by Dr.

richard Wiseman
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2
 Abridged from The Luck Factor by Dr. Richard Wiseman

the power of luck

luck exerts a dramatic influence over

our lives. A few seconds of bad fortune
can unravel years of striving, while a
moment of good luck can lead to suc-
cess and happiness. Luck has the power
to transform the improbable into the pos-
sible; to make the difference between life
and death, reward and ruin, happiness
and despair.
Psychologists have studied how our
lives are affected by our intelligence,
personality, genes, appearance, and up-
bringing. Measuring intelligence and
categorizing people’s personalities is rel-
atively straightforward, but how do you
quantify luck and control chance? I be-
gan by carrying out a survey to discover
the percentage of people who considered
themselves lucky or unlucky, and wheth-
er people’s luck tended to be concentrat-
ed in one or two areas of their lives or
spread across many different areas.

1
 With a group of students, I visited the center of
London at different times over the course of a week
and asked a large number of randomly chosen shop-
pers about the role of luck in their lives. The survey
revealed that 50 percent of people indicated they had
been consistently lucky and 14 percent said they had
been consistently unlucky. There was a very strong
tendency for people who said they had been lucky in
one area of their lives to indicate they had also been
lucky in several others. The same was true for un-
lucky people.
There were too many people consistently experienc-
ing good and bad luck for it all to be chance. Instead,
there must be something causing things to work out
consistently well for some people and consistently
badly for others.
I conducted scientific research with a group of 400
exceptionally lucky and unlucky people from all walks
of life. The youngest was an eighteen-year-old student,
the oldest was an eighty-four-year-old retired accoun-
tant. I conducted lengthy interviews with many of them
and asked others to keep diaries. Some were invited to
my laboratory to take part in experiments, and others
completed complicated psychological questionnaires.
This research revealed four main differences be-
tween the lives of lucky and unlucky people:

Lucky people
consistently encounter
chance opportunities
and meet people who have
a very beneficial effect
on their lives. In contrast,
unlucky people rarely have
these sorts of experiences,
or they meet people who
have a negative effect on
their lives.
Lucky people make
good decisions without
knowing why. Unlucky
people’s decisions tend to
result in failure and despair.
Lucky people’s dreams, Lucky people have an
ambitions, and goals ability to turn their bad
have an uncanny luck into good fortune.
knack of coming true. Unlucky people lack this
Unlucky people are the ability and their bad luck
exact opposite. causes nothing but upset
and ruin.

2
3
Do lucky and unlucky people approach life in the same way,
and if not, were different viewpoints responsible for creating the
positive and negative events in their lives?
Often, our expectations make a difference in whether
we try something, how hard we persist in the face of
failure, how we interact with others, and how others
interact with us. I concentrated my research efforts on
understanding the different ways in which lucky and
unlucky people thought and behaved.
Principle One: Make Your Luck
Lucky people create, notice and act upon the chance
opportunities in their lives.
The way lucky people think and behave makes them
far more likely than others to create, notice, and act
upon chance opportunities in their lives. People who
tend to think and behave in the same way are said to
have the same personality. I compared the personalities
of lucky and unlucky people on the five dimensions of
personality: agreeableness, conscientiousness, extro-
version, neuroticism, and openness.
Agreeableness is a measure of the degree to which
someone is sympathetic toward others and willing to
help them. Lucky people scored no higher on agree-
ableness than unlucky people. Conscientiousness is
a measure of the degree to which a person is self-
disciplined, strong-willed, and determined. There was
very little difference in the conscientiousness scores
of lucky and unlucky people.
The groups did, however, obtain very different scores
on the remaining three personality dimensions – extrover-
sion, neuroticism and openness. The differences explained
why lucky people constantly encounter chance opportuni-
ties in their lives while unlucky people do not.

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Principle One: Make Your Luck
Subprinciple 1: Lucky people build and maintain a strong “network of luck.”

Lucky people score much higher than unlucky people on extroversion, and there are
three ways in which extroversion significantly increases the likelihood of having a
lucky chance encounter – meeting a large number of people, being a “social mag-
net,” and keeping in contact with people.
Lucky people dramatically increase the possibility of a lucky chance encounter by
meeting a large number of people in their daily lives. The more people they meet, the
greater opportunity they have of running into someone who could have a positive ef-
fect on their lives.
Social magnets attract others because, without realizing it, they exhibit the types
of body language and facial expressions that other people find attractive and invit-
ing.1 Lucky people exhibit exactly the same pattern of behaviors. Upon reviewing
video tapes of interviews with lucky and unlucky people, we found that the lucky
people smiled twice as much as the unlucky people, and engaged in far more eye
contact. The lucky people also tended to engage in three times as much open body
language (point their bodies toward the person they are speaking with, uncross their
arms and legs, make gestures that display open palms) as the unlucky people.
Lucky people are also effective at building secure and long-lasting attachments
with the people they meet. They are easy to get to know and most people like them.
They tend to be trusting and form close friendships with others. As a result, they of-
ten keep in touch with a much larger number of friends and colleagues than unlucky
people. This network of friends helps promote opportunity in their lives.
Together, these actions result in a massive “network of luck” and a huge potential
for chance opportunities. And it takes only one chance encounter to change a life.

learning to be lucky
Connect four
Each week for the next month, strike up a conversation with at least one
person whom you don’t know very well, or don’t know at all. Try to initiate
a conversation only with people who look friendly and approachable.
Capitalize on a naturally occurring situation, such as standing in line or
sitting next to someone on a train or plane. To break the ice, ask the
person for information or help. If the person seems friendly, elaborate on
your opening question.

Play the contact game

Each week, make contact with one person whom you haven’t been in touch
with for a while. Look through your address book and make a list of the
names and telephone numbers of all the people you haven’t spoken to for a
while. Simply choose someone, pick up the phone, and make the call.

5
Principle One: Make Your Luck
Subprinciple 2: Lucky people have a relaxed attitude toward life.

People who obtain a low score on the neuroticism dimension of personality are
generally calm and relaxed, and people who obtain a high score are more tense and
anxious. Lucky people score much lower on neuroticism than unlucky people, and
this makes a big difference. Because lucky people tend to be more relaxed than
most, they are more likely to notice chance opportunities.
The same principle applies when lucky people meet and chat with other people.
They are relaxed and attuned to the opportunities around them. Lucky people see
what is there, rather than trying to find what they want to see. As a result, they are
far more receptive to any opportunities that arise naturally.

learning to be lucky
Relax, then do it
Many lucky people describe using various forms of
relaxation techniques to lower their stress levels.
This exercise will help you adopt a more relaxed
approach to life and lower the tension in your body
and mind. Run through it each time you feel yourself
becoming anxious.
First, find a quiet room or place. Then, close
your eyes and take a few deep breaths. Next,
imagine yourself in a scene that you find relaxing.
Imagine what you would see. Imagine what you
would hear. Imagine yourself taking in all aspects
of your surroundings. Then, imagine all of the
tension in your body slowly dripping away. Spend
a few moments letting a feeling of total calm move
through your body.
Finally, slowly open your eyes and return to the
real world. Think about how you feel now compared
to before the exercise. Think about how you feel far
more relaxed and open. This is a vitally important
way of being. It is a powerful state that will be
beneficial for your body, your mind and your luck.

6
Principle One: Make Your Luck
Subprinciple 3: Lucky people are open to new experiences in their lives.

People who obtain a high score on the openness dimension of personality like a
great deal of variety and novelty in their lives. They love trying new experiences,
new kinds of foods, and new ways of doing things. They tend not to be bound by
convention and they like the notion of unpredictability. People who obtain a low
score on openness tend to be much more conventional. Lucky people score much
higher on openness than unlucky people, and this greater openness can help promote
chance opportunities in their lives.

learning to be lucky
Play the dice game
Make a list of six new experiences – things that you have never done
before but wouldn’t mind trying. Some of the experiences might be fairly
simple and others might be more adventurous. Some might require more
prolonged effort, others might push back your comfort zone, or some
might fulfill a long-held secret desire.
Write down a list of the experiences and number them 1 to 6. Then,
roll a die and carry out whichever experience is selected.

7
8
We are conscious of only a tiny fragment of the factors that
influence the way we think, decide, and behave.

Principle Two: Your Gut Is Right
Lucky people make successful decisions by using their
intuition and gut feelings.
Lucky people consistently place their trust in colleagues
and clients who are honest and reliable, and they make
sound choices when it comes to their careers and financial
matters. Lucky people simply know when a decision is
right. In contrast, unlucky people view many of their poor
decisions as yet more evidence of how they are always
destined to fail.
Subprinciple 1: Lucky people listen to their gut feelings
and hunches.
I examined many different aspects of the way in
which lucky and unlucky people made decisions:
how they assessed evidence, thought about different
options, and chose one alternative over another. Ini-
tially, I found almost no differences between the two
groups. Then I examined whether lucky and unlucky
people differed on a rather mysterious aspect of deci-
sion making, namely, intuition.
I explored the ways in which we use intuition to
make important life decisions – the rather curious sen-
sation that something we have just done, or are about
to do, is very right or very wrong. More than a hundred
lucky and unlucky people answered a short question-
naire concerning the role of intuition in their lives.
When it came to luck, intuition mattered.
We are conscious of only a tiny fragment of the fac-
tors that influence the way we think, decide, and be-
have. Instead, we are often driven by our unconscious.
My interviews suggested that lucky people’s gut feel-
ings and hunches tended to pay off time and time again.
In contrast, unlucky people often ignore their intuition
and regret their decisions.

learning to be lucky
Make the decision, then stop
To find out how you really feel about your options, simply choose one of them and
commit your decision to paper. For example, if you are uncertain about whether to
hand in your notice at work, just go for it and write your resignation letter. Now stop.
How do you feel right now? Do you want to move forward with your decision or is there
something inside telling you that it doesn’t feel right? When it comes to the crunch,
what does your inner voice say to you?

9
Principle Two: Your Gut Is Right
Subprinciple 2: Lucky people take steps to boost their intuition.

My survey into luck and intuition also revealed that lucky people do many different
things to enhance their intuition. Some simply clear their minds, while others invest
time in more formal forms of meditation. Some go to a quiet place or stop thinking
about a problem and return to it at a later date.

learning to be lucky
Make meditation matter
The idea is not to try to develop any intuitive feelings
during meditation. Instead, meditation is a time for
clearing your mind of all other thoughts and distractions.
It is after meditation, when your mind is quiet and clear,
that your intuition will feel at its best.
Find a quiet place and sit in a comfortable chair.
Close your eyes and carry out the relaxation exercise
described on page 5. Once you feel calm, silently repeat
the same word or phrase over and over and over again
in your mind. It doesn’t matter what the word or phrase
is. The important point is that you constantly repeat the
word and thereby clear your mind of all other thoughts.
After about ten minutes of focused thought, slowly open
your eyes.
Over time, you will find it easier to focus your
thoughts and create a sense of stillness. Try this
exercise three times a week, for about twenty minutes
each time, and see what effect it has on your luck.

10
11
…these expectations play an absolutely vital role in explaining
why some people obtain their dreams with uncanny ease, while
others rarely get what they want from life.
Principle Three: Expect The Good
Lucky people’s expectations about the future help
them fulfill their dreams and ambitions.
Lucky people’s dreams and ambitions often become a re-
ality, while unlucky people rarely obtain what they want
from life. Lucky and unlucky people achieve, or fail to
achieve, their ambitions because of a fundamental differ-
ence in how they think about themselves and their lives.
Subprinciple 1: Lucky people expect their good luck to
continue in the future.
I presented everyone in the study with questions about the
chances of experiencing various positive life events in the
future. Some of the questions concerned events that were
fairly general and others were far more specific, some
concerned events that were largely under their control,
and others related to events that were largely outside of
their control.
Lucky people’s expectations of good things hap-
pening were far higher than the expectations held by
unlucky people. And lucky people’s high expecta-
tions were not just confined to certain questions. In-
stead, they were certain that they were very likely
to experience general and specific positive events
that were both within and outside of their control. In
fact, lucky people had amazingly high expectations
for every single event listed on the questionnaire. In
short, they were convinced that the future was going
to be fantastic.

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Principle Three: Expect The Good
Subprinciple 1 (continued): Lucky people expect their good luck to continue in
the future.

Lucky and unlucky people have amazingly different expectations about the future. And
these expectations play an absolutely vital role in explaining why some people obtain
their dreams with uncanny ease, while others rarely get what they want from life.
Most people tend to base their expectations about the future on what has hap-
pened in the past. Lucky people see any bad luck in their lives as being very short-
lived. They simply shrug it off and don’t let it affect their expectations about the
future. Unlucky people are convinced that any good luck in their lives will only
last for a short period of time and will quickly be followed by their regular dose of
bad luck.
Our expectations have a powerful effect on the way we think, feel, and act. They
can influence our health, how we behave toward others, and how others behave to-
ward us. The unique way that lucky people think about their futures is responsible
for their being more effective than most when it comes to achieving their dreams
and ambitions. Likewise, the negative expectations held by the unlucky people
result in their being especially ineffectual at getting what they want from life. It all
comes down to the way in which their extreme expectations about the future hold
the power to become self-fulfilling prophecies.

learning to be lucky
Set lucky goals
This exercise is all about setting your expectations in the
correct direction by identifying your goals. See page 18 for
your goals worksheet.

Affirm your luck

Simple affirmations can have a hugely
beneficial effect on the way we think and
feel. For the next few weeks, start each day
by repeating the affirmations below out loud to
yourself. At first you might feel odd, but give it a try
and notice the difference.

º “I am a lucky person and today is going to be another lucky day.”

º “I know that I can be even luckier in the future.”

º “I deserve good luck and will receive good fortune today.”

13
Principle Three: Expect The Good
Subprinciple 2: Lucky people attempt to achieve their goals, even if their chances of
success seem slim, and persevere in the face of failure.

Unlucky people are often convinced that their lives are going to be full of failure and
misery, and they believe that there is nothing that they can do to affect the bad things
that are going to happen to them. These beliefs can quickly cause them to lose hope
and simply give up, so they often do not make any attempt to achieve their goals,
and this, in turn, transforms their expectations into reality.
Lucky people’s positive expectations motivate them to take control of their lives.
They attempt to achieve whatever they want from life, even if the likelihood of be-
ing successful is quite low. Often, lucky people’s high expectations also motivate
them to persist, even in the face of considerable adversity.

learning to be lucky
Carry out a cost-benefit analysis
By making a list of the benefits that flow from achieving your goal, and
the steps you must take to attain your goal, you will be able to make
a side-by-side comparison of the costs associated with the benefits. If
you find the benefits far outweigh the costs, it is time for action.
See page 19 for your cost-benefit analysis worksheet to help you
weigh your goals.

14
Principle Three: Expect The Good
Subprinciple 3: Lucky people expect their interactions with others to be lucky
and successful.

Our expectations about other people influence how we behave toward them and how
they respond to us. We do not just have expectations about people, but rather, our
expectations can actually cause people to fulfill those expectations.
Lucky people expect to meet people who are interesting, happy and fun to be
with. They expect their interactions to go well and be successful. Unlucky people
believe that they are destined to meet people who are far more downbeat, sad, and
boring. These very different expectations affect how others respond, and, in the
long run, play a huge role in dictating how happy and successful lucky and unlucky
people will be in their personal and professional lives.
In the workplace, lucky people expect those around them to be productive and
competent, and they expect their meetings to be successful and profitable. In con-
trast, unlucky people do not expect their colleagues and clients to be especially
competent or their interactions with them to be especially successful. When it comes
to business, these expectations really matter.
Time and time again, studies have shown that managers’ expectations have a
profound effect on the productivity of their staff. Managers with high expectations
about their subordinates motivate the people around them to perform well, while
those with poor expectations cause their staff to become despondent and unproduc-
tive. Throughout the business world, expectations have the power to become self-
fulfilling prophecies.10

learning to be lucky
Visualize good fortune
Whenever you are faced with an important
situation, try the following exercise and see
what happens.
Find a quiet place and sit in a comfortable
chair. Close your eyes and relax. Take a deep
breath. Imagine yourself in the forthcoming
situation. Try to visualize the situation in as
much detail as possible. Think about how you
want to behave. Try to anticipate what other
people might say and how you would respond.
Focus on how you expect to be lucky and
achieve your goals. Then, slowly open your
eyes and make your expectations a reality.

15
16
Lucky people tend to imagine spontaneously how the bad luck
they encounter could have been worse, and in doing so feel
much better...
Principle Four: Fix Your Luck
Lucky people are able to transform their bad luck into
good fortune.
Even lucky people encounter bad luck and negative
events, but they have an uncanny way of transforming
their misfortune into amazing good fortune.
Subprinciple 1: Lucky people see the positive side of
their bad luck.
Research suggests that athletes who win Olympic
bronze medals are happier than those who win silver
medals. The silver medalists focus on the notion that
if they had performed slightly better, then they would
have perhaps won a gold medal. In contrast, the bronze
learning to be lucky
Find the treasure in the trash
Whenever bad luck strikes, use these techniques to make yourself feel better
about the situation.
º Think of ways in which the situation could have been far worse.
º Ask yourself if the unlucky event really matters.
º Compare yourself to those who are less fortunate.
medalists focus on the thought that if they had per-
formed slightly worse, then they wouldn’t have won
anything all.1 Psychologists refer to our ability to imag-
ine what might have happened, rather than what actu-
ally did happen, as “counterfactual thinking.”
To find out if lucky people use counterfactual think-
ing to soften the emotional impact of ill fortune, I pre-
sented lucky and unlucky people with some unlucky
scenarios to see how they reacted. Many unlucky
people see nothing but misery and despair when they
imagine themselves experiencing bad luck. Lucky peo-
ple tend to imagine spontaneously how the bad luck
they encounter could have been worse, and in doing so,
they feel much better about themselves and their lives.
This, in turn, helps keep their expectations about the
future high and increases the likelihood of continuing
to live a lucky life.
17
Principle Four: Fix Your Luck
Subprinciple 2: Lucky people are convinced that any ill fortune in their lives will,
in the long run, work out for the best.

When lucky people look back on their lives, they often focus their attention on the
benefits that flowed from their ill fortune. If bad luck happens to them, they take the
long view and expect things to work out well in the end.

learning to be lucky
Create a phoenix from the ashes
When bad things happen, spend a few moments
thinking about the good luck that might flow from
your ill fortune. Have fun being creative and coming
up with ways in which your bad luck is a necessary
stepping stone to amazing good fortune.
Then, ask yourself two questions. What evidence
is there to suggest that these positive events won’t
actually happen? And what evidence is there that
something even more positive won’t come out of
your ill fortune? The answer to both questions is
“none.” You have no idea what the future actually
holds for you.

18
Principle Four: Fix Your Luck
Subprinciple 3: Lucky people do not dwell on their ill fortune.

When people dwell on the negative events in their lives, they start to feel sad. When
people concentrate on positive events from their past, they feel much happier. It is
not just a case of memory affecting mood. Mood also affects memory.2
The two-way relationship between mood and memory explains why lucky peo-
ple’s reluctance to dwell on any ill fortune in their past helps maintain their lucky
perspective on life. When unlucky people ruminate on the bad luck that they have
encountered, they feel even more unlucky and sad. This, in turn, makes them think
more about the ill fortune in their lives and, as a result, feel even more unlucky and
sad. So the downward spiral continues, plunging them further and further into an
unlucky worldview.
Lucky people avoid this process by forgetting about the unlucky events that have
happened to them, and instead focusing on their good luck. Their positive memories
then make them feel happy and lucky and this, in turn, causes them to think about oth-
er times when things worked out well for them. Instead of spiraling downward, they
find their memories and moods work together to make them feel luckier and luckier.

learning to be lucky
Distract yourself
Here are some tips for distracting your
thoughts away from ill fortune:

º Go to the gym — exercise is a

great way to take your mind off your
problems and it also lifts your mood.

º Watch a funny film – choose a film that

makes you laugh, and try your best to become
involved in the story.

º Spend about twenty minutes thinking about a positive event

that happened in the past – relive the event in your mind and
think about how you felt at the time.

º Listen to music – again, choose something that makes you feel

happy, and try to become involved in the music.

º Arrange to see your friends – talk about what’s happening in their lives.

19
Principle Four: Fix Your Luck
Subprinciple 4: Lucky people take constructive steps to prevent more bad luck
in the future.

Previously, I described how lucky and unlucky people’s expectations were related to
how much they persevered in the face of adversity. Unlucky people were convinced
that they were going to fail, and so often didn’t bother to try very hard. Lucky people
were sure of success and so were happy to persevere.
Exactly the same difference emerged when I asked the two groups how they
would respond to ill fortune. The unlucky people often said that they would simply
give up. The lucky people are far more persistent. In their minds, they are convinced
that they are not destined to be unlucky. Instead, they see ill fortune as a challenge
they need to overcome.
Lucky people approach unlucky situations in a far more constructive way than
unlucky people. Unlucky people hardly ever spoke about trying to discover why
they had not been successful in the past. They are reluctant to learn from their mis-
takes and so are far more likely to repeat them in the future. In contrast, lucky people
often spontaneously said that they would treat their failures as an opportunity to
learn and grow. When ill fortune blocks the path to their goals, they explore other
ways of solving the problem.

learning to be lucky

Take five steps to the solution

Constructive problem solving involves five basic steps:

º First, don’t assume there is nothing you can do about the situation. Make the decision
to take control.

º Second, do something now.

º Third, make a list of the various options. Be creative. Brainstorm. Come up with as
many potential solutions as possible.

º Fourth, decide on how you are going to move forward. Consider every possible solution.

º Finally, start to solve the problem. Be prepared to adapt your solution as the future unfolds.

20
final thoughts

First, take things one step at a time.

Creating a lucky life will take a little
time. Start off by connecting with a few
more people, listening to your inner voice
just a little more, having slightly higher
expectations about the future, and so on.
After a week or so you will probably en-
counter a small amount of additional good
luck. These small events will help you
feel, think, and behave like a luckier per-
son. And this, in turn, will cause you to
incorporate the principles and techniques
of luck into your life a little more. And so
the process will continue.
Second, know that the good fortune
experienced by lucky people is not the
result of the gods smiling on them, or
their being born lucky. Instead, without
realizing it, lucky people have developed
ways of thinking that make them espe-
cially happy, successful, and satisfied
with their lives. And now that you know
the techniques they use, you can be just
like them.

21
The Luck Factor
Dr. Richard Wiseman

In a 10-year study of the beliefs and experiences of lucky and

unlucky people, Dr. Richard Wiseman discovers that good fortune
is less about supernatural forces, and more about a positive atti-
tude. His outline of the 4 essential principles to luck offers specific
strategies for cultivating a state of mind more receptive to what
will bring personal and professional success.
The Luck Factor is available at barnesandnoble.com and amazon.com.

notes & resources

Principle One

1. For an accessible introduction to psychological research into nonverbal

communication, see relevant sections in: Argyle, M. 1988. Bodily Com-
munication. London: Routledge.

Principle Three

1. Livingston, J.S. 1988. Pygmalion in management. Harvard Business

Review (September-October): 121-130.

Principle Four

1. Medvec, V.H., Madley, S.F., and Gilovich, T. 1995. When less is more:
Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 4, 603-610.

2. Laird, J.D., Wagner, J. J., Halal, M., and Szegda, M. 1982. Remember-
ing what you feel: effects of emotion on memory. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 42(4): 646-657.

22