Load is given as
(6-8)
(7-9)
MF =
Pe =
2EI
(kL / r )2
(6-10)
6-3
Equation 6-9 forms the basis for the moment magnification factors used in various
forms in different specifications. Use of this moment magnifier in the column design
interaction equations are discussed in the subsequent article Column Interaction
Equations
3. Column Interaction Equations

Column interaction equations are, basically, derived considering the column as simply
supported and subjected to axial load and equal external moment at two ends. To
generalize the equations such that they may be applied for members with other
loading and boundary conditions, and for members in general frameworks, various
factors to approximate the actual behavior are introduced. Such equations are based
on linear first-order elastic analysis and amplified to account for second-order effects.
So the major portion of the analysis/design of columns is devoted to the assessment
of the procedure for calculations of the effective length and moment amplifications
factors. Although various codes to permit the use of more rational second-order
inelastic analysis, such analysis are impractical for manual calculations and can only
be carried out with advanced computing tools.
Column interaction equations include two types of second-order effect P and
P which are explained in the previous article Moment Amplification. For the
illustration purposes, the interaction equations for AISC/ASD will be discussed in this
article.
For axial compression and bending
f
For a < 0.15
Fa
fby
fa
f
+ bx +
1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
fa
0.15 following two equations
Fa
fby
Cmy
fa
f
Cmx
+ bx
+
1.0
Fa Fbx 1 fa Fbx Fby 1 fa Fby
And for
fby
fa
f
+ bx +
1.0
0.6Fy Fbx Fby
(6-12)
(6-13)
For axial tension and bending
fby
fa fbx
+
+
1.0
Ft Fbx Fby
In the above column interaction equations, the term

C
1 f
mx
F
bx
(6-11)
(6-14)
(6-15)
is the moment amplification factor. It can be noted in the equation 6-11 that the
amplification factor is equal to one. This means for small axial load (fa/Fa<0.15) the
secondary effects are less significant and can be neglected without any serious error.
The factor Cm is incorporated to account for the unequal end moments and the
6-4
restraint conditions as explained in the previous section. Detailed procedures for the
calculations of various parameters of the above equations has been shown in the
General Procedure section of this chapter for AISC/ASD specifications.
General procedure for the design of a column is the combination of corresponding
general procedures for the design of an axial compression and flexural members. In
addition to this, column design also needs computations of factors for moment
magnification. The following flow diagram describes schematically the stepwise design
procedure for the design of a column. The details for sub parts can be referred to the
general procedures described in last two chapters. This flow diagram, also forms the
basis for the development of the column design module of the SYS Designers
Software.
(Flow diagrams for the design of columns are shown in the following pages)
6-5
Flow Diagram for Column Design

Basic Data
Trial Cross
Section
Compute: Fa
Compute: Fbx, Fby

No
Compute: fa,fbx, fby
No
Yes
fa / Fa< 0.15
No
Compute: Cmx,Cmy
f a fbx fby
+ +
< 1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
Compute: FEX',FEY'
P
A
M
= x
Zx
fa =
f bx
f by =
My
FEX ' =
f by C my
f a f bx C mx
+
+
< 1 .0
Fby 1 f a
Fa Fbx 1 f a
'
'
FEX
FEY
Yes
f by
fa
f
+ bx +
1.0
0 .6 F y
Fbx
Fby
Zy
12 2 E
23 ( kL / r ) 2x
Yes
12 2 E
FEY ' =
23 ( kL / r ) 2y
End
Fig. 6.4. Flow diagram for a typical column design based on AISC/ASD specifications
6-6
Flow Diagram for Computation of C m

Basic Date
Transverse
Load on t he
member
Yes
Relative End
Translation
Yes
No
No
End
Rotationally
Restrained
Yes
Yes
Relative End
Translation
No
No
Cm=1
Cm = 0.6-0.4M1/ M2
M1 < M2
Cm=0.85
End
Fig. 6.5. Flow diagram for the computation of coefficient Cm based on AISC/ASD specifications
5. Design Examples
The example given in this section illustrates the complete design steps for a typical steel
column subjected to moment and axial force at the ends.
6-7
SYS
Example:6 1
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Sheet No:1 / 4
Checked by: NA
Problem:
Check the adequacy of the column of the gable frame shown below
10@
4.4 =
44
44'
4.4 =
10@
.7
50x36
300x1
SYS H
SYS
H300x150x36.7
20'
'
75'
Fig. 6.6.General Column

7.26 Kips
7.26 Kips
2.64 Kips
2.64 Kips
29.60 ft- Kips
20.94 ft- Kips
Fig. 6.7.Design Actions Obtained from 2D Frame Analysis

Solution:
Determine of effective length factor K and Fa
At top,
(EI / L )c = G = 1 / 20 = 3.9
1 / (2 x39 )
(EI / L )b
At base, G = 1 (fixed base )

Using Alignment chart for unbraced case
Kx = 1.6
K x L x 1.6 x 20 x12
=
= 78.68
rx
4.88
Normally, the column is braced laterally at mid height and K can be taken as 1 for that
direction.
K y Ly
ry
1 Lx / 2
= 78.68
ry
6-8
SYS
Example:6 1
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Sheet No:2 / 4
Kl
So, critical
= 92.3
r
Cc =
2E
2 29000
=
=129.75
Fy
34
Design Condition :
Actual fa =
So,
1 KL / r 2

Fy 1
2 Cc
Fa =
= 13.44 Ksi
3
KL
KL
5 3 r 1 r

+
3 8 Cc 8 C c
Kl
< Cc
r
P 7.26
=
=1.001 ksi
A 7.25
fa 1.001
=
= 0.0744
Fa 13.44
Determination of Fb
Maximum unbraced length = 10 ft.

Maximum value of Lc for which Fb = 0.66 Fy is given by the smaller of
Lc1 =
Lc2 =
76 bf 76 5.91
=
= 77.03 in
Fy
34
20,000
= 904.20 in
d
Fy
Af
smaller of the two, Lc = 77.03 = 6.41 ft.

Actual unbraced length Lb = 10 ft.
So Lb > Lc
Computation of Cb and rT :
2
M
M
Cb =1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M
2
M2
2
20.94
20.94
Cb = 1.75 1.05
+ 0.3
=1.1573 2.3
29.60
29.60
So use Cb = 1.157
6-9
SYS
Design Code:
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Iy /2
rT
Example:6 1
Af
12.2 / 2
(5.91 0.354)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Sheet No:3 / 4
= 1.70
Maximum spacing of lateral brace for the allowable stress 0.6 Fy is given by the higher
of the following two equation.
Lc1 = rT
Lc2 =
102,000 cb
102,000 1.157
= 1.7
= 100.15 in
Fy
34
20,000 cb 20,000 1.157

=
=120.43 in
d
11.81
Fy
34
Af
2.09
So Lc = 120.43 = 10.0 ft.

Again Lb >= Lc
102,000 C b
=
Fy
102,000 1.157
= 57.65 in
35.5
510,000 C b
=
Fy
510,000 1.157
= 128.92 in
35.5
L 10 126
=
= 70.58 in
rT
1. 7
102,000 C b
L

Fy
rT
So
510,000 C b
Fy
F y
2
2
35.5 (70.58)
2
rT
F
=
Fb1 =
x Fy = 0.566 Fy = 20.120 ksi

y
3
3
3
3 1530 10 1.157
1530 10 cb
Ld
Computing Fb based on
Af
L d 10 12 11.81
=
= 678
Af
2.09
20,000 C b 20,000 1.157

=
= 651.83
Fy
35.5
So,
L d 20,000 Cb
>
Af
Fy
Fb2 =
12,000 Cb 12,000 1.157

=
= 20.47 ksi
L d / Af
678
6-10
SYS
Example:6 1
Design Code:
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Sheet No:4 / 4
So, using the higher of the Fb1 and Fb2 : Fb = 20.47 ksi
Actual Fb =
Max. moment 29.60 12

=
=12.08 ksi
Sx
29.4
f b 12.08
=
= 0.59
Fb 20.47
Computation of Cm
As the frame is not braced against lateral translation cm=0.85

Computation of FEX
FEX ' =
12 2 E
KL
23
12 x 2 29000
=17.52 ksi
2
23(92.3)
Final check
The above computed values of cm. and FEX ' is used only for the cases when
fa
fa
> 0.15 . But in this case
= 0.0725 < 0.15 so the following simplified check shall
Fa
Fa
apply.
fa f bx f by
+
+
1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
0.0725 + 0.59 + 0
0.66 < 1.0
Hence the section H300 x 150 is OK for column of the Gable frame.
6-11
The column design module of the software has been developed based on the flow
diagram shown in General Procedure section of this chapter. As the design of a
column is more complicated than any other steel members. The SYS steel designers
software has been developed to assist the structural steel designer, from design point of
view, primarily in the following two different ways:
Member Design : To find or select the most appropriate section available in SYS steel
section database built in the program, for the designer specified member and loading
conditions that confirm to AISC/ASD specification.
Code Verification : To check an user specified member, loading and SYS section for
AISC/ASD specification.
For the complete information regarding the software, reader is referred to the SYS
Steel Designers Software Users Manual.
6-12
Chapter
Introduction to Connection Design

1. Introduction
The design of connections can be approached from a number of directions: The type
of fasteners such as bolts, rivets, welds and special devices like cable sockets; the
type of structures such as buildings, bridges, transmission towers etc. and also the
type of loading like static and dynamic etc.. Irrespective of the type and classification
of the design of any connection are interrelated criteria of strength, stiffness, ductility,
predictability, practicability and cost. It is beyond the scope of this manual to cover
comprehensively the detail of the connections from all criteria. The purpose of this
chapter is to introduce some of the underlying common concerns and objectives to the
design of most common type of connections with practical examples. The following
connections shall be covered briefly followed by some examples on some typical type
of connections.
Truss Connections
Portal Frame Connections
Building Frame Connections
Column Bases
2. Truss connections
The connections used in a truss or lattice girder can be internal joint, external joint, site
splice and bracing connection. Internal joints are needed to join the individual
members together to form a complete truss while external joint are required to connect
the truss as a whole to the structural element which supports the truss. To facilitate the
transportation, very large trusses are assembled as component parts first and then
site spliced to form the complete unit. Bracing connections are required to fix the
diagonal members between building columns, portal frame members and adjacent
trusses.
The common truss connections though analyzed as pin joints do not reflect the
idealization of pinned joints. The cost of connections is a major item in the total cost of
steel structures. It is very expensive to make a truss with truly pinned joint that requires
special plant, equipment and techniques. It has been found from experience that
conventional fabrication and erection techniques can satisfy the relevant performance
criteria.
The following are some useful guidelines on the selection of joint type to give the most
economic solution.
1)
In general shop joints should be welded and site joints bolted.
2)
If a large number of trusses are to be made, welded joints are usually more
economical than bolted joints. Welded joints are aesthetically better and
maintenance cost also less than with bolted joints.
2.1.
3)
Gusset plates can be eliminated for directly welded connections. The selection
depends upon the type of member for example hollow sections do not need
gusset plate where as double angle members generally require gusseted joints.
4)
Standard joints should be used with as much repetition of member shapes and
sizes, end preparation and fabrication operation as possible. This can be achieved
readily with parallel chord lattice girders.
Joint Behavior
Members framing into a joint should be so arranged that either their centroidal axes or
in case of bolted connections, the bolt centerlines coincide at a point. If this can not be
achieved the connection must be designed to resist the moment due to eccentricity.
However the concentricity requirement may need for large gusset plates. One
common method to minimize the size of the gusset plate is nesting the member as
shown in Fig 7.1
The moment arising from eccentricity is distributed between the members meeting at
the joint and the connections in proportion to their stiffnesses. As the trued behavior of
a joint is complicated, the small eccentricities and secondary stresses are ignored in
conventional analysis and design.
Fig. 7.1 Truss Connections
2.2.
Design Considerations
The main point in the design of fasteners and the gusset plate if provided, for a truss
joint is discussed briefly as follows.
2.2.1. Bolted Joints
If the centroidal axis of the connected parts meet at a point, the bolts are designed for
direct load, otherwise the eccentricity in the plane of the joint should be taken into
account. The small eccentricity between the centroidal axis and the bolt gauge line is
ignored. Ordinary bolts are designed for single or double shear and bearing whereas
pre-loaded bolts are designed for slip resistance, and shear and bearing where
appropriate. In the bracing connections that connect the diagonal to the other building
frame element, is designed for tension and shear and should be arranged as far as
possible, to avoid any eccentricity.
2.2.2. Gusset Plates
The thickness of the gusset plate should be equal to or slightly larger than the thickest
part to be connected and its size large enough to accommodate the required
fasteners. Common design practice is to check the plate as a beam section in axial
7-2
load, bending and shear or alternatively to check the direct stress in the plate at the
end of each member assuming an dispersance angle of 30 degree on either side of
the member.
3. Portal Frame Connections

The portal frames that will be discussed in this section are single-story pitched roof
portal frame. Depending upon the location and performance requirements, pitched
roof portal frame connections may be divided into the following three types.
Eaves Connections
Ridge Connections
Base Connections
3.1.
Eaves Connections
Eaves connections are further divided into two types:
3.2.
Unhanuched Eaves Connections

Haunched Eaves Connections
Unhaunched Eaves Connections:
Commonly used type unhaunched fully rigid eaves connections and their force
transfer diagrams are shown in Fig 7.2 (a), (b), . In the connection with cover plate,
the force on the flange of the rafter is transmitted to the web of the column and the
force in rafter web into the column flanges. The vertical shear in the rafter web passes
through the web welds into the end plate. from this it passes through the connecting
bolts into the column flange. Similarly, the tensile force in the rafter top flange passes
to cover plate and then to column web. The compressive force in the bottom flange of
the rafter passes into the web stiffener plate and through the connecting weld into the
column web.
(a)
Extended End Plate
(b)
Cover Plate and Extended
End Plate
(c)
Force Diagram
Fig. 7.2 Unhanched Eaves Connections(a)
7-3
(d)
With Diagonal End Plates
(e)
Force Diagram
Fig. 7.3 Unhaunched Eaves Connections (b)
In the case of connection with diagonal end plates Fig.7.2., the welds are designed
to transmit the flange forces and web forces into the end -plates. This element is
designed to take compressive forces as struts. The end plate must also be checked
for local buckling near the tension flange. The bolts are designed to transmit the
bending moment at the eaves and the axial and shear forces that act perpendicular
and parallel to the plane of the end plates.
(d)
Flush End Plate and
Extended Plate
(e)
Force Diagram
Fig. 7.4 Haunched Eaves Connections
7-4
3.3.
Haunched Eaves Connections:

Fig 7.3 shows some fully rigid haunched eaves connections and methods to resolve
the forces in the connected parts. The vertical shear force in the rafter and haunch
webs is transferred subsequently from web welds to end plate, end plate to connecting
bolts and finally to column flange. The compressive force in the bottom flange of the
haunch passes into the compression stiffeners on the column and through their to
connecting welds into the column web. The fasteners can be divided by taking equal
division of load in all or by assuming that it is taken only by the group of bolts near the
haunch compression flange without any shear force in bolts near rafter tension flange.
In the connection without top cover plate Fig.7.3 (a) the tensile force in the top flange
of the rafter is passed through the bolt group near the rafter top flange. The
concentrated load at the transfer point at column flange is distributed into column web
by top stiffener plate. The shear stress on the portion of the column web between top
and Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the connections are:
Connection with extended end plate Fig.7.3.(a) provides better tension load transfer
mechanism than others. Although the connection with top cover plate may need more
fabrication cost, it is aesthetically preferable bottom stiffener plates can be controlled
by adjusting the spacing between the plate, i. .e the distance hp. Alternatively diagonal
web stiffener plate can be provided.
3.4.
Ridge Connections
The fully rigid ridge connections can be analyzed and designed in a similar way to
eaves connections. However in case of three-pin portal frame, the ridge or apex is
designed as pinned connection allowing fairly free rotation. Some of the usual type of
apex connections and their load transfer diagram are shown in Fig. 7.4
WF Cutting
WF Cutting or
Plate
(a)
Long Haunches
(b)
Short Haunches
PC
M
F
PT
(c)
Force Diagram
(d)
Pinned Apex Connections
Fig. 7.5 Ridge Connections
7-5
3.5.
Building Frame Connections

Multi-story frame connections may conveniently be classified into the following five
types.
1)
Beam-to-beam connections
2)
Beam-to-column connections
3)
Column splices
4)
Column bases
5)
Bracing Connections
Each type shall be explained briefly in the following sections.

3.5.1. Beam-to-beam connections
Fig.7.5 shows different beam-to-beam connections. The conventional design

procedure for beam-to-beam connections assumes that they are simple connections
and offer no resistance to rotation of the end of the beam in the vertical plane . So
beam reaction is the only force be considered in the design. The connection between
the flange or web of one beam to web of the main beam can be made with the use of
angles, tees or welded plates as shown in Fig. 7.5 (d). and called accordingly as teeframed shear connection or single-plate shear connection. The size of these
connecting elements depends upon the space available and the number of fasteners
to be accommodated. Various standard design manual (e.g. AISC Manual) give
connection details for standard type of framed connections.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7.6 (a-b) Beam-to-beam Connections
(c)
(d)
7-6
Fig. 7.6 (c-d) Beam-to-beam Connections
(e)
(f)
Fig. 7.6 (e-f) Beam-to-beam Connections
(h)
(g)
Fig.7.6 (g-h) Beam-to-beam connections
3.5.2. Beam-to-Column Connections
Beam-to-column connections can be further classified based on:

1)
Type of fastener
fully welded
fully bolted
shop welded / site bolted
2) Rigidity of joint
rigid joints
semi-rigid (partial ) joints
simple joints
Another way of classifications based on rigidity of joint is
Erection stiff
Fully rigid
Typical beam to-column connections are shown in Fig 7.6 and Fig 7.7 .
7-7
(a)
Fully Bolted
Erection Stiff
(a)
Fully Bolted
Erection Stiff
(c)
Fully Bolted
Fully Rigid
Fig. 7.7 (a-c) Beam-to-column Connections
(d)
Fully Bolted
Erection Stiff
(e)
Fully Bolted
Erection Stiff
( Stiffened )
(f)
Fully Welded
Erection Stiff
Fig.7.7 (d-f) Beam-to-column connections
It is the beyond the scope of this manual to describe the detailed analysis and design
procedures for all the connection shown in the figures. However some of the general
considerations for the design of various components of the beam-to-column
connections shall be pointed here.
Fasteners for erection stiff or simple beam-to-column connections are

designed for the shear force only.
7-8
(a)
Fully Rigid
Site Bolted
Shop Welded
(b)
Fully Rigid
Site Bolted
Shop Welded
(c)
Fully Rigid
Site Bolted
Shop Welded
Fig. 7.8 (a-c) Beam-to-column Fully Rigid Connections
(d)
Erection Stiff
Site Bolted
Shop Welded
(e)
Erection Stiff
Site Bolted
Shop Welded
Fig.7.8 (d-e) Beam-to-column connections

3.5.3. Column Bases
Column bases are special type of connections. They are more complicated than other
type of connections because of two different materials i.e. steel and concrete
interaction. The interaction with soil poses one more complication if very accurate
analysis and design is required. However, such an analysis and design is beyond the
scope of this manual. Although semi-rigid connections are now being recognized, two
primary type of connections namely pinned and fixed connections, being of more
practical significance, shall be introduced here.
3.5.3.1. Pinned Connections
Typical pinned column base connections are shown in the Fig.7.7.These connections
can be considered as hinge if the axial force in column, the theoretical rotation small
and when the length of the plate in the direction of shear is limited to 300 mm. The
7-9
size of the end plate must be such that the bearing pressure on the concrete is within
allowable limits and the thickness must be such as to allow for rotation to occur i.e.
less rigid. Single base plate with shear connector provides more flexibility in vertical
and horizontal alignment of the column during erection. However in the other solution
with secondary base plate, as the secondary plate is already fixed to the concrete it is
difficult to adjust position of the column. The anchor bolts must therefore be placed
very carefully.
P
V
Fig. 7.9 Pinned Column Bases -Type1
3.5.3.2. Column with welded end plate and intermediate plate

The rotation capacity of the column with only one welded plate may be less to assume
Fig. 7.10 Pinned Column Bases -Type2
7-10
as pinned connection for large column with heavy loading. The better solution for such
cases can be to add an intermediate plate welded under the end plate to improve the
rotation capacity. The axial force is transferred from column to intermediate plate to
base plate and finally to the concrete. To prevent the web buckling the column web
may be stiffened as shown in Fig 7.8. Fig.7.8 also shows the pinned and vertical forks
connections that are practically possible to resemble an ideal hinge connection. In
addition to the size of the base plate to distribute the load on concrete safely, more
attention must be paid to the stress concentration at various points in the connection
such as at the intersection of fork plates and column wall; and between pin and fork
plates. The pin is designed only for single or double shear as the case may be.
3.5.3.3. Fixed Connections
Fixed connection as the term suggests, ideally, must be as stiff as practically possible
to prevent any rotation, which usually need for stiffening of the base plate and column
wall and more fasteners. Some common practical type of fixed connections is
described briefly in this article. Fig.7.9.and Fig 7.10 show the various different fixed
column bases with I-shaped and tubular columns. Connections with bolts on only two
sides of the column are commonly used for uniaxial moment with axial forces while
those connections with fasteners all around the column are used for columns
subjected to biaxial bending. Suitability of a particular type depends upon a number of
design factors. Design assumptions and procedures for some common type moment
resisting column bases are given in the examples later in this chapter.
Fig.7.1.(a) Fixed column bases
7-11
Fig.7.10 (b) Fixed column bases
Fig.7.10 (c-d) Fixed column bases
7-12
SYS
Subject: Design of Tension Connection
Example:7
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 1
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design a bearing type connection to connect two channels SYS 200x80x 24.6 (
Smallest) to a single gusset plate as shown in Figure below.
Assume:
Design tensile load = 45.5 ton (100 kips)
A325 bolts with threads not excluded from shear plane
Standard holes
Fy = 2500 Ksc.(35.5 ksi)

Solution:
First Trial Size of bolt: in.

Allowable bolt shearing stress = 21 ksi
Allowable shear per bolt in double shear = 2 x 21 x .44 =18.5 kips
Allowable bolt bearing stress =1.2 Fu = 1.2 x 58 = 69.6 ksi
Allowable bearing on two channels of thickness (7.5mm/25.4 = 0.295 in)
= 69.6 x 2 x 0.295 x 3/4
= 30.8 kips
So the minimum of the shearing and bearing will be the design capacity of the bolt
= 18.5 kips
Number of bolts required = 100/18.5 = 5.4
Use 6 bolts
Use gusset plate length
= 6 in to accommodate 6 of bolts in two lines
Thickness of Gusset plate thickness required = t =
100
6 x 69.6 x 3/4
= 0.315
So use 5/16 inch thick gusset plate.

(Note :The gusset plate must also be checked for gross area, net area and block shear)
7-13
SYS
Subject: Design of Unstiffened Beam Seat
Example:7 2
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 1
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design a unstiffened beam seat to transfer a design load of 10 ton (22 kips ) from a SYS
H300x150x36.7 beam to SYS H400x200x66 column. Assume A325 bolts , Standard
holes , beam & column Fy = 2500 Ksc( 35.5 ksi)
Cleaarance
1/2"
R / Fc
t
k
Critical
Section
for
Bending
Fig. 7. 11 Unstiffened Beam Seat

Solution:
Find Required Bearing Length N
For H300x150x36.7 from properties table k = t f + r = 8+13 mm = 21 mm
t w = 6.5 mm
Using : R = 0.66 FY t w ( N + 2.5k )
10,000 = 0.66 x 2500 x 0.65 ( N + 2.5 x 2.1)
Solving for N, we get N = 4.0 cm
So use N = 4 cm
Find Required Thickness of Bearing Seat
As channel sections are not available ,at present 1998), in Siam Yamato Steel Products
Let us assume that the k distance for the beam seat angle will be = 25 mm
To allow for setback and underrun in the length of the beam use total clearance of 20
mm.
The reaction is assumed to act at the center of the bearing length.
Largest length of the seat that can be accommodated in the SYS H400x200 = 200 mm
So b = 200 mm
M = R(
N
2
+ Clearance k)
4
M = 10,000( + 2 2.5)
2
= 15000 kg-cm = 150 kg-m
7-14
SYS
Subject: Design of Unstiffened Beam Seat
Example:7 2
Design Code:
Sheet No:2 / 2
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
F = 0.66 Fy =0.66 x 2500 =1650 Ksc

b
6M
6 x15000
=
=16.5 mm
F b
1650 x 20
b
t=
Check for Web Crippling
N t
2
R = 34t w 1 + 3 w
d t f
t=
1.5
Fyw t f
t w
Use US units, but non

dimensional terms can be
in any consistent units
6M
6x15000
=
= 16.5 mm
Fb b
1650x20
1.5
4 6.5 35.5 x9
R = 34 x(6.5 / 25.4) 2 1 + 3

6.5
30 9
N.G
= 19.44kips (8.837 ton)

which is less than the applied reaction 10 ton so another section for beam or larger seat
to increase N should be selected so that R >10 ton
Assuming the threads are excluded from the shear plane the allowable shear stress
Fv = 30 ksi (2113 ksc)
For inch bolt, resistance for shearing R = 30x 0.44 = 13.2 kips (6 ton)
Number of bolt required n =
10 ton
6 ton
= 1.66
So use 2 no in bolts
The selected angle seat should be checked for the following
Size enough to accommodate these bolts

Thickness not less than t
Assumed and actual value of k
Bolts excluded from shear plane or not
7-15
SYS
Subject: Design of Welded Bracket
Example:7 3
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 2
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design the welded bracket connection as shown in the figure below. Assume beam
reaction = 12 ton (26.4 kips)
Assume: E70 weld
H 350x175
H 300x150
20
Fig. 7.12 Welded Bracket Connection

Solution:
1. Find Required Bearing Length N
Web Yielding Criteria:

For H300x150x36.7 from properties table k = t f + r =8+13 mm=21 mm
and t w =6.5 mm
Using R = 0.66 FY t w ( N + 2.5k ) [concentrated load within d distance from beam end]
12,000 = 0.66 x 2500 x 0.65 ( N + 2.5 x 2.1 )
Solving for N, we get
N = 5.93 cm
So use N =larger of k and 5.93 cm = 5.93 cm
Web Crippling Criteria:
R = 34t w
N t
1 + 3 w
d t f
1.5
Fyw t f
t w
[Use US units for dimensional parameters and any consistent units for non dimensional
parameters]
1.5
N cm 0.65 cm
30 cm 0.9 cm
12x2.2 kips = 34x(6.5/25.4 in)2 1 + 3
35.5 ksi x 0.9 cm

0.65 cm
Solving for N, we get N = 11.45 cm

From the above two criteria the required minimum N = 11.45 cm
Providing for clearance, total bearing length of the seat = 11.45 + 1.2 =12.65 cm
7-16
SYS
Subject: Design of Welded Bracket
Example:7 3
Design Code:
Sheet No:2 / 2
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Use 13 cm.
Moment at the critical section = 12,000 x (13-13/5-1.2) =63600 kg-cm = 636 kg-m
Try vertical leg = 20 cm and
Horizontal leg = 5 cm
y=
2x20x2x5
2x20 + 2x5
= 8 cm
8 3 + (20 8) 3
I x = 2
+ 2x8 2 = 1749 cm 3
3
qz =
My
Ix
qz =
63600x8
= 290.9 kg/cm
1749
qz =
R
6000
=
= 120 kg/cm
total length
50
2
q = q y + q z = 120 2 + 290.9 2 = 314.67 kg/cm

So use E70 fillet weld with q = 314.67 or more
.
7-17
SYS
Subject: Beam-to-column T-stub Connection
Example:7 4
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 2
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design the T-stub moment connection for SYS H250x125x29.6 beam to SYS
H300x150x36.7 column as shown in the figure below.
Use Steel: A36 and A325 bolts
Design beam shear = 18 kips (8.18 ton) and beam moment = 55 ft-kips (7.6 ton-m)
Fig. 7.13 Beam-to-column T-stub Connection

Solution:
1. Computing Bolt Strengths
Strength for
For dia 7/8 in
For dia 1 in
Tension = 44 Ab
26.4
34.6
Single shear = 30 Ab
18
23.6
Bearing on beam flange
69.9 x 7/8 x 0.512
69.9 x 1 x 0.512
= 31.31
= 35.63
69.9 x 7/8 x 0.551
69.9 x 1 x 0.551
= 33.70
= 38.51
= 69.6 x 0.57 x d
Bearing on column flange
= 69.6 x 0.57 x d
Connection Between Tee and Beam
Force on bolts = M / d = 55 x 12 / 9.84 = 67 kips

No of 7/8 in bolt required = 67 / 18 = 3.72
So use 4 No -7/8 in bolts.
Connection Between Tee and Column
Force on bolts P =67 / 4 = 16.75 kips / bolt

No of 7/8 in bolt required = 67 / 18 = 3.72
Assume Q/P= 0.5; Q = 0.5 x 16.75 = 8.375 kips
Total Tension = T = P+Q =16.75 + 8.375 = 25.125 kips
Try 4No-7/8 in bolts.
7-18
SYS
Subject: Beam-to-column T-stub Connection
Example:7 4
Design Code:
Sheet No:2 / 2
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
T-stub
Try some T section with tf = 1 in , tw =0.6 in and bf = 8 in

Vertical spacing of bolts g = 4.5 in
Horizontal spacing of bolts = column flange width 2 x edge distance
= 5.9-2x1.5 = 2.9 in
half the width of the Tee w = 6/2 = 3 in
a = (8 4.5 ) / 2 = 1.75 in < 2 tf
b = (4.5-0.6 )/2 1/16 = 1.88 in
( )
( )
2
2
7
100bd 2 18wt 2 100x1.88x 8 18x4.25x1
=
=
= 0.36
2
P
70ad 2 + 21wt 2
70x1.75x 7
+ 21x4.25x12
8
P = 16.75
Q =0.36 x 16.75 = 6.03 kips
T= P+Q = 22.78 < 26.4 (bolt strength in tension)
OK
Bending in Flange
Moment M1 = Q a = 6.03 x 1.75 = 10.55 kips at bolt line

Moment M2 = Q ( a + b )-T b = 6.03 ( 1.75 + 1.88 ) 25.125 x 1.88 = 25.34 kips at web
S=
f=
wt 2
6
4.25x12
6
= 0.708 inch 3
shear force
18
=
= 25.4 ksi < 27ksi
S
0.708
OK
Shear
Direct shear stress = shear force / no of bolts = 18/8 = 2.25 kips/bolt

Shear stress fv = 2.25 / 0.6 = 3.75 ksi
Ft = 44 2 2.15f v
f=
= 44 2 2.15x3.75 2 = 43.65 ksi
shear force
18
=
= 25.4 ksi < 27ksi
S
0.708
Total strength = 43.65 x 0.6 = 26.19 > T (25.125)
OK
OK
7-19
SYS
Subject: Beam-to-column Moment Connection
Example:7 5
Design Code:
Sheet No:1 / 3
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design the moment resistant connection for SYS H300x150x36.7 beam to SYS
H400x200x66 column as shown in the figure below. Assume
Slip critical connection

Steel yield strength = 35.5 ksi (2500 ksc)
A325 bolts and E70 electrodes
Design beam shear = 40 kips (18.2 ton)
Beam moment = 160 ft-kips (22.12 ton-m)
Fig. 7.14 Beam-to-column Moment Connection

1. Top Flange Plate
Tension force on the flange T = Moment / Depth = 160 x 12 / 11.81 = 162.57 kips
Area of plate required A s =
T
=162.57 / (0.6 x 36 ) = 7.526 sq. inch.
0.6Fy
Available flange width of the column = 7.87 in

Providing 1.5 inch for welding space
Maximum available width = 7.87-1.5 =6.37 inch
So use 1.25 x 6 in. = 7.5 sq. inch
For 3/8 inch bolt q = 21 x 0.707 x 3/8 = 5.56 kips/ inch
Length of the weld required = 162.57 / 5.56 = 29.23 inch
Provide 6 inch along end and 12 inch on each side.
Total = 6+2 x 12 = 30 > 29.23 inch
OK
Bottom Flange Plate

1
To facilitate the welding the bottom flange is chosen about 1 2 inch wider than the beam
flange.
Plate width = 5.91+1.25 = 7.16
So use 7.5 inch x 1 inch = 7.5 sq. inch
Use
3
8
inch x 15 inch weld on each side of the plate.
7-20
SYS
Example:7 5
Design Code:
Sheet No:2 / 3
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Shear Plate
Bolts strength:
single shear strength: So for

Bearing = 1.2 x 58 x
1 7
x
4 8
3
8
inch bolt strength in single shear = 17 x 0.6 = 10.2 kips
=15.2 kips (Assuming plate thickness =
1
4
No of bolts required , n = Shear force / bolt strength = 40/10.2 = 3.92

3
Use 4 - 8 inch bolts.

Length of shear plate = ( n-1 ) x spacing + 2 x edge distance
1
= 3x3+2x1 2 =12 inch

Thickness of plate required t =
So use
shear force
Fv L
40
0.4 x 35.5 x 12
= 0.234 inch
1
inch x 5 inch (So assumed plate thickness OK)
4
Length required for
3
16
inch weld L =
shear force
weld strength/inch
40
2.78
= 14.4 inch
Use 10-in weld on each side.

Column-Flange Stiffener at Top Flange
Min. thickness of col. flange = 0.4 A = 0.4 x 7.5 = 1.10 > 0.512 in. Stiffeners
f
required.
Column-flange stiffener at bottom flange
Check for web crippling:
N t
2
R = 67.5t w 1 + 3 w
d t f
1.5
Fyw t f
tw
1.5
1 0.315 35.5 x0.512

R = 67.5 x(0.315) 2 1 + 3

0.315
15.75 0.512
= 6.69 x 1.09 x 7.596

= 55.39 < 162.57 kips
tw
Af
tbf + 5kc
Stiffeners required
7.5
1 + 5 x (0.63 + 0.512)
= 1.12 inch.> tw ( .315 )
Stiffeners required
Area of stiffener required As =7.5 0.315 (0.75+ 5 x 1.142) = 5.465 sq. inch
7-21
SYS
Example:7 6
Design Code:
Sheet No:3 / 3
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Checked by: NA
Area for each stiffener = 5.465 / 2 =2.7325 sq inch.

So use two - 1 inch x 3 inch stiffeners both on top and bottom.
Column-Web shear
fv =
V
dc t w
162.57
(15.75 2x0.512 2x.63)x0.315
Actual shear stress = 38.32 ksi > (0.4 x35.5)
As =
Total V Fv dc t w 162.57 0.4x35.5x13.46x0.315

=
Ft Cos
0.6x35.5xCos(33.68)
= 5.77 sq. inch

Area for one plate = 5.77 /2 = 2.885 sq. inch
Use two - 1inch x 3 inch plates, one on each side.
7-22
SYS
Example:7 6
Subject: Column Splice
Design Code:
Thailand
Designed by: BSS
AISC/ASD (1991)
Sheet No:1 / 2
Checked by: NA
Problem:
Design a column splice between two columns of sizes SYS H150x150x31.5 and SYS
H200x150x30.6 with the following data.
Material properties:
Steel yield strength
Ultimate strength
A325
bolts and
electrodes
= 35.5 ksi
(2500 ksc)
= 56.8 ksi
(4000 ksc)
E70 (bolt threads not excluded from the

shear plane)
Design loads:
Load
Case
Axial
Moment
(kips)
Shear
(ft-kips)
(kips)
DL
40 (18.18 ton)
--
--
LL
70 (31.81 ton)
--
--
WL
3 (1.36 ton)
20 (2.76 ton-m)
4 (1.82 ton)
Solution
1.
Flange Splice Plates
AISC requires considering the tension due to lateral loads acting in conjunction with 75
percent of the dead-load stress and no live load.
Axial load on each flange due to 75 % of dead load = 0.5 x 0.75 x 40 = 15.0 kips
Axial load on each flange due to moment =
Moment
depth
20x 12
7.64
= 31.42 kips
Total tension = 15.0 + 31.42 = 46.42 kips

Gross area of plate, Ag =
Tension
46.42
=
= 2.17 sq. inch
0.6x35.5
0.6F
y
Flange width available = 5.91 inch; use plate width = 5.5 inch
Thickness of plate based on gross area requirement = 2.17 /5.5 = 0.39 inch
Net area of plate, A n =
Tension
46.42
=
= 1.63 sq. inch
0.5Fu
0.5x56.8
Assume 2 no bolts
Thickness of plate based on net area requirement = 1.63 /(5.5-2x7/8) = 0.434 inch
So use inch x 5.5 inch plate
Fasteners
Try inch bolts

Strength in single shear = 21 x 0.44 = 9.24 kips
7-23
SYS
Example:7 7
Subject: Column Splice
Design Code:
Thailand
AISC/ASD (1991)
Designed by: BSS

Checked by: NA
Sheet No:1 / 2
Strength in bearing = 1.2 x 56.8 x 0.315 x = 16.10 kips

No of bolts required = 46.42 / (4/3 x 9.24) = 3.76
Use 4 inch bolts.
Weld for Shop Connection
Length of
3
16
E70 weld required = 46.42 / (0.3x70x.707x3/16) = 16.67 inch
Use 17 inch of
3
16
inch weld.
Fill plate thickness = (7.84-5.87) / 2 = 0.98 inch
Use 1 inch.
7-24
References
1. Nishino Fumio, Sato Naohiko, Hsegawa Akio, Critical Comments on the Recent Trends of
Design Code Change to Load Factor Design, Proceedings of Japan-Thai Civil Engineering
Conference, Bangkok, March 1985
2. Johnson,B.b., Lin,F.J., Glambos,T.V., Basic Steel Design, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 1986
3. Bresler, B., Lin, T. Y., Scalzi, J. B., Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1993
4. Crawley, S. W., Dillon, R. M., Steel Buildings Analysis and Design, 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons,
1992
5. Gaylord, Jr., E. H. Gaylord, C.N., Stallmeyer, J.E., Design of Steel Structure, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill,
1992
6. Dowling, P. J., Harding, J. E., Constructional Steel Design An International Guide, Elsevier
Applied Science, 1992
7. Nethercot, D. A., Limit States Design of Structural Steelwork, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall, 1993
8. Morris, L.J., Plum, D. R., Structural Steelwork Design to BS 5950, Longman Scientific &
Technical, 1988
9. Martin, L. H., Purkiss, J. A., Structural Design of Steelwork to BS 5950, Edward Arnold, 1992
10. Chanakya, A., Design of Structural Elements, E & FN SPON, 1994
11. The Steel Construction Institute, Steel Designers Manual, 5th Dd., Blackwell Scientific
Publications, 1992
12. Hogan, T. J., Thomas, I. R., Design of Structural Connection, 4th Ed., Australian Institute of Steel
Construction
13. AISC, Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design, 9th Ed., 1989
14. AISC, Manual of Steel Construction, Load and Resistance Factor Design,2nd Ed., 1993
15. AISC, Engineering for Steel Construction, A Source Book on Connection, 1984
16. AISC, Engineering for Steel Construction, Detailing for Steel Construction, 1983
17. JIS, 1994 JIS Handbook Ferrous Materials & Metallurgy, Japanese Standards Association, 1994
18. The International Technical Information Institute, Handbook of Comparative World Steel
Standards, 1990
8-1
19. AIJ, Design Standard for Steel Structures, Architectural Institute of Japan, 1973 (in Japanese)
20. Uniform Building Code, 1991 Ed.
21. ASTM Standards
A 6/A 6M-92, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates,
Shapes, Sheet Pilling, and Bars for Structural Use
A 36/A 36M, Standard Specification for Structural Steel
A 242/A 242M - 91a, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel
A 283/A 283M-92, Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon
Steel Plates
A 284/A 284 M-90, Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength CarbonSilicon Steel Plates for Machine Parts and General Construction
A 328/A 328 M-90, Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling
A 529/A 529 M-92, Standard Specification for High-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel of

Structural Quality
A 570/A 570 M-92, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet an Strip, Carbon, Hot-Rolled,
Structural Quality
A 588/A 588 M-91a, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with
50 ksi [345 Mpa] Minimum Yield Point to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick
A 633/A 633 M-92, Standard Specification for Normalized High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural
Steel
A 656/A 656 M-89, Standard Specification for Hot-rolled Structural Steel, High-Strength LowAlloy Plate with Improved Formability
A 678/A 678 M-92, Standard Specification for Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel- Hotrolled Structural Steel and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Plates for Structural Applications
A 709/A 709 M-92, Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges
A 808/A 808 M-91, Standard Specification for High-Strength, Low Alloy Carbon, Manganese,
Columbium, Vanadium Steel of Structural Quality with Improved Notch Toughness
A 370, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
E23-94a, Standard Test Method for Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials
8-2
22. JIS Standards
JIS G 0303, General Rules for Inspection of Steel
JIS G 0301, Rolled Steel for General Structures
JIS G 3106, Rolled Steel for Welded Structures
JIS G 3192, Dimensions, Mass and Permissible Variations of Hot rolled Steel Sections
JIS G 3194, Dimensions, Mass and Permissible Variations of Hot rolled Steel Plates,
Sheets and Strips
JIS Z 2201, Test Pieces for Tensile Test for Metallic Materials
JIS Z 2202, Test Pieces for Impact Test for Metallic Materials
JIS Z 2241, Method of Tensile Test for Metallic Materials
23. BS Standards
BS4: Part 1: 1980, Structural Steel Section Part1. Specifications for Hot-rolled Sections
BS 476: Fire Test on Building Materials and Structures
BS 4360: 1990, British Standard Specifications for Weldable Structural Steels
BS 5950: Part 1: 1990, British Standard Structural Use of Steelwork in Building
Part 1: Code of Practice for Design in Simple and Continuous Construction: Hot
rolled Sections
Part 2: Specifications for Materials, Fabrications and Erections: Hot rolled

sections
Part 3: Design in Composite Construction
Part 4: Code of Practice for Fire Resistant Design
24. DIN Standards
DIN 17100, 1980, Steels for General Structural Purposes
DIN 50145, 1975, Testing of Metallic Materials- Tensile Test
DIN 50115, 1991, Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
8-3
25. AS Standards
AS 12041980, Structural Steels Ordinary Weldable Grades
AS 3679-1990, Hot-rolled Structural Steel Bars and Sections
AS 4100-1990, Steel Structures
26. ISO Standards
ISO 83-1976, Steel Charpy Impact Test (U-Notch)
ISO 148-1983, Steel Charpy Impact Test (V-Notch)
ISO 404-1992, Steel and Steel Products General Technical Delivery Requirements
ISO 630 1980, Structural Steels
27. EN Standards
EN 100251, 1991, Hot Rolled Unalloyed Structural Steel Products Technical Delivery
Conditions
EN 10045-1, 1991, Charpy Impact Test on Metallic Materials
28. TIS Standards
TIS 224 No. 1982, Tensile Test of Steel and Iron
TIS 244 NO. 8- 1982, Charpy Impact Test for Steel
TIS 1227-1994, Hot-Rolled Structural Steel Shapes
8-4

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Hand Book for Design of Steel

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Copyright 2003 by ACECOMS, AIT, Thailand

All inquiries should be addressed to:

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

SYSDesigner: SYSDesinger, which stands for 'Siam Yamato Steel Designer', is a

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

INTRODUCTION TO STEEL STRUCTURES...................................................................................................................1-3

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS ....................................................................................................................................

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS........................................................................................................................

DESIGN OF BEAMS ...............................................................................................................................................................

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................6-1

INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTION DESIGN ..............................................................................................................

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Working Stress Design

Limit State Design

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Limit State Design (LRFD)

3. Overview of Various Specifications for Hot-rolled Steel

Material Specifications for Hot-Rolled Steel Shapes

3.2.1. Differences in Mechanical Properties

The comparisons of mechanical properties of hot-rolled steel shape in the selected

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Comparison of Mechanical Property

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.1 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.2 Sub-grade of BS 4360: Weldable Structural Steels

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.2 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.3 Comparison of Chemical Composition

Notations: C = Carbon Si= Silicon

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.4 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.3 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.3 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.3 Contd.

Hand Book for Design of Steel Structures

Table 1.3 Contd.