Performance Evaluation of the Physical Layer of IEEE 802.

16e standard
A Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY In INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (Specialization in Wireless Communication & Networks)

Submitted by: VIPIN SHARMA 10-PIT-042

Supervisor: Mr. Sandeep Sharma Faculty Associate School of ICT, GBU

SCHOOL OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY GAUTAM BUDDHA UNIVERSITY GREATER NOIDA-201308, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA May, 2012

School of Information and Communication Technology Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida

Candidates Declaration I hereby certify that the dissertation work embodied in this dissertation report by the roll no. 10PIT-042 entitled Performance Evaluation of the Physical Layer of IEEE 802.16e standard in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of M.Tech. in ICT specialization in Wireless Communication & Networks submitted to the school of ICT, Gautam Buddha University, Grater Noida is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the super vision of Mr. Sandeep Sharma. The matter presented in this work has not been submitted by me in any other University/Institution for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Vipin Sharma (10-PIT-042)

The information furnished above is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Date: 12 .May.2012 Place: Gautam Budh Nagar (Mr. Sandeep Sharma) Faculty Associate School of ICT Gautam Buddha University Gautam Budh Nagar-201308

Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge many people who have help me during the entire time of dissertation work and supported it in one or another way. First of all, my admiration and thanks go to my former dean Dr. Brahmjit Singh. I wish to express my gratefulness to my supervisor, Mr. Sandeep Sharma, for his seasoned guidance. Without his effective suggestions my work could not be completed. I am deeply indebted to my parents for their inspiration and ever-encouraging moral support, which enabled me to pursue my studies, I also want to thanks all my friend who was always appreciate my work.

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Abstract
WiMAX is given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers which is a standard designated as 802.16d (for fixed wireless user) and 802.16e (for mobile wireless application) to provide a worldwide interoperability for microwave access. WiMAX has proved to be a superior technology for BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) that theoretically covers approx 30 to 50 Km. Physical layer of the WiMAX is based on OFDM, that is the transmission scheme thats provide the high-speed data for the video and multimedia stemming and is used by the variety of commercial broadband technique systems including DSL, Wi-Fi, and Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld, besides WiMAX. OFDM is a refined and efficient scheme for high data rate transmission in a non-line-ofsight and multipath fading radio environment. WiMAX supports an Adaptive modulation and coding schemes that allows changing the scheme on a burst-by-burst basis, depending on the channel conditions. Using the channel quality feedback indicator, the base station can provide the downlink channel quality with feedback and for the uplink channel quality the base station can estimate the received signal strength through mobile station. Due to the multipath fading temporal variation in channel, an AMC technique is beneficial with OFDM thats minimizing the multipath effect. This technique consist variety of modulation and channel encoding schemes to provide the QoS by instantaneously adapting channel SNR variation, thats provide the maximizing throughput and improving BER performance at all channel condition. In this paper we are preparing a model of WiMAX, where we studied different modulation technique with different coding rate using the MATLAB 7.9.0 (R2009b) simulink. All the parameter is taken from ETSI & IEEE Standard.

iv

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement iii Abstract iv List of Figure viii List of Table x

List of Abbreviation.................................................................................................... xi 1. Chapter One Introduction to WiMAX 1.1. Introduction.2 1.2. Motivation...................2 1.3. Problem Definition 3 1.4. Methodology.................................................................................................... 3 1.5. Application........................................................................................................ 4 1.6. Thesis Contribution.. 5 1.7. Outline of the Thesis. 5 2. Chapter Two Literature Survey 2.1. Introduction............... 9 2.2. Open Challenges and key issue..................... 9 2.3. Classification of Methods.. 16 2.4. Summarry.......................... 17 3. Chapter Three IEEE 802.16: Evolution and Architecture 3.1. WiMAX at a Glance.. 19 3.2. Evolution of IEEE Family.................... 20 3.2.1. IEEE 802.16 2001................................................................................... 21 3.2.2. IEEE 802.16 a 2002............................................................................... 22 3.2.3. IEEE 802.16c 2003................................................................................. 22 3.2.4. IEEE 802.16 2004.................................................................................. 22
v

3.2.5. IEEE 802.16e 2005................................................................................ 24 3.3. Technical Overview....... 25 3.3.1. IEEE 802.16 Protocol Layer.................................................................. 25 3.3.2. MAC Layer............................................................................................ 26 3.3.3. PHY Layer............................................................................................. 29 3.4. Physical Layer Adaptation 33 4. Chapter Four Transmitter 4.1. Physical Layer Model.................... 35 4.2. Transmitter............. ... 35 4.3. Data Source....................................................................................................... 36 4.4. Channel Encoding............................................................................................. 38 4.4.1. Randomization....................................................................................... 38 4.4.2. R-S Encoding......................................................................................... 39 4.4.3. Convolution Encoding............................................................................ 44 4.4.4. Puncturing Process................................................................................. 47 4.4.5. Interleaving............................................................................................ 47 4.5. IQ Mapper......................................................................................................... 49 4.6. Principle of OFDM Transmission..................................................................... 52 5. Chapter Five Channel 5.1. Radio Channel............................... 58 5.2. Channel Model..... 59 6. Chapter Six Receiver 6.1. OFDM De-Mapping..................... 63 6.2. IQ De-Mapping.... 64 6.3. Channel Decoding............................................................................................. 64 6.3.1. Deinterleaving........................................................................................ 65 6.3.2. Inserting Zero......................................................................................... 65 6.3.3. Viterbi Decoder....................................................................................... 66
vi

6.3.4. R-S decoder............................................................................................. 67 7. Chapter Seven Result & Analysis 7.1. Performance Evaluation. 70 7.2. Probability of Symbol Error.............................................................................. 83 7.3. Analysis............................................................................................................. 84 8. Chapter Eight Conclusion & Future Work 8.1. Conclusion........................................................................................................ 86 8.2. Limitation of Work........................................................................................... 86 8.3. Future Work..................................................................................................... 86

References...................................................................................................................... 87 Appendix A.............,..... 93 Appendix B.............,..... 99

vii

List of Figures

Figure 1: Basic Communication System...................................................................6 Figure 2: Possible Scenario for the development of WiMAX.................................. 20 Figure 3: WiMAX Protocol Stack............................................................................ 26 Figure 4: WiMAX Physical and MAC Layer Architecture...................................... 27 Figure 5: Convergence in wireless communication.................................................. 32 Figure 6: Purpose of Mac Layer in WiMAX .......................................................... 32 Figure 7: Adaptive Modulation Scheme................................................................... 33 Figure 8: Transmitter for the WiMAX system......................................................... 35 Figure 9: Physical Layer Scenario............................................................................ 36 Figure 10: Channel Encoding- Randomizer with Shift Register................................ 39 Figure 11: General process of Reed-Solomon Encoder.............................................. 41 Figure 12: Process of shortening and puncturing of the RS code............................... 42 Figure 13: simulink scenario of the Reed-Solomon encoder of WiMAX.................. 43 Figure 14: simulink implementation of Reed-Solomon encoder of WiMAX............ 44 Figure 15: block diagram of convolution encoder...................................................... 16 Figure 16: Convolutional encoder of binary rate 1/2................................................. 46 Figure 17: Convolutional encoder implementation in simulink................................. 46 Figure 18: BPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM constellation map.......................................51 Figure 19: Rearrangement performed before realizing the IFFT operation............... 53 Figure 20: Delay from front symbol........................................................................... 54 Figure 21: Cyclic prefix insertion.............................................................................. 54 Figure 22: OFDM symbol with the cyclic prefix...................................................... 56 Figure 23: Generating the OFDM symbol using the IFFT......................................... 56 Figure 24: Signal Losses due to three Effects............................................................. 58 Figure 25: Simulink Implementation.......................................................................... 61 Figure 26: Block Diagram of Receiver...................................................................... 63 Figure 27: Block Diagram of channel Decoding........................................................ 65 Figure 28: Simulink implementation of Convolution Decoder.................................. 67
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Figure 29: Simulink implementation of R-S Decoder................................................ 68 Figure 30: BER Performance of BPSK with different CP.......................................... 71 Figure 31: BPSK result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram......... 72 Figure 32: BER Performance of QPSK(1/2) with different CP.................................. 33 Figure 33: BER Performance of QPSK(5/6) with different CP.................................. 75 Figure 34: QPSK result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram.......... 75 Figure 35: BER Performance of 16-QAM (1/2) with different CP........................... 78 Figure 36: BER Performance of 16-QAM (1/2) with different CP............................ 78 Figure 37: 16-QAM result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram.... 79 Figure 38: BER Performance of 64-QAM (2/3) with different CP............................ 81 Figure 39: BER Performance of 64-QAM (3/4) with different CP............................ 82 Figure 40: 64-QAM result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram..... 82 Figure 41: Probability of symbol error for the different transmitted power.............. 84

ix

List of Table

Table 1: Literature Survey................................................................................... 10 Table 2: Comparison of IEEE standard for BWA............................................... 23 Table 3: 802.16-2004 MAC features.................................................................. 28 Table 4: 802.16-2004 PHY features.................................................................... 30 Table 5: Data source for AMC............................................................................ 37 Table 6: Mandatory channel coding per modulation............................................ 40 Table 7: Puncturing Vector for different convolution code................................. 47 Table 8: Normalization factors............................................................................ 50 Table 9: Modulation alphabet for the constellation map...................................... 50 Table 10: Customization Mapping......................................................................... 51 Table 11: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix..... 70 Table 12: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix..... 73 Table 13: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix..... 77 Table 14: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix...... 80

List of Abbreviation
Note: All the abbreviation in this thesis has been taken from the standard books

0-9
3G 3rd Generations

A
AMC ARQ ATM AWGN Adaptive Modulation & Coding Automatic Repeat Request Asynchronous Transfer Mode Additive White Gaussian Noise

B
BER BTC BPSK BS BWA Bit Error Rate Block turbo coding Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Broadband Wireless Access

C
CC CPS CS CTC CP CPE Convolution Code Common Part Sub-layer Convergence Sub-layer Convolutional turbo coding Cylic Prefix Customer Premises Equipment

D
DES DL DSL DFS Digital Encryption Scheme Down-Link Digital Subscriber Scheme Dynamic Frequency Selection

xi

F
FDD FDM FEC FFT Frequency Division Duplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing Forward Error Correction Fast Fourier Transform

G
GF Galois Field

I
IFFT IP ISI Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Internet Protocol Inter symbol Interference

L
LOS Line of Sight

M
MAC MRC MC MIMO MS Medium Access Layer Maximum Ratio Combining Mobile Code Multiple Input & Multiple Output Mobile Station

N
NIST N-LOS National Institute of Standard and Technology Non Line of Sight

O
OFDM OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

P
PDU PHY Packet Data Unit Physical Layer
xii

Q
QAM QoS QPSK Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Services Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

R
RF Radio Frequency

S
SC SAP SDU SMS SNR STC SS Single Carrier Service Access Point Service Data Unit Short Messaging Services Signal to Noise Ratio Space-Ttime Coding Security Sub-Laier

T
TDD TDM Time Division Duplexing Time Division Multiplexing

U
UL Uplink

V
VoIP Voice over IP

W
Wi-Fi WiMAX WLAN WMAN Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for the Microwave Access Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

xiii

Chapter One Introduction to WiMAX

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1.1 Introduction
This chapter contains a brief description of the dissertation work along with some open challenges issues of WiMAX and its mitigation. A short description about the structure of dissertation is included at the end of this chapter.

1.2 Motivation
Sometimes ago, we were completely dependent on analog system, both the sources, transmitter and receiver were on analog format but as the advancement of technology it is made possible to transmit the data in digitize form. Along with the digital advancement, the computer was getting faster towards fastest, the data carrying capacity and data rate increased from kilobytes to megabytes. By emerging the concept from wire to wireless and after investing so much money in researching, engineers became successful to invent wireless transmitter and receiver for air communication. Applications like voice, Internet access, e-mail, SMS, paging, file transferring, video conferencing, gaming and entertainment etc became a part of life. Mobile phone systems, WLAN, wide-area wireless network systems, ad-hoc wireless networks satellite systems and the system where the channel interface is air are the wireless communication systems, all these technology based on wireless technology to providing higher throughput, vast mobility, wider coverage, robust backbone to thereat. The vision is seen as a little bit more by the engineers to provide the smooth transmission of multimedia anywhere on the globe through ubiquitous application and devices thats emergence a new concept for the wireless communication which is cheap and easy to handle to work in all weather condition. This is to be fact that, Broadband Access through DSL, T1-carrier or cable infrastructure is not available especially in rural areas. With DSL we can covers only up to 18,000 or 19,000 feet after the 19,000 feet there is huge degradation in speed, this means that many suburban and rural areas may not served. The Wi-Fi standard broadband connection may solve this by some mean but not possible in everywhere due to coverage limitations. But the Wireless Metropolitan-Area standard which is to be known as WiMAX can solve

2|Page

these limitations. The wireless broadband connection is much easier to deploy, that have the capacity to address the long geographical area and have easier to access.

1.3 Problem Definition

We know that the physical layer is most unreliable layer in any wireless system which is responsible for error free delivery, so the error free communication in WiMAX is a challenging task. In order to achieve the higher throughput, we are trying to minimize the BER as much as possible. So to achieve the minimum BER, we must have the higher SNR. But the problem is that we can improve the SNR at a certain limit as we are following the cellular architecture. Mitigation So in order to achieve the solution we have to find the alternative solution to achieving the minimum BER and the solution is, we can achieve the minimum BER by using the different modulation and coding scheme (BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM) with different channel coding rate. So, we measure the performance evaluation of Physical Layer of IEEE 802.16e.

SNR

BER

1.4 Research Methodology

The Evaluation Methodology of IEEE 802.16e defines a unified method of simulation models and associated parameters that can be used when introducing new proposals for IEEE 802.16e or when presenting new research results. The simulation components can introduce results both from the link-level perspective, when only one base station and one mobile station exist in the network topology scenario. The Physical layer which should be consisting of:3|Page

Random Source Transmitting module Channel Module Receiving Module

We will use the simulink of MATLAB 7.9.0 (R2009b) environment for the simulation of physical layer model. On the WiMAX physical layer we are using the channel encoding for minimizing the error.

1.5 Application
As we know WiMAX is the standard for Wireless MAN for BWA user, we are deal with the Physical Layer which have greater advantage with OFDM that is enable to archive the throughput in order to save the spectrum apart of this there are several applications some of these are QoS with adaptive Modulation & Coding
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 Wider Coverage Greater Throughput (Up to 73 Mbps at 20 MHz Channel) Advance Security Mechanism Lower Bit Rate at all channel condition Radio Resource Management

1.6 Thesis Contribution

The goal of this project is to implement and simulate the OFDM Physical layer specifications of IEEE 802.16e-2005 using Adaptive Modulation Techniques. We are also analyzing the performance of OFDM physical layer in mobile WiMAX based on the simulation results of Bit-Error-Rate , Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Probability of Error (P e ). After achieving the objective we are optimize the overall system by changing the system parameter and finally we have to analyze that how much we have deal with BER, thats tell how our communication is more effective.

1.4

Outline of the thesis

This thesis examines the implementation of a WiMAX Physical layer built with Matlab Simulink. This simulation is targeted to the n-point FFT. The thesis is organized in seven chapters, in which a detailed overview of every communication block of the system is taking into account both the standard and the corresponding theoretical aspects, which are necessary to understand all the different methods and processes that have been used. An overview of the WiMAX system and related issue with mitigation and methodology has already been exposed in the present chapter and in chapter-2 we are describe the open challenges and issues and classification of methods with relative advantages and disadvantages. Whereas the main features of the standard are summarized in chapter-3. To understand the objectives and the applications of this system, a comparison between WiMAX and other wireless systems is also included in the chapter.

5|Page

The remaining five chapters discuss the implementation and their resul of the WiMAX simulator. Like any other communication system, WiMAX has consist of three basic elements first one is transmitter second is channel which is air interface in wireless communication and third one is the receiver. The block diagram of a WiMAX communication system is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Basic communication system. The transmitter and its component are presented in presented in Chapter 4, from generating the symbol to be transmitted over the channel. Before sending it, the system has to be adapted to the channel conditions by using a specific adaptive modulation coding scheme which have to be more appropriate. As the modulated data is transmitted through the OFDM transmission, it also needs to generate the OFDM symbol by IFFT operations, which include a frequency-time transformation and the addition of a guard period. Then, the information is send through the multicarrier technology over the channel, discussed in the chapter 4. Chapter 5 we are discussed about the communication channel. For the WiMAX system, it is a wireless channel. The performance of any wireless communication system is highly dependent on the propagation channel, and so, a detailed knowledge of radio propagation effects, such as path loss, frequency-selective fading, Doppler spread, and multipath delay spread have to be considered for the optimization of the communication link.

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The receiver is part is discussed in Chapter 6. It collects the signal after passing the channel and performs the reverse operations of the transmitter to obtain the transmitted information. Chapter 7 analyzes the obtained results. Firstly, simulation results using an AWGN with Multipath Fading channel are discussed and at last discussed the Probability of Error for the AWGN channel with respect to the transmitted power at the ambient temperature. Finally, the concluding remarks and Future work are summed up in Chapter 8. Additionally, this work also includes two appendices that complete the thesis already outlined. Appendix A is intended to give an .m file codes whose output is use for the simulink scenario systems. Appendix B presents a Probability Error.

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Chapter Two Literature Review

8|Page

In this chapter contains a brief description of Literature survey which have to be conclude to find the open challenges in emergence of next generation wireless communication, and also we are include some of latest research paper which is to be intended for finding the mitigation in some of open issues.

2.1 Open Challenges and Key Issue

IEEE 802.16 is a set of telecommunications technology standards aimed at providing wireless access over long geographical area by the various ways - from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. WiMAX covers a long area of several kilometers thats why it is also called WirelessMAN. Theoretically, a WiMAX base station can covers a in range of up to 50 kms for fixed stations and 5 to 15 kms for mobile stations with a maximum throughput of up to 73 Mbps [1], [2] compared to 802.11a with 54 Mbps up to several hundred meters, EDGE with 384 kbps to a few kms, or CDMA2000 (Code-Division Multiple Access 2000) with 2 Mbps for a few kms. IEEE 802.16 standards group has been developing a set of standards for BWA for a metropolitan area. Since 2001, several amendments are going through of standards that have been published and are still being developed. Like other standards, these specifications are also a compromise of various competing proposals and contain many optional features and mechanisms. The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Forum or WiMAX Forum is a group of 400+ service providers, component manufacturers, networking equipment manufacturer vendors and users that decide which of the legion options allowed in the IEEE 802.16 standards or not so that equipment from different vendors are interoperable. Several features such as unlicensed band operation, 60 GHz operation, while specified in the IEEE 802.16 are not a part of WiMAX networks so that these are not in the standard profiles by the WiMAX Forum. For an equipment to be certified as WiMAX compliant, the equipment has to pass the inter-operability tests specified by the WiMAX Forum. For the rest of this paper, the terms WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16 are used interchangeably. We we have include some of the latest research paper from the eminent publication-

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Table 1: Literature Review S.No [1] Title The WiMAX 802.16e Physical Layer Model Author Muhammad Nadeem Khan and Sabir Ghauri Publication IET International Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Network; Jan 2009 Conclusion In this paper the authoe prepare a WiMAX PHY layer model for fixed modulation scheme (4-QAM) with 5/6 CC rate and the performance will be based on BER for AWGN channel. In this paper author simulate a physical layer scenario under the different modulation & coding scheme the result shall be described in the form of SNR impact on BER for the different channel. Again in this paper author prepare a model for WiMAX PHY and obtaining the performance in term of BER for the different modulation and coding scheme. In this paper the author prepare a model for the WiMAX PHY, the performance has been obtain in term of BER under the Rayleigh and Rician channel and Platform MATLAB simulink

[2]

On QoS Vinit Grewal Aspects and Ajay K with Sharma Different Coding and Channel Condition for a WiMAX based Network

IEEE 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing; March 2010

OPNET Modulator

[3]

Performanc e Simulation of IEEE 802.15e WiMAX Physical Layer

[4]

Second IEEE International Conference on Information Management and Engineering; Jan. 2010 An Arathi R. IEEE Second Analytical Shanker, International Approach to Poonam Rani Conference Qualitative and on Aspect if Suthikshn Information WiMAX Kumar Technology Physical for Real Layer World Problems;

Mohamed A. Mohamed , Mohamed S. Abo-ElSeoud and Heba M. Abd-El-Atty

MATLAB simulink

MATLAB

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June 2010

[5]

A Survey on Next Generation Mobile WiMAX Networks: Objectives, Features and Technical Challenges

Ioannis Papapanagiot ou,Dimitris Toumpakaris ,Jungwon Lee and Michael Devetsikiotis

IEEE Communicati on Surveys & Tutorials; Fourth Quarter 2009

[6]

Performanc e Characterist ics of an Operational WiMAX Network

James M. IEEE Westall and Transactions james J. on Mobile Martin Computing, Vol. 10, NO.7, July 2011

[7]

Performanc Omar Arafat e Parameter and K. of Mobile Dimyati WiMAX: A Study on the Physical Layer of Mobile WiMAX under Different

IEEE International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications, Sep. 2010

also evaluated the Pe for the same channel. In this survey paper the author focused on the emerging trend of next generation mobile especially on WiMAX. In this paper the author also tells about the PHY layer specification with MIMO reception. In this paper the author evaluate the performance on different parameter of QoS(like throughput, latency ) for different type of traffic which shpuld be classified accordind to their preference all the QoS will check for the Adaptive PHY which have use multiple modulation & coding scheme. In this paper the author measure the performance by developing a model, the performance will be evaluated in under the SUI(Stanford university interim ) channel model for

----------

OPNET Modulator

MATLAB

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Communica tion Channels & Modulation Technique [8] WiMAX Mingxi Physical Wang Layer: Specificatio ns Overview and performance Evaluation

[9]

Nadine

different SNR and evaluated the BER, the author iterate this process for the different guard time period. Second IEEE In this paper, the CCNC author given a Research brief overview of Student the physical layer Workshop, specifications of Jan. 2011 the latest WiMAX standard IEEE 802.162009. A simplified simulation system of WiMAX OFDMA PHY with LDPC coded MIMO-OFDM is established For performance evaluation purpose. Simulations show that the Iterative receiver structure can achieve good performance. OFDM is established For performance evaluation purpose. Simulations show that the iterative receiver structure can achieve good performance. Channel should be considered as AWGN. Second IEEE In this paper the The
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Comprehens Abbas, CCNC ive WiMAX Hazem Hajj Research Simulator and Ahmad Student Borghol Workshop, Jan. 2011

[10]

A Physical layer simulator for WiMAX in Rayleigh Fading Channel.

Jamal Mountassir, Horia Balta, Marius Oltean , Maria Kovaci and Alexandru Isar

[11]

Simulation of Channel Estimation and equalization for WiMAX Physical layer in Simulink

Onsy Abdel Alim, Nemat Elboghdadly, Mahmoud M. Ashour and Azza M. Elaskary

author first classified the inbound traffic then classified traffic should be scheduled according to the priority then according to the priority resource will be provided the result is obtain in form of throughput and AMC. 6th IEEE The Author International obtains the Symposium performance for on Applied the Rayleigh Computation fading channel for al non-mobility with Intelligence physical layer and specification. Informatics , May 1921, 2011 First Comparing the International performances of Confrence on all schemes by Computer measuring bit error Engineering and System; rate versus SNR with setup with Oct 2007 16QAM, as modulation scheme and multipath fading and Doppler shift channels as channel models. Channel estimation based on LS algorithm, with the linear interpolation, the

proposed simulator is implemente d using Borland C++ builder.

MATLAB

MATLAB Simulink

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second order interpolation, the spine cubic interpolation and the low-pass interpolation. [12] Y.Q. Bian, A.R. Nix, Y.Sun and P. Strauch Performance Evaluation of Mobile WiMAX with MIMO and Relay Extension IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communicati on and Networking,; June 2007 In this Paper the author obtain the performance of mobile Wimax with 2x2 MIMO relay extension for a microcell with some assumption all the parameters are taken for the simulation is carried out from the standard documentation. For an urban macrocell (radius of 1.5km), around 92% of users were seen to experience SNR levels below this threshold, and hence would struggle to exploit Spatial Mutiplexing. --------------

[13]

Link-Level Simulation and Performanc e Estimation of WiMAX IEEE 802.16e

Wen-an ZHOU, Bing XIE and Junde SONG

Second International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Application; June 2009

In this paper the MATLAB author prepares a Link-level Simulation and Performance Estimation of WiMAX
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IEEE802.16e PHY and obtains performance curves. The simulation results provide a reference value of PUSC gain. And also the whole link performance with QPSK and 16QAM. [14] Performanc e of MIMO Antenna Technique IEEE 802.16e Onsy Abdel Alim and Ahmed E Naggary ITI 5th International Conference on Information Communicati on and Technology; June 2007 In this paper the ADS author obtains the Aglient performance through the smart antenna technology which includes Beamforcing, space-time diversity code and spatial multiplexing. The author first presented antenna array techniques, which reduce interference and provide the diversity gain that enhances the useful signal SNR. Next, we gave a general description of Multi-Input Multi-Output systems that can be used for various purposes including
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diversity gain, and interference reduction.

Key issues of WiMAX Networks There is some open issues in WiMAX networks that differentiate it from other metropolitan area wireless access technologies are1) Its use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), 2) Scalable use of any spectrum width (varying from 1.25 MHz to 28 MHz), 3) Time and Frequency Division Duplexing (TDD and FDD), 4) Advanced antenna techniques such as beam forming, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), 5) Per subscriber adaptive modulation, 6) Error Free Communication 7) Advanced coding techniques such as space-time coding and turbo coding, 8) Strong security and Multiple QoS classes

2.3 Classification of Methods

In order to achieve the research objective there are several method, in our dissertation we are go with the Physical Layer issue so to obtain the performance of WiMAX physical layer with different channel encoding scheme and also including the OFDM we are having two scheme as the methodology1) Analytical Approach 2) Simulation Approach With both of scheme there is some pros and cons Analytical Approach Pros Result is more accurate No need of Computer environment Based on some standard formulation
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Obtain the generalize the result

Cons Hard to deal with Large Data Hard to deal with Complex input Iteration is taking the more time Finding the error is too hard and time taking Requirement of Skill workforce

Simulation Approach Pros Result is more scalable Computer environment save the time of computation Easy to deal with large data Computation of complex number is also easy Iteration is helpful. To readout the result no skill workforce is require

Cons Result is not so more accurate Simulation is bound with limitation Generalize formulation is hard

2.4 Summary
After go through with several research paper and discussed with our supervisor, I am deciding to go with physical layer issue, because in any wireless environment physical layer is the most unreliable layer which have to responsible for error free communication so there is lot of scope. By changing the parameter like channel encoding scheme, modulation scheme we can enhance the performance of the overall system and also by iteration the simulation we can optimize the system also.

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Chapter Three IEEE 802.16: Evolution and Architecture

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This chapter contains the brief discusses of the evolution of the IEEE 802.16 standard for WMAN. The protocol layer of the standard has been viewed to get the idea of relation between different layers. This chapter ends with a overview of the IEEE 802.16 based Physical and MAC layer specification with their Pros and Cons.

3.1 WiMAX at a Glance

WiMAX is known as the next generation wireless broadband technology that offers high transmission rate, secure, QoS sophisticate and last mile access broadband services along with a cellular concept and Wi-Fi hotspots. The evolution of WiMAX began a few years ago when engineers and researcher having the need of wireless Interface access and other internet services which works ubiquitously especially in sub-urban areas or on those areas where it is hard to establish wired infrastructure and economically not feasible. IEEE 802.16 is also known as Wireless-MAN standard, explored both licensed and unlicensed band of 2-66 GHz which is standard for both fixed and mobile broadband application. WiMAX forum is a private organization which was formed in June 2001 for the purpose of to coordinate and maintain the equipment and develops the instrument those will be backward compatible and interoperable. After few years, in 2007, Mobile WiMAX equipment developed with the standard IEEE 802.16e and got the certification and they announced to publish the product in 2009 to provide the mobility for nomadic user. WiMAX have deputize other broadband technologies contending in the same section and will get an advantages solution for the BWA in order to deploy the last mile access in every places where on other hand it is hard to deploy with other technologies, like cable, DSL, T-1 carrier and where the costs is always matter for the maintenance and deployment of such technologies. In that way, WiMAX would provide the coverage in the rural areas and underserved metropolitan areas in developing countries. It can be used in backhaul for enterprise campus, Wi-Fi hot-spots and for a large institution. WiMAX provide a excellent solution for these issue because it offers a cost-effective, rapidly growing deployable solution [2].

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In addition to that, WiMAX will face a grievous competitor of 3G cellular systems with high speed mobile data specification would be achieved with the 802.16e specification.

Figure 2: Possible scenarios for the deployment of WiMAX

3.2 Evolution of IEEE family of standard for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
At the end of 90s, many telecom gadgets manufacturers were start to develop the equipment and offers products for BWA. But the Industry was suffered from an interoperable problem due to this need of a standard, The U.S. NIST called a meeting to discuss that topic in August 1998 [1]. The meeting had terminated with a decision to organize within IEEE 802 standard. The endeavor was welcomed in WiMAX forum that was leaded to constitution of the 802.16 Working Group. Since then, the Working Group members have been developing lot of standards for fixed and mobile BWA. IEEE
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Working Group 802.16 on BWA standard is responsible for development of 802.16 and the included Wireless Man air interface. The IEEE 802.16 standard contains the of PHY and MAC layer specification. The first version of the standard IEEE802.16 2001 [2] was release on December 2001 and it has pass through with many modification to consisting the new features and securities. The current version of the standard IEEE 802.16 2004 [3], release on September 2004, that replace the all previous versions of the standards. This standard specifies the air interface for fixed BWA systems with supporting multimedia services in licensee and unlicensed spectrum [3]. The Working Group approved the amendment IEEE 802.16e2005 [4] to IEEE802.16 2004 on February 2006. To understand the development of the standard to its current stage, the evolution of the standard is presented here. 3.2.1 IEEE 802.16 2001

The first issue of the standard specifies a set of MAC and PHY layer specification that is dedicated to providing the fixed broadband wireless access in a point-to-point or point-tomultipoint topology [5]. Single carrier modulation technique is used by the PHY layer at the 10-66 GHz frequency band. Transmission slots, durations and modulations schemes are allotted by the BS and shared with in the network. Subscribers need to stay within the coverage from the base station that they are connected and do not need to listen any other node of the network. MS have the ability to negotiate with the BS for bandwidth allocation on a burst by burst basis that provides scheduling flexibility. The standard consists of digital modulation scheme such as QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM and 16-QAM. These can be changed from frame to frame and from SS to SS, depending on the channel condition. The standard supports both TDD and FDD technique. Most important ability of 802.16-2001 is its characteristic to provide the QoS at the MAC Layer. Traffic Flow identification does checks the QoS. Traffic flows are classified by their QoS parameters, which can be used to specify parameters like low latency and tolerated jitter [6]. Service flows can be originated either from BS or SS. 802.16-2001 works only for the L-O-S conditions with outdoor CPE.
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3.2.2

IEEE 802.16a 2002

The IEEE 802.16a-2003 is nothing but the some amends of IEEE 802.16-2001 by enhancing the MAC layer to support various PHY layer properties to providing the additional physical layer specifications. This was filtered out by WiMAX forum organization in January 2003[7]. This amendment added physical layer support for 211GHz band for both licensed and unlicensed bands. N-LOS operation becomes possible due to inclusion of below 11 GHz band. Due to N-LOS operation multipath propagation becomes a problem. To solve this problem multipath propagation and interference mitigation features like advanced power management technique and adaptive antenna arrays were included in the specification [7].The option of employing the OFDM was included as an alternative. In this version, some security feature was upgraded while in 802.16-2001 it was not mandatory; many of security layers became added. IEEE 802.16a support for mesh topology optimally in place of P-M-P. 3.2.3 IEEE 802.16c 2003

IEEE Standards certified the amendment of IEEE 802.16c [2] in December 2002. In this amendment the WiMAX forum added the detailed profiles of 10-66 GHz and removes some errors and incompatibility issues of the first version. 3.2.4 IEEE 802.162004

802.16-2001, 802.16a and 802.16c were consolidated and a new standard was formed which is known as 802.16-2004. At the starting, it was revised under the name 802.16 REVd, but the changes were so unfeigned that the standard was released under the name 802.16-2004 on September 2004. With this version, the whole family of the standard is signed and approved. BER When number of bits error occurs within one second in transmitted signal then we called BER. According to some other books Bit Error rate is a type of parameter which used to access the system which can transmit the digital signal from one end to another end. We can define BER as follows,
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If transmitter and receivers medium are good in a particular time and SNR is high, then Bit Error rate is very low. In our dissertation the simulation result will be in form of BER aginst the different set of SNR. Table 2: Comparison of IEEE standard for BWA IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16a 2001 Completed December 2001 Spectrum Propagation /channel conditions Bit Rate Up to 134 Up to 75 Mbps Mbps (28 MHz channelizatio n) Modulation QPSK, 16QAM (optional UL), 64QAM (optional) Mobility Fixed Fixed Fixed/Nomadic BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, in 64QAM, 256QAM (optional) 256 subcarriers OFDM, BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM Scalable OFDMA, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM (optional) Portable/mobile (20 MHz channelization) Up to 75 Mbps (20 MHz channelization) Up to 15Mbps (5 MHz channelization 10-66 GHz LOS 2-11 GHz NLOS 2-11 GHz NLOS 2-6 GHz NLOS January 2003 IEEE802.16 2004 June 2004 IEEE 2005 December 2005 802.16e

E b /E 0 Energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio is important role especially in simulation. Whenever we are simulating and comparing the BER performance of
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adaptive modulation technique is very necessary E b /N 0 . The normalized form of E b /N 0 is SNR. In telecommunication, is the form of power ratio between a signal and background noise.

Here P is mean power. If the signal and the background noise are measured at the same point and if the measurement will take the same impedance then SNR will be getting by measuring the square of the amplitude ratio.

BER Vs E b /E 0 The BER defined as the probability of error on the other hand SNR is the term of signal power ratio between a noise powers. Some variables are described as under, The error function (erfc) The energy per bit (E b ) The noise power spectral density (N 0 )

The value of error function is different for every modulation intrigue. Thats why every modulation intrigue performs different behavior with respect to the background noise. The higher modulation intrigue (like 64-QAM) is not beneficial for noise channel but it accommodate the more data. On the other hand, the lower modulation scheme (like BPSK) is more robust for noisy environment but data carrying capacity is too low. The energy per bit (E b ) is defined by dividing the carrier power to measure of energy (in joule). Noise power spectral density (N 0 ) is the power per hertz (Joules per second). So, it is clear from the definition that the dimension of SNR is cancelled. So the conclusion is that, the probability of error is proportional to E b /N o . 3.2.5 IEEE 802.16e2005

This amendment was included in the current applicable version of standard IEEE 802.162004 in December 2005. This includes the PHY and MAC layer specification to combined fixed and mobile operation on the licensed band.
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3.3 Technical Overview

The WiMAX standard defines the air interface for the IEEE 802.16-2005 specification working in the frequency band 2-11 GHz. This air interface includes the definition of the MAC and the physical (PHY) layers. 3.3.1 IEEE 802.16 Protocol Layers

The IEEE 802.16 standard is structured in the form of a protocol stack with well defined interfaces. As shown in Figure 3, the MAC layer is formed with three sub layers: Service Specific Convergence Sub-layer (CS) MAC Common Part Sub-layer (CPS) and Privacy Sub-layer. The MAC CS receives higher level data through CS SAP and provides transformation and mapping into MAC SDU. The WiMAX specification hits the two types of traffic transportation through IEEE 802.16 networks: ATM and Packets. Thus, interfacing on various protocols is available for multiple CS specification. The core part of the MAC layer is CPS. The CPS performs the various function related to the channelization, duplexing, accessing, framing, network topology and initialization. This CPS offers the rules and mechanism for accessing the system, resource allocation and connection maintenance. QoS scheduling and classification decisions are also performed within the MAC CPS. The security layer stands between the MAC CPS and the PHY layer. Security is a big challenge for the wireless networks. MAC sub layer offers the cryptography mechanism for protecting the information from unauthorized disclosure and is also used for authorization and key management. Data, physical layer control and statistics are exchange between the MAC CPS and the PHY through the PHY SAP. The PHY layer includes multiple modulations and coding scheme, which is help to adapt the instantaneous variation of the channel. Physical layer flexibility allows the system designers to sartor their system according to the requirements. The physical layer

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describes the some mandatory profile that implemented with the system including some optional features.

Figure 3: WiMAX Protocol Stack 3.3.2 MAC layer

Some functions are associated with providing service to subscribers. They have transmitted the data in form of frames and have the control access of the common wireless medium. The MAC layer, which is situated above the physical layer, groups the mentioned functions. Primarily work of the MAC is increase the performance by to accommodating multiple physical layer specifications and their services, addressing the needs for different environments. It is generally designed to work with point-to-multipoint networks, through a base station that control independently. Access and resource allocation
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algorithms can be capable to carries hundreds of terminals on a single channel, terminals; that may be shared by multiple users. Therefore, the MAC protocol defines how and when a BS or a subscriber station may enlighten the transmission. At the time of downlink there is only one user, and the MAC protocol is quite simple using TDM to multiplex the data. In uplink, when more than one SS contend for accessing the channel, then MAC layer protocol provide a mechanism that is a TDMA technique, thus providing an efficient use of the bandwidth.

Figure 4: WiMAX Physical and MAC layer architecture The services required by the multiple users are varied, including voice and data, IP connectivity, and VoIP. In order to support this variety of services, the MAC layer must accommodate both continuous and busty traffic, adapting the data velocities and delays to the needs of each service. Additionally, mechanisms in the MAC provide for differentiated QoS supporting the needs of various applications. The services required by the multiple users are varied, including voice and data, IP connectivity, and VoIP. In order to support this variety of services, the MAC layer must
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accommodate both continuous and busty traffic, adapting the data velocities and delays to the needs of each service. Additionally, mechanisms in the MAC provide for differentiated QoS supporting the needs of various applications. Issues of transport efficiency are also addressed. Both modulation and coding schemes are specified in a burst profile that is adjusted adaptively for each burst to each subscriber station, making the use of bandwidth efficient, offers maximum throughput, and enhance the system capacity. The radio resource allocation mechanism is designed to be scalable, effective, and self- correcting, allowing the system scalability from one to hundreds of users. Another transmission protocol that enhances the performance is the ARQ that compatible with mesh topology rather than only point-to-multipoint network architectures. The main advantage with mesh topology is that subscriber station direct communication with other SS, so this topology increases the scalability of the system. The specification also offers the automatic power control, and cryptography mechanisms. Further detailed information of MAC could be found in [4] and [5]. Table 3: 802.16-2004 MAC features Feature Benefit TDM/TDMA scheduled uplink/downlink Efficient bandwidth usage. frames Scalable from one to hundreds of Allows cost effective deployments by subscribers supporting enough subscribers to deliver a robust business case Connection-oriented Per connection QoS. Faster packet routing and forwarding. QoS support Low latency for delay sensitive services (TDM, Voice, VoIP). Optimal transport for VBR6 traffic (video). Data priorization. Improves end-to-end performance by hiding RF layer induced errors from upper layer t l Enables highest data rates allowed by channel conditions, exploiting system capacity. Security and encryption (Triple DES) Automatic power control Protects user privacy. Enables cellular deployments by minimizing self-interference.
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ARQ Support for adaptive modulation

3.3.3

Physical (PHY) layer

The IEEE 802.16-2005 standard defines three different PHYs that can be used in conjunction with the MAC layer to provide a reliable end-to-end link. These PHY specifications are: A single carrier SC modulated air interface. A 256-point FFT OFDM multiplexing scheme. A 2048-point FFT OFDMA scheme. While the SC air interface is used for LoS transmissions, the two OFDM-based systems are more suitable for NLoS operations due to the simplicity of the equalization process for multicarrier signals. The fixed WiMAX standard defines profiles using the 256-point FFT OFDM PHY layer specification. Furthermore, fixed WiMAX systems provide up to 5 km of service area allowing transmissions with a maximum data rate up to 70 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel bandwidth, and offer the users a broadband connectivity without needing a direct line-of-sight to the base station. The main features of the mentioned fixed WiMAX are detailed next: Use of an OFDM modulation scheme, which allows the transmission of multiple signals using different subcarriers simultaneously. OFDM waveform is composed of multiple narrowband subcarriers that are orthogonal to each other, frequency selective fading is affected to a set of subcarriers that are easy to equalize. Concept of an AMC mechanism that depends on channel conditions. It allows changing the modulation and coding scheme that is more appropriate for optimum throughput, thus making a most efficient use of the bandwidth. WiMAX offers the both time and frequency division duplexing formats to enable the system to be adapted to the regulations in different countries. Robust FEC coding, used to minimize the effect errors in order to improve bit error rate. The FEC scheme is implemented with a Reed- Solomon encoder concatenated with a convolutional one, and followed by an interleaver. Optional support of BTC and CTC can be implemented.

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Table 4: 802.16-2004 PHY features Feature 256-point FFT OFDM waveform Adaptive modulation and variable error correction encoding per RF burst TDD and FDD duplexing support Benefit Simple equalization of multipath channels in Outdoor LoS and NLoS environments. Ensures a robust RF link while maximizing the number of bits per second for each Subscriber unit. Addresses varying worldwide regulations when One or both may be allowed. Flexible channel sizes (from 1.25 Provides the necessary flexibility to operate in to 20 MHz) many different frequency bands with Varying requirements around the world. DFS support Minimizes interference between adjacent Channels. Designed to support AAS Smart antennas are fast becoming more affordable, and as these costs come down, their ability to suppress interference and increase system gain is more important to BWA deployments. TDM and FDM support Designed schemes to support Allows interoperability between cellular Systems (TDM) and wireless systems (FDM). MIMO Implemented in DL to increase diversity and capacity. STC algorithms at the transmitter, MRC at the receiver.

Use of flexible channel bandwidths, comprised from 1.25 to 20 MHz, thus providing the necessary flexibility to operate in many different frequency bands with varying channel requirements around the world. This flexibility facilitates transmissions over longer ranges and from different types of subscriber platforms. In addition, it is also crucial for cell planning, especially in the licensed spectrum. Optional support of both transmits and receives diversity to enhance performance in fading environments through spatial diversity, allowing the system to increase capacity. The transmitter implements STC to provide transmit source

independence, reducing the fade margin requirement, and combating interference. The receiver, however, uses MRC techniques to improve the availability of the
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system. Design of a DFS mechanism to minimize interferences. Optional support of smart antennas, whose beams could be concentrated in a particular direction or receiver intended directions, and therefore avoiding the interference between co-channels, and enhance the spectral density and the BER. Smart antennas are basically of two types, those have multiple beams (directional antennas), and these are known as adaptive antenna array systems. The first ones can use either a fixed number of beams; system choosing the most appropriate beam direction for the transmission to the desired antenna. The second type is with multi-element antennas with a adaptive beam pattern. These smart antennas are becoming a good alternative for BWA deployments. Implementation of channel quality measurements which help in the selection and assignment of the adaptive burst profiles. Support of both time and frequency division multiplexing formats (TDM and FDM), to allow interoperability between cellular systems working with TDM, and wireless systems that use FDM.

The mobile WiMAX uses the 2048-point FFT OFDMA PHY specification. It provides service area coverage from 1.6 to 5 km, allowing transmission rates of 5 Mbps in a 1.75 MHz channel bandwidth, and with a user during the mobility. It presents the same features as those of the fixed WiMAX specification that have been already mentioned. However, other features such as handoffs and power-saving mechanisms are added to offer a reliable communication. Battery life and handoff are two critical issues for mobile applications. On one hand, maximizing battery life implies minimizing the mobile station power usage. On the other hand, handoff and handovers are necessary to enable the MS to shift from one cell to another at vehicular speeds without disconnecting the connection. Handoff is the main features of the IEEE 802.16 specification, and those of the so-called fixed and mobile WiMAX, 802.16-2004 and 802.16e respectively, are summarized in the following chart:[22]

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Figure 5: Convergence in wireless communications.

Sub-layers WiMAX MAC layer is divided into three sub-layers such as Service Specific Convergence Sub-layer, Common Part Sub-layer and Security Sub-layer.

Figure 6: Purposes of MAC Layer in WiMAX [32]

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3.4 PHY Layer Adaptation

WiMAX technology is an IEEE 802.16 standard, which is responsible for providing the Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) to the users as an alternative of the wired broadband. The WiMAX provides fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile wireless broadband connectivity without having the direct line-of-sight from the base station. It is different from the previous versions of the WiMAX standard in that manner 802.16e adds the feature of the mobility to the standard. WiMAX technology supports adaptive modulation to regulate the Signal Modulation Scheme which is depends on the SNR state of the radio link. When the radio link is soaring in quality, the highest modulation scheme is opted which is offering the system to avail additional capacity. And when the radio link is poor, the WiMAX system can move to a lower modulation scheme to keep the connection stability [3]. The current channel condition report is send to the BS via reverse signal strength indicator (RSSI) and, based on this report, a specific coding rate is opted for the data transmissions thus, users who are having the bad channel condition, will be provided the optimal coding rate that gives the maximum efficiency and better throughput. This process is AMC.

Figure 7: Adaptive Modulation Scheme

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Chapter Four Transmitter

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4.1 Physical Layer Model

The Model of the WiMAX physical layer is build from the standard documentation [9, 10]. The model prepared in this dissertation is build under the defined parameters. The modeling is created on MATLAB 7.9.0 (R2009b), Simulink 9 in Windows XP SP2/Windows 7 operating system. MATLAB 7.9.0 (R2009b) Simulink consist all the mandatory source blocks as from the standard documents. The Model includes three main components namely transmitter, channel and receiver. Transmitter consists of channel coding, modulation and sub-components whereas channel is modulated on AWGN and Multipath Rayleigh Fading channel.

4.2 Transmitter
This section contains the different steps of the transmitter which should be performs before transmitting the data. The blocks representations of the WiMAX transmitter simulator are describe in Figure 9.

Pilot

Data Source

Channel Encoding

I-Q Mapping

Assemble r

Add Zeros

IFFT

Add CP

Training

Figure 8: Transmitter of the WiMAX system First of all, the data source is generated from the source is randomized and afterwards, coded and mapped into QAM symbols. As previously explained in Chapter 1, the simulator implemented in the thesis works for the Wireless MAN-OFDM physical layer of WiMAX. This PHY layer uses OFDM with 256 subcarriers. Each OFDM symbol is composed of 192 data subcarriers, one DC subcarrier, eight pilot subcarriers, and fifty five guard carriers. So, the procedure of collecting the zero DC subcarrier, data, and pilots is needed to build the symbols. Moreover, preambles consist of training sequences

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that would be appended at the starting on each burst. These training sequences are used for analyzing the channel estimation.

Figure 9: Physical Layer Scenario

4.3 Data Source

When we are go for the simulation then we will deal with the random source because in actual system we cant predict how much of data the user will used so for that model we are select the input source by generating the random binary number number or alternatively we have a choice with Bernoulli Binary block according to the AMC requirement which is to be putting the simulink as MAC_PDU, standard is taken from 'ETSI TS 102 177 V1.3.2 (2006-03),[10] by running this .m file we are generating some parameter which is used as input for the other source, like primitive polynomial as Prim_Poly, generator polynomial as Gen_Poly for R-S encoder, qamconst for M-ary modulation.

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The number of bits that are generated is specified as frame-based and is calculated from the packet size. The size of the packet depends on the OFDM symbol which is to be transmitted and also overall coding rate, as well as the modulation M-ary. In equation 1 calculates the number of transmitted OFDM symbols in one frame. It depends on the total number of transmitted symbols, N Tsym that also consist the symbols used for the preamble, specified by N train : N OFDM = N Tsym N train . Furthermore, the total number of transmitted symbols is defined as N Tsym = . (2) (1)

In the formula, T sym is the OFDM symbol time, and T frame denotes the frame duration. The expression that defines Tsym as well as the possible values specified for the frame duration, once the number of OFDM symbols is known, the number of bits to be sent by the source is calculated: S packet = N OFDM RN data M a . (3)

Here, R represents the overall coding rate, N data is the number of used data subcarriers, and M a defines the modulation alphabet, which is specified by the number of transmitted bits per symbol. Table 5: Data source for AMC Modulation Overall Code Rate BPSK 4-QAM 4-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM 1/2 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 2/3 3/4 Data Source data_get=randint(11*8,1); data_get=randint(23*8,1); data_get=randint(35*8,1); data_get=randint(47*8,1); data_get=randint(71*8,1); data_get=randint(96*8,1); data_get=randint(108*8,1);

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4.4 Channel Encoding

Small-scale link performance could be enhance by adding the redundant bits through the channel encoding in the transmitting message so that if the data is corrupted by the mean of instantaneous fading, the destroyed data may recovered at the receiver side. At the transmitter side, baseband signals message sequence is mapped into the specific sequence which is contain the larger number of bits (thats called redundant bit, generally represented by k) is added with the message, and then the coded message is modulated for the transmission. [11] Channel coding is used by the receiver to detect and correct some (or all) of the errors introduced by the channel in a particular sequence of message bits. Because decoding is performed after the demodulation portion of the receiver, coding can be consider to be a post detection technique. The added coding bits lower the raw data transmission rate through the channel (that is, coding expends the occupied bandwidth for a particular message data rate). In WiMAX system channel coding is performed in three steps[1]. [2]. Randomization Forward Error Correction i. ii. [3]. 4.4.1 R-S Encoding Convolution Encoding

Interleaver. Randomization

Randomization is the first process of the channel coding where the information bits of the baseband must be randomized after receiving the data packet from the MAC, each burst of the data is randomized before the transmission. The purpose of using randomizer is to ignore the long sequence of zeros and ones. Randomization is performed on each burst of data on a bit by bit basis. Randomization is implemented with the help of Pseudo Random Binary Sequence generator with XOR gate which use the 15 stage shift register with generator polynomial of the given equation in feedback configuration as shown in figure 11. [3] g(x) =1+x14+x15 (4)

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Figure 10: Channel Encoding- Randomizer with Shift Register Forward Error Correction The channel encoder carries out error-control coding for the purpose of protecting information against error incurred as it progresses through the noise channel. This is achieved by including additional information such that the channel decoder is able to accurately recover the source information despite the presence of errors. Forward Error Correction is applying on both the Uplink and Downlink bursts which consist of R-S encoding and convolution encoding that improves the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. [11] 4.4.2 Reed-Solomon Encoding

The data is encoded by added some bytes through the Reed Solomon Encoder after the randomization process, the calculation of this addition bits which is be helpful for correction the baseband on the receiver side is based on Galois Field Computations, to do obtain the redundant bits. Galois Field is widely used to represent data in error control coding and is denoted by GF. WiMAX uses a dynamic R-S Encoding technique based on GF (28) which is denoted as according to the table-.

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Table 6: Mandatory channel coding per modulation Module AMC Modulation R-S code 1 2 1. 2. 3. 4 4. 5. 5 6. 7. BPSK 4-QAM 4-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM (12,12,0) (32,24,4) (40,36,2) (64,48,8) (80,72,4) (108,96,6) CC code rate 1/2 2/3 5/6 2/3 5/6 3/4 Overall code rate 1/2 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 2/3 3/4

(120,108,6) 5/6

The purpose of using the Reed-Solomon codes is to minimize the error by scaling the data using to add the redundancy bit to the data sequence. This redundancy bits provides the addition helps in correcting the error thats occur during the transmission. ReedSolomon is a coding scheme which works as it first constructing a polynomial from the data symbols which is to be transmitted instead of the original baseband. The randomized data are arranged in block format before passing through the encoder and a redundant byte is appended according to the code rate. The error correction capability of any RS code is determined by (n k), the measure of redundancy in the block. If the location of the corrupted symbols is not known in advance, then the R-S code can correct up to t symbols. Where t = (n k)/2. n= the total number of code symbols in the encoded block. k = the number of data symbols being encoded, (n, k) = (2m - 1, 2m - 1 - 2t) For WiMAX the Reed-Solomon encoding shall be derived from a systematic R-S (n = 255, k = 239, t = 8) code using a Galois field specified as GF (28). Where: N = Number of Bytes after encoding K = Data Bytes before encoding
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T = Number of bytes that can be corrected The primitive and generator polynomials used for the systematic code are expressed as follows [12, 13] Code Generator Polynomialg(x) = (x+0) (x+1 ) (x+2) (x+3) ...... (x+2T-1) Field Generator Polynomialp(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 +1 (6) (5)

Figure 11: General process of Reed-Solomon Encoder The primitive polynomial is the one used to construct the symbol field and it can also be named as field generator polynomial. The code generator is used the polynomial to calculate parity and has the form specified as before, where is the primitive element of the Galois field array over which the input information is overlap See [9] and [10] for more information about Reed-Solomon codes.
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Figure 12: Process of shortening and puncturing of the RS code To make the RS code flexible, i.e. to offer for the variable block sizes and variable capability of error correction, it is passing through shorting and puncturing process. When a block is shortened to k bytes, 239k zero bytes are added as a prefix, and, after the encoding process, the 239k encoded zero bytes are deselected. After the shorting process, the number of symbols goes out from the R-S encoder. With the puncturing, only the first 2t of the total 16 parity bytes shall be employed. Figure 16 shows the RS encoding, shortening, and puncturing process. The input of the RS encoder block defined by Simulink that is specified by a vector whose length is multiple of an integer of lk, where l the length of the binary sequences with regarding the Galois field GF(2l), and the output is also specified by a vector whose length is multiple of an integer. Therefore, the first step in this process is to divide the message vector in a number of blocks sizes those lengths fits according to the quoted requirement. On the same time, it has been noticed that the number of message bytes
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before the encoding, k, the number bytes after encoding is n, and the number of message bytes which is to be corrected is t, are the specified in Table 6, and they change for every modulation scheme. Thus, the number of blocks used in the Reed-Solomon encoder is calculated as NRS = .

A block diagram of the Reed-Solomon encoder implemented in Matlab Simulink is depicted in Figure 14.

Figure 13: simulink scenario of the Reed-Solomon encoder of WiMAX First of all output of randomizer is converted to the integer from the binary then all the integer values are arrange the input data for the RS encoder in a matrix form, the number of rows is calculated through the block size length before the encoding, k, and the number of calculated Reed-Solomon blocks, as specified in Equation, determines the number of columns. Zero padding is added from the beginning to achieve a length of 239 bytes for the R-S encoding block. The "Select rows"-block deals with selecting the correct amount of bytes after the encoding process. Thus, the zero prefix is discarded, and data is punctured by taking only the first 2t bytes of the total parity bytes, as previously explained. To end, all the selected output is again transformed into the binary, and then it is ready for the convolutional coding.

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Figure 14: simulink implementation of Reed-Solomon encoder of WiMAX 4.4.3 Convolution Encoding

Convolution codes are differ from block codes in that the encoder output is constructed not from a single input but also using some of the previous encoder input. Convolution codes are used for correcting the random errors in the data transmission. A convolution code is a type of FEC code that is specified by CC (m, n, k), in which each m-bit information symbol to be encoded and is transformed into an n-bit symbol, where the nm and code rate is defined as m/n and the k is function of transformation of the last k information symbols, where k is the constraint length (which is represent by the shift register) of the code [11].the most basic diagram of convolutional coding is understand in the figure.

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In WiMAX PHY RS block is encoded by the convolutional encoder, which has encoded rate according to the table-1, Convolution encoder has two binary adders X and Y and uses two generator polynomials, A and B. This generator polynomial is defined as [2, 3]: A = 171 octal = 1111001 B = 133 octal = 1011011 binary for X binary for Y (7) (8)

WiMAX uses the native code rate of 1/2, with constraint length of 7 which is show the length of shift register.

Figure 15: block diagram of convolution encoder

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Figure 16: Convolutional encoder of binary rate 1/2

Figure 17: Convolutional encoder implementation in simulink

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4.4.4

Puncturing Process

Puncturing is done at the output of the convolutional encoder for deleting the additional bits from the output stream of a convolutional encoder to reduce the length of the message to be transmitted, thus Output of the convolution encoder is then punctured to ignore the redundant bits from the encoded burst. The removed bits are dependent on the code rate used. In order to produce the variable code rate a puncturing operation is done on the output of the convolution encoder in accordance to Table 7. Table 7: Puncturing Vector for different convolution code Rate 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 Puncturing Vector [1; 1] [1; 1; 0; 1] [1; 1; 0; 1; 1; 0] [1; 1; 0; 1; 1; 0; 0; 1; 1; 0]

The purpose of using the puncturing is obtain the variable coding rates. The different rates that can be used are rate 1/2, rate 2/3, rate 3/4, and rate 5/6. In Table-3 denotes that the corresponding convolution encoder output is used, while 0 denotes that the corresponding output is not used or deleted. On the receiver end Viterbi decoder is used to decode the convolution codes. 4.4.5 Interleaving

Data interleaving is generally used to scatter error bursts. its most basic form can be defined as a randomizer but it is quite different from the randomizer in the manner that it does not change the state of the bits but it works on the position of bits and thus, reduce the error concentration to be corrected with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of FEC by spreading burst errors which is introduced by the transmission channel over a longer time. Interleaving is done by spreading the code symbols in time, before the transmission. The incoming data in the interleaver is randomized done in two step permutations. First permutation ensures that adjacent bits are mapped onto the non-adjacent subcarriers. The

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second permutation maps the adjacent coded bits onto less or more significant bits of constellation thus avoiding long runs of less reliable bits. The block interleaver interleaves all encoded data bits with a block size corresponding to the number of coded bits per OFDM symbol. The number of coded bits depends on the modulation technique used in the Physical layer. WiMAX 802.1 6 supports 4 modulation techniques and is adaptive in the selection of a particular technique based on the channel conditions and data rate. [3] WiMAX 802.16e defines two permutations for the interleaver. The first permutation is defined by the formula: ink =(Ncbps/ 12) * mod(k, 12) + floor(k/ 12) The second permutation is defined by the formula: s = ceil (Ncpc/2) jk = s * floor(mk / s)+(ink + Ncbps - floor(12 x mk / Ncbps ))mod(s) Where: Ncpc = Number of coded bits per carrier Ncbps = Number of coded bits per symbol k mk jk =Index of coded bits before first permutation =Index of coded bits after first permutation =Index of coded bits after second permutation (10) (11) (9)

WiMAX uses an interleaver that combines data using 12 interleaving levels. The effect of this process can be understood as a spreading of the bits of the different symbols, which are combined to obtain the new symbols with, rearranged the bits buts on same size. The interleaving process in the simulator has been deployed in two steps. First, the data go through a matrix which performs block interleaving through filling a matrix by the input symbols in row by row, and then it send that matrix content in column manner. The parameter which is used for this block is the number of rows and columns that compose the matrix: N rows =12, N coloums=

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The second step consists of a block interleaver. It rearranges the elements of its input according to an index vector. This vector is defined as I= Where: is the total number of coded bits
=

(12)

N cpc is the number of coded bits per subcarrier, being the same as specified with the modulation alphabet, M a , N tx-data is the total number of transmitted data symbols, and N tx-data = N data N OFDM

S=

4.5 I-Q Mapper

In M-ary PSK modulation, the amplitude of the transmitted signal was remaining constant, thereby conceding a circular constellation. A new modulation scheme called quadrature amplitude modulation is obtained when the phase is varying on different amplitude. In figure 5 shows the constellation diagram of 2-ary, 4-ary and 16-ary QAM. [11] The constellation consists of a square lattice of signal points. The general form of an Mary QAM signal can be defend as S i (t) = 0tT i= 1, 2 M + (13)

The purpose interleaver is to rearrange the data stream and sends the data frame to the IQ mapper. The function of the IQ mapper is to map the incoming bits from interleaver on to the constellation. Once the signal has been coded, it enters the modulation block. Modulation scheme is the primary need of any wireless system to map coded bits on to
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the carrier that can be effectively transmitted over channel. The IQ plot for a modulation scheme shows the transmitting vector for all combinations of data word. Gray coding is a method for this allocation so that adjacent points in the constellation only differ by a single bit. The adaptive modulation and coding scheme is used in the DL and UL are binary phase shift keying (BPSK), 4-QAM, and 16-QAM to modulate bits to the constellation points. The PHY specifies seven combinations of modulation and coding rate, which can be allocated to each subscriber according to the channel condition, in both UL and DL [9]. There are tradeoffs between data rate and robustness, depending on the channel conditions. To achieve equal average symbol power, the constellations described above are normalized by multiplying all of its points by an appropriate factor C m . Values for this factor Cm are given in Table 8.The modulation mapping is built in the simulator by a Simulink block implemented as a Matlab m-file. The symbol alphabet, A s , represents the coordinate points in the constellation map and is defined in Table 9. Table 8: Normalization factors Modulation Scheme BPSK 4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM Normalization constant for unit average power Cm = 1 C m = 1/2 C m = 1/10 C m = 1/42 Table 9: Modulation alphabet for the constellation map Modulation Scheme BPSK 4-QAM 16-QAM Symbol alphabet A s = (1,1) A s = (1 + j, 1 j,1 + j,1 j) A = (j, 3j,j,3j) A s = (A + 1,A + 3,A 1,A 3) 64-QAM A = (j, 3j, 5j, 7j j,3j,5j,7j) A s = (A + 1,A + 3,A + 5,A + 7,A 1,A 3,A 5,A 7)

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Figure 18: BPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM constellation map Moreever, an adaptive modulation and coding mechanism which is used for downlink channel quality through allowing the number of transmitted bits per symbol that is depending on the channel conditions. Simulink Implementation In our model we are use the customized I-Q mapper through the .m file whose output from workspace is putting on the simulink model, customization is done according to tableTable 10: Customization Mapping. Modulation Scheme Customization Constellation Ry=[+1 -1]; Iy=[0 0]; BPSK qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:); bitspersymbol=1;

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Ry=ones(2,1)*[+1 -1]; Iy=([+1 -1]')*ones(1,2); 4-QAM qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(2); bitspersymbol=2; Ry=ones(4,1)*[+1 +3 -1 -3]; Iy=([+1 +3 -3 -1]')*ones(1,4); 16-QAM qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(10); bitspersymbol=4; Ry=ones(8,1)*[+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]; Iy=([+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]')*ones(1,8); 64-QAM qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(42); bitspersymbol=6;

4.6

Principle of OFDM Transmission

OFDM is a multiplexing technique that divides a channel with a higher relative data rate into several orthogonal sub-channels with a lower data rate. For high data rate transmissions, the symbol duration Ts is short. Therefore ISI due to multipath propagation distorts the received signal, if the symbol duration Ts is smaller as the maximum delay of the channel. To mitigate this effect a narrowband channel is needed, but for high data rates a broadband channel is needed. To overcome this problem the total bandwidth can be split into several parallel narrowband subcarriers. Thus a block of N serial data symbols with duration Ts is converted into a block of N parallel data symbols, each with duration T = NTs. The aim is that the new symbol duration of each subcarrier is larger than the maximum delay of the channel, T > Tmax. With many low data rate subcarriers at the same time, a higher data rate is achieved. In order to create the OFDM symbol a serial to parallel block is used to convert N serial data symbols into N parallel data symbols. Then each parallel data symbol is modulated with different orthogonal frequency subcarriers, and added to an OFDM symbol, [4].
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Using Inverse FFT to Create the OFDM Symbol All modulated subcarriers are added together to create the OFDM symbol. This is done by an IFFT. The advantage of using IFFT is that the system does not need N oscillators to transmit N subcarriers. The IFFT is used to obtain the signal in time domain, after modulation the produce symbols obtained can be considered the amplitudes of sinusoids in a certain range. Before applying the IFFT algorithm; each of the discrete samples corresponds to an individual subcarrier. Apart of maintaining the orthogonality of the OFDM subcarriers, the IFFT is a rapid way for modulating these subcarriers in parallel, and so, the use of multiple modulators and demodulators, operation, is avoided. Before deploying the IFFT operation in simulator, the subcarriers are rearranged. Figure 20 shows the subcarrier structure that enters the IFFT block after performing the cited rearrangement. As seen in the following figure, zero subcarriers are kept in the center of the structure. Before doing the IFFT operation in the simulator, the subcarriers are rearranged. Figure 20 shows the subcarrier structure that enters the IFFT block after performing the cited rearrangement. As seen in the following figure, zero subcarriers are kept in the center of the structure.

Figure 19: Rearrangement performed before realizing the IFFT operation. Cyclic Prefix Insertion The cyclic prefix is used in OFDM signals as a guard interval and can be defined as a copy of the end symbol that is inserted at the beginning of each OFDM symbol. Guard interval is applied to mitigate the effect of ISI due to the multipath propagation. Figure
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21 shows the symbol and its delay. These delays make noise and distort the beginning of the next symbol as shown. To overcome this problem, one possibility is to shift the second symbol furthers away from the first symbol. But existence of a blank space for a continuous communication system is not desired. In order to solve this problem a copy of the last part of the symbol is inserted at the beginning of each symbol. This procedure is called adding a cyclic prefix. Figure 22 shows the insertion of a cyclic prefix. The Cyclic prefix is added after the IFFT at the transmitter, and at the receiver the cyclic prefix is removed in order to get the original signal. A detailed mathematical explanation can be found in [4].

Figure 20: Delay from front symbol

Figure 21: Cyclic prefix insertion.

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The robustness of any OFDM transmission is achieved by having a long symbol period to minimizing the inter-symbol interference against multipath delay spread. Figure 23 depicts one way to perform the cited long symbol period that creating a cyclically guard interval where each OFDM symbol is introduced by a periodic extension of the signal. This guard interval is nothing but a copy of the last portion of the data symbol is known as the cyclic prefix. Copying the end of a symbol and appending it to the start results in a longer symbol time. Thus, the total length of the symbol is T sym = T b + T g , Where: T sym is the OFDM symbol time, T b is the useful symbol time, and (14)

T g represents the CP time.

The parameter G defines the ratio of the CP length to the useful symbol time. When eliminating ISI, it has to be taken into account that the CP must be longer than the dispersion of the channel. Moreover, it should be as small as possible since it costs energy to the transmitter. For these reasons, G is usually less than 1/4: G= (15)

The OFDM symbol enforces the source symbols to perform the operation into timedomain. If we chose the N number of subcarriers for the system to evaluate the performance of WiMAX the basic function of IFFT is to receive the N number of sinusoidal and N symbols at a time (i.e. it converts the frequency domain signals into time domain. These time domain signals are then transmitted through the channel.) The output of IFFT is the total N sinusoidal signals and makes a single OFDM symbol. The mathematical model of OFDM symbol defined by IFFT which would be transmitted during our simulation as given bellow:

(16)

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Figure 22: OFDM symbol with the cyclic prefix

Figure 23: Generating the OFDM symbol using the IFFT

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Chapter Five Channel

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5.1 Radio Channel

When communicating over a wireless radio channel the received signal cannot be simply a copy of the transmitted signal that is corrupted by channel. Instead signal fading occur caused by the time-varying characteristics of the propagation environment. In this way, random fluctuations caused by signal scattering due to the Non-LOS propagation environment lead a phenomenon known as multipath fading. Signal that undergo either flat or frequency-selective fading introduce the time dispersion in its self in multipath environment. Moreover, the time dispersion is demonstrate by spreading in time of the modulating symbols that introduced the inter-symbol interference. To avoid ISI, the cyclic prefix time has to be chosen larger than the maximum delay spread of the channel.

Figure 24: Signal Losses due to three Effects

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5.2 Channel Model

In order to measure the performance of the emergence communication system, a precise description of the wireless channel is required to give its propagation environment. The radio structure of a communication system plays very important role in the modeling of a channel. The wireless channel is characterized by: Path loss (including shadowing) Multipath delay spread Fading characteristics Doppler spread Co-channel and adjacent channel interference All the model parameters are random in nature and only a statistical characterization of these parameters is possible in terms of the mean and variance value and these are dependent upon terrain, tree density, antenna height, beam width (BW), wind speed and time of the year. Path loss Path loss is affected by several factors such as terrain contours, distinct environments like (urban or rural, vegetation and foliage), propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance between transmitter and receiver, height and location of antennas, etc. It has only effect on the link budget [11] that is why we cannot consider it in the channel modeling. Multipath Delay Spread Due to the non NLOS propagation nature of the WMAN OFDM, we have to give multipath delay spread in our channel model. It results due to the scattering behavior of the environment. This multipath delay spread is a parameter which is used to signify the effect of multipath propagation. It totally depends on the terrain, distance, antenna directivity and other factors. The R.M.S delay spread value can span from tens of nano seconds to microseconds.

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Fading characteristics In a multipath propagation environment, the received signal detects fluctuation in signal amplitude, phase and angle of arrival. The effect of this fluctuation is described by the term multipath fading. Due to fixed arrangement of transmit and receive antenna, we have to address the small scale fading in this channel model. Small scale fading gives to the striking changes in signal amplitude and phase that could be experienced as a result of small changes (as small as a half wavelength) in the spacial positioning between the receiver and a transmitter. Small scale fading is called Rayleigh fading if there are multiple reflective paths which are large in number and there is no LOS signal component, the envelope of that received signal is statistically explained by a Rayleigh Pdf. When a dominant non fading signal component is present, such as a LOS propagation path, the small scale fading envelope is also obtained by a Rayleigh Pdf [14]. In other words, the small scale fading statistics is said to be Rayleigh whenever the LOS path is blocked and Multipath otherwise. Doppler Spread In a fixed wireless access, a Doppler frequency shift is formed on the signal due to movement of the tiny objects in the environment. Doppler spectrum of wireless channel differs from the exits mobile channel [12]. It has derived that the Doppler spectrum is in the 0.12 Hz frequency range for fixed wireless channel. The shape of this spectrum is also different than the classical Jake's spectrum for mobile channel. With the above channel parameters, coherence distance, co-channel interference, antenna gain reduction factor are addressed for channel modeling. The primary requirements for that channel model, we have two options to go with. First, we can use a mathematical model for each of them and second we can choose an empirical model that is needed of the above requirements. Description of the fading channel The realistic wireless radio environment, a single received signal is composed of a number of scattered waves, caused by the reflection and diffraction of the original transmitted signal by objects in the surrounding geographical area. These multipath
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waves are combined at the receiver to give a resultant signal that can widely vary in signal amplitude and phase. The Physical factors which are influencing the characteristics of the fading experienced by the transmitter that are multipath propagation, mobility of the reflecting objects and scatterers, and the relative motion between transmitter and receiver. The presence of these reflecting objects and scatterers in the wireless channel causes a change in the propagation environment and this changing environment also alters the signal energy in amplitude, phase, and time and as a consequence, multipath propagation occurs causing signal fading. The transmitted signal arrives at the receiver through the multiple propagation paths, each of which has an associated time delay. Because the received signal is spread with time due to the multipath scatterers are at different delays, so that channel is said to be time dispersive. The difference between the largest and the smallest among these delays introduce the maximum delay spread. On the other hand, whenever the receiver and the transmitter are in relative motion, the received signal is subjected to a constant frequency shift is called the Doppler shift. Therefore, as it occurs in the time domain, the Doppler spread is defined as the difference between the largest and the smallest among frequency shifts.

Fig. 25: Simulink Implementation

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Chapter Six Receiver

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As seen in Figure 27, the receiver basically performs the reverse operation as the transmitter as well as channel estimation necessary to reveal the unknown channel coefficients. This section explains the different steps performed by the receiver to reconstruct the transmitted bits.

Remove CP

FFT

Disassembl er

Demapper

Decode

Derandomiz zer

Channel Estimation

Figure 26: Block Diagram of Receiver

6.1 OFDM De-mapping

Firstly, the CP is removed and the received signal is converted to the frequency domain using, in this case, the FFT algorithm. As it has been previously Section, an OFDM symbol is composed by guard bands, data, pilots and the DC subcarrier. So a process is requiring separating all the subcarriers. So in this order, at the decoder side first the guard band is removed then to achieve pilots, data, and trainings disassembling is performed. The training sequence is used to estimate the channel, through which manipulate the channel coefficients. The calculated channel coefficient is used at the demapper side to perform an equalization process and so this compensates the fading on the multipath propagation channel. Once the data has been demapped, it go for the decoding process. Fast Fourier Transform algorithm The IFFT algorithm represents a rapid way that modulated parallel subcarriers. The FFT or the IFFT are the pair of linear processes, so t is require converting the signal again to the frequency domain by the mean of FFT.

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Removing the guard bands When removing the subcarriers corresponding to the guard bands, the frequency structure has been taken into account. Although zero padding appended at the end of the subcarrier which is acting as a guard band is perform at the transmitter end, subcarriers is rearrange when performing the IFFT operation, as display in Figure 27. Thus, the guard bands are discarded at the middle of the OFDM symbol that is where they are allocated after the arranging process. Disassembler The disassembler deals with the task of separating the signal, either in time or in frequency domain, to get data, training, and pilots. These three different symbol streams form the output of the disassembler.

6.2 IQ De-mapping
At the receiving end of the communication link the demapper allowing the interface between the channel and the functions that estimates the transmitted data bits for the user. Moreover, the demapper operates on the received waveform that produces a set of numbers that represent an estimatation of a transmitted binary for M-ary symbol. Thus, the demapping process is used for making decision metrics about which bit is "zero" or which bit is one". This decision metric can be as simple decoded with hard decision, and more complex, with soft decision. With hard demapping the output of a hard decision has the function of the input, and this form of output is application-dependent. However, the output of a soft decision demapping is a real number, in form of a log-likelihood ratio. This is the logarithm ratio between the likelihood of target produced the input and the likelihood of non-target produced the input. In contrast, this form of output is application-independent in the sense that this likelihood ratio output can theoretically be used to make optimal decisions for any given target prior.

6.3 Channel Decoding

The final stage of receive processing is the decoder. A block diagram of the decoder is depicted in Figure64 | P a g e

Figure 27: Block Diagram of channel Decoding The decoder accepts the sequence of bits from the demapper process for next in accordance with the encoding method. As the encoder block, the decoder is deployed in four steps, which perform opposite operations with the purpose of retrieve the information done by the encoder. 6.3.1 Deinterleaving

The deinterleaver rearranges the bits from each burst in the right manner by ordering them serially before the interleaving process. Deinterleaving is of two types, a general block deinterleaver and a matrix deinterleaver. Both of them work similarly as the ones used interleaveing process according to the pair of transmitter and receiver. In general block deinterleaver the elements of its input are rearranges according to the index vector. The parameters used in both transmitter and receiver are the same as those ones used in the interleaving process.

6.3.2

Inserting zeros

The block named "Insert Zeros" deals with the task of reversing the process performed by the "Puncture" block. The puncturing process is used to deleting bits from the data stream. The receiver did not know the position of the deleted bits but it could be know their position through the puncturing vectors. Thus, zeros are used to fill the corresponding vacancy of the stream in order to achieve the same code rate as before the puncturing process. The puncturing can also be viewed as erasures from the channel. They have no influence on the metric calculation of the succeeding Viterbi decoder described in the following section.

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6.3.3

Viterbi decoder

The Viterbi algorithm reduces the manipulation overhead by taking the advantage of the of the trellis code. Another advantage is its complexity, which is not the function of the number of symbols. The Viterbi decoder performs approximate maximum likelihood decoding. It involves calculating a measure of distance between the received signal at time t i , and all the trellis paths entering each state at the same time. The algorithm performs by discarding those trellis paths that could not possibly be part for the maximum likelihood choice. When two paths enter the same state, the one is chosen as the "surviving" path that has the best metric. The selection of the dissimilar "surviving" paths is performed for all the states. The decoder continues perform in this way to deeper into the trellis by making decisions through eliminating the least likely paths. The early rejection of unlikely paths is avoiding the complexity. The goal of selecting the optimum path can be expressed as choosing the codeword with the maximum likelihood metric, or as selecting the codeword with the minimum distance metric. Moreover, the delay is introduced at the decoding process has been taken into account. The rejection of possible paths does not process again until the third step in the representation of trellis diagram. This is due to the fact that two branches cannot have converged in one state so no decision can be made. This delay effect is considered in a parameter called trace-back depth, which specifies how many symbols may precede the beginning of the algorithm. For code rates of 1/2, a typical value for the trace-back depth is about five times the constraint length of the code. Another parameters of the Viterbi decoder block in the Simulink are used the trellis structure for decoding the convolutional encoder, the decision type for decoding and the operation mode for performing the process are defined as under: The types of signals that can support the Viterbi decoder are based on the decision type parameter. The decision parameter can be of three types that have offered by the simulink: unquantized, hard-decision and soft-decision. As the decision process that has been deployed in the demapper, the last kind of decision is "unquantized", is one of them that are used by our simulator. It accepts
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real numbers on decoder block. The positive numbers are indicates as a logical 0, and the negative number gives the logic 1. Whenever the decision parameter is set to "soft-decision", the entries of this block are integers between 0 (most confident decision for logical zero) and 2b (most confident decision for logical one), where b is the number of soft-decision bits. The operation mode controls which method the block uses for transitioning. The "truncated" mode, in this mode each frame is process independently and the traceback depth parameter lye between starts at the state with the best metric and the ends in the all-zeros state. Other values for this parameter are the "continuous" and "terminated" modes.

Figure 28: Simulink implementation of Convolution Decoder 6.3.4 Reed-Solomon decoder

The last part of the decoding process is the Reed-Solomon decoding. It processes the mandatory operations to retrieve the signal and obtain at the end. As in the entire in receiver blocks, the RS decoder performed the opposite operation corresponding to the encoding block, explained in previously. Thus, the RS decoder takes codewords of length n, and, after decoding the signal, it returns messages with length of k being n =
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255 and k = 239, the same as in the RS encoder. Therefore the implementation for the RS decoder has been performed with a Matlab simulink and s-function using the m-file. The block diagram of the RS decoder is depicted in Figure 30.

Figure 29 Simulink implementation of R-S Decoder

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Chapter Seven Result & Analysis

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7.1 Performance Evaluation

Based on the model presented in this dissertation, and tests carried out, the performance was established based on 10 thousand symbols in each case. The performance is displayed in the following figure in terms of the BER versus SNR logarithmic plot, timescatter plots for each module; Signal-to-Noise Ratios, time-scatter plot for the output from the transmitter and FFT scope diagram for the transmitted signal. The BER plot obtained in the performance analysis showed that model works well on according to the channel condition. The time-scatter plots demonstrate the scattering of the transmitted and received signals at different values of the Signal-to-Noise Ratios. It also shows that at very low SNR the symbols are very difficult to recognize. Module-I Parameter (BPSK- 1/2) Modulation scheme:: Source:: R-S Coding Rate:: Convolution Encoding:: Interleaving:: FFT Size:: Channel:: Simulation:: Noise:: Result Table 11: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix BPSK-1/2 SNR 1/4 1 2 0.0011 0 1/8 0 0 BER 1/16 0 0 1/32 0 0
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BPSK Random Number (randint(11*8,1); ) No Need (12,12,0) 1/2 [1; 1] 256 16 50,000 bits Multipath Rayleigh + AWGN

5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22 25 27 30

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 30: BER Performance of BPSK with different CP

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Figure 31: BPSK result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram Result discussion After the iteration of simulation we are obtain the result in term of signal-strength by which we can see that how the signal is fade after passing the channel, constellation diagram shows that inter symbol interference. We know that in AMC concept when the channel is more noise than the WiMAX is adapt the lower modulation technique now the general question is arise why the system not going with higher modulation whereas the higher modulation technique gives the freedom of sending the more data as compare to lower modulation technique. My dissertation result shows that why the higher modulation technique is not appropriate for the noise channel in table we can clearly see that when SNR is too low then the BER is nearly negligible, thats why BPSK is useful for noise channel.

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Module-II Parameter (QPSK- 1/2) Modulation scheme:: Source:: R-S Coding Rate:: Convolution Encoding:: Interleaving:: FFT Size:: Channel:: Simulation:: Noise:: Parameter (QPSK- 3/4) Modulation scheme:: Source:: R-S Coding Rate:: Convolution Encoding:: Interleaving:: FFT Size:: Channel:: Simulation:: Noise:: Result Table 12: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix 4-QAM 1/2 SNR 1/4 1 0.1803 1/8 BER 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 0.3545 4-QAM 3/4 BER 1/16 0.3446 1/32 0.3277 QPSK Random Number (randint(35*8,1); ) (40,36,2) 5/6 [1; 1; 0; 1; 1; 0; 0; 1; 1; 0] 256 16 50,000 bits Multipath Rayleigh + AWGN QPSK Random Number (randint(23*8,1); ) (32,24,4) 2/3 [1; 1; 0; 1] 256 16 50,000 bits Multipath Rayleigh + AWGN

0.2428 0.2203 0.1639 0.3607

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2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22 25 27 30

0.0942 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1105 0.0797 0.0053 0.3598 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2241 0.0205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.3089 0.1982 0.0491 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.3607 0.2598 0.0125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.3241 0.3018 0.1018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 32: BER Performance of QPSK(1/2) with different CP

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Figure 33: BER Performance of QPSK (5/6) with different CP

Figure 34: QPSK result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram
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Result discussion In module-2 we see that 4-QAM with code rate of 1/2 have the greater capability for find and corection the errors through R-S encoding scheme in 4-QAM with 1/2 code rate the error correcting capability is 2t=8, where 4-QAM with code rate of 3/4 is 2t=4. So we can see that the BER performance of 4-QAM with code rateof 1/2 is better than 4-QAM 3/4. When the channel condition is some what good than uppar modulation technique can be opt with choice of different code rate. The main advange with higher modulation technique is that we can impose he ore number of bits on a same carrier cycle, so we are gatting the higer throuhput. Module-III Parameter (16-QAM- 1/2) Modulation scheme:: Source:: R-S Coding Rate:: Convolution Encoding:: Interleaving:: FFT Size:: Channel:: Simulation:: Noise:: Parameter (16-QAM- 3/4) Modulation scheme:: Source:: R-S Coding Rate:: Convolution Encoding:: Interleaving:: FFT Size:: Channel:: 16-QAM Random Number (randint(71*8,1); ) (80,72,4) 5/6 [1; 1; 0; 1; 1; 0; 0; 1; 1; 0] 256 16
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16-QAM Random Number (randint(47*8,1); ) (64,48,8) 2/3 [1; 1; 0; 1] 256 16 50,000 bits Multipath Rayleigh + AWGN

 Simulation:: Noise:: Result

50,000 bits Multipath Rayleigh + AWGN

Table 13: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix 16-QAM 1/2 SNR 1/4 1 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22 25 27 30 0.3236 0.3218 0.2846 0.1543 0.0195 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1/8 BER 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 0.2412 0.2306 0.2526 0.2500 0.2474 0.2456 0.0449 0 0 0 0 0 0 16-QAM 3/4 BER 1/16 0.2588 0.2518 0.2544 0.2500 0.2482 0.2280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1/32 0.2386 0.2553 0.2412 0.2386 0.2474 0.1857 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.3191 0.3236 0.3573 0.2500 0.2996 0.3050 0.3777 0.2526 0.3112 0.2890 0.3218 0.1136 0.1924 0.2004 0 0.0168 0.0443 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2403 0.2245 0.2280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Result discussion In module-3 we see that 16-QAM with code rate of 1/2 have the greater capability for find and corection the errors through R-S encoding scheme in 16-QAM with 1/2 code rate the error correcting capability is 2t=16, where 16-QAM with code rate of 3/4 is 2t=8. So we can see that the BER performance of 16-QAM with code rateof 1/2 is better than 16-QAM 3/4. The question is what is need of 3/4 code rate whereas 1/2 is available which is more efficient so the answer is when the signal is fluctuate for the less amount of nose level then we have the choice uder the less SNR level.
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Figure 35: BER Performance of 16-QAM (1/2) with different CP

Figure 36: BER Performance of 16-QAM (1/2) with different CP

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Figure 37: 16-QAM result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram Module-IV Parameter (64-QAM- 2/3) Modulation scheme:: Source:: R-S Coding Rate:: Convolution Encoding:: Interleaving:: FFT Size:: Channel:: Simulation:: Noise:: 64-QAM Random Number (randint(143*8,1); ) (64,48,8) 3/4 [1; 1; 0; 1; 1; 0] 256 16 50,000 bits Multipath Rayleigh + AWGN

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 Parameter (64-QAM- 3/4) Modulation scheme:: Source:: R-S Coding Rate:: Convolution Encoding:: Interleaving:: FFT Size:: Channel:: Simulation:: Noise:: Result Table 14: BER Performance on various noise levels on different cyclic prefix 64-QAM 2/3 SNR 1/4 1 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22 25 27 30 0.2625 0.0277 0.2461 0.2408 0.2230 0.2329 0.1678 0.0500 0.0450 0 0 0 0 1/8 BER 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 0.2582 0.2564 0.2523 0.2395 0.2436 0.2325 0.2284 0.2412 0.2202 0.1343 0.0608 0 0 64-QAM 3/4 BER 1/16 0.2436 0.2360 0.2588 0.2471 0.2377 0.2360 0.2319 0.2068 0.1530 0.0625 0 0 0 1/32 0.2465 0.2447 0.2523 0.2512 0.2582 0.2782 0.2658 0.2389 0.2348 0.2179 0 0 0 64-QAM Random Number (randint(143*8,1); ) (80,72,4) 5/6 [1; 1; 0; 1; 1; 0; 0; 1; 1; 0] 256 16 50,000 bits Multipath Rayleigh + AWGN

0.2539 0.2388 0.2336 0.2625 0.2632 0.2440 0.2421 0.0277 0.2467 0.2513 0.2566 0.2461 0.2395 0.2539 0.2612 0.2408 0.2184 0.2316 0.2507 0.2230 0.2157 0.1941 0.2349 0.2329 0.1704 0.1625 0.1829 0.1678 0.0631 0.0493 0.1211 0.0500 0.0638 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0450 0 0 0 0

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Result discussion In last module we can see that when the SNR is high then we get the perfect communication, on the other hand we can see that the BER is also depending on the FEC scheme when the error correcting coding is more efficient then the BER is minimum. The result shows that the higher rate (when more bits are sending on same time of interval) is only possible when the channel condition is good as we are saying in AMC. So it is clear that there is a tradeoff between the throughput and BER on the constant SNR.

Figure 38: BER Performance of 64-QAM (2/3) with different CP

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Figure 39: BER Performance of 64-QAM (3/4) with different CP

Figure 40: 64-QAM result in term of Signal Strength and constellation diagram
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7.2 Probability of Symbol Error

Probability of Error (Pe) is important to find out the error rate in a system because it affects fading and noise in a channel at transmitting and receiving end. From the following formula Probability of Error for M-array PSK has been calculated. From the following formula Probability of Error for M-array PSK has been calculated. (16) Probability of Error for M-array QAM has been calculated through this formula which is as follows, (17) Where: erfc= error function M=M-array Modulation E s = Energy per symbol (Joules) N 0 =Noise Power Spectral density Due to fading and Doppler shift effect, the Probability of Error of the system increased resulting the physical layer performance degrades. At this circumstance, we used channel model as a Rayleigh distribution which is mentioned in chapter one. We presented the different error probability in figure for all adaptive modulation schemes. In this section we have shown the probability of error for all mandatory modulations with AWGN.

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Figure 41: Probability of symbol error for the different transmitted power

7.3 Analysis
After getting the result of two modules under the AMC, we have to find that there is a tradeoff between BER and Modulation Scheme, i.e. when the channel condition is good then the system can opt the higher modulation scheme so that we can impose the more data without losing the bits but while we are opt the higher modulation scheme on the poor channel condition then we should deal with higher BER. So the result shows that the lower modulation scheme is give the higher efficiency on the poor channel condition.

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Chapter Eight Conclusion & Future Work

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8.1 Conclusion
In this dissertation we have prepared a simulation model of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16e. The performance is measure for different modulation technique with different coding rate in terms of BER. We know that fading is one of the main aspects of wireless communication. At the starting of our simulation, we used AWGN channel and got same results using Rayleigh fading and AWGN. After obtaining the result it was found that with the same channel condition the lower modulation technique gives the lower BER and lower transmission efficiency where higher modulation technique like 16-QAM give higher BER with better transmission efficiency. This model is very useful for analysis the effect of different modulation technique, and also this model helps to optimize the overall system. And also by getting the probability of symbol error (Pe) we see that at lower power the probability of occurring the error is low for a constant bandwidth and at ambient temperature.

8.2 Limitation of Work

In our dissertation we are obtain the result in term of BER and probability of error, we are trying to add the MAC layer component like scheduling, radio resource allocation and security but our simulator does not provide the freedom to include of them.

8.3 Future Work

In future we try to include MIMO and Higher modulation technique (like 64-qam and 128-qam) in the system and also trying to introduce the MAC layer functionality to provide the QoS for the classified traffic.

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References
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http://ieee802.org/16/docs/03/C8021603_14.pdf last accessed 15.05.07 [3] IEEE Std 802.162001,IEEE Std. 802.162001 IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, December 2001 [4] IEEE Std 802.16e2005 and IEEE Std 802.162004/Cor 12005 (Amendment and Corrigendum to IEEE Std 802.162004), IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Amendment 2: Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1, February 2006 [5] IEEE Std 802.16a2003(Amendment to IEEE Std 802.162001), IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Amendment 2: Medium Access Control Modifications and Additional Physical Layer Specifications for 211 GHz, January 2003 [6] WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX Part 1: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation, August 2006. [7] Johnston D., Walker J., Overview of IEEE 802.16 Security, IEEE Computer Society, 2004. [8] IEEE 802.16e-2005, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, part 16, Air Interface or Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, IEEE Press, 2006. [9] http://www.wimaxforum.org

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[11] Ghosh, D. R. Wolter, J. G. Andrews, and R. Chen, Broadband Wireless Access with WiMAX/802.16: Current performance benchmarks and future potential, in IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 129-136, Feb. 2005. [12] K. Etemad, Overview of Mobile WiMAX Technology and Evolution. in IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 3140, Oct. 2008. [13] IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, IEEE Standard for local and metropolitan area networks, part 16: air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems, amendment 2: physical and medium access control layers for combined fixed and mobile operation in licensed bands, Feb. 2006. [14] D. Tse, and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals for Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005. [15] Amalia Roca; Implementation of WiMAX Simulator in Simulink, M.S. Thesis Feb. 2007. [16] Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS 3.0), III generation transmission systems for interactive cable television services- IP cable modems, ITU-T Recommendation J.222. [17] B. Li, Y. Qin, C. P. Low, and C. L. Gwee, A Survey on Mobile WiMAX, in IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 7075, Dec. 2007. [18] M. Cudak, ed., IEEE 802.16m System Requirements Document, draft IEEE 802.16m-07/002r9, Sep. 2009. [19] S. Hamiti, ed., IEEE 802.16m System Description Document, draft IEEE 802.16m-09/0034r2, Sep. 2009. [20] Mohammad Azizul Hasan; Performance Evaluation of WiMAX/IEEE 802.16 OFDM Physical Layer, MS Thesis of HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2009. [21] R. Srinivasan, ed., IEEE 802.16m Evaluation Methodology Document (EMD), draft IEEE 802.16m-08/004r5,vol.49,ppno.145-149, Jan. 2009. [22] D. J. Love, R. W. Heath, V. K. N. Lau, D. Gesbert, B. D. Rao, and M. Andrews, An Overview of Limited Feedback in Wireless Communication Systems, in IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 13411365, Oct. 2008.

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[23] D. Tse, and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals for Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005. [24] H. Weingarten, Y. Steinberg, and S. Shamai, The Capacity Region of the Gaussian Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Broadcast Channel, in IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 39363964, Sep. 2006. [25] G. Dimic, and N.D. Sidiropoulos, On Downlink Beamforming with Greedy User Selection: Performance Analysis and a Simple New Algorithm, in IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, pp. 38573868, vol. 53, no.10, Oct. 2005. [26] T. Yoo, and A. Goldsmith, On the Optimality of Multi antenna Broad- cast Scheduling Using Zero-Forcing Beamforming, in IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., pp. 528541, vol. 24, ppno. 3, Mar. 2006. [27] WiMAX Forum, WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile Release 1.0, rev. 1.5.0, Nov. 2007. [28] IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Accesses WG, IEEE802.16e Evaluation Methodology, Dec. 2007. [29] F. Wang et al., IEEE 802.16e System Performance: Analysis and Simulations, 16th Annual IEEE PIMRC, 2005. [30] F. Wang et al., WiMAX System Performance with Multiple Transmit and Multiple Receive Antennas, IEEE VTC, vol.34, pp.134-136, Apr. 2007. [31] C. Sankaran, A. Ghosh, and F. Wang, Performance Study of a Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) Scheme for an 802.16e Based WiMAX System,vol.19,pp .24-28, 2008, preprint. [32] F. Hsieh, F. Wang, and A. Ghosh, Link Performance of WiMAX PUSC, IEEE WCNC, Apr. 2008. [33] R. Srinivasan, ed., IEEE 802.16m Evaluation Methodology Document (EMD), draft IEEE 802.16e-08/004r5, Jan. 2009. [34] Nuaymi Loutfi, , WiMAX Technology for Broadband Wireless Access, Wiley, London 2007 [35] What is WiMAX, http://www.wimax.com/education/wimax/what_is_wimax [36] Dave Wisely; IP for 4G, Pub. WILEY Press London, 2009

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[37] Samsung Corp., Downlink MIMO for EUTRA, R1-060335, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #44, Denver, USA, Feb 2006. [38] S. Saur, H. Halbauer, A. Rueegg, and F. Schaich, Grid-of-Beams (GoB) Based Downlink Multi-User MIMO, IEEE C802.16m-08/487, May 2008. [39] Part 16:Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems, IEEE Std 802.16TM-2009, May. 2009. [40] W. C. Wong, and S. Talwar, Interference mitigation using downlink transmit beamforming with nulling techniques, IEEE C802.16e-08/653r2, Jul. 2008. [41] H. Kwon, and B. G. Lee, Distributed Resource Allocation through Noncooperative Game Approach in Multi-Cell OFDMA Systems, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), Istanbul, June 2006. [42] IEEE Std 802.16j-2006, IEEE Standard for local and metropolitan area networks, part 16: air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems, Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems - Multihop Relay Specification, March 2006. [43] S. W. Peters and R. W. Health Jr. The future of WiMAX: Multihop Relaying with IEEE 802.16j, in IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 104111, Jan. 2009. [44] S. Ahson and M. Ilyas, The WiMAX Handbook. Vol: Standards and Security, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2007. [45] J.-F. Cheng, Coding Performance of Hybrid ARQ schemes,, in IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 10171029, June 2006. [46] D. Toumpakaris, J. Lee, A. Matache, and H.-L .Lou, Performance of MIMO HARQ under Receiver Complexity Constraints, in Proc. IEEE Global com 2008, New Orleans, USA, Dec. 2008. [47] J. Lee, D. Toumpakaris, H-L. Lou, E. W. Jang, and J.M. Cioffi, Transceiver Design for MIMO Wireless Systems Incorporating Hybrid ARQ, in IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 3240, Jan. 2009 [48] Z. Ding, and M. Rice, Hybrid-ARQ code combining for MIMO using multidimensional space-time Trellis codes, in Proc. IEEE ISIT 07, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, Jun. 2007.
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[49] G.S. Paschos, I. Papapanagiotou and T.M. Bohnert, Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.16e Wireless Networks, Chapter in WiMAX Networks Planning and Optimization, Auerbach Publications, CRC Press, 2009. [50] H-H. Choi and D-H. Cho, Mobility Support for IEEE 802.16e System, Chapter in WiMAX Standards and Security,vol.34, pp. 103128, CRC Press, 2008. [51] IEEE 802.16-2006: "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems"2009 [52] ETSI TS 102 177 Version 1.3. 1, February 2006, "Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HiperMAN; Physical (PHY) Layer" [53] Practical Applications for Wireless Networks, Paris, lET Workshop 2006, https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/prkumar, 10 October 2006. [54] WiMAX and Mesh Networks, London, lEEE Seminar 2005,

https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/prkumar, 14-15 June 2005 [55] Nuaymi Loutfi, WiMAX Technology for Broadband Wireless Access, Wiley, London, 2007. [56] WiMAX Network Reference Model, http://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax/wimax network model.htm [57] Simulation of WiMAX Physical Layer: IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16 Network Architecture, http://www.csie.ndhu.edu.tw/~robert/Wimax/ WiMax-

Architecture.pdf ,2003. [58] Eugene Crozier (System Architect, SR Telecom); Allan Klein (VP System and Technology, SR Telecom, WiMAX Technology for LOS and NLOS Environments, WiMAX forum, http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology

/downloads/WiMAXNLOS general-versionaug04.pdf , 2009 [59] Mobile WiMAX Base Station, Japan Radio Co. LTD, Japan,

http://www.jrc.co.jp/eng/ whatsnew/20080206/index.html , 2003. [60] Mobile WiMAX CPE, Shenzhen Natural Technologies Co. LTD, China, http:// www.naturalteck.com/product.asp?class=364 [61] Introduction to FDM, OFDM, OFDMA and SOFDMA , OFDM and OFDMA Symbol Structure, http://www.conniq.com/WiMAX/fdm-ofdm-ofdma-sofdma-

03.htm, 2001.
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[62] Omar Arafat and K. Dimyati, Performance Parameter of Mobile WiMAX : A Study on the Physical Layer of Mobile WiMAX under Different Communication Channels & Modulation Technique, IEEE Second International Conference, vol.2,vppno. 245-256, April 2010. [63] Mohamed A. Mohamed, Mohamed S. Abo-El-Seoud and Heba M. Abd-El-Atty, Performance Simulation of IEEE 802.16e WiMAX Physical Layer, IEEE Second International Conference, vol.2,April 2010,ppno. 274-279,Feb. 2009. [64] Wen-an ZHOU, Bing XIE and Jun-de SONG, Link-level Simulation and Performance Estimation of WiMAX IEEE802.16e, IEEE Second International Conference, vol.2, pp.245-247, April 2010.

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Appendix A
MATLAB CODE FOR WiMAX SIMULINK SCENARIO
clear

clc BW=input('Required channel bandwidth in MHz(max 20 MHz)= '); disp('choose cyclic prefix to overcome delays spreads') disp('1/4 for longest delay spread ,') disp('1/8 for long delay spreads ,') disp('1/16 for short delays spreads ,') disp('1/32 for very small delay spread channels') G=input('= '); channels=[1.75 1.5 1.25 2.75 2.0]; oversampling=[8/7 86/75 144/125 316/275 57/50 8/7]; for i=1:5 y(i)=rem(BW,channels(i)); if y(i)==0 n=oversampling(i); end end y=(y(1))*(y(2))*(y(3))*(y(4))*(y(5)); if y~=0 n=8/7; end if ((G~=1/4)&(G~=1/8)&(G~=1/16)&(G~=1/32)) error('u have choosed a guard period thats not valid in the ieee 802.16') end Nused=200; Nfft=256; fs=(floor((n*BW*1e6)/8000))*8000; %sampling freqency freqspacing= fs/Nfft; %freqency spacing Tb= 1/freqspacing; %usfel symbol time Tg= G*Tb ;%Guard time Ts=Tb+Tg ;%symbol time samplingttime= Tb/Nfft; %adaptive encoding and decoding depending on the channel SNR genpoly=gf(1,8); for idx=0:15 genpoly=conv(genpoly,[1 gf(2,8)^idx]);
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end primepoly=[1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1]; convvec=poly2trellis(7,[171,133]); cSNR=input('Enter the channel SNR in dB(it should be above 1 dB)= '); if cSNR<1 error('not a valid channel for transmission ,use another channel with better SNR') end %BPSK 1/2 if (1<=cSNR&cSNR<9.4) inputsize=88; seqafterrand=inputsize+8; shortening=[1:12]; shorteningRx=[1:11]; punvec=reshape([1 , 1],2,1);%convolutional of rate 1/2 Ncbps=192;%selctor of RS 12*8 k=0:Ncbps-1; mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12); s=ceil(Ncbps/2); jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s); [x,int_idx]=sort(jk); Ry=[+1 -1]; Iy=[0 0]; qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:); bitspersymbol=1; CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256]; CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)]; coderate=1/2; disp('Modulation scheme is chosed for that particular SNR is BPSK with Coding rate 1/2'); elseif (9.4<=cSNR&cSNR<11.2) inputsize=184; seqafterrand=inputsize+8; shortening=[1:32]; shorteningRx=[1:23]; punvec=reshape([1 0 , 1 1],4,1);%convolutional of rate 2/3 Ncbps=384; %selctor of RS 48*8 k=0:Ncbps-1; mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12); s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
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jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s); [x,int_idx]=sort(jk); Ry=ones(2,1)*[+1 -1]; Iy=([+1 -1]')*ones(1,2); qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(2); bitspersymbol=2; CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256]; CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)]; coderate=1/2; disp('Modulation scheme is chosed for that particular SNR is QPSK with Coding rate 1/2'); elseif (11.2<=cSNR&cSNR<16.4) inputsize=280; seqafterrand=inputsize+8; shortening=[1:40]; shorteningRx=[1:35]; punvec=reshape([1 0 1 0 1, 1 1 0 1 0],10,1);%convolutional of rate 5/6 Ncbps=384; %selctor of RS 48*8 k=0:Ncbps-1; mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12); s=ceil(Ncbps/2); jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s); [x,int_idx]=sort(jk); Ry=ones(2,1)*[+1 -1]; Iy=([+1 -1]')*ones(1,2); qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(2); bitspersymbol=2; CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256]; CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)]; coderate=3/4; disp('Modulation scheme is chosed for that particular SNR is QPSK with Coding rate 3/4'); elseif (16.4<=cSNR&cSNR<18.2) inputsize=376; seqafterrand=inputsize+8; shortening=[1:64]; shorteningRx=[1:47]; punvec=reshape([1 0 , 1 1],4,1);%convolutional of rate 2/3
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Ncbps=768; %selctor of RS 96*8 k=0:Ncbps-1; mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12); s=ceil(Ncbps/2); jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s); [x,int_idx]=sort(jk); Ry=ones(4,1)*[+1 +3 -1 -3]; Iy=([+1 +3 -3 -1]')*ones(1,4); qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(5); bitspersymbol=4; CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256]; CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)]; coderate= 1/2; disp('Modulation scheme is chosed for that particular SNR is 16-QAM with Coding rate 1/2'); elseif (18.2<=cSNR&cSNR<22.7) inputsize=568; seqafterrand=inputsize+8; shortening=[1:80]; shorteningRx=[1:71]; punvec=reshape([1 0 1 0 1, 1 1 0 1 0],10,1);%convolutional of rate 5/6 Ncbps=768; %selctor of RS 96*8 k=0:Ncbps-1; mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12); s=ceil(Ncbps/2); jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s); [x,int_idx]=sort(jk); Ry=ones(4,1)*[+1 +3 -1 -3]; Iy=([+1 +3 -3 -1]')*ones(1,4); qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(5); bitspersymbol=4; CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256]; CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)]; coderate= 3/4; disp('Modulation scheme is chosed for that particular SNR is 16-QAM with Coding rate 3/4'); elseif (22.7<=cSNR&cSNR<24.4) inputsize=760;
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seqafterrand=inputsize+8; shortening=[1:108]; shorteningRx=[1:95]; punvec=reshape([1 0 1 , 1 1 0 ],6,1);%convolutional of rate3/4 Ncbps=1152; %selctor of RS 144*8 k=0:Ncbps-1; mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12); s=ceil(Ncbps/2); jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s); [x,int_idx]=sort(jk); Ry=ones(8,1)*[+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]; Iy=([+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]')*ones(1,8); qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(21); bitspersymbol=6; CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256]; CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)]; coderate= 2/3; disp('Modulation scheme is chosed for that particular SNR is 64-QAM with Coding rate 2/3'); elseif 24.4<=cSNR inputsize=856; seqafterrand=inputsize+8; shortening=[1:120]; shorteningRx=[1:107]; punvec=reshape([1 0 1 0 1, 1 1 0 1 0],10,1);%convolutional of rate 5/6 Ncbps=1152; %selctor of RS 144*8 k=0:Ncbps-1; mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12); s=ceil(Ncbps/2); jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s); [x,int_idx]=sort(jk); Ry=ones(8,1)*[+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]; Iy=([+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]')*ones(1,8); qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy); qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(21); bitspersymbol=6; CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256]; CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)]; coderate= 3/4;
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disp('Modulation scheme is chosed for that particular SNR is 64-QAM with Coding rate 3/4'); end

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Appendix B
MATLAB CODE FOR PROBABILITY OF SYMBOL ERROR (PE) FOR AWGN CHANNEL
clc; clear; BW=input('enter channel bandwidth in MHz(max 20 MHz)= '); TP=input('enter the transmitted power(in mW)= '); M=input('select M-arry modulation= '); No=-174; %No=KT(K=Boltzmans constant ant T=Ambient temperature =290K) Et=(TP/BW)*(10^-6); dbm =10*log10(Et); Es=dbm-120; %where -120dB is channel attenuation SNR=Es+174; Eb_by_No=SNR-(10*log10(M)); Pe=(2*(1-(1/sqrt(M))))*erfc(sqrt(3*Es/(2*(M-1)*No)));

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